Grammar

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာမား (၁) ...

Countable Noun (ေရတြကလ႔ ရတ နာမ) န႔ Uncountable Noun (ေရတြကလ႔

မရတ နာမ)

Countable Noun ရ႕ Aေရ႕မာ a, an က သးလ႔ ရေပမ Uncountable Noun ရ႕

Aေရ႕မာေတာ သးလ႔ မရပါဘး။ Uပမာ - a song, an accident, a nice beach

ဒါေပမ a sand, a music, a rice တ႔ေတာ မျဖစႏငဘးေပါ။

တခါတေလ Uncountable Noun ရ႕ Aေရ႕ေတြမာ a, an သးလ႔ ရတAခါ

ရတယ။ a cup of tea, a grain of rice တ႔လ ပစမးေတြေလ။Uပမာ

စာေၾကာငးေလးေတြက ၾကညရေAာင

- I eat an apple every day.

- I like apples.

- I eat rice every day.

- I like rice.

Aဒ ေနရာမာ I eat apple လ႔ ေရးလ႔ မရဘး။ apple ရ႕ Aေရ႕မာေတာ Articles

– a, an, the တစခခ ျဖစျဖစ၊ my, your တ႔လ ပငဆငမႈျပ စကားလးေတြ ျဖစျဖစ

ပါေနမရတယ။

ဒါေပမ I eat rice မာေတာ Aဒါေတြ မပါလညး ရတယ။Uပမာ စာေၾကာငးေလးေတြ

ေရးျပလကမယ။

- Kate was singing a song.

- Jhon was listening to music.

- There is a student in the class.

- There is sand in my shoes.

- We haven’t got enough cups.

- We haven’t got enough water.

ဒါေလာကဆရင Countable န႔ Uncontable Nouns တ႔က တရငးလရငး

သေလာကၿပေနာ

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၂) ...

တခါတေလမာ တခ႕ Noun ေတြက Uncountable န႔ Countable Nouns ေတြ

Aျဖစ ႏစခလး သးတတၾကေသးတယ။

Uပမာ- Countable and Uncountable

- Did you hear a noise just now? (= a specific noise)

- I can’t work here. There’s too much noise.

( ဒေနရာမာ too many noises လ႔ ေရးလ႔မရဘး)

- I bought a paper to read. (= a newspaper)

- I need some paper to write on.

(ေရးဖ႔Aတြက စာရြကတစခခက ေျပာတာ)

- There’s a hair in my soup! (= one single hair)

- You’ve got very long hair.

(hairs မဟတဘးေနာ) (= all the hair on your head)

- You can stay with us. There is a spare room. (= a room in a house)

- You can’t sit here. There isn’t room.

(room ဆတာက ဒေနရာမာ Aခနးက ေျပာတာမဟတဘး။ ေနရာ မရဘးလ႔

ေျပာတာ။ space န႔ Aတတပါပ)

- I have some interesting experiences while I was travelling. (= things

that happened to me)

- They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience.

(experiences လ႔ ေရးလ႔မရဘး)

နမနာ စာေၾကာငးေတြက ေရးေပးလကUးမယ။ စာေၾကာငးႏစခစ ယUၿပး

ၾကညသြားပါ။

- I’m looking for a job.

- I’m looking for work. (not a work)

- What a beautiful view!

- What beautiful scenery!

- It’s a nice day today.

- It’s nice weather today.

- We had a lot of bags and cases.

- We had a lot of baggage/luggage.

- These chairs are mine.

- This furniture is mine.

- That’s a good suggestion.

- That’s good advice.

Aဂၤလပ Grmmmar သငခနးစာ (၃)...

The ပါတာန႔ မပါတာ ကြျပားပ

- Alison is ten years old. Everyday she goes to school. She’s at school

now. School begins at 9 and finishes at 3.

- Today Alison’s mother wants to speak to her daughter’s teacher. So

she has gone to the school to see her. She’s at the school now.

Aေပၚက စာပဒေလး ႏစပဒက ယUၾကညပါ။ ပထမ စာပဒမာ school လ႔ပ

ေရးတယ။ ဒတယ စာပဒမာေတာ the school လ႔ ေရးထားတယ။

ပထမ စာပဒက school ရ႕ Aဓပၸာယက ေကာငးသြားတကတာ။ စာသြားသငတာ

လ႔ Aဓပၸာယ ထြကတယ။ ဒတယ စာပဒရ႕ the school ကေတာ ေကာငးက

သြားတာေလာကပ စာသငတာ မဟတဘး။

ဒစာပဒန႔ ပစတတ Aျခား သငခနးစာေတြကလညး ေလလာၾကညရေAာင။

စာေၾကာငး ႏစေၾကာငးစက ယUတြၿပး ေလလာသြားပါ။

- Ken’s brother is in prison for robbery.

(Ken ရ႕ Aစကက လယကမႈေၾကာင ေထာငထ ေရာကသြားတာ)

- Ken went to the prison to visit his brother.

(Ken က သ႔Aစကဆက သြားေတြ႕ဖ႔ ေထာငက သြားတာ)

- Joe had an accident last week. He was taken to hospital. He’s still in

hospital now.

(Joe က ေဆးရတငလကတာ။ Joe က Aခ ေဆးရတကေနဆပ ရေသးတယ)

- Jane has gone to the hospital to visit Joe. She’s at the hospital now.

(Jane က ေဆးရက လနာေတြ႕ဖ႔သြားတာ။ Jane က လနာမဟတဘး)

- When I leave school, I want to go to university/college.

(ဒမာလညးပ တကသလ တကခငတာလ႔ Aဓပၸာယ ထြကတယ)

- U Lay goes to monastery every day.

(ဘနးႀကးေကာငးက ဘာသာေရး ကစၥန႔ သြားတာ)

- Some workmen went to the monastery to repair the roof.

(Aလပသမားေတြက ဘာသာေရးကစၥန႔ ဘနးႀကးေကာငး သြားတာမဟတဘး။

ေခါငမးျပငဖ႔ေလာကပါပ)

က ဒေလာကဆရင the ပါတာန႔ မပါတာ Aဓပၸာယ ကြလြသြားတာေလးက

သသြားၿပေပါေနာ…

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၄)...

Adjective ျဖစတ -ing န႔ -ed တ႔ရ႕ ျခားနားမႈ…

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ မားတတတ စကားလး A ထားA သက ေျပာျပေပးသြားမယ။

Boring, bore with - ၿငးေငြ႕ဖြယေကာငးေသာ

Interesting, interested in - စတ၀ငစားဖြယေကာငးေသာ

Tiring, tired - ေမာပနးေသာ၊ ပငပနးေသာ

Satisfying, satisfied with - စတေကနပမႈရေသာ

Surprising, surprised - A ၾသဖြယေကာငးေသာ

Disappointing, disappointed with - စတပကစရာေကာငးေသာ

Depressing, depressed - စတမခမးသာျဖစေစေသာ

Shocking, shocked - တနလႈပေခာကခားေသာ၊

တနလႈပေခာကခားဖြယေကာငးေသာ

A ထကက စကားလးေတြ သးထားပက Uပမာေလးေတြ ေရးျပမယ။ A ဒမာ

နညးနညး သတထားရမာက adj ရ႕ ေနာကမာ တြပါလာတ with, in တ႔ပါပ။

A ဒါေလးေတြက တခါတေလ လြယသလလန႔ ရႈပေထြးသြားတတပါတယ။

(1) My job is boring. I am bored with my job.

(2) Julia thinks politics is interesting. Julia is not interested in politics.

(3) My journey is tiring. I get very tired travelling my journey.

(4) My work is satisfying. I am not satisfied with my work.

(5) It was surprising that he passed the exam. Everybody was surprised

that he passed the exam.

(6) The film was disappointing. We were disappointed with the film.

(7) My job is depressing. My job makes me depressed.

(8) The news was shocking. I was shocked when I heard the news.

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၅)...

Some န႔ Any ေရးသားပေလးက ဒသငခနးစာမာ ေဖၚျပေပးသြားပါမယ။

ေယဘယ A ားျဖငကေတာ some က positive sentenses ေတြမာ A သးျပၿပး

any ကေတာ negative sentences ေတြမာ A သးျပၾကပါတယ။

တခါတေလ ေျပာငးလသြားတတတာကေတာ ေA ာကဘကမာ

ဆကရငးသြားပါမယ။

A ခေတာ some န႔ any က ႏစခ ယUၿပး ေျပာျပေပးသြားမယ။

(1) We bought some flowers. (positive sentence)

(2) We didn’t buy any flowers. (negative sentence)

(3) He’s busy. He’s got some work to do. (positive sentence)

(4) He’s lazy. He never does any work. (negative sentence)

(5) There’s somebody at the door. (positive sentence)

(6) There isn’t anybody at the door. (negative sentence)

(7) I’m hungry. I want something to eat. (positive sentence)

(8) I’m not hungry. I don’t want anything to eat. (negative sentence)

စာေၾကာငးရ႕ A ဓပၸာယဟာ (negative sentence) ျဖစေနမယ ဆရငလညး any

ကပ သးရပါတယ။

(1) She went out without any money. (negative sentence)

(2) He refused to eat anything. (negative sentence)

(3) Hardly anybody passed the examination. (negative sentence)

ေမးခြနးေတြမာ သးသြားတ some န႔ any ကလညး ဆကၿပး ၾကညပါUး။

(1) Are you waiting for somebody?

(2) Would you like something to eat?

(3) Can I have some sugar, please?

(4) Have you got any luggage?

(5) Has anybody seen my bag?

တကယလ႔ if ပါတ စာေၾကာငး ျဖစေနမယ ဆရင any ကသးရပါတယ။

(1) If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this addres?

(2) If anyone has any questions, I’ll be pleased to answer them.

(3) Let me know if you need anything.

ဒစာေၾကာငးကေတာ if ဆတ စာလး မပါေသာလညး if ရ႕ A ဓပၸာယက

ေဆာငေနတA တြက any ကပ သးထားပါတယ။

(1) I’m sorry for any trouble I’ve caused.

(if I have caused any trouble ဆတ A ဓပၸာယက ေဆာငပါတယ)

(2) Anyone who wants to do the exam must tell me by Friday.

(if there is anyone ဆတ A ဓပၸာယက ေဆာငပါတယ)

ေနာကထပ စာေၾကာငးေတြက ထပၿပး ေလလာၾကညပါ။

“it doesn’t matter which/when/what/where/who” (ဘာပ ျဖစျဖစ

ကစၥမရပါဘး) လ႔ A ဓပၸာယ သကေရာကေနရငလညး any က သးပါတယ။

(1) You can take any bus. Thy all go to the centre.

(it doesn’t matter which bus you take)

(2) “Sing a song.” “Which song shall I sing?” “Any song. I don’t mind.”

(it doesn’t matter which song)

(3) Come and see me any time you want.

(it doesn’t matter what time)

(4) “Let’s go out somewhere.” “Where shall we go?” “Anywhere. I just

want to go out.”

(it doesn’t matter where)

(5) We left the door unlocked. Anybody could have come in.

(it doesn’t matter who)

(6) What would you like to eat? I don’t mind. Anything.

(it doesn’t matter what)

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၆)...

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ မားေလ မားထရတ much, many, little, few, a lot,

plenty တ႔ရ႕ A ထားA သ A သးA ႏႈးေလးေတြက ေျပာျပေပးသြားမယ။ သတ႔

A ားလးရ႕ A ဓပၸာယေတြကေတာ A ေျမာကA မား လ႔ပ A ဓပၸာယ ရပါတယ။

Much န႔ little က uncountable nouns ေတြမာပ သးပါတယ။

Uပမာ - much time, much luck, little energy, little money

Many န႔ few ကေတာ plural nouns ေတြမာ သးပါတယ။

Uပမာ - many friends, many people, few cars, few countries

A lot of, lots of , plenty of တ႔ကေတာ uncountable nouns န႔ plutal nouns

ေတြမာ သးပါတယ။

Uပမာ - a lot of luck, lots of time, plenty of money, a lot of friends, lots of

people, plenty of ideas

ဒေနရာမာ plenty of ဆတာက လေလာကတာထက ပတာက ဆလတယ။ Uပမာ

စာေၾကာငးတစခက ၾကညရေA ာင

- There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.

many န႔ a lot of တ႔က သးထားပကလညး ဆကၿပး ၾကညပါUး။

- Many people drive too fast.

- A lot of people drive too fast.

- Do you know many people?

- Do you know a lot of people?

- There aren’t many tourists here.

- There aren’t a lot of tourists here.

many years, many weeks, many days ပစက သးလ႔ ရေပမ a lot of years, a

lot of weeks, a lot of days ပစကေတာ သးလ႔ မရပါဘး။

Uပမာ - We lived here for many years. ဆရငေတာ မနပါတယ။ a lot of

years ကေတာ ေရးလ႔ မရပါဘး။

A ျငငး သေဘာက ေဆာငတ negative ideas ေတြမာ a မပါတ little, few တ႔က

သးရပါတယ။

- Gary is very busy with his job. He has little time for other there.

ဒစာေၾကာငးမာ a little time ဆၿပး မသးပါဘး။

- Vicky doesn’t like living in London. She has few friends there.

ဒစာေၾကာငးမာ a few friends ဆၿပး သးလ႔ မရပါဘး။

ေနာကတစမး ေရးႏငတာက very little န႔ very few တ႔ပ ျဖစပါတယ။

- Gary has very little time for other things.

- Vicky has very few friends in London.

A little န႔ a few မာေတာ more positive meaning ပၿပး A ျပသေဘာ A ဓပၸာယ

ေဆာငတ ေနရာေတြမာ သးပါတယ။

- Let’s go and have a coffee. We have a little time before the train

leaves.

ရထား မလာခင ေကာဖ ေသာကဖ႔ A ခနပ ရေနေသးတယလ႔ ဆလတယ။

- “Do you speak English?” “A little.”

လး၀ မေျပာႏငတာမဟတဘး။ A နညးငယေတာ ေျပာႏငေသးတယ။

- I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we meet quite often.

သငယခငး A မားႀကး မရေပမလညး မၾကာခဏ ေတြ႕ဆဖ႔ သငယခငး

A နညးငယေတာ ရေနေသးတယ လ႔ ဆလတယ။

- “When was the last time you saw Clare?” “A few days ago.”

လး၀ မေတြ႕ခတာ မဟတဘး။ လြနခတ ရက A နညးငယကေတာ

ေတြ႕ခေသးတယ လ႔ ဆလတယ။

ကနတ Uပမာ ေလးေတြကလညး ဆကၿပးေတာ ႏႈငးယUၾကညပါUး။

- He spoke little English, so it was difficult to communicate with him.

- He spoke a little English, so we were able to communicate with him.

- She’s lucky. She has few problems.

- Things are not going so well for her. She has a few problems.

- Hurry! We only have a little time.

- The village was very small. There were only a few houses.

(မတခက - a few ရ႕ A ေနာကမာ လကရမယ noun ကေတာ plural nouns

ကပ သးရပါမယ။ Uပမာ - a few houses, a few cars, a few problems…)

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၇)...

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ မတက၊ မေသခာတ A ေၾကာငးA ရာေတြက

ခန႔မနးေျပာဆတ ေနရာမာ A သးျပပ၊ A သးျပနညးန႔ ၀ါက တညေဆာကသြားပ

တ႔က ေဖာျပေပးသြားမာ ျဖစပါတယ။

It is said that…

He is said to…

He is supposed to…

တ႔န႔ ၀ါကဖြ႕စညးပ ပစတ A ျခား၀ါကမားကလညး ေဖာျပေပးသြားပါမယ။

It is said that…

Uပမာ ဟငနရဟာ A သကႀကးေနၿပ။ ဒါေပမ ဘယသမ သ႔ရ႕ A သကက

A တA က မသၾကဘး။ A ဒေတာ ခန႔မနးၿပး ေျပာဆပက ေလလာၾကညပါ။

- It is said that Henry is 108 years old.

- Henry is said to be 108 years old.

ဟငနရဟာ A သက ၁၀၈ ႏစ ရၿပလ႔ ေျပာႏငပါတယ။

- It is said that there is a secret tunnel between the two houses.

- There is said to be a secret tunnel between the two houses.

A မ ႏစA မၾကားတြင လ႕၀ကေသာ Uမငလဏေခါငး တစခ ရတယလ႔

ေျပာႏငတယ။

ေနာကထပ ၀ါကေတြကလညး ဆကၿပးေလလာပါUး။

- It is said that Cathy works 16 hours a day.

- She is said to work 16 hours a day.

ေကသဟာ တစေန႔မာ ၁၆ နာရၾကေA ာက A လပလပႏငတယ။

- It is said that the company is losing a lot of money.

- The company is said to be losing a lot of money.

ကမၸဏမာ ေငြေတြ A ေျမာကA မား ဆးရႈးေနတယလ႔ ေျပာႏငပါတယ။

He is believed to…

ျဖစႏငေျခ ရတ A ခါမာ ယၾကညေျပာဆေလ ရလင သးႏငပါတယ။

- It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.

- The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.

လကေလးဟာ A ျဖေရာင ေခါငးစြပဆြယတာA က ႌန႔ A ျပာေရာင

ဂငးေဘာငးဘက ၀တဆငထားတယလ႔ ယၾကညရႏငပါတယ။

- It is believed that the thieves got in through a window in the roof.

- The thieves are believed to have got in through a window in the roof.

သခးေတြဟာ ေခါငမးက ျပတငးေပါကတစခက ျဖတ၀ငၿပး A ထက

ေရာကလာခတယ လ႔ ယၾကညရပါတယ။

- It is believed that the company lost a lot of money last year.

- The company is believed to have lost a lot of money last year.

ကမၸဏဟာ လြနခတ ႏစက ေငြေတြ A ေျမာကA မား ဆးရႈးခတယ လ႔

ယၾကညရႏငတယ။

He is expected to…

A တA က မသႏငေသာလညး ခန႔မနးေျပာဆႏငေသာ A ေျခA ေနတြင

သးႏငပါတယ။

- It is expected that it will end soon.

- The strike is expected to end soon.

သပတေမာကျခငးဟာ မၾကာမမာ ၿပးဆးလမမယလ႔ ေမာလငရပါတယ။

- It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow.

- The weather is expected to be good tomorrow.

ရာသUတဟာ မနကျဖနမာ ေကာငးလမမယလ႔ ေမာလငရပါတယ။

- It is expected that the company will make a loss this year.

- The company is expected to make a loss this year.

ကမၸဏဟာ ဒႏစမာ ဆးရႈးမႈ A ေျမာကA မား ျဖစလမမယလ႔ ေမာလငရပါတယ။

He is alleged to…

ထငေယာငထငမာ စြပစြေျပာဆတ ေနရာမာ သးပါတယ။

- It is alleged that a friend of mine hit a policeman.

- He is alleged to have hit a policeman.

ကၽြနေတာသငယခငး တစUးက ရတစUးက ထးႏကခတယလ႔

စြပစြေျပာဆထားတာ ခေနရတယ။

- It is alleged that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour.

- The man is alleged to have been driving at 100 miles an hour.

တစနာရမာ မင ၁၁၀ ႏႈနး ကားေမာငးထားတယလ႔ လတစUးက စြပစြထားတယ။

He is supposed to

ျဖစႏငေျခ ရႏငတ A ခါကရင ခန႔မနးေျပာဆတေနရာမာ သးပါတယ။

- I want to see that film. It is supposed to be good.

A ဒ ရပရငကားက ၾကညခငလကတာ။ ေကာငးတယလ႔ ယဆရတာပ။

- Mark is supposed to have hit a policeman, but I don’t believe it.

မာခ က ရသားတစေယာကက ထးႏကလကတယလ႔ ယဆရတယ။ ငါကေတာ

ဒါက မယပါဘး။

- The plan is supposed to be a secret, but everybody seems to know

about it.

စမကနးက လ႕၀ကခက တစခ ျဖစေစဖ႔ ယဆရတယ။ ဒါေပမ လတငးကေတာ

ဒါန႔ ပတသကၿပး သခငပေပၚတယ။

- “What are you doing at work?” You are supposed to be on holiday.

“A လပမာ မငး ဘာေတြ လပေနတာလ?” မငးက A ားလပရက ရတယလ႔

ထငထားတာေလ။

- Our guests were supposed to come at 7:30, but they were late.

ငါတ႔ရ႕ Eညသညေတြက ၇း၃၀ နာရမာ လာမယလ႔ ယဆရတယ။ ဒါေပမ

သတ႔ေတြ ေနာကကေနတယ။

- Jane was supposed to phone me last night, but she didn’t.

ဂနးဟာ ၿပးခတ ညက ကၽြနေတာဆ ဖနးဆကမယလ႔ ထငခတာ။ ဒါေပမ သမက

ဖနးမဆကခဘး။

- I’d better hurry. I’m supposed to be meeting John in ten minutes.

ငါ ျမနျမနလပမ ရမယ။ ဆယမနစ A တြငးမာ ဂၽြနန႔ ေတြ႕ဆ ႏငရဖြယ

ရတယေလ။

- You are not supposed to park your car here. It’s private parking only.

မငးရ႕ ကားက ဒမာ နားလ႔ မျဖစႏငဘး။ ဒေနရာက သသန႔ A ထးကားေတြပ

နားရတ ေနရာေလ။

- Jeff is much better after his illness, but he’s still not supposed to do

any heavy work.

ဂကဖ ကေတာ ဖားၿပးတေနာကပငး ပၿပး ေနေကာငးလာတယ။ ဒါေပမ သက

ပငပနးတ ဘယA လပက မဆ လပႏငေသးမာ မဟတဘးေလ။

He is reproted to…

မေတာတဆ ျဖစပကေသာ A မႈA ခငးမားက A စရင ခဖ႔ A တြက

A သးျပပကလညး ေဖာျပေပးလကပါတယ။

- It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion.

- Two people are reported to have been injured in the explosion.

လႏစUးဟာ ျပငးထနတ ေပါကကြမႈမာ ဒါဏရာရသြားတယ လ႔ A စရငခ

လကတယ။

- It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods.

- Many people are reported to be homeless after the floods.

လမားစြာဟာ ေရလႊမးမးမႈ ၿပးတေနာကမာ A းမA မမမား ျဖစသြားၾကတယ လ႔

A စရင ခလကတယ။

- It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by the fire.

- The building is reported to have been badly damaged by the fire.

A ေဆာကA Uဟာ မးေလာငကၽြမးမႈေၾကာင ဆးရြားစြာ ပကစးသြားတယ လ႔

A စရင ခလကတယ။

က…ဒေလာကဆရင A ေတာA တန နားလညေလာကၿပလ႔ ယဆပါတယ။

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၈)...

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ so န႔ such တ႔ရ႕ A သးျပပ မတတာေလးေတြက

ေဖာျပေပးသြားပါမယ။

ပထမUးစြာ သထားရမာက so ရ႕A ေနာကမာ adj လကတယ ဆၿပး

မတထားလကပါ။ so adj ပေသနညးပါ။ တစခါတစရမာေတာ so adv

လကလ႔ရပါတယ။

Such ရ႕ A ေနာကမာကေတာ လကရမယ ပေသနညးက such (a/an) adj noun

ပစက မတထားပါ။

A ဒါၿပးတာန႔ ၀ါက တညေဆာကပေတြက ေလလာၾကညရေA ာင။

(1) I didn’t like the book. The story was so stupid.

ဒစာA ပက ငါမႀကကဘး။ ဒဇာတလမးက ေတာေတာ ညတာ။

(2) I didn’t like the book. It was such a stupid story.

ဒစာA ပက ငါမႀကကဘး။ A ဒါက ေတာေတာ ေလးက ညတ ဇာတလမးပ။

A ဒ ၀ါကမာ a so stupid story လ႔ ေရးလ႔ မရဘး။

(3) I like Liz and Joe. They are so nice.

Liz န႔ Joe တ႔က ငါ သေဘာကတယ။ သတ႔ေတြက ေတာေတာ ေကာငးၾကတယ။

(4) I like Liz and Joe. They are such nice people.

Liz န႔ Joe တ႔က ငါ သေဘာကတယ။ သတ႔ေတြက ေတာေတာက ေကာငးတ

လေတြပ။

ဒ၀ါကမာေတာ so nice people လ႔ ေရးလ႔ မရဘး။ (a/an) က ေဖာကထားတယ။

(5) It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it? It’s so warm.

သပက သာယာတေန႔ပ။ ဟတတယ မဟတလား? ေတာေတာက

ေႏြးေႏြးေထြးေထြး ရတယ။

(6) It was a great holiday. We had such a good time.

သပေကာငးတ A ားလပရကပါပ။ ငါတ႔ေတြမာ ေတာေတာက ေပာစရာေကာငးတ

A ခနေတြ ရခတယ။

(7) It’s difficult to understand him because he talks so quietly.

သ႔ေျပာတာက နားလညဖ႔ ေတာေတာခကတယ။ သက စကားေျပာတာ

သပျမနတာကး။

ဒ၀ါကမာ so adv ပစက သးထားတယ။

ဆကလက ဖတရႈရနမာ ထပၿပး ေလလာပါUး။

So long န႔ such a long time တ႔က ေရးနညး ပစ…

(1) I haven’t seen her for so long. I’ve forgotten what she looks like.

သမက မျမငတာ ေတာေတာက ၾကသြားၿပ။ သမ ဘာပစ ဆတာက ငါေမသြားၿပ။

(2) I haven’t seen her for such a long time.

သမက ေတာေတာက ၾကာေA ာင ငါမျမငဖးေတာဘး။

So far န႔ such a long way တ႔က ေရးနညး ပစ…

(1) I didn’t know it was so far.

ဒဟာ ေတာေတာ ေ၀းတာ ငါမသခဘး။

(2) I didn’t know it was such a long way.

ဒေလာက ေ၀းတလမးက ငါမသခဘး။

So much, so many န႔ such a lot (of) တ႔က ေရးပေရးနညး ပစ…

(1) I ‘m sorry I’m late – there was so much traffic.

ငါေနာကကသြားတာ ေတာငးပနပါတယ။ ယUေၾကာပတဆ႔မႈက မားေနလ႔ပါ။

(2) I’m sorry I’m late – there was such a lot of traffic.

ငါေနာကကသြားတာ ေတာငးပနပါတယ။ ယUေၾကာပတဆ႔မႈက ေတာေတာက

မားေနလ႔ပါ။

So န႔ such A သးျပပကေတာ ဒမာပ နားလကUးမယ။

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၉)...

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ To က A သးျပပမားပ ျဖစပါတယ။

A သးျပပေတြက မေျပာျပခင to ရ႕ A ေနာကမာ ရရမယ ပေသနညးေတြက A ရင

ေျပာျပေပးသြားပါမယ။

- To V1 (actiive voice)

- To be

- To be V3 (passive voice)

- To be adj (adjective)

- To N (noun or pron)

A ဒ ပေသနညး (၅) ေၾကာငးက A လြတ ကကမတထားရမာပါ။

စာေၾကာငးမာ To ပါလာရင ဒပေသနညး (၅) ေၾကာငးA ထကေန မလြတပါဘး။

ပေသနညးေတြ ရၿပဆရင Uပမာ sentences ေတြက ဆကၿပး ေလလာၾကရေA ာင

-

(1) The European Parliament is to introduce a new law on safety at

work. (to V1)

Uေရာပ ပါလမနသည လပငနးခြင A ႏ ရာယ ကငးရငးမႈA ေပၚ Uပေဒ

A သစတစရပက တငသြငးဖ႔ ရတယ။

(2) She looked through the window to see her husband asleep in his

chair. (to V1)

သမဟာ ထငခမာ A ပေပာေနတ ခငပြနးသညက ျမငရဖ႔ ျပတငးေပါကကေန

လမးၾကညလကတယ။

(3) The cleverer youths want to be highly educated people in their life.

(to be)

လမမာတ ကေလးေတြဟာ သတ႔ရ႕ ဘ၀မာ ထးခၽြနတ ပညာတတေတြ

ျဖစခငၾကတယ။

(4) He wants to be a general secretary in the United Nations. When he

grows up. (to be)

သဟာ ႀကးျပငးလာတ A ခါကရင ကမာၻ႕ကလ သမဂၢမာ A ေထြေထြ

A တြငးေရးမႈး ျဖစခငတယ။

(5) The lessons are to be explained by the teacher after the holidays. (to

be V3)

A ားလပရကၿပးရင သငခနးစာေတြက ဆရာက ရငးျပဖ႔ ရတယ။

(6) If the railway system is to be improved, the government should

invest substantial amounts of money now. (to be V3)

တကယလ႔ ရထားေျပးဆြတစနစက တးတကေA ာငလပမယ ဆရင A စးရဟာ

မားျပားတ ေငြေၾကးပမာဏေတြက ခကခငး ျမပႏသငတယ။

(7) Everyone in the world should stay to be meaningful for their future.

(to be adj)

ကမာၻမာ ရတ လတငးဟာ သတ႔ရ႕ A နာဂတA တြက A ဓပၸာယရေA ာင

ေနထငသငတယ။

(8) To be healthy, we need to eat fresh and green vegetables everday.

(to be adj)

ကနးကနးမာမာ ရေစဖ႔ ကၽြႏပတ႔ဟာ ေန႔တငး လတဆတတ A စမးေရာင

ဟငးသးဟငးရြကမားက စားသးဖ႔ လA ပတယ။

(9) He was taken to hospital for treatment. (to N)

ကနးမာေရး ေဆးကသဖ႔A တြက သ႔က ေဆးရတငခတယ။

(10) Wait until the traffic lights change from red to green. (to N)

မးပြငက A နေရာငကေန A စမးေရာင ေျပာငးတ A ထ ေစာငပါ။

ေနာကထပ ေလကငရမယ စာေၾကာငးေတြက A ဂၤလပလခညးပ

ေရးျပလကပါတယ။

To A ေနာကမာ ဘာပေသနညး လကေနတယ ဆတာ ကယတင ေလလာပါ။

(1) You need to work much harder if you are to have any chance of

passing the exam.

(2) My sister is to start a PhD in Physics.

(3) Mrs. Patel is likely to become the Foreign Minister if the party wins

power at the next election.

(4) Her dress reached down to her ankles.

(5) I’ll explain to you where everything goes.

(6) Her speech contained a reference to Abraham Lincoln.

(7) The cake is to be eaten for the children.

(8) The girls make up to be beautiful to celebrate at the festival.

(9) A man not only is easy to be a good man but also is not difficult to

be a bad man.

(10) He shouted to us to wait for him.

ဒေလာကဆရင to န႔ ပတသကတာ A ေတာA တန သေလာကပါၿပ။

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၁၀)...

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ much (of), many (of), a lot of, lots (of) တ႔႕ရ႕

A သးျပပေတြက ရငးျပေပးသြားမာ ျဖစတယ။

A ျပသေဘာ ၀ါက (affirmative sentence) ေတြမာ သးေလသးထ ရတာကေတာ

much (of), many (of) တ႔ထက a lot of, lots (of) တ႔က ပၿပး သးတတပါတယ။

ပထမUးဆး much န႔ many က ေျပာျပပါမယ။

much က ေရတြကလ႔ မရတနာမ (Uncountable Noun) ေတြမာ သးၿပး many

ကေတာ A မားကနး နာမေတြမာ သးပါတယ။ A large amount of ဟာ much of

န႔ တၿပး a large number of ကေတာ many of န႔ တပါတယ။ ေA ာကက

စာေၾကာငးေတြက ေလလာၾကညပါ။

- Much debate has been heard about Thornton’s new book.

- There could be many explanations for this.

- Much of her fiction describes women in unhappy marriages.

- A large amount of the food was inedible.

(A large of amount of A စား much of ကလညး သးႏငပါတယ)

- The book contains a large number of pictures, many in colour.

(A large of number A စား many of ကလညး သးႏငပါတယ)

ၿပးေတာ Much န႔ many က နာမစား (Pronoun) ေတြA ျဖစလညး A သးျပလ႔

ရပါတယ။

- There is no guarantee of a full recovery. Much depends on how well

she responds to treatment.

- The government’s policies have done much to reduce unemployment.

- Many have argued that she is the finest poet of our generation.

- (ဒ၀ါကက many က people က ေျပာတာပါ)

- Not once did I see a tiger in the jungle, although I heard many.

A ခနန႔ ေန႔ရကေတြက ေဖာျပတ A ခါမာ a lot of, lots of တ႔ထက many ကပ

A သးမားတယ ဆတာ ဆကၾကညပါUး။

- We used to spend many hours driving to Melbourne and back.

- He was the founder of a company now worth many millions of pounds.

Many က the, my, its, his, he စတာေတြန႔ ေရတြကလ႔ရတ နာမA မား (Plural

Countable Noun) ေတြရ႕ A ေနာကမာလညး သးႏငပါတယ။

- Among the many unknowns after the earthquake is the extent of

damage to the foundations of buildings.

- The gallery is exhibiting some of his many famous paintings of ships.

Many က ထပၿပးေတာ နာမA နညး (Singular Noun) န႔လညး သးႏငပါတယ။

ေရးသားနညးကေတာ သတထားရမာပါ။

- The manager must have spent many a sleepless night worrying about

his team selection.

(ဒ၀ါကမာ many က a sleepless night တစခလးက ရညညႊနးတာပါ)

- Many a pupil at the school will be pleased that Latin is no longer

compulsory.

(ဒ၀ါကမာ many က a pupil တစခလးက ရညညႊနးတာပါ)

တစခါတရမာ a lot of, lots of တ႔က ေရတြကလ႔ မရတနာမမား၊ A မားကနး

ေရတြကလ႔ ရတ နာမ (Uncountable and Plural Countable Noun) ေတြန႔လညး

သးတတပါတယ။

- We took lots of food and drink on our walk through the hills.

- Jim doesn’t look well. He’s lost a lot of weight.

- It will be very hot on the journey, so make sure you bring a lot of

drinking water.

- We were surprised when a lot of students failed to attend the lecture.

- He didn’t have a lot of money left, so he decided to catch the bus

rather than take a taxi.

- A lot of staff at the hospital have come down with a mysterious illness.

- I’m looking forward to a relaxing holiday, and I’m taking a lot of books

to read.

က… သငခနးစာေတြ ဒေလာကဆရင A ေတာA တန သေဘာေပါကေလာကပါၿပ။

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၁၁)…

ဒသငခနးစာမာ ကေတာ A ဂၤလပစာေတြမာ မားတတတ singular (A နညးကနး) န႔ plural (A မားကနး) တ႔ပ ျဖစပါတယ။ A ဒ A နညးကနးန႔ A မားကနးေတြဟာ မနသလလန႔ မားသြားတတၾကလ႔ ေဖာျပေပးလကတာပါ။ တစခါတေလ ပစၥညးတစခမာ A စတA ပငး ႏစခ ပါေနရင A မားကနးက သးရပါတယ။ Uပမာ - Trousers (ေဘာငးဘရည), jeans (ဂငးေဘာငးဘ), tights (Aမးသမး၀တ Aသားကပ ေဘာငးဘရည), shorts (ေဘာငးဘတ), pants (ေဘာငးဘရည)

A ဒ A ၀တA စားမာ ေျခေထာကႏစဖက ပါေနတA တြက A မားကနးေတြကပ သးထားပါတယ။ ေနာကၿပး ထးျခားတာေတြလညး ထပေလလာၾကညပါUး။ Pyjamas (Aပယာ၀င ၀တစ) ဆရင A ေပၚA က ႌန႔ ေဘာငးဘ တစစ ျဖစလ႔ A မားကနး သးတယ။ Glasses (မကမန) ကလညး မကစ ႏစဖကA တြက ျဖစလ႔ A မားကနးပါပ။ Binoculars (မနေျပာငး) လညးပ မကစႏစဖက A တြက A မားကနးက သးတယ။ Scissors (ကတေၾကး) လညး A သြားႏစဖက ပါေတာ A မားကနးေပါ။

Aဒ စာလးေတြက ၀ါကမာ ထညသးရငေတာ သတထား ေရးရမာ ျဖစၿပး မားႏငတာေလးေတြ ကလညး ေAာကမာ ခြျခား ျပေပးထားတာ ၾကညလကပါUး။ (1) My trousers are too long. (my trousers is လ႔ မေရးရဘး) (2) Those are nice jeans. (or) That is a nice pair of jeans. (a nice jeans ဆရင မားတယ)

(3) I need some new glasses. (or) I need a new pair of glasses. (a new glasses မျဖစရဘး)

တခ႕ စာလးေတြ ကေတာ ics, s ေတြ ေပါငးထားေပမယလညး Aမားကနးေတြ မဟတျပနဘး။

Aဒ စာလးေတြက - Gymnastics, athletics, economics, electronics, maths (mathematics),

physics, polotics, news.

သတ႔ေတြဟာ Aမားကနးေတြ မဟတတ Aတြက ၀ါက မာလညး သတထားရမယ။ (1) Gymnastics is my favourite sport. (Gymnastics are မဟတဘးေနာ) (2) What time is the news on television? (are the news လ႔ မေရးရဘး)

တခ႕ စာလးေတြကေတာ Aနညးကနးေရာ Aမားကနးေရာ သးလ႔ ရေနျပနေရာ။ Uပမာ - (1) means – a means of transport, many means of transport

(2) series – a television series, two television series

(3) species – a species of bird, 200 species of bird

Aနညးကနး စကားလးေတြ ျဖစေနေပမယလညး တခါတရမာ Aမားကနး ပစမးန႔ သးတတတာေလး ကလညး ဆကၿပး ၾကညပါUး။ Government, audience, committee, company, family, firm, staff, team.

Aဒ စကားလးေတြဟာ AပစAဖြ႕လက ရေနတယ ဆတ သေဘာက ေဆာငတယ ဒါေၾကာင Aမားကနး (they) ပစကလညး သးလ႔ ရတယ။ (၁) The government (they) want to increase taxes.

(၂) The staff at the school (they) are not happy with their new working

conditions.

(၃) Italy are playing Brazil next week. (ဒ၀ါကမာ Aတလဟာ ေဘာလး Aသငးက Aားကစား သမားေတြက ကယစားျပတယ)

(4) Shell have increased the price of petrol. (Shell ေရန ကမၸဏဟာ Aပစ Aဖြ႕ ျဖစတယ)

သတ႔က Aနညးကနး Aေနန႔ ျပနသးခငရငေတာ ဒလ ျပနေရးလကေပါ။ ဒါဆရင တစUးခငးစ ျဖစသြားၿပ။ (1) The government wants to increase taxes.

(2) The staff at the school is not happy with his new working conditions.

(3) Italy is playing Brazil next week.

(4) Shell has increased the price of petrol.

ဒါေပမ police ကေတာ Aၿမတမး Aမားကနးမာပ သးရမယ။ The police are investigating the murder, but haven’t arrested anyone

yet.

Police က Aနညးကနး ေရးလ႔ ရတ ပစ ေတြကေတာ

A police officer, a policeman, a policewoman. တ႔ ျဖစတယ။ သတထားရမာက a police လ႔ေတာ ေရးလ႔ မရဘးေနာ။

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၁၂)…

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ Articles ေတြန႔ ပတသကၿပး သးႏႈနးထားပက

ေျပာျပေပးသြားပါမယ။

A ဒ article ေတြဟာ လြယတယလ႔ ထငရေပမ A သးမားရငးလညး တကတ

A ဓပၸာယ မားတတတ A တြက ေဖာျပေပးလကပါတယ။

Articles ေတြကေတာ a, an, the န႔ zero article တ႔ပ ျဖစပါတယ။

Zero article ဆတာက noun ေတြရ႕ A ေရ႕မာ a, an, the တ႔ မရတာက

ဆလတာပါ။

သာမနA ားျဖင မတထားရမာက “a/an” တ႔ဟာ မတကတ article ျဖစၿပး “the”

ကေတာ တကတ article ျဖစပါတယ။

“the” က A ဓကA ားျဖင သဘာ၀ A မနတရား၊ ပထ၀ ေဒသဆငရာ စကားလး၊

A ခနန႔ ပတသကတ စကားလး၊ ေလာကမာ ရေနတ A ေၾကာငးA ရာေတြ

A ထက တစခက ရညညႊနး ေျပာဆတ A ခါမာ သးေလ ရပါတယ။

Uပမာ -

The world, the sky, the atmosphere, the sun, the moon, the ground, the

climate, the sea, the horizon, the human race, the environment, the

travel industry (ခရသြား လပငနး), the arms trade (လကနက

A ေရာငးA ၀ယ), the beach, the country, the countryside, the town, the

seaside, the forest, the past, the present, the future, etc…

ေA ာကက ၀ါကေတြက ေလလာၾကညပါ။

- We looked up at all the stars in the sky.

- Would you like to live in the country?

- We must do more to protect the environment.

- What is the longest river in the world?

- The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round the earth.

- Have you ever crossed the equator?

- I’d like to live near the sea.

- Milan is in the north of Italy.

- Jim has travelled a lot in the Middle East.

- The south of England is warmer than the north.

ဒါေပမ သတထားရမာကေတာ A ခ႕ nouns ေတြက zero article ေတြ

သးႏငပါတယ။

- Climate is one of the many factors involved in changing farming

methods.

(The climate လ႔ သးရငလညး ရပါတယ)

- The flowers grow best in sandy soil and sun.

(ဒ၀ါကမာ sun က sunshine ေနေရာငျခညA ျဖစ သးထားတာပါ။ ဒါေၾကာငမ႔ the

sun လ႔ ေရးစရာ မလပါဘး)

- In autumn, the temperature difference between land and sea reduces.

(the land and the sea လ႔ ေရးရငလညး မနပါတယ)

သးျခား ျဖစစUက ေဖာျပခငရငလညး a, an, the တ႔က A ဆငသငသလ

သးသြားလ႔ ရပါတယ။

- I could see the plane high up in the sky.

- When I woke up, there was a bright blue sky.

- What are your plans for the future?

(ေသခာတ A နာဂတက ဆလတယ)

- She dreamt of a future where she could spend more time painting.

(လာမယ A နာဂတ တစခခက ဆလတယ)

Singular countable nouns က A သးျပရငး A ရာ၀တ A မးA စား A ပစေတြက

ရညညႊနးဖ႔ ဆရငလညး သာမနA ားျဖင “the” က သးၾကပါတယ။

Uပမာ -

- The computer has revolutionized publishing.

ကြနပတာဟာ ပႏပ ထတေ၀ျခငး လပငနးေတြ A ျဖစ လး၀ ေျပာငးလကနၿပ။

- The computer is an important research tool.

ကြနပတာဟာ A ေရးႀကး လပငနးေတြမာ သပက A သး၀ငတ စကကရယာ

တစခပါပ။

(ဒ၀ါက ေတြမာ“the computer” ဆတာက ကြနပတာေတြ A ားလးက

ရညညႊနးပါတယ)

“The computers” A မားကနး ပစ သးႏငတာကလညး ဆကၾကညပါUး။

- The computers have arrived. Where shall I put them?

- By the help of the computers with internet, the pious people can

propagate sending the teachings of the Bhddha.

- The computers are essential for all the people.

တခ႕ countable ေရာ uncountable ေရာ ႏစမး သးႏငတ noun ေတြမာ article

ေတြ သးထားပက ႏႈငးယU ၾကညရေA ာင။

- I don’t drink coffee.

- Would you like a coffee?

- She’s got blonde hair.

- There’s a hair in my soup!

- He shook with fear.

- He has a fear of heights.

- I just don’t understand grammar.

- I looked the answer up in a grammar.

- She made a wonderful speech at the wedding.

- His speech has been affected by the illness.

A လပA ကင A မးA စား တရာ A ပစA ထမာ တစခ ျဖစေၾကာငးက ေျပာလလင

a/an က သးပါတယ။

- She was a company director when she retired.

- Against her parents’ wishes, she wants to be a journalist.

- I am a production manager at the factory.

Article ေတြက သာမနA ားျဖင သးတာန႔ တကၿပး A ေလးထား သးထားတ

ပစေတြက ဆကၿပး ေလလာၾကညပါ။

- The government has promised not to tax books. (စာA ပ A ားလး)

- The books have arrived. (မာထားတ စာA ပေတြ)

- Music played an important part in his life. (ဂတ A ားလး)

- I thought the music used in the film was the best part. (ရပရငA တြက

ဂတ)

- I’ll see you on Saturday. (လာမယ စေန)

- They arrived on a Saturday as far as I can remember. (စေနေန႔

တစေန႔ေန႔က)

- They arrived on the Saturday after my birthday. (ေမြးေန႔ၿပး စေနေန႔)

- In the summer, I try to spend as much time as I can in the garden.

(A ခလကရ ေႏြရာသ)

- We watched the news on television. (ပမန TV)

- Can you turn off the television, please? (လကရ ၾကညေနတ TV)

- I have to go to the bank today. (သြားလတ ဘဏ)

- Is there a bank near here? (ဘဏ တစခခ)

- Tim sat down on a chair. (ထငခ တစခခ)

- Tim sat down on the chair nearest the door. (တခါးန႔ A နးဆး ထငခမာ)

- Paula is looking for a job. (A လပ တစခခ)

- Did Paula get the job she applied for? (ေလာကထားတ A လပ)

- Have you got a car? (ကား တစစးစး)

- I cleaned the car yesterday. (သန႔ရငးေရး လပၿပးတ ကား)

- I’d like to go skiing in the autumn. (ဒႏစ ေဆာငးUး)

- I will see you again in the New Year. (လာမယ ႏစသစ)

- There was a winter I’ll never forget. (မေမႏငခတ ေဆာငးရာသ တစခ)

- There was the winter we went to Norway. (ေနာေ၀က သြားခတ ေႏြရာသ)

- I enjoyed the morning, but in the afternoon the course was boring.

(ၿပးခတ နနက န႔ ေန႔လယ)

- Morning is the time I work best. (ပမန နနကခငးတငး)

- “You look upset.” “Yes, I’ve had a terrible morning.” (A ဆငမေျပခတ

မနကခငး တစခ)

- I generally go by bus to work. (ဘစကားA ားလး)

- I generally take the bus to work. (သြားေနက ဘစကား)

helping verb န႔ တြထားတ superlative adjective (-est) ရ႕ A ေရ႕မာ “zero

article” A ၿမ သးၿပး

noun န႔ တြထားတ superlative adjective (-est) ရ႕ A ေရ႕မာ “the” က

သးရပါတယ။

A ဓပၸာယတ ၀ါက ႏစခစက ႏႈငးယU ေလလာႏငေA ာင ေရးေပးထားပါတယ။

- The hotel I could find was cheapest.

- It was the cheapest hotel I could find.

- The young player is finest around at the moment.

- He is the finest young player around at the moment.

- It’s supposed to be the oldest post office in the country.

- It’s supposed the post office was oldest in the country.

- The ice-cream I’ve ever tasted is best.

- It’s the best ice-cream I’ve ever tasted.

- The painting is by far most valuable in the collection.

- This is by far the most valuable painting in the collection.

- The Pacific is the biggest ocean in the world.

- The Pacific ocean is biggest in the world.

Article ေတြန႔ ပတသကၿပး ေလလာစရာေတြက ကနပါေသးတယ။

ဒါကေတာ A ေရးပါၿပး A သးမားတ ပစေတြကသာ ေဖာျပေပးလကတာပါ။

ဒေလာကဆရင article ေတြA ေၾကာငး တေစတေစာငး သေလာကပါၿပ...

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၁၃)…

Relative Clauses (ဆကစပေပးေသာ စကားစ) ေတြဟာ A ဂၤလပ

စာေၾကာငးေတြမာ A သးA မားဆး A ထက တစခ ျဖစပါတယ။

ဒါေၾကာင ဒသငခနးစာမာ who/that/which တ႔န႔ ဆကထားတ clause (စကားစ)

ေတြက ရငးျပေပးပါမယ။ သကရကေတာ who န႔ ဆကၿပးေတာ သကမ

A ရာ၀တေတြက that/which တ႔န႔ ဆကရပါတယ။

ပထမUးဆး clause ဆတာ ဘာလ လ႔ သဖ႔လပါတယ။ Clause ဆတာက Verb

တစခ ပါ၀ငေနတ စကားစ တစခသာ ျဖစပါတယ။ ၀ါက တစခမာ clause တစခ

သ႔မဟတ တစခထက ပၿပး ပါႏငပါတယ။

ေA ာကက စာေၾကာငးက A ရငၾကညပါ။

The woman is a doctor. She lives next door.

ဒါမ မဟတရင -

The woman lives next door. She is a doctor.

A ဒ ၀ါက ႏစေၾကာငးက ေA ာကက A တငး ႏစေၾကာငး ေရးႏငတယ။

The woman who is a doctor lives next door.

ဆရာ၀န တစေယာက ျဖစတ A မးသမးဟာ ေနာက တစခနးမာ ေနပါတယ။

ဒါမ မဟတရင -

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

ေနာက တစခနးမာ ေနတ A မးသမးက ဆရာ၀န တစေယာက ျဖစတယ။

(ဒ ၀ါကက ပၿပးေတာ A ဓပၸာယ သငေလာပါတယ)

ဒ၀ါကေတြမာ စာလး A ေစာငးေတြန႔ ျပထားတ စာေၾကာငးေတြက relative

clause ျဖစတယ။

The girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.

မေတာတဆ ထခကမႈေၾကာင ဒါဏရာ ရသြားတ မနးကေလးက A ခ ေဆးရမာပါ။

That/ which တ႔န႔ ဆကတ ၀ါကကလညး ဆကၿပး ေလလာပါUး။ that န႔ which

က A သး တပါတယ။ ဒါေပမ which က A ထးသျဖင object ေနရာေတြမာ

A သးမားပါတယ။

I don’t like the stories. They have unhappy endings.

I don’t like the stories that/which have unhappy endings.

(that န႔ which ႏစခလး သးႏငပါတယ)

ေပာရႊငဖ႔ မေကာငးတ ဇာတသမးပငးေတြ ပါတ ဇာတလမးေတြက ကၽြနေတာ

မႀကကဘး။

The boy works for a company. The company makes furniture.

The boy works for a company that/which makes furniture.

လကေလးက ပရေဘာကေတြ လပတ ကမၸဏ တစခမာ A လပလပပါတယ။

A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.

The bus that/which goes to the airport runs every half hour.

ေလဆပက သြားေသာ ဘတစကားသည နာရ၀ကတငး ေျပးဆြပါသည။

(ဒ ၀ါကမာ သတထား ရမာက A ထကက A bus က The bus ေျပာငးရပါတယ)

ေA ာကက ေလကငခနး ၀ါက ႏစခစက တစေၾကာငးတညး ျဖစေA ာင relative

clause ေတြ ဆကေပးပါ။

မမ ေျဖလကတ A ေျဖ မန၊ မမနက ျပနတကၾကညလကပါUး။

A ေျဖေတြက ေA ာကမာ ဆကၿပး ေရးေပးထားပါတယ။

(1) I’ve never spoken to the man. He lives next door.

(2) The waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.

(3) A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.

(4) Some people were arrested. They have now been released.

(5) A driver caused the accident. He was fined $ 500.

(6) We live in a world. It is changing all the time.

(7) The police have caught the men. They stole my car.

(8) Do you know the person? He took these photographs.

(9) Where’s the nearest shop? It sells newspapers.

(10) What happened to the picture? They were on the wall.

Ans:

(1) I’ve never spoken to the man who lives next door.

(2) The waitress who served us was impolite and impatient.

(3) The building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been

rebuilt.

(4) The people who were arrested have now been released.

(5) The driver who caused the accident was fined $ 500.

(6) We live in a world that/which is changing all the time.

(7) The police have caught the men who stole my car.

(8) Do you know the person who took these photographs?

(9) Where’s the nearest shop that/which sells newspapers?

(10) What happened to the picture that/which were on the wall?

ေနာက သငခနးစာ မာေတာ relative clause တ႔ရ႕ A သးA ႏႈနး မတပေတြက

ဆကၿပး ေျပာျပ ေပးသြားပါမယ။

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၁၄)…

တစခါတေလ Relative Clauses (who/that/which) တ႔ မပါဘန႔ သးႏငတ

၀ါကေလးေတြက ေျပာျပေပးသြားပါမယ။

The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.

ဒ၀ါကမာ who က မပါဘန႔ ေရးလ႔လညး ရပါတယ။

The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday.

A ဒါန႔ ပစတ ၀ါကေတြက ဆကၿပးၾကညပါ။

(1) Have you found the keys that you lost? (or)

Have you found the keys you lost?

A ဒ ၀ါကမာ the keys you lost them ဆၿပး the keys ရ႕ နာမစား them က

ထညေရးလ႔ မရပါဘး။

(2) The dress that Liz bought doesn’t fit her very well. (or)

The dress Liz bought doesn’t fit her very well.

ဒ၀ါကမာ The dress Liz bought it လ႔ it က the dress နာမစား A ျဖစ

ထညေရးလ႔ မရဘး။

(3) Are these the books that/which you were looking for? (or)

Are these the books you were looking for?

ဒ၀ါကမာ the books you were looking for them လ႔ the books A တြက

နာမစား them က ေရးလ႔ မရဘး။

(4) What have you done with the money that/which I gave you? (or)

What have you done with the money I gave you?

(5) The people who we met last night were very nice. (or)

The people we met last night were very nice.

(6) What’s the worst film that/which you’ve ever seen? (or)

What’s the worst film you’ve ever seen?

(7) The woman who he fell in love with left him after a month. (or)

The woman he fell in love with left him after a month.

(8) I gave her all the money that I had. (or)

I gave her all the money I had.

(9) The people who I work with are very industrious. (or)

The people I work with are very industrious.

(10) I didn’t get the job that/which I applied for. (or)

I didn’t get the job I applied for.

A ခ A ထကမာ ေဖာျပခတ ၀ါကေတြမာ who/that/which က ထညသးတာန႔

ေဖာကထားတာန႔ ႏစမးသးႏငတာက ေျပာျပေပးသြားတာပါ။

ေနာကသငခနးစာမာလညး Relative Clauses A သးေတြက ဆကၿပး

ေရးသြားေပးပါUးမယ။

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၁၅)...

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ Relative Clauses ျဖစေA ာင Whose/Whom/Where န႔ A သးျပ ပေတြက ေလလာ ၾကညရေA ာင။

His, her, their တ႔ရ႕ ေနရာမာ Relative Clauses ျဖစတ whose A သးျပပကေတာ -

(a) We saw some people.

(b) Their car had broken down.

A ဒ ၀ါက ႏစေၾကာငးက တစေၾကာငးတညးျဖစေA ာင လပၾကညရေA ာင။ Underline ရတ စာလးကေတာ ၀ါက တစခလးရ႕ Verb ျဖစပါတယ။

- We saw some people whose car had broken down.

ကားပကေနတ လေတြက ကၽြနေတာတ႔ ျမငခရတယ။ Their ေနရာမာ whose က A သးျပလကပါတယ။

Whom ကေတာ က - ခရသ object

သကရ ေနရာမာ သးရပါတယ။ (a) The woman was away.

(b) I wanted to see her.

တစေၾကာငးတညး ျဖစေA ာင whom န႔ ဆကသြယလကရေA ာင။ - The whoman whom I wanted to see was away.

ကၽြႏပေတြ႕ခငခတ Aမးသမးကေတာ Aေ၀းမာပါ။

Whom ရ႕ ေနာက၀ါက တစခကလညး ဆကၿပး ၾကညပါUး။ (a) The people are very nice.

(b) I work with them.

- The people with whom I work are very nice.

ကၽြနေတာန႔ AလပAတတ Aလပလပေနတ လေတြကေတာ သပက ေကာငးပါတယ၊ လ႔ A ဆငေျပေA ာင ဘာသာျပနရပါမယ။

Where က ေနရာ န႔ ပတသကၿပး Aသးျပပ ဆကၿပးေတာ ေလလာပါUး။ (a) The restaurant was near the airport.

(b) We had dinner there.

- The restaurant where we had dinner was near the airport.

ကၽြနေတာတ႔ ညစာ စားခတ စားေသာကဆငက ေလဆပနားမာပါ။

Whose/Whom/Where တ႔န႔ ပတသကတ ေAာကက သငခနးစာေတြက ေျဖၾကညၿပး Aေျဖေတြက ဆကၿပး ၾကညလကရေAာင။

(1) I recently went back to the town. I grew up there.

(2) An orphan is a child. His parents are dead.

(3) He fell in love with the woman. She left him after a month.

(4) What is the name of the man? You borrowed his car.

(5) You work in a factory. The factory is going to close down next

month.

(6) What was the name of the person? You spoke to him on the phone.

(7) I met somebody. Her mother writes detective stories.

(8) A cemetery is a place. People are buried there.

(9) My wife is an English teacher. Her teachings are very easy to

understand.

(10) The Govenor helps the difficulties of the public. I have the greatest

respect for him.

က Aေျဖေတြက ၾကညလကပါUး။ (1) I recently went back to the town where I grew up.

(2) An orphan is a child whose parents are dead.

(3) The woman with whom he fell in love left him after a month.

(4) What is the name of the man whose car you borrowed?

(5) The factory where I work is going to close down next month.

6) What was the name of the person to whom you spoke on the phone?

(7) I met somebody whose mother writes detective stories.

(8) A cementery is a place where people are buried.

(9) My wife is an English teacher whose teachings are very easy to

understand.

(10) The Govenor for whom I have the greatest respect helps the

difficulties of the public.

Aဂၤလပ Grammar သငခနးစာ (၁၆)...

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ နာမ၀ေသသန Adjective ႏစခ ထပၿပး သးထားပက

ေျပာျပေပးသြားပါမယ။

A ဒါေလးေတြက လြယသေယာငေယာငန႔ မားတတလ႔ပါ။

ပထမUးစြာ သထားရမာက Opinion Adjective ေခၚတ စတခစားမႈန႔ ဆငတ

နာမ၀ေသသနေတြ ကပါ။

တစစတစUးဟာ တစခခ ဒါမမဟတ တစUးUးန႔ ပတသကၿပး

ေတြးထငတာေတြက ေျပာပါတယ။

A ဒါေတြကေတာ -

Nice, insteresting, delicious, beautiful, etc.,…

ေနာက တစခက Fact Adjective လ႔ ေခၚတ ျဖစရပမန နာမ၀ေသသန ပါပ။

သတ႔ေတြဟာ A သက၊ A ရြယA စား၊ A ေရာင A စရတ ျဖစရပမန

A ခကA လကေတြက ေပးပါတယ။

A ဒါေတြကေတာ -

Long, new, round, young, hot, large, wooden, etc.,…

A ဒ Adjective A မးA စား ပစ ႏစခ က A ၾကမးဖငး သသြားၿပဆရင

ေA ာကက ၀ါကက ေလလာၾကညရေA ာင။

- My brother lives in a nice new house.

- In the kitchen, there was a beautiful wooden table.

ဒ၀ါက ႏစေၾကာငးမာ ေရးထားတာက ၾကညပါ။ opinion adjective (nice,

beautiful) က fact adjective (new, wooden) မတငမ ေရးထားပါတယ။

ဆလတာက စတခစားမႈန႔ ဆငတာက A ရငUးစြာ ေရးၿပးမ လကေတြ႕ တကယ

ျဖစေနတာ က ေနာကမ လကေရးရမာပါ။

ေနာကထပ A တ ေရးၿပး ရငးျပထားတာက ဆကၿပး ေလလာပါ။

Opinion Fact Noun

A nice long summer holiday.

An interesting young man.

The Delicious hot vegetable soup.

တစခါတစရ ဆရင Fact Adjectives ေတြက A တတ ထပခါထပခါ

သးတတပါတယ။ A ၿမလလ မဟတေသာလညး ပမနA ားျဖငေတာ

A ထားA သက ေA ာကက A တငး A စUလက ေရးသငပါတယ။

(1) How big?

(2) How old?

(3) What colour?

(4) Where from?

(5) What is it made of?

A ဒါေတြ ၿပးမ Noun က ေရးပါတယ။

A မတစU (၁) ကေန (၅) A ထ A စUလက ေရးထားပက ေလလာၾကညပါ။

A tall young man. (1 --- 2)

Big blue eyes. (1 --- 3)

A large wooden table. (1 --- 5)

An old Russian song. (2 --- 4)

A small black plastic bag. (1 --- 3 --- 5)

An old white cotton shirt. (2 --- 3 --- 5)

A ရြယA စား၊ A လားA တငးA တာ (big/small/tall/short/long, etc.) ေတြဟာ

ပသ႑ာနန႔ A ကယA ၀နး (round/fat/thin/slim/wide, etc.) ေတြမတငမ

A ၿမလလ ေရးရပါတယ။

- A large round table.

- A tall thin girl.

- A long narrow street.

ႏစခ ဒါမမဟတ ႏစခထက ပတ A ေရာငက ေဖာျပတ adjective ေတြက and န႔

ဆကၿပးမ ေရးရပါတယ။

- black and white dress.

- A red, white and green flag.

And န႔ ဆကလ႔ မရတ ပစ တစခကေတာ -

- A long black dress. လ႔ပ ေရးရပါတယ။

- A long and black dress. လ႔ မေရးရပါဘး။

A ထကက ရငးျပတာက နားလညၿပ ဆရငေတာ ေA ာကက သငခနးစာ ေတြက

ေလလာၾကညၿပး A ေျဖ ျပနစစၾကညေပါ။

Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.

(1) A beautiful table (wooden/round)

(2) An unusual ring. (gold)

(3) An old house. (beautiful)

(4) Black gloves. (leather)

(5) An American film. (old)

(6) A long face. (thin)

(7) Big clouds. (black)

(8) A sunny day. (lovely)

(9) An ugly dress. (yellow)

(10) A wide avenue. (long)

(11) A red car. (old/little)

(12) A new sweater. (green/nice)

(13) A metal box. (black/small)

(14) A big cat. (fat/black)

(15) A little village. (old/lovely)

(16) Long hair. (black/beautiful)

(17) An old painting. (interesting/French)

(18) An enormous umbrella. (red/yellow)

Answers…..

(1) a beautiful round wooden table.

(2) an unusual gold ring.

(3) a beautiful old house.

(4) black leather gloves.

(5) an old American film.

(6) a long thin face.

(7) big black clouds.

(8) a lovely sunny day.

(9) an ugly yellow dress.

(10) a long wide avenue.

(11) a little old red car.

(12) a nice new green sweater.

(13) a small black metal box.

(14) a big fat black car.

(15) a lovely little old village.

(16) beautiful long black hair.

(17) an interesting old French painting.

(18) an enormous red and yellow umbrella.

ဒေလာကဆရင Opinion Adjective န႔ Fact Adjective သငခနးစာန႔ ပတသကၿပး

A ေတာေလးက ျပညစၿပလ႔ ထငပါတယ။

Aဂၤလပ grammar သငခနးစာမား (၁၇)...

ဒသငခနးစာမာေတာ hardly ရ႕ A သးျပပက ေျပာျပေပးသြားပါမယ။

Hardly ရ႕ A ဓပၸာယကေတာ A လြနနညးပါးျခငး (very little)၊ A မားစမဟတျခငး (almost not) စတ သေဘာက ေဆာငပါတယ။ Min Min wasn’t very friendly at the class.

He hardly spoke to me.

မငးမငးက A တနးထမာ သပၿပးေတာ ရငးႏးေဖာေရြတာ မရဘး။ သက ငါက စကား နညးနညးပ ေျပာတယ။ We’ve only met once or twice.

We hardly know each other.

ငါတ႔ေတြ တစခါ ႏစခါ ေလာကပ ေတြ႕ဆဖးၾကတယ။ ငါတ႔ တစUးန႔ တစUး သဖ႔ သပမလြယလဘး။

Hard န႔ hardly တ႔ရ႕ ကြျပားပေလးကလညး ၾကညပါUး။ He tried hard to find a job, but he had no luck.

သက A လပတစခ ရဖ႔ ႀကးစားခပါတယ။ ဒါေပမ သ ကမေကာငးခဘး။ I am not surprised he didn’t find a job.

He hardly tried to find one.

သ A လပ ရာမရတာ ငါ မA ၾသပါဘး။ သက A လပရာဖ႔ သပမ မႀကးစားဘ။ ဒ ၀ါကေတြမာ ပထမ tried hard က ႀကးစားပမးစား လပေဆာငတာ ျဖစၿပး ဒတယ hardly tried ကေတာ ႀကးစားပမးစား မလပတာ ျဖစတယ။

ေနာကတစခ hardly က any/anybody/ anyone/anything/anywhere တ႔န႔လညး တြသးႏငပါတယ။ A: How much money have we got?

B: Hardly any.

A: ေငြဘယေလာက တ႔ေတြ ရခလ?

B: နညးနညးေလးပါပ။ Hardly any ဆတာ Aနညးငယ က ဆလပါတယ။ လး၀ မရတာလ႔ေတာ မဆလပါဘး။ These two cameras are very similar.

There’s hardly any difference between.

ဒ ကငမရာႏစခက သပက ဆငတတာပ။ သတ႔ႏစခက နညးနညးေတာ ကြျပားမႈ ရတယ။ The exam results were very bad.

Hardly anybody in our class passed.

စာေမးပြ ေA ာငစာရငးက ေတာေတာက ဆးတာပ။ တ႔A တနးထမာ ရတ သ နညးနညးပ ေA ာငတယ။ There’s hardly anything in the fridge.

ေရခေသတာထမာ ဘာမ မရဘး။

Aဓပၸာယ တေပမလညး hardly AထားAသ ေျပာငးႏငတာက ဆကၿပး ေလလာပါUး။ She said hardly anything.

She hardly said anything.

သမက စကား နညးနညးပ ေျပာတယ။ We’ve got hardly any money.

We’ve hardly got any money.

ငါတ႔ ေငြနညးနညးပ ရတယ။

Hardly က Aျငငးသေဘာ ေဆာငထားတ ၀ါကလညး ရေသးတယ။ Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it.

မငးရ႕ လကေရးက ဆးလကတာ။ ငါ ဖတလ႔ မရဘး။ My leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk.

ငါေျခေထာကက ငါက ဒကၡ ေပးေနတာ။ ငါ လမးေလာကလ႔ မလြယဘး။

Hardly ever ရ႕ Aဓပၸာယကေတာ လး၀ (almost never) ဆတ Aဓပၸာယ ျဖစတယ။ I’m nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.

ငါက ညေနေတြဆ A မမာပ A ၿမရတတတယ။ A ျပငက လး၀မသြားဘး။

ေနာကထပ hardly က တစခခ မေသခာရငလညး သးပါေသးတယ။ It’s hardly surprising that you’re tired.

မငးပငပနးတယ ဆတာ A ၾသစရာေတာ မဟတဘး။ The situation is serious, but it’s hardly a crisis.

A ေျခA ေနက ေတာေတာ ျပငးထနတယ။ ဒါေပမ ေသေရးရငေရးေတာ မဟတတနရာဘး။

ေနာကဆးတစခ ထပေျပာျပလကပါUးမယ။ hard က adj ေရာ adv ေရာ သးထားပေလးပါ။ Moe Moe is a hard worker. (adj ပစ) မးမးက ႀကးစားတ A လပသမားတစေယာကပ။ Moe Moe works hard. (adv ပစ) မးမးက A လပႀကးစားတယ။

ဒါဆရငေတာ ေလကငခနးေလးေတြ ဆကလပၿပး ကယAေျဖက မန မမန ျပနစစ ၾကညၾကတာေပါ။ ကြငး၀ငးေပးထားတ (hard) က မန၊ မမန ဆနးစစၿပး hard လား hardly လား ဆတာ ျပငေပးပါ။ ေျဖရမယ grammar ပစေတြက Aထကမာ Aားလး ေျပာခၿပးပါၿပ။

Questions -

(1) I tried (hard) to remember her name, but I couldn’t.

(2) I’ll have to go shopping. There’s (hard) anything to eat.

(3) This coat is practically unused. I’ve (hard) worn it.

(4) It was a very warm day and there was (hard) any wind.

(5) We were so shocked when we heard the news, we could (hard)

speak.

(6) I listen to the radio quite often, but I (hard) ever watch television.

(7) Maung Khin is a good tennis player. He hits the ball (hard).

(8) She had to go to the court, but it’s (hard) a death sentence.

(9) The computer is too expensive. I can (hard) buy it.

(10) I am not surprised he would pass the subject. He (hard) studied for

that.

Answers -

(1) I tried hard to remember her name, but I couldn’t.

(2) I’ll have to go shopping. There’s hardly anything to eat.

(3) This coat is practically unused. I’ve hardly worn it.

(4) It was a very warm day and there was hardly any wind.

(5) We were so shocked when we heard the news, we could hardly

speak.

(6) I listen to the radio quite often, but I hardly ever watch television.

(7) Maung Khin is a good tennis player. He hits the ball hard.

(8) She had to go to the court, but it’s hardly a death sentence.

(9) The computer is too expensive. I can hardly buy it.

(10) I am not surprised he would pass the subject. He hardly studied for

that.