Grammar appendix Grammar review - Amazon Web … · Grammar appendix Grammar review present simpLe FOrm affirmative negative interrogative I / You don’t workworkI / You do not (

Grammar appendix

Grammar reviewpresent simpLe

FOrm

affirmative negative interrogative

I / You work I / You do not (don’t) work Do I / you work?He / She / It works He / She / It does not (doesn’t) work Does he / she / it work?We / You / They work We / You / They do not (don’t) work Do we / you / they work?

Uses examples adverbs of frequency / time expressions

A regular habit or routine Do you work on Sundays? always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never

at 1 o’clock, at night, in the morning, on Fridays, every week, once a month, how often ...?

A general truth or scientific fact Water boils at 100º Celsius.

Stative verbs Mary doesn’t think my boyfriend is attractive.

present COntinUOUs

FOrm


I am reading I am (I’m) not reading Am I reading?You are reading You are not (aren’t) reading Are you reading?He / She / It is reading He / She / It is not (isn’t) reading Is he / she / it reading?We / You / They are reading We / You / They are not (aren’t) reading Are we / you / they reading?

Uses examples time expressions

An action which is happening now He is reading a magazine now. now, right now, at the moment

A temporary action I am studying photography this year. this year, at present

A definite plan for the near future My friends are leaving for India tomorrow.this evening, tonight, tomorrow, next Friday / week / year

➡ Stative VerbsEkintzak baino egoerak adierazten dituztenez, Present Simple aldian erabiltzen dira. Ondorengo ezaugarriekin dute lotura:

● emozio eta sentimenduekin (dislike, enjoy, hate, hope, like, love, prefer, want)

● pentsamenduarekin eta iritziarekin (believe, forget, guess, know, remember, think, understand)

● pertzepzio eta zentzumenekin (feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste, touch)

● prezio eta neurriekin (cost, weigh, measure)

● jabetzarekin (belong, have, own).

Batzuek egoera eta ekintza adieraz ditzakete. Horregatik, era bakunean nahiz iraunkorrean erabil daitezke. Sarah thinks the film is boring. (Sarahkpelikulaaspergarriadelaustedu.)[egoera] Sarah is thinking of selling her house. (Sarahetxeasaltzeapentsatzenarida.)[ekintza]

See aditzak Present Continuous aldian, bizkitartean, aldez aurretik finkaturiko etorkizuneko ekintza adierazten du. We’re seeing Ann tonight. (Annikusikodugugaurgauean.)[hitzartu dugu jada.]

�Bridges 2 Basque © B Burlington Books

past simpLe

FOrm


I / You visited I / You did not (didn’t) visit Did I / you visit?He / She / It visited He / She / It did not (didn’t) visit Did he / she / it visit?We / You / They visited We / You / They did not (didn’t) visit Did we / you / they visit?


A completed action in the past We visited the museum last week. yesterday, last week / year, two days ago, in 2007, in the 1980s, in the 18th century, when, thenA series of completed actions in the past When I opened the door, the dog

barked at the postman.

past COntinUOUs

FOrm

affirmative negative interrogativeI was watching I was not (wasn’t) watching Was I watching?You were watching You were not (weren’t) watching Were you watching?He / She / It was watching He / She / It was not (wasn’t) watching Was he / she / it watching?We / You / They were watching We / You / They were not (weren’t) watching Were we / you / they watching?


An incomplete action in progress at a specific time in the past

At 9 o’clock last night, they were watching the tennis match.

last night / week / year, at 4 o’clock, when, while, as

An incomplete action interrupted by another action She was doing her homework when her friends arrived.

Two incomplete actions in progress at the same time in the past I was cooking dinner while he was setting the table.

FUtUre simpLe

FOrm


I / You will start I / You will not (won’t) start Will I / you start?He / She / It will start He / She / It will not (won’t) start Will he / she / it start?We / You / They will start We / You / They will not (won’t) start Will we / you / they start?


A prediction I’m sure Peter won’t be at the party this evening. this evening, in an hour, at 3 o’clock, later, tomorrow, next month / year, soon, in a few weeks, in the future, on 1st May

A timetable My parents will arrive on the 5 o’clock train.

A spontaneous decision I’ll have a sandwich, please.

Grammar appendix


Be GOinG tO

FOrm

affirmative negative interrogativeI am going to buy I am (I’m) not going to buy Am I going to buy?You are going to buy You are not (aren’t) going to buy Are you going to buy?He / She / It is going to buy He / She / It is not (isn’t) going to buy Is he / she / it going to buy?We / You / They are going to buy We / You / They are not (aren’t) going to buy Are we / you / they going to buy?


A planned action for the future We are going to buy a new computer next month. this evening, later, in an hour, at 4 o’clock, tomorrow, soon, next month / year, in a few weeks, on 8th MayAn action that is about to happen Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain soon.

➡ Present Continuous etorkizun zentzuarekin

Aldez aurretik finkatuta egonik, etorkizun hurbilean gauzatuko diren ekintzak adierazten ditu. Hitzartutako egitasmo pertsonalekin erabiltzen ohi da. They’re coming home tonight. (Gaurgaueanetxeradatoz/etorrikodira.)

Be going to egiturak asmoa adierazten du; honek, berriz, asmoa ez baizik eta ziur gertatuko den ekintza. Esaldiak etorkizuneko denbora-esamoldea eramango du, ez orainaldikoa, eta horrek adierazten digu ez dela egiazko Present Continuous aldia. The train is arriving in twenty minutes.

(Trenahogeiminutubarrudator/etorrikoda.)

FUtUre COntinUOUs

FOrm


I / You will be shopping I / You will not (won’t) be shopping Will I / you be shopping?He / She / It will be shopping He / She / It will not (won’t) be shopping Will he / she / it be shopping?We / You / They will be shopping We / You / They will not (won’t) be shopping Will we / you / they be shopping?


An action in progress at a certain time in the future

At this time tomorrow, I will be shopping in town.

at this time, at this time next ..., on Thursday, in the next decade

Unit 1 Health

present perFeCt simpLe

FOrm


I / You have talked I / You have not (haven’t) talked Have I / you talked?He / She / It has talked He / She / It has not (hasn’t) talked Has he / she / it talked?We / You / They have talked We / You / They have not (haven’t) talked Have we / you / they talked?


An action that began in the past and continues until the future I haven’t talked to Jim for a week. ever, never, yet, just, already,

recently, lately, how long ...?, for, since, in recent yearsAn action that took place at an undetermined time

in the past, but is connected to the present Jack has stopped smoking.

Grammar appendix


Egitura

Baiezkoa: have / has + aditz nagusiaren partizipioarekin osatzen da.

Ezezkoa: have / has + not (n’t) + partizipioa dugu egitura.

Galderazkoa: have / has + subjektua + partizipioa hurrenkeran jarrita osatzen da.

Erabilerak

● Iraganean hasi eta gaur egun oraindik jarraipena duten ekintzez hitz egiteko (horregatik, batzuetan aditz-denbora hau itzultzerakoan, orainaldia hautatzen da).

● Iraganekoak izan arren, gaur egun oraindik ondorioak agirian dituzten ekintzei buruz hitz egiteko.

● Ekintza gertatu berria dela adierazteko. Kasu honetan just erabiltzen da have eta partizipioaren artean.

They have just arrived. (Oraintxeiritsidira.)

How long ...? erabiliz, ekintza hasi zenetik zenbat denbora pasa den galdetzen dugu, kontuan izanda ekintzak iraun egiten duela oraindik.

present perFeCt COntinUOUs

FOrm


I / You have been working I / You have not (haven’t) been working Have I / you been working?He / She / It has been working He / She / It has not (hasn’t) been working Has he / she / it been working?We / You / They have been working We / You / They have not (haven’t) been working Have we / you / they been working?


An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present

Dave has been going to the gym for a year.How long has Steve been walking?

for a year, since 2002, how long ...?

An action whose results are still apparent I’m tired. I have been studying all night.all night / morning / day / week

Egitura

Baiezkoa: Present Perfect Continuous (orainaldiburutuiraunkorra) have / has + been + ing bukaera daraman aditz batekin osatzen da.

Ezezkoa: have / has aldaeren ondoren not partikula jarriz (edo haven’t eta hasn’t forma laburtuak) + been + ing bukaera daraman aditzarekin osatzen da.

Galderazkoa: have / has + subjektua + been + ing bukaera daraman aditzarekin osatzen da.

Erabilerak ● Orain dela hainbat denbora hasi eta oraindik dirauten

ekintzak adierazteko. Present Perfect Continuous aldiak ekintzaren iraupena nabarmentzen duenez, itzultzeko garaian “eraman + aditz nagusia -t(z)en” egituraz balia gaitezke.

● Bukatu berriak badira ere, emaitzak oraindik agerian dituzten ekintzak adierazteko.

Aditz-aldi honekin erabiltzen diren denbora-esamoldeek denbora-aldia adierazi behar dute eta ez une zehatza.

How long have you lived in London?(ZenbatdenboradaLondresenbizizarela?)

For preposizioak ekintzak zenbat denbora iraun duen azaltzen du, eta since preposizioak ekintza hasi zeneko une zehatza adierazten du. I haven’t seen Beth for two years.

(EzdutBethikusibiurtean.) Jim has played tennis since he was 13 years old.

(Jimekhamahiruurtezituenetikjokatzendutenisean.)

➡ Past Simple eta Present Perfect Simple aditz-denboren arteko desberdintasuna

Past Simple aditz-denborak iraganeko une zehatz batean jazotakoa adierazten duen bitartean, Present Perfect Simple-k ekintza denbora-tarte batean kokatzen du. We put an advert in the newspaper to sell our car and

so far, six people have phoned. (Kotxeasaltzekoiragarkiajarrigenuenegunkarianetaoraingozseipertsonakdeitudute.)

Grammar appendix


Egitura

Baiezkoa: Past Perfect Simple (lehenaldi burutua) adizkiaren egitura had + aditz nagusiaren partizipioarekin eratzen da.

Ezezkoa: had laguntzaileari not edo n’t gehituz + partizipioa erabiliz osatzen da.

Galderazkoa: had + subjektua + aditzaren partizipioarekin osatuko dugu.

Erabilerak

● Ekintza bat beste ekintza baten aurretik burutu zela adierazteko. Azken hau Past Simple aditz-denboran doa.

past perFeCt COntinUOUs

FOrm


I / You had been travelling I / You had not (hadn’t) been travelling Had I / you been travelling?He / She / It had been travelling He / She / It had not (hadn’t) been travelling Had he / she / it been travelling?We / You / They had been travelling We / You / They had not (hadn’t) been travelling Had we / you / they been travelling?


An action which continued up to another past action

We had been travelling for a few hours when it started snowing.

for hours, since last April, all morning, when, until, before

Egitura

Baiezkoa: had + been + ing bukaera daraman aditzaz eratzen da.

Ezezkoa: had laguntzaileari not partikula erantsiz (edo hadn’t) + been + ing bukaera daraman aditzarekin osatuko dugu.

Galderazkoa: had + subjektua + ing bukaera daraman aditza.

Erabilerak ● Lehenaldiko ekintza laburren aurretik luzaroan gertatzen

ari ziren ekintzak adierazteko. “Eraman, aritu, egon” aditzen iragana dugu maiz aditz-aldi hau itzultzeko baliabidea.

She had been writing short stories for years until she decided to publish them. (Urteakzeramatzanistoriolaburrakidazten,azkeneanargitaratzeaerabakizuenarte.)

Ohikoena bi ekintzok juntagailu batez lotuak aurkitzea da: denborazkoa, taulan agertzen direnak bezalakoa (when, until, before), kontzesiboa (although) edo kausazkoa (because).

He put on weight because he hadn’t been getting enough exercise. (Gizendueginzen,ezzelakoaritunahikoariketafisikoegiten.)

past perFeCt simpLe

FOrm


I / You had started I / You had not (hadn’t) started Had I / you started?He / She / It had started He / She / It had not (hadn’t) started Had he / she / it started?We / You / They had started We / You / They had not (hadn’t) started Had we / you / they started?


A completed action which took place before another action in the past

By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.

already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just

Grammar appendix


FUtUre perFeCt simpLe

FOrm


I / You will have finished I / You will not (won’t) have finished Will I / you have finished?He / She / It will have finished He / She / It will not (won’t) have finished Will he / she / it have finished?We / You / They will have finished We / You / They will not (won’t) have finished Will we / you / they have finished?


A completed action at a certain future time By the end of June, we will have finished school. by this time next week, by 10 o’clock, by the

end of ..., by then, by August, in three months

Egitura

Baiezkoa: will have + aditz nagusiaren partizipioarekin eratzen da.Ezezkoa: will not (won’t) + have + partizipioarekin osatzen da.Galderazkoa: will + subjektua + have + partizipioa erabili behar dugu.

Erabilerak

● Etorkizuneko une zehatz batean ekintza amaituta egongo dela adierazteko.

➡ Aurrizkiak● Un, im, il, in eta dis adjektibo, izen, eta aditz batzuek

hartzen dituzten aurrizkiak dira, kontrako esanahia erdiesteko.

pleasant (atsegin) unpleasant (desatsegin) patient (pazientziaduen) impatient (pazientziarik gabeko) legal (legal) illegal (ilegal) correct (zuzen) incorrect (ezzuzen) satisfied (kontent) dissatisfied (kontentagaitz)

● Mis aurrizkiak, izen eta aditz batzuen aurrean, zerbait gaizki edo desegoki eginda dagoela adierazten du.

use (erabilera) misuse (erabileraoker)

● En aurrizkiarekin, edozein hitzetatik abiatuz aditzak osatzen ditugu, hitz horrek adierazten duen egoerarako iraganbidea deskribatzen duten aditzak, alegia.

close (itxi) enclose (barruansartu)

● Under, over eta non- errazak dira ulertzen, eta co-, re, inter, anti-, bi, pre eta multi aurrizkiek ere ez dute zailtasunik, latina dutelako jatorri:

underline (azpimarratu) international (nazioarteko) overloaded (gainkargatu) anti-hero (antiheroi) non-smoker (ezerretzaile) bilingual (elebidun) co-pilot (kopiloto) prehistoric (historiaurreko) rewrite (berridatzi) multiracial (arrazaanitzeko)

➡ Gerundioa eta infinitiboaGerundioaIngelesez ing bukaera duen adizkia da, eta izenaren funtzioa betetzen duena, ez aditz-aldi iraunkorretan erabiltzen dena. Ondorengo kasuetan aurki dezakegu:

● Perpauseko subjektu bezala, ekintzei buruz era orokorrean ari garenean.

Eating healthy food helps you keep fit. (Janariosasuntsuajateaksasoioneanegotenlaguntzendizu.)

● Zenbait aditzen osagai zuzen gisa: continue, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, like, love, miss, prefer, recommend, suggest, etab.

He likes running marathons. (Maratoietanlasterkaegiteagustatzenzaio.)

● Preposizioen ondotik. She’s interested in doing Pilates.

(Pilatesegitekointeresadu.)● Aditz-forma batzuen ondotik: be / get used to, can’t

help, can’t stand, don’t mind / wouldn’t mind, feel like, it’s no use, look forward to, spend (time), etab.

I feel like going to the concert tonight. (Gaurgaueankontzerturajoatekogogoadut.)

InfinitiboaAurretik to daraman adizkia dugu. Honela erabiltzen da:

● Perpauseko subjektu bezala, ekintza zehatzei buruz ari garenean.

To apply for that job would be a good idea. (Lanpostuhorretarakoeskaeraegiteaideiaonalitzateke.)

● Ondorengoak bezalako aditzen atzetik: agree, appear, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, manage, plan, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish, etab.

I promised to help him with his homework. (Etxekolanekinlagundukoniolahitzemannion.)

● Zenbait adjektibo (busy, happy, ready, tired, etab.) eta adberbioren (fast, high, low, slowly, etab.) ondotik.

I am happy to be here. (Poziknagohemenegoteaz.)

● Advise, invite, persuade, teach, tell edo warn bezalako aditzen zeharkako osagarriaren ondotik.

They told him to eat three meals a day. (Eguneanhiruotorduegitekoesanzioten.)

Hala ere, pertzepzio aditz batzuek (feel, hear, see, etab.) eta make nahiz let aditzek aditzoina (to gabeko infinitiboa) daramate ondotik. His parents let him participate in the race.

(Gurasoeklasterketanpartehartzenutzizioten.)

Grammar appendix


ZeHar estiLOa

tense direct speech reported speech

Present Simple “He works in a restaurant.” She said that he worked in a restaurant.

Past Simple “He worked in a restaurant.” She said that he had worked in a restaurant.

Future Simple “He will work in a restaurant.” She said that he would work in a restaurant.

Present Continuous “He is working in a restaurant.” She said that he was working in a restaurant.

Past Continuous “He was working in a restaurant.” She said that he had been working in a restaurant.

Present Perfect Simple “He has worked in a restaurant.” She said that he had worked in a restaurant.

Present Perfect Continuous “He has been working in a restaurant.” She said that he had been working in a restaurant.

Past Perfect Simple “He had worked in a restaurant.” She said that he had worked in a restaurant.

Past Perfect Continuous “He had been working in a restaurant.” She said that he had been working in a restaurant.

Unit 2 Jobs

aLdaKetaK mOdaLetan

direct speech reported speech

can could

may might

must / have to must / had to

will would

aLdaKetaK Beste HitZ eta esamOLdeetan

direct speech reported speech

now then

today that day

tonight that night

yesterday the previous day / the day before

last week the previous week / the week before

a month ago the previous month / the month before

tomorrow the following day / the day after / the next day

next week the following week / the week after

here there

this / these that / those

Gerundioz eta infinitiboz jarraituriko aditzak

Aditz batzuen ondotik gerundioa nahiz infinitiboa jar daiteke, esanahia batere aldatzen ez delarik, adibidez, begin, propose, forbid, intend edo start. I’ve started to go / going to the gym.

(Gimnasiorajoatenhasinaiz.)

Baina beste aditz batzuek, besteak beste,stop,remember,regretetaforget, esangura desberdinak dituzte, gerundioa ala infinitiboa, zer daramaten ondotik.● forget + gerundioa ezezko esaldietan erabiltzen da,

iraganean egindako zerbait ahaztea ezinezkoa dela adierazteko.

I’ll never forget seeing the Eiffel Tower for the first time. (InoizezdutahaztukoEiffelDorreaikusinuenlehenaldia.)

forget + infinitiboa zerbait egitea ahaztu zaigula adierazteko.

I forgot to buy the newspaper. (Egunkariaerosteaahaztuzait.)

● regret + gerundioa burututako ekintza batekiko damua adierazteko.

He regrets staying at home. (Etxeangeldituizanazdamuda.)

regret + infinitiboa jarraian esatera doana atsegina ez zaiola adierazteko.

I regret to tell you that we can’t do anything. (Sentitzendutezerezindugulaeginesanbeharra.)

● remember + gerundioa iraganean egindako zerbait gogoratzen dugula adierazteko.

I remember buying the tickets. (Gogoratzennaiztxartelakerosinituela.)

remember + infinitiboa zerbait egin behar dela gogorarazteko.

Remember to take your passport. (Gogoratupasaporteahartzea.)

● stop + gerundioa zerbait egiteari utzi diogula adierazteko. She stopped training for a few weeks.

(Astebatzuezentrenatzeariutzizion.) stop + infinitiboa beste gauza bat egiten hasteko, ekintza

bat eten behar dela adierazteko. We stopped to have lunch.

(Bazkaltzekogeldituginen.)

Grammar appendix


Norbaitek esandakoa kontatzeko erabiltzen da, baina pertsona horrek erabilitako hitz berberak aipatu gabe.

➡ Reported statementsNorbaitek esan berri duena orainaldian konta dezakegu, eta horretarako nahikoa da komatxoak kentzea, eta izenordain subjektua eta aditzaren pertsona aldatzea. “I have got a part-time job.” He says that he has got a part-time job.

(Lanaldilaburradueladio.)

Ohikoena, dena dela, norbaitek esana lehenaldian kontatzea da (He said...). Orduan ondorengo aditzak atzera jauzia egingo du: Present Simple aldia Past Simple aldira pasatuko da; will, berriz, would aldira, etab. Past Perfect aldia da aldatzen ez den bakarra, eta pertsona-izenordainez gain, izenordain erakusleek, edutezkoek eta denbora- nola leku-preposizioek ere aldaketak jasango dituzte. “I graduated from university last year,” she said. She said that she had graduated from university

the year before. (Aurrekourteanlizentziatuzelaunibertsitateanesanzuen.)

Perpausak oraindik indarrean dagoen zerbait adierazten duenean, aditz-denborak ez du inolako aldaketarik jasaten. “London is the capital of Great Britain,” he said. He said that London is the capital of Great Britain.

(LondresBritainiaHandikohiriburuadelaesanzuen.)

Dakizun bezala, zehar estiloari sarrera ematen dioten aditz arruntenak say eta tell dira. Tell aditzak to gabeko zeharkako osagarria behar du beti. Say aditzak, berriz, batzuetan bakarrik eramango du, baina kasu horietan, to preposizioaren laguntzarekin beti. “The film will start at 8 o’clock,” he said. He said / said to us / told us (that) the film would start

at 8 o’clock. (Pelikulazortzietanhasikozelaesanzuen.)

➡ Reported questions● Yes / No questions deituak (“bai” edo “ez” batekin

erantzun daitezkeenak) zehar estilora aldatzeko, ask aditza + if edo whether partikulak erabiliko ditugu.

Orain galderak galdera izateari utzi eta perpaus arrunt izatera pasa direnez, ez dago subjektu-aditz arteko hurrenkera-aldaketarik, ez dago galdera-ikurrik, ez eta komatxorik. “Did you have an exam yesterday?” Mum asked. My mum asked me if I had had an exam the day before.

(Amakgaldetuzidanaurrekoeguneanazterketarikizanalnuen.)

● Wh-questions motakoak (who, what eta antzekoekin hasten direnak eta “bai” edo “ez” batekin erantzun ezin daitezkeenak) galdetzaile hori erabiliko dute if edo whether partikulen tokian, baina hauetan ere ez dago ez subjektu-aditz arteko hurrenkera-aldaketarik, ez galdera-ikurrik, ez eta komatxorik ere.

“What are the job requirements?” I asked. I asked what the job requirements were.

(Lanposturakobaldintzakzeinzirengaldetunuen.) “How many people work here?” he asked. He asked how many people worked there.

(Hanzenbatpertsonakegitenzutenlangaldetuzuen.)

➡ Reported ordersAginduak zehar estilora pasatzeko, aginteraren ordez infinitiboa erabiliko dugu. Baina lehenik, agindua adierazten duen aditz bat erabiliko dugu, esate baterako, order edo tell, atzean zeharkako osagarria daramala. “Please be quiet.” The teacher told us to be quiet.

(Ixiltzekoesanzigunirakasleak.)Ezezko agindua denean, infinitiboaren aurrean not kokatuko dugu. “Don’t park your car here.” The policeman ordered me not to park my car there.

(Poliziakkotxeahanezaparkatzekoaginduzidan.)

➡ Reported suggestionsIradokizunak zehar estiloan adierazi nahi ditugunean, suggest eta recommend aditzak erabiliko ditugu iraganean. Eta ondoren, pertsona horrek iradokitakoa bi eratara konta dezakegu:

● Aditza gerundioan ezarriz, iradokizuna egin zuen pertsona barnean dagoela ulertuz.

“Let’s go to the cinema tomorrow,” Jim said. Jim suggested going to the cinema the following day.

(HurrengoeguneanzinemarajoangintezeniradokizuenJimek.)

● Edo that + subjektua + aditzoina egituradun perpausa erabiliz, iradokizuna beste norbaitek edo norbaitzuek egina denean.

“Try the new restaurant,” Beth said. Beth suggested that I try the new restaurant.

(Bethekjatetxeberriaprobanezaniradokizidan.)

➡ Reporting verbsSay, tell eta ask aditzek mezua helarazten digute soilik, informazio gehiago gaineratu barik; ondorengo aditzek, ordea, hiztunaren intentzioa edo erabilitako doinua ere azaltzen dute:

● baieztapenetan: admit, agree, answer, apologise, boast, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, inform, insist, mention, offer, promise, refuse, remind, reply

“I’ve had problems with my computer,” he said. He complained that he had had problems with his

computer. (Ordenagailuarekinarazoakizanzituelakokexaazalduzuen.)

● galderetan: enquire, request, want to know, wonder “Did you leave your previous job?” John asked. John wanted to know if I had left my previous job.

(AurrekolanpostuautzieginalnuenjakinnahizuenJohnek.)

● aginduetan: demand, order, shout, warn “Stay here!” she said. She ordered me to stay there.

(Hangelditzekoaginduzidan.)

● erreguetan: beg “Please wait for me,” he said. He begged me to wait for him.

(Berezainegotekoerregutuzidan.)

● iradokizunetan: advise, invite, suggest, recommend “You should apply for that job,” Lucy said. Lucy advised him to apply for that job.

(Lucyklanpostuhuraeskatzekoaholkatuzion.)

Grammar appendix


➡ AtzizkiakAtzizkiak hitz batzuei gehitzen dizkiegun bukaerak dira, horrela, beste hitz berri batzuk sortzeko.

Izenak osatzeko atzizkiak

● Aditzetatik izenak osatzeko atzizkien artean ment, tion / sion eta er / or ditugu.

agree (hitzartu) agreement (hitzarmen) invite (gonbidatu) invitation (gonbidapen) conclude (ondorioztatu) conclusion (ondorio) drive (gidatu) driver (gidari) act (antzeztu) actor (antzezle)

● Izenak osatzeko beste atzizki batzuk ity, ship, ness eta ence / ance dira; hauek adjektiboei, aditzei edota beste izen batzuei erants diezazkiekegu.

personal (pertsonal) personality (nortasun) friend (lagun) friendship (adiskidetasun) happy (zoriontsu) happiness (zoriontasun) obedient (obediente) obedience (obedientzia) annoy (eragotzi) annoyance (eragozpen)

Adjektiboak osatzeko atzizkiak

● Izen batzuek ful eta less atzizkiak hartzen dituzte, eta sortzen diren adjektiboen esanahia argitzen laguntzen digute, ful atzizkiak “-ekin” esan nahi baitu eta less atzizkiak “gabe”.

care (ardura) careful (arduratsu) careless (arduragabe)

● Hauez gain, izen eta aditz batzuei ous, al, able / ible eta ive atzizkiak gehituta, adjektibo gehiago lor ditzakegu.

danger (arrisku) dangerous (arriskutsu) nation (nazio) national (nazional) predict (aurresan) predictable (aurresandaitekeena) reverse (atzekoalde) reversible (itzulgarri) attract (erakarri) attractive (erakargarri)

● Aditzei gehitzen zaizkien beste bi atzizki ed eta ing dira. bore (aspertu) bored (asperturik) boring (aspergarri)

Ed bukaeradun adjektiboarekin deskribatuko dugu pertsona edo gauza batek ondorio zehatz bat sentitzen edo jasaten duela; ing amaieradun adjektiboarekin, berriz, ondorio hori eragiten duen pertsona edo gauza.

➡ Preposizioz jarraituriko aditzakAditz batzuek preposizio bakarra daramate ondotik: apply for (eskatu) wait for (zainegon) listen to (entzun)Beste batzuek, ordea, bat baino gehiago: arrive at (lekubatera“iritsi”) arrive in (hiriedoherrialdebatera“iritsi”) hear about (zerbaitetazenteratu) hear of (zerbaitiburuzzerbaitentzun) talk about (zerbaitiburuz“hitzegin”) talk to / with (norbaitekin“hitzegin”) think about (“iritzi”,“iruditu”;”-npentsatu”) think of (“-npentsatu”)

Ikus 27. orrian duzun zerrenda, preposizioz jarraituriko aditzez osatua.

BOZ pasiBOa

tense active passive

Present Simple Many people sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts are sold by many people.

Present Continuous Many people are selling unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts are being sold by many people.

Past Simple Many people sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts were sold by many people.

Future Simple Many people will sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts will be sold by many people.

Present Perfect Simple Many people have sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts have been sold by many people.

Modals Many people can sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts can be sold by many people.

Past Continuous Many people were selling unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts were being sold by many people.

Past Perfect Simple Many people had sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts had been sold by many people.

Modal Perfects Many people must have sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts must have been sold by many people.

have to Many people have to sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts have to be sold by many people.

be going to Many people are going to sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts are going to be sold by many people.

Unit 3 Shopping

Egitura

Baiezkoa: to be + aditz nagusiaren partizipioarekin osatzen da, eta aditza erregularra denean, ed bukaera izango du.

Ezezkoa: to be laguntzaileari not partikula gehituz soilik + aditz nagusiaren partizipioarekin osatzen da. In the end, the party wasn’t held last night.

(Azkeneanbartezzenfestarikospatu.)

Galderazkoa: galderak to be aditzarekin hasiko dira, laguntzailearen eta partizipioaren artean tartekatzen baita subjektua. Were you advised by your parents?

(Gurasoekaholkatualzintuzten?)

Grammar appendix


● Galderan aditz modal bat, etorkizunean doanen bat edo aditz-denbora elkarturen bat badago, pasiboko perpausa modalarekin edo aditz laguntzailearekin hasiko da, boz aktiboan bezala.

Can the dress be taken back to the shop? (Itzulaldaitekesoinekoadendara?)

Has the baby already been born? (Jaioaldahaurrajada?)

● Galdetzailedun galderek ere aditz laguntzailearen eta subjektuaren arteko hurrenkera aldatu egiten dute, galdetzaileak subjektu-funtzioa duenean izan ezik.

What present have you been given? (Zeropariegindizute?)

Who was chosen as president? (Noraukeratuzutenlehendakari?)

Nola bilakatu perpaus bat pasibo

Era pasiboa, euskaraz ez bezala, oso arrunta da ingelesez. Beraz, perpaus hauek itzultzerakoan, edo aktibora joko dugu edo aditz-forma inpertsonaletara.

● Aditz nagusiak perpaus aktiboan zuen aldian ezarriko dugu to be aditza.

He sold his car last week. His car was sold last week. (Joandenasteansalduzuenberekotxea.)

● Perpaus aktiboan aditzaren ondoren doan lehen osagarria bihurtuko da subjektu, dela osagarri zuzena, dela zeharkakoa.

They will send some books to Pam. Some books will be sent to Pam. (LiburubatzukbidalikodizkiotePami.) They will send Pam some books. Pam will be sent some books. (Pamiliburubatzukbidalikodizkiote.)

Zeharkako osagarria izenordaina bada, subjektu formara pasatuko dugu.

She showed me her new house. I was shown her new house.

(Bereetxeberriaerakutsizidan.)

Pasibo mota hau, besteak beste, ask, give, lend, pay, offer, promise, sell, send, show eta tell aditzekin da posible, bi osagarriak eraman baititzakete: zuzena eta zeharkakoa.

● Perpaus aktiboko subjektua esaldiaren bukaerara pasatuko dugu, aurretik by preposizioa daramala. Eta pertsona-izenordaina bada, dagokion izenordain objektuaz trukatuko dugu.

Shakespeare didn’t write that play. That play wasn’t written by Shakespeare. (AntzezlanhoriezzuenidatziShakespearek.) The police arrested the thief. The thief was arrested by the police. (Lapurraatxilotuzuenpoliziak.)

● Aurreko orriko taulan ikus daitekeen bezala, aditz modalak eta be going to egitura ez dira aldatzen, hauei darraien aditza baita pasiboan jartzen dena (be + partizipioa).

You can open the window. The window can be opened. (Leihoairekidaiteke.)

Erabilerak

Boz pasiboaren erabilera nagusienak hauek dira:

● Ekintza burutzen duen subjektuaren ordez ekintza bera nabarmendu nahia.

● Ekintza burutu duen subjektua bistakoa edo ezezaguna izatea edo aipatu nahi ez izatea.

All the money has been stolen. (Diruguztialapurtudute.)

● Eta aurrekoaren ildotik, they, somebody, nobody edo antzeko subjektua duten perpaus aktiboak saihestu nahia.

Someone left this hat here. This hat was left here. (Txapelhauutzidutehemen.)

➡ Aditz arazleak: have / get + something + done

Have eta get + izena + partizipioa egitura, norbaiti eskatutako ekintzak adierazteko erabiltzen da. I had / got my bedroom painted.

(Nirelogelapintatunuen/pintatuzidaten.)Egitura honek esanahi pasiboa du, erdian doan izenak partizipioan doan aditzaren bitartez adierazitako ekintza jasotzen baitu. Euskaratzerakoan, ordea, boz aktiboa erabiliko dugu. I’m going to have / get my hair cut next week.

(Ileamoztukodutdatorrenastean.)[beste norbaitek egingo du eta ez nik]

Have nahiz get bereizgabe erabiltzen badira ere, get informalagoa da eta arruntagoa ere bai ingeles mintzatuan. I must get my watch repaired.

(Erlojuakonpondubehardut.)

➡ Phrasal VerbsPartikuladun aditzak edo phrasal verbs deituak hala izendatzen dira, jarraian partikula bat daramatelako (hau preposizioa ala adberbioa izan daiteke edo bi gauzak). Eta honela hitz berri bat sortzen dute. Pick out the shoes you like the most.

(Aukeratugehiengustatzenzaizkizunoinetakoak.)

Phrasal Verbs iragankorrak eta iragangaitzak daude. Iragankorretan, gainera, bereizi ditzakegu partikula eta aditza elkarrengandik; adibidez, osagarri zuzena izena denean, aditzaren edo partikularen atzean koka daiteke hau, baina izenordaina denean, aditzaren ondoren kokatu behar da beti. You can try on a few more dresses.

(Soinekobatzukgehiagoprobaditzakezu.)

Adibide honetan osagarri zuzena phrasal verb delakoaren ondoren doa eta ez erdian tartekatua, try on ezin baita banandu.

Ikus 26. eta 27. orrietan duzun zerrenda, phrasal verbs izeneko aditzez osatua.

Grammar appendix

�0Bridges 2 Basque © B Burlington Books

BaLdintZaZKO perpaUsaK

First COnditiOnaL

Conditional clause result clause examples

if+ Present Simple

unless

Future Simple If I feel better later, we will go shopping together.

modal + base form We might / may visit our relatives if we have got some time.

Present Simple If I am late, my parents worry.

imperative Search on the Internet if you want to learn more about the Amish.

seCOnd COnditiOnaL

if would

+ base formcould / might

I would read more books if I had spare time. + Past Simple

Jane could / might help us if she were here.unless

tHird COnditiOnaL

if + Past Perfectwould have

+ past participlecould / might have

If Mark and Jim had visited us, we would have been delighted.

If you hadn’t been so busy, we could / might have met.

Unit 4 Relat ionships

Baldintza adierazten duen menpeko perpaus batez (conditional clause) eta ondorioa adierazten duen nagusi batez (result clause) osatutako perpaus elkartuak dira. Hiru motatakoak daude:

Baldintzazko lehena

Honela eratzen da: if + Present Simple baldintzazko perpausean eta Future Simple aldia ondorioan. Baldintza betetzen bada, zer gertatuko den adierazten du.

Ez dio axola zer hurrenkeratan kokatzen diren bi atalak, baina baldintza badoa lehenik, bi perpausen artean koma idatziko dugu. If we are honest with each other, our relationship will

work. (Zintzoakbagaraelkarrekin,gureharremanaongijoangoda.)

Future Simple erabiltzeaz gain, modalekin, aginterarekin edo Present Simple aldiarekin ere adieraz dezakegu ondorioa. If it rains, we can’t go to the beach.

(Euriaegitenbadu,ezingarahondartzarajoan.)

Baldintza ez betetzearen ondorioz zerbait ez dela gertatuko adierazi nahi badugu, hainbat aukera dugu: baldintza-perpausari unless juntagailuarekin eman hasiera (“ez ba...” / “ezean”), if not erabiltzearen pareko dena, edo Present Simple aldian doan aditza ezeztatu. Unless Anne moves to another city, she won’t leave

her job. (Anneezbadabestehiribaterabizitzerajoaten,ezduberelanposturikutziko.)

Gogoan izan unless nahiko maiz erabiltzen dela baldintzazko lehenean, baina ez horrenbeste bigarrenean, eta inoiz ez hirugarrenean.

Baldintzazko bigarrena

Honela eratzen da: if + Past Simple baldintzan eta would + aditzoina ondorioan. Orainaldiarekin loturiko baldintza hipotetikoak adierazten ditu, hau da, gertatzeko aukera gutxi dutenak. Euskaraz baldintzazko perpauseko aditza ba- aurrizkiarekin doa eta ondoriozkoa alegiazko “-ke”dun adizkiekin. If Tom liked Mary, he would invite her to have dinner

with him. (TomiMarygustatukobalitzaio,berarekinafaltzeragonbidatukoluke.)

Menpeko perpauseko aditza to be denean, were erabiltzen da singularreko nola pluraleko pertsona guztiekin. If he weren’t so upset, he would phone you.

(Hainnahigabetuaezbalego,deitukolizuke.)

Eta aholkuak ematen ari garenean, if I were formula erabiltzen da. If I were you, I would ask my parents for permission.

(Nikzuretokian,gurasoeieskatukoniekebaimena.)

Would erabili ordez could eta might modalak ere erabil ditzakegu, baina hauek biek hipotesia burutzeko aukera are urriagoa dela adierazten dute. Euskaraz “agian”, “beharbada”, “gerta liteke” eta antzekoak erabil ditzakegu itzultzerakoan. I could go to the party if my parents lent me the car.

(Festarajoanninteke,gurasoekkotxeautzikobalidate.)

Grammar appendix

��Bridges 2 Basque © B Burlington Books

desira-perpaUsaK

Form Uses examples

wish / if only + Past Simple

Refers to a present situation that the speaker is unhappy about

He wishes his house were bigger.If only I lived near the school.

wish / if only + Past Perfect

Expresses regret about a past action or situation

Pam wishes she and Tom hadn’t broken up.If only Sarah had arrived earlier.

wish / if only + could / would + base form

Expresses a desire for something to happen in the future

I wish I could improve my marks.If only he would call me.

Desira-perpausek nahia azaltzen dute, eta bi eratara osa daitezke: wish aditzarekin eta if only egiturarekin.

Wish aditzak that juntagailua (ken daitekeena) buru duen menpeko perpausa eramaten du osagarri zuzentzat. Euskarazko “Ahal...!”, “Gustatuko litzaidake”, “Nahiago nuke + ba...” eta antzeko egiturak ditu pareko.

If only esamoldeak ere adiera bera du: “Nahiago nuke / luke...”, “Gutxienez...”, etab. I wish / If only he had been here last night.

(Nahiagonuenhemenegonizanbalitzbart!)

Bai bata eta bai bestea aditz-aldi desberdinekin erabil daitezke, taulan agertzen den bezala:

● Past Simple aldia hautatuko dugu aldatu edo hobetu nahi genituzkeen oraingo egoerez jarduteko.

Rick wishes Mary had more patience. (NahiagolukeRickekMarykpazientziahandiagoaizatea.)

Past Simple aldian doan aditza to be bada, were erabili behar da pertsona guztiekin, baita singularreko 1. eta 3.arekin ere (subjuntiboaren aztarnak dira.).

I wish he weren’t angry with me. (Nahiagonukenirekinhaserreezbalego.)

● Lehenaldi burutua hautatuko dugu gertatutako ekintzez pena edo damua adierazteko.

I wish the exam hadn’t been so difficult. (Azterketahainzailaizanezbalitz!)

● Could edo would + aditzoina erabiltzen baditugu, etorkizuneko ekintzez ari gara, adierazitakoa gertatzea nahiko bagenu ere, nahiko zaila dela aditzera emanez.

I wish / If only I could go to the party tomorrow. (Festarajoaterikbanubihar!)

Unless I were certain, I wouldn’t say anything to him. (Ziuregonezean,ezniokeezeresango.)

Baldintzazko hirugarrena

Honela eratzen da: if + Past Perfect baldintzan eta would have + partizipioa ondorioan. Kasu honetan baldintza erabat ezinezkoa da, iraganari lotua baitago, beraz, hipotesia burutu ezina da. You wouldn’t have fallen in love with her if you

had known her intentions. (Ezzinatekeenberarekinmaitemindukobereasmoakezagutuizanbazenitu.)

Baldintzako hirugarrenak ere beste aldaera batzuk ditu, hau da, could have eta might have + partizipioa hautatzea perpaus nagusia osatzeko.

If you hadn’t gone out last night, you could / might have finished the project. (Bartateraizanezbazina,proiektuabukatuaizangozenukeen.)

➡ Denborazko perpausakEtorkizunarekin lotuta daudenak baldintzazko lehenengoak bezala eratzen dira: Present Simple aldia menpeko perpausean eta will laguntzailedun etorkizuna perpaus nagusian. Aldatzen dena juntagailuak dira, kasu honetan when, as soon as, as long as, by the time eta antzekoak direlarik. I will phone you as soon as I arrive home.

(Deitukodizut,etxerairitsibezainlaster.)

Wish aditzaren eta aditzoinaren subjektua bat bera ez bada, orduan would erabiliko dugu.

I wish Peter would stop behaving so badly. (NahiagonukePeterrekhaingaizkijokatzeariutzikobalio.)

➡ Preposizioz jarraituriko adjektiboakZenbait adjektibok aditza + izena, izenordaina ala gerundioa daramate ondoren. Sophie is very fond of her grandmother.

(Sophiekamarenganakotxerahandiadu.) His parents were proud of him.

(Gurasoakharrozeudenberaz.) I’m afraid of flying. (Heganegiteakbeldurtzennau.)

Ikus 27. orrialdean duzun zerrenda, preposizioz jarraituriko adjektiboez osatua.

➡ Adjektibo konposatuakMarratxoz loturiko edo lotu gabeko bi hitzek osatzen dituzte eta izenen osagarri dira. Hona hemen konbinazio batzuk:● adjektiboaedozenbakia+izena+ed broken-hearted (atsekabetu)● adjektiboa,adberbioaedoizena+ingduenaditza hard-working (langile)● adjektiboaedoadberbioa+partizipioa well-known (ezagun,ospetsu)● adjektiboa+izena last-minute (azkenorduko)● izena+adjektiboa world-famous (munduosoanospetsu)● izena+partizipioa air-conditioned (airegirotuaduena)

Grammar appendix


erLatiBOZKO perpaUsaK

deFininG reLatiVe CLaUses

Uses examples

who and that refer to people There are many holidaymakers who / that prefer travelling in their own country.

which and that refer to objects / things Dark tourism is a phenomenon which / that is attracting many people.

when and that refer to a moment in time It was in 1986 when / that the Chernobyl disaster took place.

where refers to a particular place Many people visit places where tragedies have happened.

whose refers to possession Dr Barrett is a researcher whose study of dark tourism has just been completed.

nOn-deFininG reLatiVe CLaUses

Uses examples

who, which, when, where, whose can all be used, but that cannot be used

In the past some people, who were rich, used to visit battlefields.This site, where a disaster occurred, has become popular with tourists.

Unit 5 Tourism

Erlatibozkoizenordainedoadberbiobatezhastendirenmenpekoperpausadjektiboakdira,etabimotatakoakdaude:defining(murrizgarriak)etanon-defining(ez-murrizgarriak).

Defining Relative Clauses

Murrizgarriek aurrekariari buruzko funtsezko informazioa ematen digute, eta horregatik, nahitaezkoak dira perpausaren esanahia osatzeko.

● Arruntenakwho,whichetathaterlatibozkoizenordainekinhastendira,etamenpekoperpausarensubjektu-funtzioabetetzenezdutenean,kendaitezke.

The man who lives next door is an actor. (Alboanbizidengizonaantzezleada.)

Who pertsonei eta which gauzei buruz aritzeko dira, baina that pertsonekin nahiz gauzekin erabiltzen da

That is the girl (who / that) I met yesterday. (Horidaatzoezagutunuenneska.)

We went to see the film (which / that) you recommended. (Zukgomendatutakopelikulaikusterajoanginen.)

● Whose ezin da inoiz kendu, ez eta that izenordainarekin ordeztu ere.

This is the painter whose pictures are in the museum. (Haudamargolanakmuseoandituenmargolaria.)

The book whose author died last year has become a bestseller. (Bestsellerbilakatudenliburuhorrenegileaiazhilzen.)

● Whom preposizioen ondoren erabiltzen da, baina ohikoena hau kendu eta preposizioa atzera pasatzea da.

Mrs Smith is the person to whom you have to talk. Mrs Smith is the person you have to talk to.

(Smithandreadazuresolaskideaizanbeharduenpertsona.)

● What aurrekaria kentzen denean bakarrik erabiltzen da. I forgot what I wanted to tell you.

(Ahaztueginzaitzeresannahinizun.)

Erlatibozko adberbioak, berriz, when eta where dira.

● When ken dezakegu eta bere ordez that erabili ere bai. I don’t remember the year when / that you were born.

(Eznaizgogoratzenzeinurtetanjaiozinen.)● Where batzuetan ken daiteke, baina ezin da bere ordez

that erabili. That’s the room where I slept last time.

(Horidaazkenengozerabilinuenlogela.)

Non-defining Relative Clauses

Ez-murrizgarriek aurrekariari buruzko informazio gehigarria ematen digute. Koma artean joaten dira, baina esaldiaren bukaeran badoaz, koma bakarrarekin bereiztuko dira. Who, which, when, where eta whose erabiliz osatzen dira, inoiz ez that erabiliz, eta gainera inoiz ezin dira kendu. Mary, who is my neighbour, has got two cats.

(Maryk,nireauzokoadenak,bikatuditu.) He sent me flowers, which was very nice of him.

(Loreakbidalizizkidan,gauzapolitaberepartetik.)

Oso jasoak dira estiloz, beraz, ingeles mintzatuan ez dira erabiltzen.

Egitura jasoa eta apala

Erlatiboarekin batera preposizio bat doanean, orduan ere which erabiliko dugu aurrekaria gauza bada, baina pertsona bada, who erabili ordez whom erabiliko dugu, hau estilo jasoa izanik. Bi kasuetan, nolanahi den, gauzarik arruntena preposizioa esaldiaren bukaerara mugitzea da eta izenordaina isiltzea. This is the hotel in which we stayed. [Jasoa] This is the hotel (which) we stayed in. [Apala]

(Haudaostatuhartugenuenhotela.)

Grammar appendix


➡ too / enoughToo adjektibo edo adberbio baten aurrean joaten da, hauen ezaugarria gehiegizkoa dela adieraziz, “adjektiboa + -egi” esan nahi baitu. These shoes are too small for me.

(Oinetakohauektxikiegiakdiraniretzako.)

Enough, aldiz, adjektiboaren edo adberbioaren atzean joaten da eta “behar bezain”, “nahiko” esangura du. She is good enough for that job.

(Lanhorretarakobeharbezainonada.)Kontrakoa adierazteko to be aditza ezeztatuko dugu. Hain zuzen, not + adjektiboa edo adberbioa + enough egitura baiezkoa baino askoz gehiago erabiltzen da. My coffee is not hot enough.

(Nirekafeaezdagonahikobero.)Bestalde, enough + izena hurrenkera darabilgunean, enough determinatzaile lanak betetzen ari da eta orduan beti izenaren aurrean doa. I had enough reasons to be suspicious of him.

(Nahikoarrazoinituenhariburuzkosusmoaizateko.)

➡ Infinitiboz jarraituriko adjektiboakPredikatuaren lekuan doazen adjektibo askok infinitiboa daramate ondoren, gauza batekiko sentimenduak, jarrerak eta ondorioak adierazteko. I’m pleased to see you.

(Poztennauzuikusteak.) It’s not easy to understand.

(Ezdaulertzenerraza.)

➡ Adjektiboen konparaketa: as ... asBi pertsona edo gauza konparatzeko eta berdinak direla esateko, berdintasun konparaketa erabiltzen da: as... as (“bezain + adjektiboa”) eta ezezkoan not as ... as. He is as tall as his father.

(Bereaitabezainluzeada.) My marks are not as high as yours.

(Nireemaitzakezdirazureakbezainonak.)

aditZ mOdaLaK

modal Uses examples

can Ability You can swim very well.Request Can you help me wash the car?Possibility I can lend you my car.Suggestion You can bring something for my birthday party.

be able to Ability Don’t worry. I will be able to find the street.

can’t Inability He is very nervous. He can’t sleep.Prohibition You can’t eat sweets before dinner.Disbelief That can’t be your father. He looks very young.

could Past ability My mother could dance when she was a child.Polite request Could you pass me that book, please?Polite suggestion We could visit him next week.Possibility My sister could come to the party.

may / might Possibility It may / might be a sunny weekend.may Polite request May I borrow your dictionary, please?

would Formal request Would you come with me to the wedding?Offer Would you like some coffee?

must Obligation, strong necessity She must wear a uniform at her school.Certainty that something is true My cousin has broken his leg. It must hurt him very much.

have to Obligation, necessity You have to study hard if you want to get good marks.need to Obligation, necessity I need to buy some meat for dinner.needn’t Lack of obligation / necessity You needn’t take me home today.don’t have to Lack of obligation / necessity We don’t have to attend the conference.mustn’t Prohibition You mustn’t step on the grass.should / ought to Advice, opinion She should / ought to tell them the truth.

Unit 6 Celebrat ions

Grammar appendix


➡ Aditz modalakModalak ondorengo ezaugarriak dituzten aditz bereziak ditugu: aldagaitzak dira, hots, berdinak singularrean nola pluralean; ez dute do laguntzailearen beharrik galderak eta ezezko formak osatzeko; jarraian aditzoina daramate beti eta ez dute infinitiborik, partizipiorik, etorkizunik, ing amaieradun formarik, ez eta aditz-denbora elkarturik ere.Be able to eta have to aditzak erdi modalak dira, jokatu egiten baitira, eta need to ez da modala, baina hirurak modalen laukian sartu ditugu modalen ezaugarri askotxo baitituzte: gaitasuna, obligazioa eta premia.

can / be able to / can’t

Can ondorengoetarako erabiltzen da:

● Trebetasuna edo gaitasuna adierazteko (“jakin” / “ahal izan”).● Eskaerak egiteko, baimena eman eta eskatzeko.● Posibilitatea azaltzeko.● Iradokizunak egiteko ere erabiltzen da.

Be able to aditzak gaitasuna adierazten du, can aditzak bezala, eta honek ez dituen aditz-denbora guztietan erabiltzen da.

Can’t, ezezko formak, ezintasuna adierazteaz gain orainaldian, honakoak ere adierazten ditu:

● Trebetasun eza (ez jakin) edo gaitasun eza (ahal izan ez).● Debekua.● Ezezko ondorioa edo zerbait ezinezkoa den ziurtasuna.

could

Can modalaren lehenaldia dugu eta adiera hauetarako erabil dezakegu:

● �Iraganeko trebetasuna edo gaitasuna adierazteko.● Can aditzarekin baino modu jasoagoan zerbait eskatzeko.● Can aditzarekin egiten direnak baino iradokizun

zeharkakoagoak egiteko.● Can aditzarekin baino posibilitate urriagoa adierazteko.

may / might

Posibilitatea adierazten dute biek, might aditzak, hala ere, urriagoa. Galderetan, may, eskaerak era jasoan egiteko erabiltzen da; May I have egituraz hasitako eskaerak askotan “Emango al didazu?” formularen bitartez itzul ditzakegu.

would

Galderetan norbaiti era jasoan zerbait egiteko eskatu nahi diogunean erabiltzen da; like aditzarekin elkartuta eskaintzak eta gonbidapenak egiteko erabiltzen da.

must / have to

Obligazioa adierazten dute, baina must orainaldian bakarrik erabiltzen da, eta have to gainontzeko aditz-denboretan. Autoritatea duten pertsonek must erabiltzen dute; have to, aldiz, edonork erabiltzen du, norbaitek zer egin behar duen adierazteko.

Must era berean, ondorio logikoak adierazteko ere erabiltzen da (antza, nonbait).

need to / needn’tNeed to ez da modala, baina baiezko eran, have to aditzak bezala, obligazioa eta premia adierazten ditu.

Needn’t kontrara, modala da, zerbait egiteko obligaziorik edo beharrik ez dagoela adierazten du, don’t have to formak bezala.

mustn’t / don’t have to

Mustn’t formak debekua adierazten du. Don’t have to formak, aitzitik, “ez eduki zertan” edo “beharrik ez” adiera du; bestela esanda, obligazio eta beharrik eza, needn’t formak bezalaxe.

should / ought to

Aholkua edo iritzia adierazten dute biek, baina should askoz gehiago erabiltzen da (ought to kasik ez da erabiltzen ezezko eta galderetan).

mOdaL BUrUtUaK

modal perfect Uses examples

must have Certainty that something was true It must have been very hard for her to hear the truth.

may / might have A guess about a past action She may have forgotten about our meeting.

could have Ability to do something in the past which in the end was not done

I could have gone with him, but I decided to stay home.

couldn’t have Certainty that something did not happen They were really in love with each other. She couldn’t have broken up with him.

would have Desire to do something in the past which in fact could not be done

We would have travelled to the USA, but we didn’t have enough money.

should / ought to have Criticism or regret after an event You should / ought to have told them we aren’t friends any more.

shouldn’t have Criticism or regret after an event We shouldn’t have left before the concert ended.

needn’t have An unnecessary past action I was going to make dinner. You needn’t have made it.

Grammar appendix


must have + partizipioa

Gertatutako ekintza batekiko ondorio logikoa azaltzeko erabiltzen da.

may / might have + partizipioa

Gertatutako ekintza batekiko ustea edo susmoa adierazteko erabiltzen da.

could have + partizipioa

Iraganean zerbait egin zitekeen arren, azkenean ez zela egin adierazten du.

couldn’t have + partizipioa

Zerbait ez zela gertatu ziurtatzen du.

would have + partizipioa

Iraganean zerbait egin nahi izan zela, baina kanpoko baldintzak medio, egiterik egon ez zela adierazten du.

should / ought to have + partizipioa

Bi forma hauekin, gertatutako zerbaiti buruzko damua edo espero genuena ez dela gertatu adieraz dezakegu.

shouldn’t have + partizipioa

Gertakizun bati buruzko iritzi kritikoa adierazten du, ez zuela gertatu behar adieraziz.

needn’t have + partizipioa

Egin zena egiteko beharrik ez zegoela adierazten du.

➡ Adjektiboez jarraituriko aditzakAditz askok ekintzak deskribatzen dituzten moduzko adberbioak daramatzate ondotik. Paul mustn’t sing at the party. He sings badly.

(Paulekezdufestanabestubehar.Gaizkiabestendu.)

Baina pertzeptzioarekin eta egoerekin loturiko aditz askok adjektiboak daramatzate jarraian. Kasu honetan adjektiboak esaldiko subjektua deskribatzen du eta ez aditzaren bitartez adierazitako ekintza. smell + good / bad (adj.) taste + salty (adj.) seem + tired (adj.) feel + emotional (adj.) Jane’s perfume smells nice.

(Janerenlurrinakongiusaintzendu.)

Aditz batzuek ekintzak eta egoerak, biak, adieraz ditzakete; horregatik, jarraian adberbioa edo adjektiboa har dezakete. You have to look quickly at the questions.

(Azkar-azkarbegiratubehardituzugalderak.) She looks happy.

(Pozikdirudi.)

➡ should / had betterIkusi duzun bezala, should erabiltzen da gure ustez zer egin behar litzatekeen adierazteko eta aholkua nahiz iritzia emateko. Hala bada, had better (edo ‘d better forma laburtua) gauza bera adierazteko guztiz arrunta den beste era bat dugu.

Baiezkoa: subjektuaren ondoren had better + aditzoina egitura ezarriko dugu. “Hobe duzu -t(z)ea” adiera du. You had better (You’d better) see the doctor.

(Hobeduzusendagilearenganajoatea.)

Ezezkoa: not partikularekin aski dugu, hots, had better + not + aditzoina. You’d better not go out in the rain.

(Hobeduzueuritanezateratzea.)Oharra: had better ez da galderetan erabiltzen.

Gainera, should aditzak ez duen erabilera bat ere badu, abisua emateko erabiltzen da, esandakoa egin ezean, hiztunari zerbait txarra edo desatsegina gerta dakiokeela adierazi nahian bezala. Kasu honetan “Ez... gero...” egituraren parekoa da. You’d better tidy your room now!

(Hobeduzugelatxukuntzeaorain!) You’d better not take my car!

(Ezhartugeronirekotxerik!)

Grammar appendix


17Bridges 2 Basque © B Burlington Books

UNIT 1achievement /L'WiAdlLmW/� lorpen, arrakastaappetite /'DUBWOW/� apetitu, janguraapple /'DUo/� sagarattempt /L'WClUW/� ahalegin, eginahalaverage /'ædLpBb/� batezbestekobalanced diet /VDoLmgW�'XOLW/� dieta orekatubalanced meal /VDoLmgW�'lAo/� janari orekatubecome aware of /VBYJl�L'rCL�Ld/� ohartu, jabetubooked /VHYW/� erreserbatubreath /VpCe/� hats, arnasacabbage /'YDVBXj/� azaburucalcium /'YDogiLl/� kaltziocatch a cold /YDa�L�'YNoX/� hotzeria / burutik beherakoa harrapatu

challenge /'WiDoLmb/� erronka, desafiochips /aBUg/� patata frijituakchocolate /'aFYoLW/� txokolatecomfort /'YJlcLW/��kontsolamenduconsist /YLm'gBgW/��-z osatuta egonconsume /YLm'gqIl/� kontsumitucooked /YHYW/� kozinatucrisps /YpBgUg/� (poltsako) patata frijituakdaily exercise /XMoi�'CYgLgOh/� eguneroko ariketadeal /XAo/� kontratudiet /'XOLW/� dietadiscomfort /XB'gYJlcLW/� artegatasun, urduritasunedible /'CXLVo/� jateko on, jangarriessential /B'gCmWio/� funtsezko, oinarrizkoexhaust (v) /BZ'hGgW/� nekatuexhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/� nekatutaexhausting /BZ'hGgWBn/� nekagarriface /cMg/� -i aurre eginfast-food (adj.) /cEgW'cIX/� otordu lasterrekofat (n) /cæW/� koipefat (adj.) /cæW/� gizen, lodifish /cBi/� arrainfigure out /'cBZL�PW/� ulertuflavour /'coMdL/� zaporegain weight /ZMm�'rMW/� gizendu, loditugetting enough sleep /ZCWBn�BmJc�'goAU/� nahiko lo egingo on /ZLH�'Fm/� jarraituhamburger /'kDlVKZL/� hanburgesahealthy /'kCoei/� osasuntsuhealthy eating /kCoei�'AWBn/� elikadura osasuntsuice cream /Og�'YpAl/� izozki

impersonal /Bl'UKgLmo/� inpertsonalimprove /Bl'UpId/� hobetuinedible /Bm'CXLVo/� jangaitz, jateko txarinvolved /Bm'dFodX/� tartean izan / nahastuiron /'OLm/� burdinalight meal /oOW�'lAo/� otordu arinlose (your) appetite /oIh�(qG)�'DUBWOW/� apetitua galdulose weight /oIh�'rMW/� argaldumeat /lAW/� haragi, okelameditation /lCXB'WMim/� gogarte, hausnartzemild /lOoX/� gozagarri; ez oso min / pikantemilkshake /'lBoYiMY/� irabiakimulti-vitamin /lJoWi'dBWLlBm/� bitamina askokonutritious /mqI'WpBiLg/� elikagarri, nutritibo omelette /'FloLW/� tortillaorder (n) /'GXL/� eskaeraordinary /'GXmpi/� arruntoverbooked /NdL'VHYW/� erreserba gehiegirekinovercooked /NdL'YHYW/� gehiegi egindaoverweight /NdL'rMW/� gizen, lodi; pisu handiegiarekinpackaged /'UDYBbX/� paketatutapeanut /'UAmJW/� kakahuetepersonal /'UKgLmo/� pertsonalpizza /'UAWgL/� pizzapoor appetite /UG�'DUBWOW/� apetitu gutxi; jangartxupoor health /UG�'kCoe/� osasun ahulpopulation /UFUqH'oMim/� populazio, biztanleriapositive thinking /'UFhLWBd�eBnYBn/� pentsamendu baikorrak

prearranged /UpAL'pMmXjX/� aurrez hitzartutapre-packaged /UpA'UDYBbX/� (aurrez) paketatutaprotein /'UpLHWAm/� proteinaquick meal /YrBY�'lAo/� otordu lasterquick recovery /YrBY�pB'YJdLpi/� suspertze azkarreach /pAa/� -ra iritsirecommend /pCYL'lCmX/� gomendaturecover /pB'YJdL/� sendatu, osatusalad /'gDoLX/� entsaladasandwich /'gDmrBa/� sandwichsausage /'gFgBb/� saltxitxasource /gGg/� iturrispice /gUOg/� espezia, ongailuspicy /'gUOgi/� min, pikantestrength /gWpCne/� indarstretch /gWpCa/� tarte, zati, atalturn into /WKm�'BmWL/� bilakatu

The Wordlist includes vocabulary from the Student's Book and the Vocabulary Builder (Workbook).

WORDLIST

Wordlist


uncooked /Jm'YHYW/� gordin, egin gabeundercooked /JmXL'YHYW/� erdi gordin, gutxiegi egindaunderweight /JmXL'rMW/� ohiko pisua baino txikiagoa duena

unfit /Jm'cBW/� ahul (fisikoki), ez sasoikounhealthy /Jm'kCoei/� ez osasuntsuunimportant /JmBl'UGWmW/� garrantzirik gabekovitamin /'dBWLlBm/� bitaminawatch (your) weight /rFa�(qG)�'rMW/� pisua zainduweigh /rM/� pisatuweight /rMW/� pisuyoga /'qNZL/� yoga

Eating in a Restaurant

What would you recommend? /rFW�rHX�qI�pCYL'lCmX/

Zer gomendatzen diguzu?

Have you got a table for (four)? /kDd�qI�ZFW�L�'WMVo�cL�(cG)/

(Laurentzako) mahairik baduzu?

We haven't made up our minds yet. /rA�kDdmW�lMX�JU�

E�'lOmXh�qCW/

Oraindik ez dugu erabaki.

Would you like a (drink) with your meal? /rHX�qI�oOY�L�

('XpBnY)�rBf�qG�lAo/

(Zerbait edan) nahi duzue janariarekin?

We'd like to order (dessert), please. /rAX�oOY�WL�GXL�(XB'hKW)�UoAh/

(Postrea) eskatu nahi genuke, mesedez.

No, it's actually quite (mild). /mN�BWg�'DYWiHLoi�YrOW�(lOoX)/

Ez, egia esan nahiko (gozoa) dago.

Is the (sauce) very (spicy)? /Bh�fL�(gGg)�dCpi�('gUOgi)/

(Saltsa) oso (mina) al dago?

Try the (fillet steak), it's excellent. /WpO�fL�(cBoBW�gWMY)�BWg�'CYgLoLmW/

Proba ezazu (saihetsartekoa), oso ona dago.

Expressing Opinions

In my opinion, ... /Bm�lO�L'UBmqLm/

Nire iritziz, ...

If you ask me, ... /Bc�qI�'EgY�lA/

Niretzat / Nire iritziz, ...

I think / believe that ... /O�'eBnY�/��VB'oAd�fDW/

Uste dut...

I can see she … /O�YLm�'gA�iA/

Dirudienez...

As far as I'm concerned ... /Dh�cE�Dh�'Ol�YLmgKmX/

Niri dagokidanez...

Personally, ... /'UKgLmLoi/

Nik, neuk...

It seems to me that ... /BW�gAlh�WL�'lA�fDW/

Iruditzen zait...

UNIT 2adventurous /LX'dCmWiLpLg/� ausartagree with /L'ZpA�rBf/� -ekin ados egon aim /Ml/� helburu, xedeambitious /Dl'VBiLg/� handinahiamused /L'lqIhX/� entretenigarriamusement /L'lqIhlLmW/� jostaketa, dibertimenduamusing /L'lqIhBn/� jostagarri, dibertigarriappearance /L'UBLpLmg/� itxuraapply for /L'UoO�cL/� eskaera eginassistance /L'gBgWLmg/� laguntzaattraction /L'WpæYim/� erakarpen, xarmaattractive /L'WpDYWBd/� erakargarriattractive appearance /LWpDYWBd�L'UBLpLmg/� itxura erakargarri

(go) back to work /(ZN)�VDY�WL�'rKY/� lanera itzulibalanced /'VDoLmgW/� orekatubasic salary /'VMgBY�gDoLpi/� oinarrizko soldatabe aware of /VA�L'rS�Ld/� -en jakitun izanbe fired /VA�'cOLX/� lanetik kaleratuta egonbe hired /VA�'kOLX/� alokatuta egonbe unemployed /VA�JmBl'UoGX/� langabezian egonbelief /VB'oAc/� iritzibelong to /VB'oFn�WL/� -ena, -koa izancalm /YEl/� lasaicause /YGh/� eraginchallenging /'aDoBmbBn/� desafiatzaileclear /YoBL/� argi (make [something] ~: zerbait argi utzi)

company /'YJlULmi/� enpresaconcentrate on /'YFmgmWpMW�Fm/� -n kontzentratu / arreta jarri

conservation /YFmdL'gCBim/� zaintza, babescontact information /'YFmWDYW�BmcLlMim/� harremanetarako informazio

courageous /YL'pMbLg/ ausartcreative /YpA'MWBd/� sortzailedegree /XB'ZpA/� tituluearn /Km/� irabaziemployed /Bl'UoQX/� langile, enplegatuemployee /Bl'UoQA/� enplegatuemployer /Bl'UoQL/� enpresaburuemployment /Bl'UoQlLmW/� lan, enpleguexperienced (adj.) /BY'gUBLpiLmgW/� eskarmentudun, esperientziadun

flexible working hours /coCYgLVo�'rGYBn�PLh/� lanerako ordutegi malgu

former /'cGlL/� ohi, aurrekofriendly /'cpCmXoi/� atseginfulfil /cHo'cBo/� bete, karguan ari izan

Wordlist


full-time /cHo'WOl/� lanaldi osogo-getter /'ZLHZCWL/� anbizio handikogood people skills /ZHX�'UAUo�gYBoh/� harremanetarako trebe

hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/� langilehelpful /'kCoUco/� laguntzeko prest dagoena, adeitsuhelping /'kCoUBn/� laguntzen duenahours /'PLh/� orduakhumorous /'kqIlLpLg/� dibertigarri, barregarriindependent /BmXB'UCmXLmW/� independenteintend /Bm'WCmX/� -t(z)eko asmoa izan, nahi izanissue /'BiI/� kontu, gaijob application /'bFV�DUoBYMim/� lan-eskaerajob requirements /'bFV�pBYrOLlLmWg/� lan-baldintzakjob satisfaction /bFV�gDWBg'cDYim/� lanarekiko asebetetze

job title /bFV�'WOWo/� kargu, lanpostuknow /mN/� ezagutuknowledge /'mFoBb/� ezagutza, jakintzaknowledgeable /'mFoBbLVo/� aditu, jakitunknowledge of languages /mFoBb�Ld�'oDnZrBbBh/�

hizkuntzen ezagutzalisten to /'oBgm�WL/� entzunlow-profile /oLH'UpNcOo/� zuhur, neurrizkomake sure /lCBY�'iT/� -z ziurtatumayor /lCL/� alkatenarrow /'mDpN/� estunutritious /mqI'WpBiLg/� elikagarri, nutritiboofficial /L'cBio/� funtzionarioorganise /'GZLmOh/� antolatuorganised /'GZLmOhX/� ordenatu, txukunout of work /PW�Ld�'rKY/� lanik gabeovertime /'NdLWOl/� aparteko orduakpart-time job /'UEWWOl�bFV/� lanaldi laburpatient /'UMimW/� pazientzia handikopersonality characteristics /UKgL'mDoLWi�YDpLYWLpBgWBYg/� nortasunaren ezaugarriak

physical strength /cBhBYo�'gWpCne/� indar fisikopolite /UL'oOW/� ondo hezipopulation /UFUqH'oMim/� populazio, biztanleriaposition /UL'hBim/� lanpostupredictable /UpB'XBYWLVo/� aurreikus daitekeenaprediction /UpB'XBYim/� iragarpenprevious work experience /UpAdiLg�'rKY�BYgURpiLmg/� aurretiko lan esperientzia

production /UpL'XJYim/� ekoizpenproductive /UpL'XJYWBd/� emankorprofessional /UpL'cCiLmo/� profesionalprofessional training /UpLcCiLmo�'WpMmBn/� lan-prestakuntza

promotion /UpL'lNim/� igoera

qualification /YrFoBcB'YCBim/� titulu, prestakuntzareliable /pB'oOLVo/� arduratsu, fidagarrirequirement /pB'YrOLlLmW/� betebehar, baldintzaresearch (v) /pB'gKa/� ikerturesponsible /pB'gUFmgLVo/� erantzuleretire /pB'WOL/� erretiraturetirement /pB'WOLlLmW/� erretirorun (v) /pJm/� zuzendu, gidatusalary /'gDoLpi/� soldatascanner /'gYDmL/� eskanersearch for /'gKa�cL/� bila ibilisteady job /gWCXi�'bFV/� lanpostu finkostubborn /'gWJVLm/� burugogor, setatisucceed in /gLY'gAX�Bm/� -n arrakasta izansuccessful /gLY'gCgco/� arrakastatsu (be ~: arrakasta izan)

surprised /gL'UpOhX/� harritutasuspend /gL'gUCmX/� suspenditu talk about /'WGY�LVPW/� -z, -i buruz hitz egintalk to /'WGY�WL/� -ekin hitz egintask /WEgY/� zeregin, betekizunthink about /'eBnY�LVPW/� -i buruz uste izan, iruditu; -n pentsatu

tip /WBU/� eskupekotrain (v) /WpMm/� ikasi; prestatutraining /'WpMmBn/� formakuntza; prestaketatown council /WPm�'YPmgo/� udaletxeuniversity degree /qImB'dKgLWi�XBZpA/� unibertsitateko titulu

warning /'rGmBn/� ohartarazpen, oharwork experience /'rKY�BYgURpiLmg/� lan-esperientziaworking /'rKYBn/� langile

Asking for Information

Is it a full-time / part-timeposition? /Bh�BW�L�'cHoWOl�/��

'UEWOl�ULhBim/

Lanaldi osoko / lanaldi laburreko lanpostua al da?

How much will I earn? /kP�lJa�rBo�O�'Km/

Zenbat irabaziko dut?

Is there a chance of (promotion) in this job? /Bh�fS�L�WiEmg�Ld�(UpL'lNim)

Bm�fBg�bFV/

(Igoera) aukerarik ba al dago lanpostu honetan?

I have got a degree in(marketing). /O�kDd�ZFW�L�XBZpA�Bm�

('lEYBWBn)/

(Marketineko) titulua dut / lizentziatua naiz.

The starting salary is (£6) per hour. /fL�'gWEWBn�gDoLpi�Bh�(gBYg�UPmXh)�

UL�PL/

Hasierako soldata orduko (£6)koa da.

Wordlist


A Job Interview

Tell me a little about yourself. /WCo�lA�L�'oBWo�LVPW�qGgCoc/

Hitz egin iezadazu pixka bat zutaz.

What do you do in your freetime? /rFW�XL�qI�XI�Bm�qG�cpA�'WOl/

Zer egiten duzu aisialdian?

What work experience have you got? /rFW�'rKY�BYgURpiLmg�kDd�qI�

ZFW/

Zer lan-esperientzia duzu?

Sorry, I'm not sure what youmean. /gFpi�Ol�mFW�iT�rFW�qI�'lAm/

Barkatu, ez dut ongi ulertu zer esan nahi duzun.

Could you repeat that, please? /YLX�qI�pB'UAW�fDW�UoAh/

Errepikatuko al zenidake, mesedez?

Bridge to Literaturecrawl /YpGo/� arrastaka joandare /XCL/� ausartufeel dizzy /cAo�'XBhi/� zorabiatu, zorabiatuta egonlock (n) /oFY/� sarraila

UNIT 3accessories /LY'gCgLpih/� osagarriakafford /L'cGX/� dirua / aukera izanappreciate /L'UpAiiCBW/� estimatu, balioetsiassistant /L'gBgWLmW/� laguntzaileattend /L'WCmX/� -ra joan, bertaratuaverage /'ædLpBb/� batezbesteko (on ~: batezbeste)bargain (n) /'VEZLm/� mauka, pagotxabargain (v) /'VEZLm/� tratuan ari izanbargain over the price /VEZLm�NdL�fL�'UpOg/� diru-tratuan ari izan

bid /VBX/� eskaintza boutique /VI'WAY/� boutique, jantzi-dendabrand-name /'VpDmXmMl/� markakobrand-new /'VpDmXmqI/� guztiz berribudget /'VJbBW/� aurrekontubuy second-hand items /VO�gCYLmXkDmX�'OWLlh/� bigarren eskuko gauzak erosi

buyer /'VOL/� eroslecar boot sale /YE�'VIW�gMo/� gaiak kotxeko maletategian erakusten direneko azoka

career /YL'pBL/� lanbide, ibilbide profesionalchain store /'aMm�gWG/� kate bateko dendacheck out /aCY�'PW/� begiratu, gainbegirada eman; (hotela) ordaindu eta utzi

commercial /YL'lKio/� (telebistako) iragarkiconsumer /YLm'gqIlL/� kontsumitzaile

convenient /YLm'dAmBLmW/� erosodebt /XCW/� zordesign (v) /XB'hOm/� diseinatudesigned /XB'hOmX/� diseinatutadesigner /XB'hOmL/� diseinatzailedesigner brand /XB'hOmL�VpDmX/� diseinu-markadiscount /'XBgYPmW/� beherapendiscuss /XB'gYJg/� -i buruz hitz eginfabric /'cDVpBY/� ehun, materialfind designer brands /cOmX�XB'hOmL�VpDmXh/� diseinuko markak aurkitu

get a discount /ZCW�L�'XBgYPmW/� beherapena lortuget a refund /ZCW�L�'pAcJmX/� itzulketa bat kobratuget rid of /ZCW�'pBX�Fd/� bistatik / gainetik kendugift /ZBcW/� oparigreengrocer /'ZpAmZpLHgL/� fruta-saltzaileimitation (n) /BlB'WMim/� imitazioitem /'OWLl/� gai, produktumanage /'lDmBb/� zuzendu, kudeatumarket /'lEYBW/� merkatumatter /'lDWL/� axola izanonline shopping /'FmoOm�iFUBn/� Internet bidez erosiopposite /'FULhBW/� -en aurrean, aurrez aurreowner /'NmL/� jabepay /UM/� ordaindupay back /UM�'VDY/� (dirua) itzuli; (fig.) mendekatupay for /'UM�cL/� (-gatik) ordaindupay in instalments /UM�Bm�Bm'gWGolLmWg/� epeka ordaindu

pay off /UM�'Fc/� merezi izanpayment /'UMlLmW/� ordainketapick out /UBY�'PW/� aukeratu, hautatupick up /UBY�'JU/� jaso, bila joanpoint out /UQmW�'PW/� seinalatupurchase (n) /'UKWiLg/� erosketapurchase (v) /'UKWiLg/� erosireceipt /pB'gAW/� erosketa-txartelrecipient /pB'gBUiLmW/� hartzaileresearch (n) /pB'gKa/� (merkatuaren) ikerketareturn purchases /pBWKm�'UKWiLgBh/� erosketak itzulirip-off /'pBU�Fc/� iruzursecond-hand /gCYLmX'kDmX/� bigarren eskukoseller /'gCoL/� saltzaileshop around /iFU�L'pPmX/� prezioak konparatusite /gOW/� web orrisize /gOh/� neurrispecial offer /'gUCio�FcL/� eskaintza berezispokesperson /'gUNsUKgm/� bozeramaletake advantage of /WMY�LX'dEmWBb�Ld/� -z baliatutake after /WMY�'EcWL/� -en antza izan

Wordlist


take back /WMY�'VDY/� itzuli; (esandakoa) zuzendu, atzera egin

take down /WMY�'XPm/� jaitsi; oharrak hartu / idatzitake in /WMY�'Bm/� (arropa-konponketan) estututerrific /WC'pBcBY/� bikaintry on /WpO�'Fm/� (arropa, oinetakoak) probatuuse a credit card /qIh�L�'YpCXBW�YEX/� kreditu-txartela erabili

Going Shopping

How much is this? /kP�'lJa�Bh�fBg/

Zenbat balio du honek?

Have you got another size? /kDd�qI�ZFW�LmJfL�'gOh/

Beste neurririk ba al duzu?

No, thank you. I'm just looking. /mN�eDnY�qI�Ol�bJgW�'oHYBn/

Ez, eskerrik asko. Begira bakarrik nabil.

Oh, that's too expensive. /N�fDWg�WI�BY'gUCmgBd/

Ene, hori garestiegia da.

Yes, I'm looking for (somejeans). /qCg�Ol�oHYBn�cL�(gLl�'bAmh)/

Bai, (bakero batzuen) bila nabil.

OK. I'll take it. /NYM�Oo�'WMY�BW/

Ederki. Hauxe hartuko dut.

What size are you? /rFW�'gOh�L�qI/

Zer neurri behar duzu?

Agreeing and Disagreeing

I agree / disagree because .../O�L'ZpA�/��'XBgLZpA�VBYFh/

Ados nago / Ez nago ados, ...-(e)lako.

I'm in favour of ... /Ol�Bm�'cMdL�Ld/

...-en alde nago.

I'm against ... /Ol�L'ZCmgW/

...-en aurka nago.

I think it's a good idea, but ... /O�eBnY�BWg�L�ZHX�'OXR�VLW/

Ideia ona dela uste dut, baina...

I think it would be better to ... /O�eBnY�BW�rHX�Vi�'VCWL�WL/

Uste dut hobe litzatekeela...

UNIT 4afraid of /L'cpCBX�Fd/� -en beldur (be ~: -en beldur izan)

annoyed /L'mQX/� haserre, deserosoarrogant /'DpLZLmW/� harroputzattractive /L'WpDYWBd/� erakargarribreak away from /VpCBY�L'rCB�cpLl/� -engandik banandu, -ekiko harremana eten

break up /VpMY�'JU/� banandu, hautsibroken-hearted /VpNYLm'kEWBX/� atsekabetuta, nahigabetuta

calm /YEl/� lasaicarriage /'YDpBb/� gurdi

cheerful /'aRco/� alaicommon interests /'YFlLm�BmWpLgWg/� interes komunakconfused /YLm'cqIhX/� nahastutaconsiderate /YLm'gBXLpLW/� adeitsucouple /'YJUo/� bikotedate /XMW/� hitzordudelight /XB'oOW/� izugarri gustatu, oso gustuko izandelighted /XB'oOWBX/� izugarri pozikdisappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/� etsitutadisappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/� etsigarridisappointment /XBgL'UQmWlLmW/� etsipeneasy-going /Ahi'ZNBn/� exigentzia gutxikoegotistic /CZL'WBgWBY/� berekoiembarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/� lotsatutaexcited /BY'gOWBX/� zirraraz betetaexperience /BY'gUBLpiLmg/� probatu, jasanfail /cMo/� suspenditufall in love with /cGo�Bm�'oJd�rBf/� -ekin maitemindufeel comfortable with /cAo�'YJlcWLVo�rBf/� -ekin gustura egon / eroso sentitu

follow /'cFoN/� jarraitu, obeditu(be) fond of /(Vi)�'cFmX�Ld/� -enganako txera (izan)forbid /cL'VBX/� debekatufriendly /'cpCmXoi/� atsegin, lagunkoigenerosity /bCmL'pFgLWi/� eskuzabaltasungenerous /'bCmLpLg/� eskuzabalget along /ZCW�L'oFn/� ongi konponduget on (your) nerves /ZCW�Fm�(qG)�'mKdh/� (zeure) onetik atera, sutan jarri

get to know /ZCW�WL�'mN/� ezagutugood-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/� polit, edergrateful /'ZpMWco/� esker onekohardly /'kEXoi/� ia, kasik, nekezhard-working /kEX'rKYBn/� langilehave a sense of humour /kDd�L�gCmg�Ld�'kqIlL/� umore-sena izan

honesty /'FmLgWi/� zintzotasunhorsedrawn carriage /'kGgXpGm�YDpBb/� zalgurdiin love /Bm�'oJd/� maiteminduisolate /'OgLoMW/� isolatu, bakartujealous /'XjCoLg/� bekaizti, inbidiatsujealous of /'XjCoLg�Ld/� -en inbidiatsukeep in touch /YAU�Bm�'WJWi/� harremanetan egonkind-hearted /YOmX'kEWBX/� onberalazy /'oCBhi/� alfer, nagilifestyle /'oOcgWOo/� bizimodulose friends /oIh�'cpCmXh/� lagunak galdulose (your) patience /oIh�(qG)�'UMimg/� pazientzia galdu

loyalty /'oQLoWi/� leialtasun, fideltasunmake friends /lCBY�'cpCmXh/� lagunak egin

Wordlist


miserable /'lBhpLVo/� samindu, atsekabetumoody /'lIXi/� aldartetsu, umore aldaketak dituenanumber (v) /'mJlVL/� -ra igooutgoing /'PWZNBn/� lagunarteko, irekiparents /'UCLpLmWg/� gurasoakpass /UEg/� gainditupatience /'UMimg/� pazientziapleased for /'UoAhX�cL/� (norbaitengatik) pozikpleased with /'UoAhX�rBf/� -ekin gusturaproud /UpPX/� harroproud of /'UpPX�Ld/� -z harroreject /pB'bCYW/� atzera bota, errefusaturelative /'pCoLWBd/� ahaide, seniderelaxed /pB'oæYgW/� erlaxatu, lasaireliable /pB'oOLVo/� konfiantzazkorelieve /pB'oAd/� lasaitu, arindurelieved /pB'oAdX/� (arazo, egoera) lasaitu, arindurun away /pJm�L'rCB/� ihes eginsatisfaction /gDWBg'cDYim/� asetasun, poztasunsatisfied /'gDWBgcOX/� asebete, pozikself-centred /gCoc'gCmWLX/� egozentrikosense of humour /gCmg�Ld�'kqIlL/� umore-senshare common interests /iS�YFlLm�'BmWpLgWg/� interes berekoak izan

shy /iO/� lotsatisibling /'gBVoBn/� haurride, senidesimilar background /gBlLoL�'VDYZpPmX/� antzeko jatorri

sorry about /'gFpi�LVPW/� -en damu / pena (izan)sorry for /'gFpi�cL/� -en damu / pena izanspouse /gUPg/� ezkontideterrified /'WCpBcOX/� izututatolerant /'WFoLpLmW/� jasanbera, tolerantetreat /WpAW/� tratatutrust (n) /WpJgW/� konfiantza, uste onturn a blind eye to /WKm�L�VoOmX�'O�WL/� ezikusiarena egin

turn their back on /WKm�fS�'VDY�Fm/� bizkarra emanupset /JU'gLW/� nahigabetu, atsekabetu; haserreyouth /qIe/� gazte(entzat)

Expressing Feelings

What's the matter? /rFWg�fL�'lDWL/

Zer gertatzen zaizu?

I'm sorry to hear that. /Ol�gFpi�WL�'kR�fDW/

Sentitzen dut.

Congratulations! /YLmZpDaH'oMimh/

Zorionak!

I'm so pleased for you. /Ol�gN�'UoAhX�cL�qI/

Poz hartzen dut zuregatik.

Don't worry about it. /XLHmW�'rJpi LVPW�BW/

Ez kezkatu horregatik.

That's great news! /eDWg�'ZpMW�mqIh/

A zer albiste onak!

What a shame! /rFW�L�'iMl/

Hau pena!

Brilliant! /'VpBoiLmW/

Primeran!

Asking For and Giving Advice

Can you give me some advice? /YLm�qI�ZBd�li�gLl�LX'dOg/

Aholkuren bat emango al zenidake?

What would you do if youwere me? /rFW�rHX�'qI�XI�Bc�qI�rL�lA/

Zer egingo zenuke nire egoeran?

What should I do? /rFW�iLX�O�'XI/

Zer egin beharko nuke?

I think it would be a goodidea to ... /O�eBnY�BW�rHX�Vi�L�ZHX�O'XR�WL/

... ideia ona litzatekeela uste dut.

Maybe you should ... /'lMVi�qI�iHX/

Agian ... behar zenuke.

It's better to ... /BWg�'VCWL�WL/

Hobe da...

If I were you, I would … /Bc�'O�rL�qI�O�rHX/

Ni(k) zu izatera, ni(k) zure tokian...

Why don't you ... ? /rO�'XNmW�qI/

Zergatik ez...?

How about ... ? /kP�L'VPW/

Zer iruditzen zaizu ... ba-...?

Bridge to the Environmentattend /L'WCmX/� -ra joan, bertaratuencourage /Bm'YJpBb/� adorea eman, bultzatuharass /'kDpLg/� eraso, jazarriincome /'BmYJl/� irabazkinak, diru-sarrerakmake a living /lMY�L�'oBdBn/� bizimodua ateranon-profit /mFm'UpFcBW/� irabazi-asmorik gaberaise /pMh/� hazi, heziresources /pB'hGgBh/� baliabideakseedling /'gAXoBn/� landareño, hazitegiko landarestubborn /'gWJVLm/� burugogor, setatisubmit /gLV'lBW/� -en azpian /-pean jarri

Wordlist


UNIT 5accommodation /LYFlL'XMim/� ostatuactually /'DYWiToi/� egiaz, benetanadvice /LX'dOg/� aholkuairfare /'CLcS/� hegaldien salneurriairport /'CLUGW/� aireportuair travel /'CL�WpDdo/� hegazkineko bidaiabaggage /'VDZBb/� ekipaje, fardelakboarding card /'VGXBn�YEX/� ontziratze-txartelbore (v) /VG/� aspertuboring /'VGpBn/� aspertutabreak /VpMY/� atsedenaldicamping trip /'YælUBn�WpBU/� kanpaldian joateko bidaiacampsite /'YælUgOW/� kanpaldi-gunecaravan /'YDpLdDm/� karabanacome up with /YJl�'JU�rBf/� aurkitucrowded /'YpPXBX/� jendez gainezkacruise /YpIh/� (itsas) bidaiadanger /'XMmbL/� arriskudangerous /'XMmbLpLg/� arriskutsudeparture /XB'UEWiL/� irteeradeparture time /XB'UEWiL�WOl/� irteera-ordudirections /XL'pCYimh/� argibideakdo volunteer work /XL�dFoLm'WR�rKY/� boluntario-lana egin

enterprising /'CmWLUpOhBn/� ekintzaileevent /B'dCmW/� gertakizunexit /'CYgBW/� irteeraforeign country /cFpLm�'YJmWpi/� atzerrifulfil the dream of a lifetime /cHocBo�fL�XpAl�Ld�L�

'oOcWOl/� bizitzako ametsa betefun /cJm/� dibertigarri, jostagarriget away from it all /ZCW�L'rM�cpLl�BW�Go/� gauza guztiei ihes egin

go abroad /ZLH�L'VpGX/� atzerrira joanguidebook /'ZOXVHY/� gida (liburu)guided tour /ZOXBX�'WT/� ibilaldi turistiko; bisita gidatu

hectic /'kCYWBY/� lanpetuhistorical /kB'gWFpBYo/� historikoimpressive /Bl'UpCgBd/� harrigarriintroduce /BmWpL'XqIg/� aurkeztuisolate /'OgLoMW/� isolatu, bakartuisolated /'OgLoMWBX/� isolatuta, bakartutajourney /'bKmi/� bidaiajustify /'bJgWBcO/� justifikatulandmark /'oDmXlEY/� leku ezagun, monumentu; erreferentzia-puntu

leisurely /'oCjLoi/� erlaxatu

lively /'oOdoi/� alai, festazale; bizilocation /oN'YMim/� kokalekulook for adventure /oHY�cG�LX'dCmWiL/� abentura bila ibili

major /'lMbL/� garrantzitsumake reservations /lCBY�pChC'dMimh/� erreserbatumeet the locals /lAW�fL�'oNYoh/� inguruko jendea ezagutu

noisy /'mQhi/� zaratatsuoccur /L'YK/� gertatu, jazopackage holiday /'UDYBb�kFoLXM/� bidaia antolatupeaceful /'UAgco/� lasaiplane ticket /'UoCBm�WBYBW/� hegazkin-txartelpleased to see you /UoAhX�WL�'gA�qI/� pozten nau zu ikusteak

relaxing /pB'oæYgBn/� lasaigarri, erlaxagarrireminder /pB'lOmXL/� oroigarriresort holiday /pB'hGW�kFoLXM/� oporraldia turismo-gune batean

safari /gL'cEpi/� safariscenery /'gAmLpi/� paisaiaseat belt /'gAW�VCoW/� segurtasun-uhalsee historical places /gA�kBgWFpBYo�'UoMgBh/� leku historikoak ikusi

service charge /'gKdBg�WiEb/�zerbitzuak eragindako gastu

site /gOW/� lekutake it easy /WMY�BW�'Ahi/� lasai hartutake off /WMY�'Fc/� joantake on a personal challenge /WMY�Fm�L�UKgLmo�

'WiDoLmb/� erronka pertsonal bati aurre eginthrill /epBo/� zirrara, emoziotravel-sickness /'WpædogBYmLg/� bidaiak eragindako ondoez

travel agent /'Wpædo�MbLmW/� bidai agentetraveller's cheques /'WpædLoLh�aCYg/� bidai txekeaktrek /WpCY/� espedizio, ibilbideunderdeveloped /JmXLXB'dCoLUW/� azpigaratuunspoilt /Jm'gUQoW/� birjina, berezko edertasuna galdu ez duena

warning /'rGmBn/� ohartarazpen, oharwell-earned /rCo'KmX/� ondo merezitayouth hostel /'qIe�kFgWo/� gazte-aterpetxe

Planning a Holiday

Are there any cheap air tickets? /E�fS�Cmi�WiAU�'S�WBYBWg/

Hegazkin-txartel merkerik ba al dago?

What will the weather be likethen? /rFW�rBo�fL�'rCfL�Vi�oOY�fCm/

Zer eguraldi egingo ote du orduan?

Wordlist


Will (we) be picked up fromthe (airport)? /rBo�(rA)�VA�UBYW�JU�cpLl�fL

('SUGW)/

Etorriko ote dira (aireportura) (gure) bila?

What is the best time of yearto visit? /rFW�Bh�fL�VCgW�WOl�Ld�'qR�WL�

dBhBW/

Zein da urteko sasoi egokiena bertara joateko?

I want to travel around on myown. /O�rFmW�WL�WpDdo�LpPmX�Fm�

lM�'Nm/

Nire kabuz bidaiatu nahi dut.

Is (transport) included? /Bh�('WpDmgUGW)�BmYoIXBX/

(Garraioa) barne dago?

We'd like to travel around(South America). /rCX�oOY�WL�

WpDdo�LpPmX�(gPe�L'lCpBYL)

(Hego Amerikara) bidaiatzea gustatuko litzaiguke.

I'd like something inexpensiveand near the (city centre). /OX�oOY�gJleBn�BmBY'gUCmgBd�LmX�

mR�fL�(gBWi�gCmWL)/

Garestiegia ez den eta (erdigunetik) hurbil dagoen zerbait nahi nuke.

Describing Pictures

Here you can see that ... /kBL�qI�YDm�'gA�fDW/

Hemen ikus dezakezu nola...

In the background, there is /there are … /Bm�fL�'VDYZpPmX�fS�Bh�/fS�L/

Atzealdean, ... daude.

It looks as if ... /BW�'oHYg�Lh�Bc/

...-(e)la dirudi.

This must / could be ... /fBg�'lJgW�/��'YHX�VA/

Hau ... izango da / izan liteke.

They seem to be ... /fM�'gAl�WL�VA/

... daudela dirudite.

UNIT 6ancestor /'DmgCgWL/� arbasocancel /'Yæmgo/� bertan behera utzicelebrate /'gCoBVpMW/� ospatucheer /aR/� txalotu, bibaka ari izanclaim /YoMl/� baieztatu, azalducommemorate /YL'lClLpMW/� ospatucomplain /YLl'UoMm/� kexatuconcerned /YLm'gKmX/� kezkatutacostume /'YFgWqIl/� mozorrocultural event /YJoWiLpLo�B'dCmW/� gertakari kulturalculture shock /'YJoWiL�iFY/� kulturen arteko talkacustom /'YJgWLl/� ohituradisguise (v) /XBg'ZOh/� mozorrotudress up /XpCg�'JU/� mozorrotu; dotore jantzidress up in traditional costumes /XpCg�JU�Bm�WpLXBiLmo�

'YFgWqIlh/� jantzi tradizionalak / tipikoak jantzi

emotional /B'lNiLmo/� hunkigarri, zirraragarriendangered /Bm'XMmbLX/� desagertzeko arriskuanethnic group /'CemBY�ZpIU/� talde etnikoexciting /BY'gOWBn/� zirraragarriexpense /BY'gUCmg/� gastu (at the ~ of: -en kontura)extravagant /BY'gWpDdLZLmW/� bitxi, nabarmenfall on deaf ears /cGo�Fm�XCc�'Rh/� kontuan ez hartu, ate atzean bota

family get-together /cDlLoi�'ZCWWLZCfL/� familia-ospakizun

feel emotional /cAo�B'lNiLmo/� hunkitufestival /'cCgWBdo/� festa; jaialdigive gifts /ZBd�'ZBcWg/� opariak emanidentity /O'XCmWLWi/� identitateincreasing /Bm'YpAgBn/� handituz doanajoin in the celebrations /bQm�Bm�fL�gCoB'VpMimh/�

festetan parte hartujoyful /'bQco/� zoriontsu, alaileaflet /'oAcoLW/� liburuxkalocal (n) /'oNYo/� herriko, herritar local / national celebration /oNYo�/��mDimLo�gCoB'VpMim/��herriko / herrialdeko festa

look forward to /oHY�'cGrLX�WL/� irrikatumaintain /lCBm'WMm/� mantendumarriage /'lDpBXj/� ezkontzaoccur /L'YK/� ospatu; gertatuoffer congratulations /FcL�YLmZpDWiI'oMimh/� zorionak eman

otherwise /'JfLrOh/� bestela, osterantzeanoutskirts /'PWgYKWg/� inguruak, aldiriakparade /UL'pMX/� desfileparty-goer /'UEWiZNL/� festazaleperform /UL'cGl/� (musika) jo, interpretatu; antzeztupostpone /UL'gULHm/� atzeratuprovide /UpL'dOX/� eskainireligious /pB'oBbLg/� erlijiosoreligious ceremony /pBoBbLg�'gCpLlLmi/� elizkizunremember /pB'lLlVL/� gogoraturemind /pB'lOmX/� gogorarazisay prayers /gM�'UpSh/� otoitz eginserious /'gBLpiLg/� serioslave /goMd/� esklabospectator /gUCY'WMWL/� ikusletake part in /WMY�'UEW�Bm/� -n parte hartutake place /WCBY�'UoMg/� ospatu, izantense /WCmg/� atezu, larritension /'WCmim/� tentsiothreat /epCW/� mehatxuthreaten /'epCWm/� mehatxatutrademark /'WpCBXlEY/� markaturn up /WKm�'JU/� azaldu, aurkeztu

Wordlist


unique /qI'mAY/� aparteko, bikainvary /'dCLpi/� aldatuvenue /'dCmqI/� topaleku, ospakizunak burutzeko tokiviewer /'dqIL/� teleikuslewave flags /rMd�'coDZh/� banderak astinduwedding /'rCXBn/� ezteiak

Discussing Festivals

What is the name of theholiday? /rFW�Bh�fL�mMl�Ld�fL�

'kFoLXM/

Zer izen du festak?

How often does it take place? /kP�'Fcm�XJh�BW�WMY�UoMg/

Zenbatero ospatzen da?

When does it occur? /'rCm�XJh�BW�LYK/

Noiz ospatzen da?

Where does it take place? /'rCL�XJh�BW�WMY�UoMg/

Non ospatzen da?

What do people do? /'rFW�XL�UAUo�XI/

Zer egiten du jendeak?

Describing an Event

A typical food is … /L�'WBUBYo�cIX�Bh/

Ohiko janari bat ... da.

It's customary to ... /BWg�'YJgWLlLpi�WL/

Ohitura da...

According to tradition ... /LYGXBn�WL�WpL'XBim/

Usadioaren arabera...

Historically ... /kB'gWFpBYoi/

Historikoki...

The best part is ... /fL�'VCgW�UEW�Bh/

Zatirik onena da...

One custom is ... /'rJm�YJgWLl�Bh/

Ohitura bat zera da...

It's acceptable to ... /BWg�LY'gCUWLVo�WL/

Onargarria da...

Bridges 2 Basque © B Burlington Books 26

aim at: bideratuta egon, (zerbait) nahi izanask for: eskatube over: bukatuta egonbreak away from: -engandik banandu, -ekiko harremana eten

break down: matxuratu, hondatubreak into: -n sartu; -n lapurretara sartubreak up: banandu, hautsi; bukatubump into: -en kontra jo, -ekin topo egincall on: ikustera / bisitara joancarry on: jarraitu, aurrera eramancatch on: arrakasta izancater for: (premiei) erantzun / -i zerbitzuak eskainicheck in: (hotelean) izena eman; (aireportuan) fakturatucheck out: begiratu, gainbegiratu; (hotela) ordaindu eta utziclean up: garbitu, txukunduclear away: kendu, jasoclose down: (betiko) itxiclose off: (gune bat sokaz) inguratu / itxicome back: itzulicome down: jaitsicome on: tira!, goazen!come over: etxetik pasatu, (bisitara) etorricome up with: aurkitucut down: (zuhaitzak) moztucut in: etencut off: (hornidura) moztu; (elkarrizketa) etencut out: murriztu, gutxitudeal with: -ekin tratatu; (arazoa) konpondudress up: mozorrotu; dotore jantziend up: bukatufall off: -tik erorifeel like: gogoa izanfigure out: ulertufill in: (inprimakia, agiria) betefind out: jakin, berri izanget across: komunikatu, ulertarazi; igaro, zeharkatuget along: ongi konponduget around: lekualdatu / han-hemenka ibiliget away: ihes eginget back: itzuli, bueltatu; berreskuratuget by: (hizkuntzarekin) moldatu; konponduget in: sartuget into: (arropetan) sartu, kabitu; (zorrak) egin; -n sartuget off: (autobusetik, trenetik) jaitsiget over: gaindituget rid of: gainetik / bistatik kenduget through: komunikatu, hitz egitea lortu

get to: -ra helduget together: elkartuget up: jaikigive away: argitu; salatugive back: itzuli, atzera emangive up: utzi, uko egingo against: -en kontra joan, -en aurkakoa izango away: joan, alde egingo back: itzuli, berriro joango down: jaitsigo off: joan, alde egin; (alarmak) jogo on: jarraitugo out: ateragrow up: hazihand out: banatu, zabalduhang out: denbora-pasa egonidentify with: -ekin lotu / erlazionatujoin in: -n parte hartukeep on: jarraitukeep out: ez utzi sartzenleave out: ez aipatu, alde batera utzilet in: sartzen utzi; pasarazilog into: (web orri batean) sartulook after: (norbait) zaindulook around: gainbegirada eman, (norberaren) ingurura begiratu

look around for: bila ibililook back: (denboran) atzera begiratulook back at: gogoratulook down: behera begiratulook for: bila ibililook forward to: irrikatu, desira izanlook into: ikertulook out: kontuz ibililook up: bisitara joan; (informazioa) aurkitumake up: asmatu; berradiskidetu, bakeak eginmake up for: (galdutakoa) ordaindumove out: lekualdatu, alde eginpass by: aurretik pasatupass down: transmititupass on: (informazioa, mezua) eman, pasapay back: (dirua) itzuli; (fig.) mendekatupay for: ordaindupay off: merezi izanpick out: aukeratupick up: jaso, bila joanpoint out: seinalatupull up: jaso, igo

PHRASAL VERBS


put away: jaso, bere tokian jarriput off: gogogabetu, adorea galduput out: atera, kaleratuput up: ipini, eskainiring up: telefonoz deiturun around: (fig.) bere erara ibilirun away: ihes egin run for: hautagaitzat aurkeztuset out: abiatuset up: eratu, kokatushop around: prezioak konparatushow up: leku batean agertu / aurkeztusit down: eserislow down: makaldu, polikiago joanstand up: jaiki, zutitustart over: berriro hasi, hutsetik hasitake after: -en antza izantake back: itzuli; (esandakoa) zuzendu, atzera egintake down: jaitsi; oharrak hartu / idatzi

take in: (arropa-konponketan) estutu; bisitatutake off: joantake on: (erronkari) aurre egin take out: gonbidatu; ateratake part in: -n parte hartutake up: egiten / jokatzen hasithrow down: bota, jaurtitry on: (arropa, oinetakoak) probatuturn down: (bolumena) jaitsi; uko eginturn into: bihurtu, bilakatuturn off: itzaliturn on: piztuturn out: atera, gertatuturn over: (zerbaiti) buelta emanturn up: aurkeztu, azalduwin over: konbentzituwork out: ariketak eginwrite back: (idatziz) erantzun

Verbs + Prepositionsagree with: -ekin ados egonappear on: -ra irtenapply for: eskaera eginarrive in: (hiri, herrialde batera) iritsibelieve in: -n / -engan sinetsibelong to: -ena / -koa izancare about: -z kezkatu / -n interesa izan

come to: -ra helduconcentrate on: -n kontzentratudecide on: (zerbait) hartzea erabaki dream of: -ekin emets eginearn from: -i esker irabazilisten to: entzunlook at: -ra begiratusearch for: bila ibiliserve as: -tzat balio izanspend on: -n gastatusucceed in: -n arrakasta izantalk about: -z, -i buruz hitz egintalk to: -ekin hitz eginthink about: -i buruz uste izan, iruditu; -n pentsatu

Nouns + Prepositionsan average of: batezbestekobreak from: -en etenaldichange in: -n aldaketacost of: -en prezioidea of: -en ideiaimportance of: -en garrantzimajority of: -en gehiengomember of: -ko kidenature of: -en izaeranumber of: kopurupopulation of: -ko, -en biztanleriareminder of: -ko, -en oroigarrisign of: -en aztarna

Adjectives + Prepositions (after to be)afraid of: -en beldurappropriate for: -rako egokiaware of: -en jakitunfond of: -enganako txerainterested in: -n, -ekin interesatutajealous of: -en inbidiatsupleased for: (norbaitengatik) pozik pleased with: -ekin gusturaproud of: -z harrosorry about: -gatik pena (sentitu)sorry for: -gatik pena (sentitu)surprised by: -ekin harrituta

PREPOSITION LIST

Preposition List

base form (V1) Past simPle (V2) Past ParticiPle (V3) eUsKara

be /VA/ was / were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ izan, egonbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ jobecome/VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ bihurtu, bilakatu begin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ hasibend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ tolestu, okertubet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apustu eginbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ hozka eginbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ odola jario, odoletan egonblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ putz eginbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYm/ apurtubring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ ekarribuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ eraikiburn /VKm/ burnt / burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt / burned /VKmW/VKmX/ erreburst /VKgW/ burst /VKgW/ burst /VKgW/ lehertu, eztanda eginbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ erosicatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ harrapatu, hartuchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ aukeratucome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ etorricost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ kostatucut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ moztudeal /XAo/ dealt /XCoW/ dealt /XCoW/ salerosi, tratuan ibilidig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ aitzurtudo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ egindraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ marraztudream /XpAl/ dreamt / dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt / dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ amets egindrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ edandrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ gidatueat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ janfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGom/ erorifeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ elikatufeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentitufight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ borrokatufind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ aurkitufly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ hegan eginforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ ahaztuforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ barkatufreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ izoztuget /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ lortugive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ emango /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ joangrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ hazihang /kæn/ hung / hanged /kJn/kænX/ hung / hanged /kJn/kænX/ esekihave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ edukihear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ entzunhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ ezkutatuhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ johold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ eutsihurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ zauritu, min emankeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gordeknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ jakin, ezagutulay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ jarri, hedatulead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ zuzendulearn /oKm/ learnt / learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt / learned /oKmW/oKmX/ ikasileave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ utzi, alde egin

IRREGULAR VERBS


lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestatulet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ baimena eman, utzilie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ etzan lie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ gezurra esan light /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ piztulose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ galdumake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ eginmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ esan nahi izanmeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ topatu, ezagutu pay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ ordainduput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ ipiniread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ irakurriride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ gainean ibiliring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ deiturise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ jaso, altxaturun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ korrika eginsay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ esansee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ikusisell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ saldusend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ bidaliset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ ipini, ezarrisew /gN/ sewed /gNX/ sewn /gNm/ josishake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYm/ astindushine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ distiratushoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ tiro eginshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ erakutsishut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ itxi, isildusing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ abestusink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ urperatusit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ eserisleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ lo eginsmell /glCo/ smelt / smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt / smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ usainduspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYm/ hitz eginspell /gUCo/ spelt / spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt / spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ letreiatuspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastatuspill /gUBo/ spilt / spilled /gUBoW/gUBoX/ spilt / spilled /gUBoW/gUBoX/ biratu spoil /gUQo/ spoilt / spoiled /gUQoW/gUQoX/ spoilt / spoiled /gUQoW/gUQoX/ kaltetu, hondatuspread /gUpCX/ spread /gUpCX/ spread /gUpCX/ igurtzi, hedatuspring/gUpBn/ sprang /gUpæn/ sprung /gUpJn/ jauzi eginstand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ zutik egonsteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHom/ lapurtustick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ itsatsisting /gWBn/ stung /gWJn/ stung /gWJn/ eztenkatuswear /grCL/ swore /grG/ sworn /grGm/ zin eginsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ eskobatuswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ igeri egintake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYm/ hartuteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ irakatsitear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ urratu, zartatutell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ kontatu think /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ pentsatuthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ jaurti, botaunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ ulertuwake up /'rMYJU/ woke up /'rLHYJU/ woken up /'rLHYmJU/ esnatuwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ jantzita eraman win /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ irabaziwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ idatzi

base form (V1) Past simPle (V2) Past ParticiPle (V3) eUsKara

Irregular Verbs

Bridges 2 Basque © B Burlington Books 29IH-006-273

Grammar appendix Grammar review - Amazon Web … · Grammar appendix Grammar review present simpLe FOrm affirmative negative interrogative I / You don’t workworkI / You do not (

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