Grammar book 2

Grammar BookBy: Sabrina Futch

7th Period

Table of Contents

1. Preterite 2. Demonstratives Adjectives & Pronouns3. Ordinal numbers 4. Prepositions5. Future6. Imperfect7. Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns 8. Reflexives

Trigger Words

un día (one day) anteayer (day before/yesterday)

una vez (once) por una hora (for one hour)

ayer (yesterday) por fin (finally)

a noche (at night) a las ocho (at 8)

hace un año (a year ago)

el cinco de febrero (on February 5th)

ya (already) dos veces (twice)

el mes pasado (last month)

Cucaracha Verbs:andar anduve-estar estuve-poder pud-poner pus-

querer quis-saber sup-tener tuv-venir vin-

conducir conduj-producir produj-traducir traduj-

decir dij-Traer traj

*Note: When using “j” verbs, take off the “i” when conjugating into the third person plural form.

-car, -gar, -zar: Use these endings ONLY when conjugating in the “yo” form. -car -qué -gar -gué -zar -cé

Regular Endings:

-ar verb endings -er/ir verb endings

-é -Í

-aste -iste

-ó -ió

-amos -imos

-aron -ieron

Spock Verbs

hacer (do/make)

dar (give) / ver (see)

ir (go) / ser (be)

hice di / vi fui

hiciste diste / viste fuiste

hizo dio / vio fue

hicimos dimos / vimos fuimos

hicieron dieron / vieron fueron

Snake (Stem Changers)

Snakey (Y Changers)

dormir leer

dormí leí

dormimos leimos

dormiste leiste

durmió leyó

durmieron leyeron

To write the 3rd person (él/ella/ud. and ellos/ellas/uds) preterite form of –er and –ir verbs with stems that end in a vowel, change the i to y.All of these preterite forms require and accent, EXCEPT the ustedes/ellos/ellas forms.

Preterite

Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns

0 Demonstrative adjectives are words that demonstrate or point out nouns.

0 They follow the noun it modifies and agree with the gender and number of this noun.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Singular Plural

Masculine Meaning Feminine Meaning Masculine Meaining Feminine Meaning

este this esta this estos these estas these

ese that esa that esos those esas those

aquel that one overthere

aquella that one overthere

aquellos those ones over

there

aquellas those ones over

there

Demonstrative Pronouns

Singular Plural Neuter

Masculine Feminine Meaning Masculine Feminine Meaning Neither Meaning

éste ésta this éstos éstas these esto this

ése ésa that ésos ésas those eso that

aquél aquélla that one over there

aquéllos aquéllas those ones over

there

aquello that one over there

0 Demonstrative pronouns are used in place of the adjective and the noun.

0 They are the same as demonstrative adjectives except that they have an accent.

0 There are also neuter demonstrative pronouns that are used when the gender is unknown. They don’t change in gender or number.

*This and these get the t’s!*

Ordinal Numbers1. Primero(a)

Primer

2. Segundo(a)3. Tercero(a)

Tercer

4. Cuarto(a)5. Quinto(a)6. Sexto(a)7. Séptimo(a)8. Octavo(a)9. Noveno(a)10. Décimo(a) *Note: Drop the “o” on “primero” and

“tercero” when they are followed by a singular, masculine noun.

Ordinal number must agree in number and gender with the noun they are modifying!

Prepositions

0 Izquierda (de)0 Derecha (de)0 Delante (de)0 Detrás (de)0 Cera (de)0 Lejos (de)0 Afuera (de)0 Adentro (de)0 Debajo (de)0 Encima (de)0 Entre0 Al Lado (de)0 Abajo0 Arriba0 Dentro0 Fuera

*“Abajo” and “arriba” are never followed by “de”.

*Use “de” ONLY when a specific location follows the expression.

Future0Los Irregulares:

decir dir- hacer har- poner pondr- salir saldr- tener tenr- valer vald- venir vendr- poder podr- querer querr- saber sabr-

infinitive +

-é-á

-án

-emos

-ánSame endings for –ar, -er, and –ir verbs!

-é-ás-á

-emos -éis-an

+

ImperfectRegular Endings

-ar Endings(habalr)

-er Endings(comer)

-ir Endings(escribir)

hablaba comía escribía

hablabas comías escribías

hablaba comía escribía

hablámos comíamos escribíamos

hablabais comías escribíais

hablaban comían escribíanIrregulars

ir ser ver

iba era veía

ibas eras veías

iba era veía

ibamos éramos veíamos

ibais erais veías

iban eran veían

Uses:1. Ongoing action (was/were)2. Repeated action (used to)3. No definite beginning or end4. Time/date/age/feelings/descriptions5. Interrupted activity (cuando)

• Todos los días• A menudo • A veces• Siempre• Coda día• Los lunes

• De vez en cuando• Muchas veces • Frecuentemente • Generalmente• Mientras

Trigger Words:

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

0Possessive adjectives have a short and a long form. Using the long form is more expressive.

0Unlike the short form, the long form follows the noun.

0Possessive pronouns show personal relationships.

0To form one:1. Use the long form of the

possessive adjective.2. Add el, la, los, las according to

gender and number of the noun it replaces.

Possessive Adjectives: Long Form

Singular Plural

mío(a) nuestro(a) míos(as) nuestros(as)

tuyo(a) vuestro(a) tuyos(as) vuestros(as)

suyo(a) suyo(a) suyos(as) suyos(as)

-Sus viajes son a diferentes lugares.--(His trips are to different places.)-Y los tuyos, ¿adónde son?--(And yours, where are they to?)

Reflexives

0Reflexive verbs take a special pronoun called a reflexive pronoun.

0A reflexive pronoun is the same person, place, or thing as the subject.

Me escondo.--I’m hiding (myself).--

The subject (yo) and the direct object (me) are the same person; you call this object reflexive.

Reflexive Pronouns

me escondo nos escondemos

te escondes os escondéis

se esconde se esconden