Grammar book 2

Libro De GramLibro De Gramática ática EspañolEspañol

Miguel Lanier Miguel Lanier

77thth period period

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

3.3. Presente -ar –er –ir 15. Preterite Presente -ar –er –ir 15. Preterite4.4. Stem Changers 16. Irregulars- Stem Changers 16. Irregulars-

CarGarZarCarGarZar

5.5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo 17. spock Irregulars –go –zco –yo 17. spock 6.6. Saber vs conocer 18. cucaracha Saber vs conocer 18. cucaracha 7.7. Reflexives 19. snakey/snakeys Reflexives 19. snakey/snakeys8.8. ‘se’ impersonal 20.Comparatives ‘se’ impersonal 20.Comparatives 9.9. Dipthongs 21. SuperlativesDipthongs 21. Superlatives10.10. Verbs like…Uir/guir 22. FutureVerbs like…Uir/guir 22. Future11.11. Verbs like…Cer/cir 23. irregulars Verbs like…Cer/cir 23. irregulars 12.12. Verbs like…Ger/girVerbs like…Ger/gir13.13. Hace +__+ que + present/presententeHace +__+ que + present/presentente14.14. Imperfecto Imperfecto

Ar, Er, IrAr, Er, Ir Los verbos regulares en el presenteLos verbos regulares en el presente

Caminar-

Camino

Camina

Caminas Caminamos

Caminan

Comer-

Como Comemos

Comes Comen

Come

Vivir-

Vivo Vivimos

Vives Viven

Vive

Stem Changers(boot Stem Changers(boot verbs)verbs)

The verbs change in the rootThe verbs change in the root They do not change in the They do not change in the

nosotros form or the vosotrosnosotros form or the vosotros E >ieE >ie O >ueO >ue U >ueU >ue

Pensar-Pienso

Irregulars -go -zco -yoIrregulars -go -zco -yo

The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the yo formirregulars in the yo form

““go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer, venirtener, traer, venir

““zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducirconducir

y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver,y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver,

saber, darsaber, darYo - Conozco

Yo - Produzco

Yo - Conduzco

Yo – Tengo

Yo – Hago

Yo - Vengo

Ser- Ir-

Soy Somos Voy Vamos

Eres Son Vas Van

Es Va

Saber Vs ConocerSaber Vs Conocer

saber y conocer= to knowsaber y conocer= to know ““yo” forms are irregularyo” forms are irregular

Conocer- Conozco conocemosConoces ConocenConoce

Saber – Sé sabemosSabes sabenSabe

ReflexivesReflexives

Brenda Brenda sese lava- se is reflexive lava- se is reflexive Reflexives also can be added on Reflexives also can be added on

the end of an infinitive. Such as…- the end of an infinitive. Such as…- Puedo Puedo ververmeme en el espejo en el espejo

‘‘se impersonalse impersonal

pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general statements.to make general statements.

¿cómo se dice man en español?¿cómo se dice man en español? In English it translates to either In English it translates to either

“you say” or “one says.”“you say” or “one says.” How do you that in spanish?How do you that in spanish?

Dipthongs w/accentsDipthongs w/accents

Dipthongs are the strong or weak Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to each vowels in a word next to each other.other.

Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o.Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o. Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y.Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y. ppueuerto, crto, ciuiudad, sdad, sieiete, hte, hayay..

Verbs like…Uir/GuirVerbs like…Uir/Guir

-Yo form only changes from Gu to G -Yo form only changes from Gu to G -Conseguir-Conseguirconsiconsiggooconsiguesconsiguesconsigueconsigueconseguimosconseguimosconsiguenconsiguen

-Nosotros form is the only that -Nosotros form is the only that doesn’t change.doesn’t change.-Verbs that end in -uir (not guir) add y -Verbs that end in -uir (not guir) add y before o, e, and a endingsbefore o, e, and a endings-atribuir -atribuir atribuatribuyyooatribuatribuyyesesatribuatribuyyeeatribuimosatribuimosatribuatribuyyenen

GUIR UIR

Verbs like…Cer/cirVerbs like…Cer/cir

vowelvowel + cer or cir + cer or cir add z beforeadd z before the c in the yo form only. the c in the yo form only.

consonantconsonant + cer or cir + cer or cir changechange the c to z in the yo form only. the c to z in the yo form only.

conducir = conduconducir = conduzczcoo ejercer = ejerejercer = ejerzzoo

Verbs like…Ger/girVerbs like…Ger/gir

Verbs that end in ger and gir Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j in the yo form change the g to j in the yo form only.only.

coger = cojocoger = cojo fingir = finjofingir = finjo

Hace +__+ que + Hace +__+ que + Present/PresententePresent/Presentente The yo form is the only irregularThe yo form is the only irregular HagoHago, , haces, hace, hacemos, haces, hace, hacemos,

hacenhacen

ImperfectoImperfecto

The imperfect tense is used to The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly. occurred repeatedly.

Yo caminYo caminabaaba todo los días.  todo los días.

Er/Ir-

íaíasíaíamosían

Ar-abaabasabaábamosaban

Ser-

eraeraseraéramoseran

Ver-

veíaveíasveíaveíamosveían

Ir-

ibaibasibaíbamosiban

PreteritePreterite

-Past tense Past tense -Known beginning Known beginning -Snap shotSnap shot

Trigger wordsTrigger words

Ayer Ayer

AnocheAnoche

Anteayer Anteayer

La semana pasadaLa semana pasada

éé íí

aste iste aste iste

óó íío o

amos imosamos imos

aron ieron aron ieron

Esto el preterio Esto el preterio

Stem changes

Los irregulagurosLos irregulaguros

-Only in you

-Ex. Tocar-toqué. Jugar-jugué. Comenzar-comencé

spockspock

Ir,ser dar,verIr,ser dar,ver Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron dar- di, diste, dio, dimos, Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron dar- di, diste, dio, dimos,

dierondieron

ver- vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieronver- vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron

Hacer Hacer Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieronHice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron

cucarachacucaracha

Andar anduve - If verb Andar anduve - If verb conjugation conjugation

Estar estuve ends in a j, Estar estuve ends in a j, drop drop

Poder pude the I. Poder pude the I.

Poner puse Poner puse

Querer quise conducir-condujQuerer quise conducir-conduj

Saber supe producir-produjSaber supe producir-produj

Tener tuve traducir-traduj Tener tuve traducir-traduj

Venir vineVenir vine

Snake/snakeySnake/snakey

Stem changers and y changers Stem changers and y changers Changes the root of the verb in Changes the root of the verb in

the preterite only in the usted the preterite only in the usted and usteded forms. and usteded forms.

Dormir LeerDormir LeerDormi dorimos

Dormiste

Durimo durmiero

Lei leimos

Leiste

Leyo leyeron

compartivescompartives

Mas que..More than Mas que..More than Menos que..less/fewer than Menos que..less/fewer than Tan..come as Tan..come as Tanto como.. As much/many as Tanto como.. As much/many as Are the comparison of a person or Are the comparison of a person or

thing to another thing.thing to another thing.

superlativessuperlatives

Indicate that one person or thing Indicate that one person or thing is the best, least, or worst. is the best, least, or worst.

Noun+mNoun+más or menos+ adjective ás or menos+ adjective Es la ciudad menos intersante del Es la ciudad menos intersante del

mundo.mundo.

FutureFuture

Infinitive+ Infinitive+ trigger wordstrigger words é todos los diasé todos los dias áás Siempres Siempre á a menudoá a menudo emos Por lo generalemos Por lo general áán n Ir+a+infinitiveIr+a+infinitive

Irregulars

Decir-dir Haber-habr Poder-podr Poner-ponr Querer-querr Saber-sabr Salir-saldr Tener-tendr Valer-valdr- Vanir-vendr

PARTE DOSPARTE DOS

Imperfect vs. Preterite Imperfect vs. Preterite Conditional vs. Future Conditional vs. Future Por Por Para Para Commands Commands Pres. perfect Pres. perfect Double object pronounsDouble object pronouns Adverbs Adverbs Subjunctive Subjunctive Se impersonal Se impersonal Progresssive- ir, andar, seguirProgresssive- ir, andar, seguir

Imperfect vs. PreteriteImperfect vs. Preterite

Use is for past events!

EAsteO Amos aron

I Iste IoImosieron

Aba AbasAba Abamos aban

Ia Ias IaIasmosian

Conditional vs. FutureConditional vs. Future

Infinitive + ending

PorPor

To indicate the cause of or reason for To indicate the cause of or reason for something something

To indicate support for or action on behalf To indicate support for or action on behalf of some person or cause of some person or cause

To indicate an exchange of some sort To indicate an exchange of some sort To indicate being in a place To indicate being in a place por ciertopor cierto (by the way), (by the way), por lo generalpor lo general

(generally), (generally), por supuestopor supuesto (of course), (of course), por otra por otra parteparte (on the other hand), (on the other hand), por finpor fin (finally), (finally), por lo por lo menosmenos (at least) (at least)

ParaPara

To mean "in order to“ To mean "in order to“ To indicate purpose, intent, usefulness or To indicate purpose, intent, usefulness or

need need To indicate a destination To indicate a destination To mean "no later than" or "by“To mean "no later than" or "by“ To mean "no later than" or "by“ To mean "no later than" or "by“ To mean "no later than" or "by“To mean "no later than" or "by“ Estoy para salir. Estoy para salir. (I'm ready to leave. I am about (I'm ready to leave. I am about

to leave.) to leave.) Estamos para hacer negocios.Estamos para hacer negocios. (We're (We're ready to do business. We're ready for doing ready to do business. We're ready for doing business.)business.)

Commands

AR Verbs IR/ER

Verbs

Usted e aUstedes en an

Infinitive

Yo form Ud. form

salir salgo salgahacer hago hagaPoner pongo ponga

decir digo digainfinitive

estar estoy estedar doy deser soy seair voy vaya

Put In Yo Form!!!!

Present Perfect

Ex. Has slept, have been, had left He – yo ar- ado ir/er - ido Has - tu Ha – el/ella he comido – I have eaten

Hemos – nosotros has comido – you have eaten

Han - ellos

Double Object Pronouns Are either placed either directly

before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive.

Give it to me – Da-me-lo No lelo! Di le lo – Diselo Si lo di a ella – I gave it to her

Adverbs

Ends the – mente after verb. The o changes to a Rapido- rapidamente Facil- facilmente Normally- normalmente

List of other adverbs

Bastante – quite

Demoasinado – too

Mucho- a lot

Peor- worse

Poco – little

Siempre - always

Subjunctive

Attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical

Es bueno que Es mejor que Ojala que es

necesario que

hablar comer

Hable coma

hables comas

hable coma

Hablemos comamos

hablen coman

W-wish E-emotion D-doubt D-denial I-impersonal expression N-negation G-god

Se impersonal

Use SE to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb

• SE vende fruta en la fruteria. When using SE, the verb is always in the 3rd person • Aqui se habla espanol Se can be used in all tenses • Se hizo mucho • Se hara mucho • Se habia mucho

Progressive + Ir, Andar, Seguir IR + ando/yiendo/yendo

Is slowly but surely ______ ing.Voy cantando una cancion.

Andar Ando/yiendo/yendo Is going around _______ing. Jaime ando buscando trabajo.

Seguir (e<I) Ando/yiendo/yendoIs still _______ing. Siguen estudiendo historia.