-
- 1 -
Sadraj Strana
0.1.Alfabet - Alphabet 3 1. Brojevi - Numbers 3
1.1. Glavni (cardinals) 3 1.2. Redni (ordinals) 4 1.3. Deobni
(fractional numerals) 5 1.4. Brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating
numerals) 5 1.5. Brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives) 5 1.6.
Broj nula (zero) 5
2. lan - The Article 5 2.1. Odreeni lan 6 2.2. Neodreeni lan
7
3. Glagoli - Verbs 9 3.1. Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs
(Helping Verbs) 10
3.1.1. Pomoni glagol "to be" - Auxiliary Verb "to be" 10 3.1.2.
Pomoni glagol "to have" - Auxiliary Verb "to have" 11 3.1.3. Pomoni
glagol "to do" - Auxiliary Verb "to do" 14
3.2. Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs 15 3.3. Nepotpuni
glagoli - Defective Verbs 15 3.4. Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli -
Regular and Irregular Verbs 16 3.5. Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli -
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 19 3.6. Povratni glagoli 19 3.7.
Viereni glagoli - Multi-word verbs 20
3.7.1. Frazalni glagoli 20 3.7.2. Predloni glagoli 20 3.7.3.
Frazalni predloni glagoli 21
3.8. "-ing" oblici - The "-ing" forms 21 3.9. Gerund - The
Gerund 22 3.10. Particip prezenta - The Present Participle 23 3.11.
Direktan i indirektan govor - Direct and Indirect Speech 24 3.12.
Klauze - Clauses 25
3.12.1. Nezavisne i zavisne klauze 26 3.12.2. Relativne klauze
27 3.12.3. Eliptine klauze 28
3.13. Kondicionali - The conditionals 28 3.13.1. Prvi
kondicional - realna mogunost
(First conditional: real possibility) 29 3.13.2. Drugi
kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost
(Second conditional - unreal possibility or dream) 29 3.13.3.
Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti
(Third conditional - no possibility) 30 3.13.4. Nulti
kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova
(Zero conditional - certainty) 30 3.13.5. Kondicionali - ukratko
31
3.14. Trpno stanje (pasiv) - Passive Voice 31 3.15. Slaganje
vremena - Sequence of Tenses 33
3.15.1. Slaganje glagolskih vremena 33 3.15.2. Slaganje vremena
sa infinitivima i participima 34
3.16. Sadanja vremena 35 3.16.1. Sadanje prosto vreme - Simple
Present Tense 35 3.16.2. Sadanje trajno vreme - Present Continuous
Tense 36 3.16.3. Sloeno sadanje vreme - Present Perfect Simple
Tense 38 3.16.4. Nesvreni perfekt - Present Perfect Continuous
Tense 39
-
- 2 -
Sadraj Strana
3.17. Prola vremena 41 3.17.1. Prolo svreno vreme - Past Simple
Tense 41 3.17.2. Prolo trajno vreme - The Past Continuous Tense 43
3.17.3. Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vreme) - The Past
Perfect Tense 44 3.17.4. Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt - The Past
Perfect
Continuous Tense 45 3.18. Budua vremena 45
3.18.1. Prosto budue vreme - Futur Simple Tense 45 3.18.2. Budue
trajno vreme - Futur Continuous Tense 46 3.18.3. Sloeno budue vreme
- Futur Perfect Tense 46 3.18.4. Futur Perfect Continuous 47
4. Imenice - Nouns 48 4.1. Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns 48 4.2.
Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns 50 4.3. Padei imenica - Cases of
Nouns 53
5. Pridevi - Adjectives 54 5.1. Poreenje prideva - Comparasion
54 5.2. Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju 55 5.3. Nepravilna
komparacija prideva - Irregular comparasion 56
6. Predlozi - Prepositions 56 7. Prilozi - Adverbs 58
7.1. Poreenje priloga 59 8. Uzvici - Interjections 60 9. Veznici
- Conjunctions 61 10. Zamenice - Pronouns 61
10.1. Line zamenice - Personal Pronouns 62 10.2. Prisvojne
zamenice - Possessive Pronouns 63 10.3. Povratne zamenice -
Reflexive Pronouns 63 10.4. Pokazne zamenice - Demonstrative
pronouns 64 10.5. Upitne zamenice - Interrogative Pronouns 64 10.6.
Relativne zamenice - Relative pronouns 65 10.7. Deobne zamenice -
Distributive Pronouns 66 10.8. Neodreene zamenice - Indefinite
Pronouns 67
11. Red rei - Word order 69 12. Skraenice na internetu 69 13.
Britansko i ameriko pisanje - British and American writing 70 14.
Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters 70 15. Znaci
interpunkcije - Punctuation 71
15.1. Taka - The full stop or period 72 15.2. Zarez - The comma
72 15.3. Dvotaka - The colon 73 15.4. Taka-zarez - The semicolon 74
15.5. Upitnik - The question mark 74
16. Lista najeih imenica koji imaju nepravilne oblike u mnoini
75 17. Izgovor (kopirano iz pdf e-knjige) 77
17.1. Naglasak 77 17.2. Samoglasnici - Vowels 77 17.3.
Dvoglasnici - Diphtrhongs 78 17.4. Suglasnici - Consonants 78 17.5.
Vie Suglasnika - More consonants 79 17.6. Transkripcija izgovora
79
18. Glasovi engleskog jezika (Fonetika) 79 18.1. Samoglasnici -
Vowels - i primeri 80 18.2. Dvoglasnici - Diphthongs - i primeri 81
18.3. Suglasnici - Consonants - i primeri (Primeri - 83 str.)
82
-
- 3 -
(0.1.) Alfabet - Alphabet
A, a (ei:) N, n (en) B, b (bi:) O, o (o:) C, c (si:) P, p (pi:)
D, d (di:) Q, q (kju:) E, e (i:) R, r (a:) F, f (ef) S, s (es:) G,
g (di:) T, t (ti:) H, h (eie) U, u (ju:) I, i (ai) V, v (vi:) J, j
(dei) W, w (dabl ju) K, k (kei) X, x (eks) L, l (el) Y, y (uai) M,
m (em) Z, z (zi, zed)
(1.) Brojevi - Numbers Brojevi mogu biti:
1. glavni (cardinals) 2. redni (ordinals) 3. diobni (fractional
numerals) 4. brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals) 5. brojevi
za umnoavanje (multiplicatives) 6. broj nula (zero)
(1.1.) Glavni brojevi - cardinals
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine
10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16
sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen
19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty one 22 twenty two etc. 30 thirty
40 fourty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a
hundred 101 a hundred and one 200 two hundred 1000 a thousand 2000
two thousand 1.000.000 a million 2.000.000 two million
-
- 4 -
Kao to se vidi, brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju
prve desetine doda sufiks "teen", izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka
(thirteen umjesto threeteen i fifteen umjesto fiveteen). Brojevi
desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty".
Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u naem
jeziku: 25 - twenty five, 71 - seventy one. Mogu se i jedinice, ali
samo za brojeve ispod 40, staviti na prvo mjesto i vezati pomou
"and" sa deseticama: 24 - four and twenty. Rei hundred i thousand
posle kojih dolazi manji broj od stotinu, vezuju se veznikom "and":
328 - three hundred and twenty eight 3.020 - three thousand and
twenty. Hundred i thousand dobijaju "s" u mnoini kada se javljaju
kao imenice: hundreds of men, thousands of insects. (stotine ljudi,
hiljade insekata) "One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava
se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje imenice u
reenici: Black gloves are stronger than white ones. (crne rukavice
su jae od belih) (1.2.) Redni brojevi - ordinals Prva tri redna
broja se tvore nepravilno:first (prvi), second (drugi) i third
(trei). Svi ostali redni brojevi prave se dodavanjem nastavka "th"
na glavne brojeve: seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth
(esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth (hiljaditi) etc.
Slova "ve" kod five postaju slovo "f" kod fifth (peti), fifteenth
(petnaesti) i fiftieth (pedeseti). Isto tako kod twelve se menja u
twelfth. Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine - ninth. Kod
desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th":
thirtieth (trideseti). Kod sastavljenih rei nastavak dobijaju samo
jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti). Redni brojevi se
upotrebljavaju umesto glavnih za oznaavanje: datuma meseca: the
nineteenth of May (devetnaesti Maj); rodoslovlje vladara: Henry the
Sixth (Henry VI) poglavlja u knjizi: chapter the tenth (glava
deseta); posle rei every, kao to su izrazi: every third day (svakog
treeg dana). Razlomci u nazivniku imaju redni broj: 4/5 - four
fifths 3/10 - three tenths Razlika je jedino kod 1/2 - one half i
1/4 - one quarter ili a quarter, 3/4 - three quarters. Redni
brojevi dobijaju odreeni lan the. the first class (prvi
razred).
-
- 5 -
(1.3.) Deobni brojevi - fractional numerals Izuzev broja half
(pola) svi deobni brojevi jednaki su sa rednim brojevima. U mnoini
dobijaju nastavak "s": four sevenths (etiri sedmice). Iza half
dolazi "a" ispred imenice: half a loaf (polovina hleba). Posle
broja, izraza i po (i polovina) prevodi se sa "and a half": two
leagues and a half (dve i po milje). (1.4.) Brojevi za ponavljanje
- repeating numerals Brojevi za ponavljanje prave se pomou rei
"times": four times (etiri puta),
twenty times (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (jedan put), twice
(dva puta), thrice (tri puta) zadrali su se jo u poeziji, inae su
zastareli.
(1.5.) Brojevi za umnoavanje - multiplicatives Brojevi za
umnoavanje prave se dodavanjem nastavka "fold" na glavne brojeve:
fourfold (etverostruk). Izuzetak je broj "twofold" koji se moe
izraziti jo reju double (dvostruk). (1.6.) Broj nula - zero Nula se
u engleskom jeziku kae naught ili zero: seven degrees below zero
(sedam stepeni ispod nule) 206 - two naught six U telefonskim
brojevima nula se izgovara kao glas "o" (ou): 32-049 - three two o
four nine. (2.) lan - The Article U engleskom jeziku postoje
odreeni i neodreeni lan. Odreeni lan je the. On je nepromenljiv:
the man, the woman, the house. Neodreeni lan je a ili an, a
koristimo ispred suglasnika: a chair, a university, a year; an
koristimo ispred samoglasnika: an hour, an apple, an elephant itd.
Da bi ste odredili koji, i da li upotrebiti lan postavite sebi
nekoliko pitanja: 1. Da li va italac zna o kome ili o emu govorite?
da ne koristite the preite na sledee pitanje 2. Da li je imenica u
jednini ili mnoini? jednini mnoini preite na sledee pitanje
izostavite lan 3. Moe li imenica biti u mnoini, tj. da li je
brojiva? (ta su brojive imenice?) Da Ne preite na sledee pitanje
izostavite lan
-
- 6 -
4. Da li govorite o pojedinanoj stvari ili uoptenoj ideji?
pojedinano uopteno preite na sledee pitanje izostavite lan 5. Da li
imenica poinje vokalima (a, e, i, o, u)? Da Ne koristite an
koristite a (2.1.) Odreeni lan Odreeni lan se upotrebljava: - kada
se govori o odreenom licu, stvari ili pojmu: send me the book
(poalji mi knjigu) - kada je re o imenici koja je blie odreena ili
poznata licu koje slua ili ita: I saw the teacher (video sam
uitelja), she gave the letter to her mother (dala je pismo svojoj
majci); - ispred imenica koje po naem shvatanju postoje u samo
jednom primerku: the Earth moves round the sun (Zemlja se okree oko
Sunca); - ako imenica u jednini odreuje celu vrstu, a ne samo
pojedinu stvar koja pripada toj vrsti: the Earth-satellite is
faster then the aeroplane (Zemljin satelit je bri od aviona); -
pred superlativima: this is the best thing you can do (to je
najbolja stvar koju moe uiniti); - ispred rednih brojeva: it is the
second day of my arrival here (drugi je dan otkako sam stigao
ovamo); - ispred "same": the same to you (isto i vama); - ispred
imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament
(parlament), The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The
Majestic (hotel) itd; - ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina:
the Times; - ispred linih imena koja se sastoje od prideva i
imenice: The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacific Ocean (Tihi okean);
- ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi); - ispred
imena posle kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno
(potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu); - ispred imena reka, plananskih
lanaca, jezera i mora: we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe);
- ispred prideva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice: the poor of
London (sirotinja Londona); - u nekim stalnim izrazima i frazama:
he made a joke at the expense of this old woman (naalio se na raun
ove starice) I don't want to run the risk (ne elim da
rizikujem).
-
- 7 -
Odreeni lan se ne upotrebljava: - ispred osobnih imenica: Jack
gave me an apple (Jack mi je dao jabuku); - bez lana su imenice
koje oznaavaju porodine odnose, a lanovi su porodice: mother called
me back (majka me je pozvala da se vratim); - imena dana, meseci i
godinjih doba: I shall come by Monday (doi u do ponedeljka); -
imena vrhova planina: Magli is the highest mountain in Bosnia
(Magli je najvea planina u Bosni); - man i woman se upotrebljavaju
bez lana kada oznaavaju celu vrstu, tj. ljudski rod: man is mortal
(ovek je smrtan); - gradivne imenice su bez lana: the table is made
of wood (sto je napravljen od drveta); - misaone imenice su bez
lana: I prefer music to poetry (vie volim muziku nego poeziju); -
imena obroka su bez lana: children, come, dinner is ready (deco,
doite, ruak je spreman); - imenice kao to su: school, college,
market, court, prison itd, idu bez lana ako oznaavaju rad koji se
tamo obavlja: after school children go home (posle kole deca se
vraaju kui), he was put in prison (stavljen je u zatvor); - uz
superlativ priloga lan se ne upotrebljava: he runs best (on
najbolje tri), she writes quickest (ona pie najbre); - lan se nikad
ne upotrebljava u nekim izrazima:
to be at work (biti u poslu) to catch fire (zapaliti se) to take
breath (odahnuti) to set sail (isploviti) to shake hands (rukovati
se) to lose courage (izgubiti hrabrost) by land (kopnom) hand in
hand (ruku pod ruku) by heart (napamet) on board (na brodu).
(2.2.) Neodreeni lan Neodreeni lan "a" upotrebljava se ispred
rei koje poinju suglasnikom, a oblik "an" se upotrebljava ispred
rei koje poinju samoglasnikom ili tihim "h": a man (ovjek), an open
window (otvoren prozor), an hour (as). Neodreeni lan upotrebljava
se samo sa imenicama koje imaju mnoinu. Misaone i gradivne imenice
koje nemaju mnoine i koje se ne mogu brojati, nemaju neodreeni lan:
I have a book (imam knjigu), ali I have time (imam vremena).
-
- 8 -
Neodreeni lan nema mnoinu i ne moe se upotrebiti ispred imenice
u mnoini: a house (kua), houses (kue). Neodreeni lan se
upotrebljava uz imenicu koja je izdvojena iz celine ili mnotva ali
koja nije posebno odreena: the boy saw a bird in the tree (deak je
video pticu na drvetu). Neodreeni lan moe odrediti itavu vrstu: a
cat is an animal (maka je ivotinja); Neodreeni lan se stavlja uz
razlomke: a half (polovina), a third (treina). Neodreeni lan se
stavlja ispred rei koje oznaavaju vreme, broj, teinu i meru: I see
him two times a week (viam ga dvaput sedmino). Neodreeni lan se
upotrebljava sa reima: many, such, quite, rather, what, no less,
so, too, as - ako je imenica u jednini: we have seen him many a
time (videli smo ga mnogo puta), he is quite a good doctor (on je
poprilino dobar doktor). Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rei: dozen
(tuce), gross (dvanaest tuceta), score (dvadeset), hundred,
thousand, million: a hundred balls (stotinu lopti). Neodreeni lan
se upotrebljava s imenskim predikatom: he is a school-teacher (on
je uitelj u koli). Neodreeni lan se moe upotrebiti uz apoziciju
koja se dodaje nazivima knjievnih dela: "Rivals", a comedy by
Sheridan ("Suparnici", eridanova komedija). Neodreeni lan
upotrebljen iza "not" pojaava negaciju: I have not a single penny
(nemam niti jedan jedini peni). Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava u
mnogim idiomatskim izrazima, dok se u nekim isputa:
to have a pain (imati bolove) to be in hurry (uriti se) to be at
loss (biti u neprilici) as a rule (po pravilu) on an average
(proseno).
Neodreeni lan se izostavlja: - kad se neto nabraja: my brother
is a runner, swimmer and jumper (moj brat je trka, pliva i skaka);
- uz misaone i gradivne imenice koje se ne mogu brojati: he put
wood on fire (stavio je drva na vatru), we have confidence in you
(imamo poverenja u vas); - u sluaju kada neku titulu moe imati samo
jedno lice u isto vreme: he is President of the Republic (on je
predsednik republike); - posle izraza kao to su: the title of, the
post of, the office of, the rank of: he holds the post of secretary
(on zauzima poloaj sekretara); - posle glagola to turn (kada znai
stati): he was unable to obtain a civil post he turned soldier
(poto nije mogao da dobije mesto u civilu, postao je vojnik); -
kada je predikat deo objekta u aktivnoj konstrukciji, i deo
subjekta u pasivnoj konstrukciji: the called him fool, madman
(nazvali su ga ludim, ludakom), he was made prisoner (zarobili su
ga);
-
- 9 -
- kada je re "part" upotrebljena u smislu "partly": part of the
ceiling came down on people (deo tavanice je pao na ljude); - kada
posle rei "what" koja je upotrebljena kao uzvik, dolazi imenica
koja se obino ne upotrebljava u mnoini: what wisdom in so young boy
(kakva mudrost u tako mladog deaka) (3.) Glagoli - Verbs Pomoni
glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)
glagol "to be" - biti glagol "to have" - imati glagol "to do" -
raditi
Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective
Verbs Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs
Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Povratni glagoli - Reflexive Verbs Viereni glagoli - Multi-Word
Verbs
Frazalni glagoli - Phrasal Verbs Prijedloni glagoli -
Prepositional Verbs Frazalni prijedloni glagoli -
Phrasal-prepositional Verbs
"-ing" oblici (gerund,particip prezenta) - The "-ing" Forms
Direktan i indirektan govor - Direct and Indirect Speech Klauze -
Clauses Kondicionali - The Conditionals Pasiv - Passive Voice
Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses Sadanja vremena Sadanje
prosto vreme / Simple present tense Sadanje trajno vreme / Present
continuous tense Sadanje sloeno vreme / Present perfect simple
tense Sadanje trajno sloeno vreme / Present perfect continuous
tense Prola vremena Prosto prolo vreme / Simple past tense Prolo
trajno vreme / Past continuous tense Sloeno prolo vreme / Past
perfect simple tense Sloeno trajno prolo vreme / Past perfect
continuous tense Budua vremena Prosto budue vreme / Simple future
tense Trajno budue vreme / Future continuous tense Sloeno budue
vreme / Future perfect simple tense Sloeno trajno budue vreme /
Future perfect continuous tense
-
- 10 -
(3.1.) Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) (3.1.1.)
Pomoni glagol "to be" - Auxiliary Verb "to be" Pomoni glagoli slue
za sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.) Pomoni
glagoli su: be, have, do, shall, will Glagol "to be" - biti Glagoli
be, have i do mogu biti pomoni glagoli i glagoli punog znaenja.
Glavni delovi glagola be su: be was been Be kao pomoni glagol se
upotrebljava: - za graenje trajnih vremena: I am surfing. (ja
surfujem); - za graenje pasivnih vremena: The bridge was built.
(most je izgraen). Be kao glagol punog znaenja znai postojati,
iveti, stii itd. To be, or not to be. (biti ili ne biti) I was in
Spain last year. (bio sam u paniji prole godine) Be se vrlo esto
upotrebljava kao dio imenskog predikata. He is ill. (on je
bolestan) His brother was a sailor. (njegov brat je bio mornar). Be
se upotrebljava za starost, udaljenost i cenu. It is ten miles.
(ima deset milja) She is twenty. (njoj je dvadeset) This building
is twenty years old. (ova zgrada je stara dvadeset godina) Kada
govorimo o osobi kaemo samo broj (She is twenty.) ali kada govorimo
o stvari years i old se ne mogu izostaviti. Present Simple -
Prezent I am - I'm (ja sam) I'm not (ja nisam) am I? (jesam li) you
are - you're you're not are you? he is - he's, she's, it's he's,
she's, it's not is he, she, it? we are - we're we're not are we?
you are - you're you're not are you? they are - they're they're not
are they? Past Simple - Preterit (Prosto prolo vreme) I was (ja sam
bio) I wasn't (ja nisam bio) was I? you were you weren't were you?
he was he wasn't was he?
-
- 11 -
Present Perfect - Perfekt I have been (ja sam bio) I haven't
been have I been? you have been you haven't been have you been? he
has been he hasn't been has he been? Past Perfect - Pluskvamperfekt
(Pluperfekt) I had been (ja bijah bio) I had not been had I been?
you had been you had not been had you been? he had been he had not
been had he been? Futur Simple - Futur I shall be (ja u biti) I
shall not be shall I be? you will be you will not be will you be?
he will be he will not be will he be? Futur Perfect - Svreni futur
I shall have been (ja u biti) I shall not have been shall I have
been? you will have been you will not have been will you have been?
he will have been he will not have been will he have been? Present
Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji I should be (ja bih bio) I
should not be should I be? you would be you would not be would you
be? he would be he would not be would he be) Past Conditional -
Pogodbeni nain proli I should have been (bio bih bio) I should not
have been should I have been? you would have been you would not
have been would you have been? he would have been he would not have
been would he have been? Imperativ be Infinitiv prezenta to be
Infinitiv perfekta to have been Particip prezenta being Particip
perfekta been - having been Gerund prezenta being Gerund perfekta
having been (3.1.2.) Pomoni glagol "to have" - Auxiliary Verb "to
have" Pomoni glagoli slue za graenje sloenih glagolskih vremena
(perfekta, futura itd.) Pomoni glagoli su: be, have, do, shall,
will Glagol "to have" - imati
-
- 12 -
Have kao pomoni glagol: S pomonim glagolom have grade se sledei
glagolski oblici: perfekt (I have spoken) pluskvamperfekt (I had
spoken) infinitiv perfekta (to have spoken) particip perfekta (to
have spoken) particip perfekta i gerund proli (having spoken). Have
kao glagol punog znaenja: - Have iza kojeg sledi infinitiv izraava
obavezu. Npr: They had to leave. (morali su otii) I have to buy
some chocolate for her girl. (moram kupiti okoladu za njenu
devojicu) - U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik graditi s pomou
do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou do ili dodavanjem not, npr: Did
they have to leave? Had they have to leave? They did not have to
leave. They had not to leave.
- Osnovno znaenje glagola have kao glagola punog znaenja jeste
posedovati, imati. Npr: Her brother has a motor-boat. (njen brat
ima motorni amac) The baby has a blue eyes. (detece ima plave oi) -
U govornom se jeziku uz have koje znai posedovati esto stavlja got.
I have got znai isto kao i have. He has got a TV set. (on ima
televizor) Kada have znai posedovati, ne upotrebljava se u
nesvrenim vremenima. - Have se upotrebljava u nekim stalnim
izrazima: to have breakfast (dorukovati) to have tea (popiti aj) to
have a good time (dobro se zabavljati)
Causative have Have iza kojeg slijedi objekt i particip perfekta
oznaava da neko drugi vri radnju reenice po elji ili zapovijedi
subjekta. Takvo have se u gramatikama obino zove causative
have.
Last week I had a new suit made. (prole sedmice dao sam
napraviti novo odijelo) You must have your invitation cards
printed. (morate dati tampati pozivnice). Iz tih prijevoda vidimo
da se takvo have prevodi na na jezik glagolom 'dati'. U ovim
reenicama osobito je vaan poredak rei: HAVE + OBJEKT + PARTICIP
PERFEKTA Ako izmijenimo poredak rei, izmeniemo i znaenje reenice: I
have weeded my garden. (oplevio sam svoj vrt) I have my garden
weeded. (dajem pleviti vrt)
{ Jesu li morali otii?
{ Nisu morali otii.
-
- 13 -
Simple Present Tense - Prezent I have - I've (ja imam) I haven't
have I? you have - you've you haven't have you? he has - he's he
hasn't has he? Past Simple Tense - Preterit I had (ja sam imao) I
hadn't had I? you had you hadn't had you? he had he hadn't had he?
Present Perfect Tense - Perfekt I have had (ja sam imao) I have not
had have I had? you have had you have not had have you had? he has
had he has not had has he had? The Past Perfect Tense -
Pluskavamperfekt I had had (ja bejah imao) I had not had had I had?
you had had you had not had had you had? he had had he had not had
had he had? Futur Simple - Futur I shall have (ja u imati) I shall
not have shall I have? you will have you will not have will you
have? he will have he will not have will he have? Futur Perfect -
Svreni futur I shall have had (ja u imati) I shall not have had
shall I have had? you will have had you will not have had will you
have had? he will have had he will not have had will he have had?
Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji I should have (ja bih
imao) I should not have should I have? you would have you would not
have would you have? he would have he would not have would he have?
Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli I should have had (bio bih
imao) I should not have had should I have had? you would have had
you would not have had would you have had? he would have had he
wuold not have had would he have had? Imperativ have Infinitiv
prezenta to have Infinitiv perfekta to have had Particip prezenta
having Particip perfekta had - having had Gerund prezenta having
Gerund perfekta having had
-
- 14 -
(3.1.3) Pomoni glagol "to do" - Auxiliary Verb "to do" Pomoni
glagoli slue za graenje sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta,
futura itd.) Pomoni glagoli su: be, have, do, shall, will Glavni
oblici glagola do jesu: do did done Do kao pomoni glagol - S
pomonim glagolom do gradi se upitni i odrini oblik prezenta i
preterita glagola punog znaenja.
Does he drive a car? (vozi li on auto) You do not understand me.
(vi me ne razumete) They did not arrive in time. (nisu stigli na
vreme)
- U imperativu, prezentu i preteritu upotrebljava se pomoni
glagol do i u potvrdnim reenicama ako elimo istaknuti glagol. Takvo
do se zove emfatino do (Emphatic do).
Do sit down! (ta sedi!) I do like this cakes. (zaista volim ove
kolae)
Do se esto upotrebljava da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje glavnog
glagola, i to:
-u kratkim odgovorima: Do you read? -Yes, I do. (itate li, itam)
-uz so, iza kojeg slijedi pomoni glagol, a onda subjekt. He swims
well, and so does his sister. (on dobro pliva, a isto tako i
njegova sestra) -u dodatnom pitanju: You know what I mean, don't
you? (znate na ta mislim, zar ne)
Do kao glagol punog znaenja -Do se upotrebljava u znaenju initi,
raditi. Npr:
They did their job very well. (oni su vrlo dobro obavili svoj
posao) He did not do what he had promised. (nije uinio to je obeao)
When does she do the room? (kada ona sprema sobu)
Simple Present Tense - Prezent I do (ja inim) I do not - I don't
do I? you do you do not - you don't do you? he, she, it does he do
not - he don't does he? we do we do not - we don't do we? you do
you do not - you don't do you? they do they do not - they don't do
they? Past Simple Tense - Preterit I did (ja uinih) I did not - I
didn't did I? you did you did not - you didn't did you? he did he
did not - he didn't did he? we did we did not - we didn't did we?
you did you didnot - you didn't did you? they did they did not -
they didn't did they? Imperativ do
-
- 15 -
(3.2.) Bezlini glagoli - Impersonal Verbs Bezlini glagoli su
glagoli koji se upotrebljavaju samo u 3. licu jednine sa it. Oni
obino oznaavaju vremenske uslove. Npr.:
Infinitiv Present Simple to rain (pada kia) it rains to hail
(pada grad) it hails to freeze (mrznuti se) it freezes to snow
(pada snijeg) it snows to thunder (grmeti) it thunders
Neki glagoli u treem licu jednine mogu imati bezlino znaenje. To
su sledei glagoli:
to seem (izgledati): it seems to be true (izgleda da je istina)
to appear (izgledati): it appears as if it would be a change in
weather (izgleda kao da e se vreme promeniti) to look (izgledati):
it looks like rain (izgleda kao da e kia) to feel (oseati): it
feels cold (osea se hladnoa) to make (initi): it makes me afraid
(to me plai).
(3.3.) Nepotpuni glagoli - Defective Verbs Nepotpuni glagoli su:
can (moi), may (moi, smeti), ought (trebati) i must (morati).
Zajedniko za nepotpune glagole je da:
- da nemaju sve oblike i vremena, - u sadanjem vremenu u treem
licu nemaju nastavak "s"; - upitni im se oblik pravi inverzijom,
odrini oblik obrazuju sa reicom "not"; - trae infinitiv bez "to"
(izuzev glagola "ought").
Nepotpuni glagol "can" (moi, umjeti, znati) oznaava fiziku ili
umnu sposobnost. Ima oblik "could" za prolo vreme (Past Tense) i za
pogodbeni nain sadanji (Present Conditional):
I can swim (umem, znam da plivam), I could swim (umeo sam da
plivam), Could you show me the way, please? (da li biste mogli da
mi pokaete put, molim?)
Glagol "can" se ne moe upotrebiti s etvrtim padeom bez nekog
drugog glagola, tako ne moemo rei:
I can that - ve I can do that (ja to umem). Odrini oblik glasi
"can not" ili skraeno (saeto, contracted) "can't" i "could not" ili
"couldn't". Umesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema
upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi, biti u stanju):
I shall be able to this for you. (moi u to da uinim za vas).
Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje,
verovatnou, mogunost i elju:
he may come tomorrow (moda e on sutra doi) may I go in? (smem li
ui?) may he join us? (sme li da nam se pridrui?) may he rest in
peace! (neka poiva u miru!).
-
- 16 -
U prolom vremenu "may" ima svoj drugi oblik "might":
He might have arrived earlier. (mogao je ranije da stigne) He
might be present. (mogao bi biti prisutan).
Might izraava takoe i pogodbu. Odrini oblik glasi "may not" ili
"mayn't" i "might not" ili "mightn't". Nepotpuni glagol must
(morati) ima samo taj jedan oblik. Izraava primoravanje, dunost,
nunost.
I must take leave now. (sada se moram pozdraviti, moram otii),
The soldiers knew that they must die. (vojnici su znali da moraju
umreti)
U vremenima koje glagol must nema upotrebljava se glagol to have
sa infinitivom bilo kog glagola sa obaveznim "to":
I had to go at once. (morao sam smesta otii) We shall have to
work hard. (moraemo mnogo raditi)
U odreenom obliku "must not" ne prevodimo sa "ne morati" ve "ne
smeti":
You must not to do this. (ne smete to uiniti) "Ne morati" kaemo
pomou glagola "need not". Skraeni oblik od "must not" je "mustn't".
Nepotpuni glagol "ought" (trebati) je jedini koji se upotrebljava u
infinitivu sa "to":
You ought to learn more seriously. (treba da ui ozbiljnije), You
ought to know this. (treba to da zna)
Glagol "ought" izraava obavezu, dunost (prevodi se sa "treba",
"mora" i sl.). Odrini oblik glasi "ought not", skraeno "oughtn't".
Kako ovaj glagol nema prolog vremena, misao o onome to je trebalo
da se dogodi izraavamo sa "ought" i infinitivom prolim (infinitiv
proli glasi: "to have said", "to have left" itd.):
You ought to have gone. (trebalo je da ode) (3.4.) Pravilni i
nepravilni glagoli - Regular and Irregular Verbs Pravilni glagoli
tvore preterit i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda
nastavak "-ed". Npr:
play - played, open - opened itd. Ako se glagol u infinitivu
zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr:
smile - smiled, hope - hoped itd. Nepravilni glagoli tvore
preterit i particip perfekta na razne naine.
-
- 17 -
Preterit i particip perfekta imaju isti oblik:
stand - stood - stood think - thought - thought
Sva tri oblika su razliita: sing - sang - sung drive - drove -
driven. Lista najeih nepravilnih glagola:
Sva tri oblika jednaka: put - put - put hit - hit - hit
Base Form awake be beat become begin bend bet bid bite blow
break bring broadcast build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig
do draw dream drive drink eat fall feel fight find fly forget
forgive freeze get give go grow hang have
Past Simple awoke was, were beat became began bent bet bid bit
blew broke brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose
came cost cut dug did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drunk ate fell felt
fought found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung
had
Past Participle awoken been beaten become begun bent bet bid
bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought
caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven
drunk eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven
frozen gotten given gone grown hung had
-
- 18 -
Base Form hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave
lend let lie lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run
say see sell send show shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand swim
take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write
Past Simple heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led
learned/learnt left lent let lay lost made meant met paid put read
rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat slept
spoke spent stood swam took taught tore told thought threw
understood woke wore won wrote
Past Participle heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led
learned/learnt left lent let lain lost made meant met paid put read
ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent showed/shown shut sung
sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn told thought
thrown understood woken worn won written
-
- 19 -
(3.5.) Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli - Transitive and
Intransitive Verbs Prelazni glagoli su oni uz koje moe stajati
objekt u akuzativu tj. direktni objekt (subject + verb +
object):
He speaks English. (on govori engleski) We are watching TV. (mi
gledamo TV) I saw an elephant. (vidio sam slona)
Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekt
(subject + verb [+indirect object]).
He has arrived. (on je stigao) She speaks fast. (ona govori
brzo) John goes to school. (John ide u kolu)
(3.6.) Povratni glagoli - Reflexive Verbs Povratni glagoli su
oni kod kojih se radnja vraa na subjekt. Uz takve glagole stoje
povratne zamjenice. Povratnih glagola u engleskom jeziku nema
mnogo. Najei su:
to dress oneself (obui se) to help oneself (pomoi se) to hurt
oneself (povrediti se) to improve oneself (popraviti se) to tire
oneself (umoriti se) to excuse oneself (izviniti se) to flatter
oneself (hvaliti se) to amuse oneself (zabaviti se) to warm oneself
(utopliti se) to take care of oneself (obui se)
Povratni glagoli se mijenjaju ovako:
infinitiv glasi: "to dress oneself"
Present Simple Tense glasi: I dress myself (ja oblaim sebe) you
dress yourself (ti oblai sebe) he, she, it dresses himself,
herself, itself we dress ourselves you dress yourselves thes dress
themselves
Upitni oblik: Do I dress myself?
Odrini oblik: I do not dress myself
Upitno-odrini oblik: Do I not dress myself?
-
- 20 -
(3.7) Vierijeni glagoli - Multi-word verbs (3.7.1.) Frazalni
glagoli Frazalni glagoli spadaju u grupu vierijenih glagola, tj.
glagola koji se prave od glagola i jo neke rei ili vie njih.
Frazalni glagoli se grade od:
glagol + prilog Oni mogu biti:
neprelazni (bez direktnog objekta)
prelazni (sa direktnim objektom) Primeri nekih frazalnih
glagola: Kada su frazalni glagoli prelazni (tj. kada imaju direktni
objekat), obino ih moemo rastaviti na dva dijela. Npr:
They turned down my offer. They turned my offer down. (obe
reenice su tane)
Meutim, ako je direktni objekat zamenica, nemamo izbora, moramo
razdvojiti frazalni glagol i ubaciti zamenicu. Dat je primer sa
frazalnim glagolom "switch on":
Tano: John switched on the radio. Tano: John switched the radio
on Tano: John switched it on Netano: John switched on it.
(3.7.2.) Predloni glagoli se grade na sljedei nain: glagol +
priedlog Iz razloga to predlozi uvek imaju direktni objekat, svi
predloni glagoli imaju direktne objekte.
Znaenje Frazalni glagol
neprelazni frazalni glagol
I don't like to get up. He was late because his car broke
down.
ustati iz kreveta prestati sa radom
get up break down
Direktni objekat
Primeri
We will have to put off They turned down
odgoditi odbiti
put off turn down
prelazni frazalni glagol
the meeting. my offer.
-
- 21 -
Primeri: Predloni glagoli Znaenje (Primjeri) Direktni objekat
believe in verovati u postojanje I believe in God. look after
brinuti se o He is looking after the dog talk about razgovarati o
Did you talk about me? wait for ekati John is waiting for Mary.
Predloni glagoli se ne mogu razdvajati, to znai da ne moemo
umetnuti direktni objekat izmeu. Na primer, moramo rei: "look after
the baby" a ne smemo rei: "look the baby after". (3.7.3.) Frazalni
predloni glagoli se grade na sledei nain: glagol + prilog + predlog
Primeri frazalnih predlonih glagola: Frazalni predloni glagoli
Znaenje (Primeri ) Direktni objekat get on with imati prijateljski
odnos sa He doesn't get on with his wife. put up with tolerisati I
won't put up with your attitude. look forward to oekivati sa
zadovoljstvom I look forward to seeing you. run out of iscrpiti We
have run out of eggs. Poto se frazalni predloni glagoli tvore sa
predlozima, uvijek imamo direktni objekat, i poput predlonih
glagola ne smeju se razdvajati.
We run out of fuel. We run out of it.
(3.8.) "-ing" oblici - The "-ing" forms "-ing" oblici se grade
od infinitiva i nastavka -ing, i mogu biti:
gerund: Hunting lions is dangerous. (lov na lavove je
opasan)
particip prezenta: I am surfing. (ja surfujem)
imenica: This building is our school. (ova zgrada je naa
kola)
-
- 22 -
(3.9.) Gerund - The Gerund Gerund je glagolski oblik koji ima
osobine glagola i imenice. Glagolske osobine gerunda su:
iza njega moe stajati prilog: He is fond of walking quickly. (on
voli brzo hodati);
iza njega moe stajati objekt: I don't like reading books. (ne
volim itati knjige);
moe stajati u raznim vremenima, imamo: gerund sadanji (surfing),
gerund proli (having read), a kod prijelaznih glagola postoje i
pasivni oblici gerunda: sadanji (being taught) i proli (having been
taught). Imenike osobine gerunda su:
pred njim moe stajati predlog: She's good at painting. (ona
dobro slika);
pred njim moe stajati atribut: His being nervous is due to his
illness. (njegova nervoza je posledica njegove bolesti);
pred njim moe stajati genitiv: John's being lazy makes me
nervous. (Johnova lenost me ini nervoznim). Iako izgleda kao
glagol, gerund ima istu funkciju kao imenica, i koristi se:
kao subjekat reenice: Eating people is wrong. (jedenje ljudi je
pogreno); Flying is dangerous. (letenje je opasno);
kao atribut glagola "to be": One of his duties is attending
meetings. (jedna od njegovih dunosti je prisustvovanje sastancima);
One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. (jedna od
ivotnih ugodnosti je dorukovanje u krevetu);
posle prijedloga. Ako posle predloga treba doi glagol moramo
koristiti gerund: She is good at painting. (ona dobro slika); Can
you sneeze without opening your mouth? (moe li kinuti a da ne
otvori usta);
iza frazalnih glagola koji su stvoreni po principu "glagol +
predlog/prilog": (to look forward, to give up, to be for/against,
to take to, to put off, to keep on): She always puts off going to
dentist. (ona uvek odlae odlazak zubaru); When you are going to
give up smoking? (kada e prestati puiti);
u sloenim imenicama: a driving lesson, a swimming pool,
bird-watching, train-spotting;
posle izraza: can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, do you
mind, would you mind i pridjeva "worth" i "busy". It's no use
trying to escape. (nema koristi pokuavati pobei) I can't stand
being stuck in traffic jams. (ne mogu podneti kad se zaglavim u
saobraaju) This site is worth visiting. (ovu stranicu vredi
posetiti)
-
- 23 -
(3.10.) Particip prezenta - The Present Participle Prezent
particip veine glagola ima oblik osnova+ing, i koristi se u sledeim
sluajevima:
kao deo trajnog oblika glagola: I am working (ja radim) he was
singing (on je pevao) they have been walking (oni su etali);
nakon glagola pokreta/pozicije po principu: glagol+particip
prezenta: She was shopping. (ona je bila u kupovini) He came
running towards me. (doao je trei prema meni) She lay looking up at
the clouds. (leala je gledajui u oblake)
Ova tvorba je naroito korisna sa glagolom "to go", kao u sledeim
primerima: to go shopping to go walking to go ski-ing to go
swimming to go fishing to go running to go surfing to go
dancing
nakon glagola percepcije (ula) po principu glagol + objekat +
particip prezenta: I heard someone singing. (uo sam nekoga kako
peva) I can smell something burning! (osetim da neto gori);
kao pridev: It was an amazing film. (bio je to neverovatan film)
He was trapped inside the burning house. (bio je zatoen unutar kue
u plamenu);
sa glagolima catch (uhvatiti) i find (nai) po principu:
glagol+izraz za vrijeme+prezent particip.
Glagol "catch" sa participom prezenta izraava neku ljutnju ili
pretnju: Don't let him catch you reading his letters. (ne dozvoli
da te uhvati kako ita njegova pisma) If I catch you stealing my
apples again, there'll be trouble! (uhvatim li te jo jednom kako
krade moje jabuke, bie problema) Ovo nije sluaj sa glagolom find
koji ne izraava emocije: We found some money lying on the ground.
(nali smo novca na zemlji) They found their mother sitting in the
garden. (nali su majku kako sedi u bati);
da zameni reenicu ili dio reenice. Kada se dve radnje deavaju u
isto vreme, od strane iste osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip
prezenta da ih opiemo:
They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went. They
went laughing into the snow. He whistled to himself. He walked down
on the road. Whistling to himself, he walked down on the road. Kada
jedna radnja sledi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo
prvu radnju izraziti participom prezenta: He put on his coat and
left the house. Putting on his coat, he left the house.
-
- 24 -
She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. Dropping the
gun, she put her hands in the air.
Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umesto poetnih as, since,
because, i izraava razlog radnje: Feeling hungry, he went into the
kitchen and opened the fridge. (= because he felt hungry...) Being
poor, he didn't spend much on clothes. Knowing that his mother was
coming, he cleaned the flat.
(3.11.) Direktni i indirektni govor - Direct and Indirect Speech
Ako ponavljamo neije rei tano onako kako ih je neko rekao to je
direktni govor (upravni govor, Direct speech), npr: on mi je rekao:
"poalji mi knjigu". Ako izvetavamo ono to je neko rekao onda
koristimo indirektni govor (neupravni govor, Indirect Speech or
Reported Speech), npr: on mi je rekao da mu donesem knjigu.
Indirektan govor se uvodi reima kao to su:
he said (on ree) he asked (un upita) we enquired (zapitali smo)
she ordered (ona zapovedi) we believed (verovasmo) I replied
(odgovorih) I answered (odgovorih) i sl.
Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati
pravila o slaganju vremena:
sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zameniti odgovarajuim
prolim oblicima - prema pravilima o slaganju vremena:
Direktni govor Indirektni govor Prosto sadanje Prosto prolo
Prosto prolo Prezent perfekt Davno prolo Davno prolo Prosto budue
Sloeno budue Imperativ Infinitiv
sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zamijeniti reima koje
oznaavaju udaljenost;
-
- 25 -
Prema ovim pravilima:
am postaje was do " did shall " should will " would have, has "
had can " could may " might must " had to this " that these " those
here " there now " then today " that day tomorrow " the next day
yesterday " the day before last night " the night before
D: He said: "I do not understand this letter." (On ree: "Ja ne
razumem ovo pismo") I: He said that he didn't understand this
letter. (on ree da ne razume to pismo) D: She said: "I am going to
come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".) I: She said
that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo
doi)
ako se u indirektnom govoru saopava tue pitanje, onda je
potrebno pored pomenutih pravila obratiti panju jo i na sledee:
-umesto glagola "say" upotrebiemo glagol "ask"; -ako pitanje ne
sadri nikakvu upitnu re (kao to su what, how, when itd.), onda
pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether".
Primjeri: D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona
ree svom bratu: "ta radi?") I: She asked her brother what he was
doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi) D: They asked me: "Do you
speak Spanish." (upitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?") I: They
asked me whether I speak Spanish. (upitali su me da li govorim
panski)
da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapoved, upotrebljava se
infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell": D: Father said to his son: "Be
careful of yourself." (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se"). I: Father told
his son to be careful of himself. (otac ree svom sinu da se
pazi).
(3.12.) Klauze - Clauses Klauza je grupa rei koja sadri vezu
subjekat-glagol (za razliku od fraza koje ne sadre vezu
subjekat-glagol). Klauze se dele na:
nezavisne (independent clauses)
zavisne (dependent or subordinate clauses). Takoe, dele se i
na:
neophodne (restrictive or essential clauses)
nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential clauses).
-
- 26 -
Neophodne klauze su kljune za znaenje reenice i ne mogu se
izbaciti, jer bi u tom sluaju znaenje reenice bilo promenjeno.
All students who do their work should pass easily. Nebitne
klauze nisu neophodne za znaenje reenice i mogu se izbaciti iz nje.
Obino se odvajaju zarezima (ako se nalaze u sredini):
Professor Villa, who used to be a secretary for the President,
can type 132 words a minute. Giuseppe said that the plantar wart,
which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed.
(neophodna i nebitna klauza)
(3.12.1.) Nezavisne i zavisne klauze Nezavisne klauze mogu
stajati samostalno, kao reenica, dok zavisne moraju biti udruene sa
nezavisnom klauzom. Dve nezavisne klauze mogu biti povezane sa:
dopunskim veznikom (coordinating conjunction): Today is Tuesday
and our papers are due Wednesday.
veznim prilogom (conjunctive adverb): I need to study for my
test; in fact I am going to the library now. (u ovom sluaju,
koritena je i oznaka taka-zarez (;) da se razdvoje dve klauze)
odnosnim veznikom (correlative conjunction): George not only
finished his paper on time, but he also got an A+.
oznakom taka-zarez (;): This is one of English classes;
Shakespeare is my other.
dvotakom (ponekad): She received the assignment: it is to be
turned in next Friday.
Zavisne klauze mogu biti:
pridevske (adjective clauses)
priloke (adverb clauses) imenike (noun clauses)
-Pridevske klauze opisuju imenice ili zamenice, i skoro uvijek
dolaze poslije imenica ili zamenica. Veina pridevskih klauza poinje
sa: who, whom, which ili that. Ponekad se ove rei ne moraju
nalaziti u reenici ali se podrazumevaju. The book that is on the
floor should be returned to the library. (knjiga koja je na podu bi
se trebala vratiti u biblioteku) The bridge that collapsed in the
winter storm will cost millions to replace. (most koji se sruio u
zimskoj oluji e kotati milione za popravku) My brother, who is an
engineer, figured it out for me. (moj brat, koji je inenjer, je
shvatio to za mene)
-
- 27 -
-Priloke klauze obino dopunjuju glagole i mogu se pojaviti bilo
gde u reenici. Oni kau zato, gde ili pod kojim uslovima se radnja
odvijala. Za razliku od pridevskih klauza, priloke klauze se esto
mogu pomerati u reenici. Npr: When the timer rings, we know the
cake is done. We know the cake is done when the timer rings.
Priloke klauze uvek poinju sa zavisnim veznikom, koji uvodi klauzu
i izraava njenu vezu sa ostatkom reenice. When the movie is over,
we'll go downtown. John wanted to write a book because he had so
much to say about the subject. -Imenike klauze nisu rei koje
dopunjuju druge rei za razliku od prideva i priloga. U reenici
funkcioniraju kao subjekat, direktni objekat ili predloki objekat.
Imenika klauza obino poinje sa: that, which, who, whoever,
whomever, whose, what i whatsoever. Takoe, mogu poinjati i sa
zavisnim veznicima: how, when, where, whether, why. What he knows
[subjekat] is no concern of mine. Do you know what he knows
[objekat]? In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the
years [objekat predloga]. Whoever wins the game will play in the
tournament. (3.12.2.) Relativne klauze Relativne klauze (relative
clauses) se zavisne klauze koje dopunjuju (menjaju) imenice ili
zamenice. Uvode se relativnim zamjenicama: who, whom, which, that,
whose. Mogu biti neophodne (restrictive or essential) ili nebitne
(nonrestrictive or nonessential) klauze. U relativnoj klauzi,
relativna zamenica je subjekat glagola i odnosi se na neto s im je
klauza u vezi. Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been
bothering him for years, had to be removed. (U ovoj reenici
podvuene rei ine neophodnu klauzu, s toga nee biti odvojene
zarezima. Nakoena (italic) slova ine relativnu nebitnu klauzu, zbog
ega su odvojene zarezima od ostatka reenice, a u ovom sluaju
dopunjuje re "wart") Ponekad relativne klauze mogu da se donose na
vie od jedne rei u tekstu, tj. mogu da dopunjuju, opisuju celu
klauzu ili ak vie njih. Charlie didn't get the job in
administration, which really surprised his friends. Charlie didn't
get the job in administration, and he didn't even apply for the
Dean's position, which really surprised his friends. Relativna
klauza koja dopunjuje celu klauzu ili vie njih se naziva reenina
klauza (sentential clause).
-
- 28 -
(3.12.3.) Eliptine klauze Eliptine klauze (elliptical clauses)
su gramatiki nepotpune, u smislu da im nedostaje relativna zamenica
(zavisna re) koja inae uvodi takvu klauzu. Rei eliptine klauze koje
nedostaju se mogu naslutiti iz konteksta i veina italaca ne osea da
neto nedostaje. U stvari, eliptine klauze su tane ali i korisne,
jer su esto elegantne i efikasne u izrazu.
Coach Espinoza knew [that] this team would be the best [that]
she had coached in recent years.
Though [they were] sometimes nervous on the court, her recruits
proved to be hard workers.
Sometimes the veterans knew the recruits could play better than
they [could play]. (3.13.) Kondicionali - The conditionals
Kondicional se gradi od pomonog glagola "should" i "would", i
infinitiva bez "to" glagola kojeg menjamo. Sadanji kondicional se
gradi sa should i would i infinitivom prezenta, a proli kondicional
se gradi sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola kojeg
menjamo. Sadanji kondicional { Proli kondicional { Odrini oblik se
gradi tako to se iza should i would stavi "not":
I should not take. (ne bih uzeo) I should not have taken. (ne
bih bio uzeo).
Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom:
should I take? (da li bih uzeo?) should I have taken? (da li bih
bio uzeo?)
Sadanji i proli kondicional se koriste pri gradnji pogodbenih
reenica. Struktura veine pogodbenih reenica je veoma jednostavna, i
izgleda ovako:
if uslov posledica If y=10 2y=20
ili
posledica if uslov 2y=20 if y=10
To znai ako (if) je odreeni uslov zadovoljen, onda (then) e doi
do neke posledice. Pogodbene reenice se takoe zovu i
kondicionalima, a ponekad ih nazivamo "if reenicama", jer esto (ali
ne i uvek) u njima se upotrebljava re "if". Ovdje e biti obraene
tri osnovna tipa kondicionala i tzv. nulti-kondicional.
Prvi kondicional (First Conditional) Drugi kondicional (Second
Conditional) Trei kondicional (Third Conditional) Nulti-kondicional
(Zero Conditional)
I should take - uzeo bih you should take - ti bi uzeo itd.
I should have taken - bio bih uzeo you should have taken - ti
bio uzeo itd
-
- 29 -
(3.13.1.) Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional:
real possibility) Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uslovu
ili situaciji u budunosti, i njenoj posledici. Postoji stvarna
mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. Na primer, jutro je, kod kue ste i
planirate igrati tenis popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci,
zamislite da pone padati kia. ta ete uraditi? If it rains, I will
stay at home. (ako bude padala kia, ostau kod kue)
If uslov posledica If it rains I will stay at home.
- prosto sadanje vreme budue vreme
Treba primetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i
postoji realna mogunost (real possibility) da e kia pasti. Kao to
vidite da bi izrazili mogui uslov koristili smo sadanje prosto
vreme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posledice
koristili smo futur. Najvanije je zapamtiti da kod prvog
kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti.
posledica if uslov budue vreme if prosto sadanje vreme I will
tell Mary if I see her.
What will you do if it rains tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass the exam.
Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umesto will, na
primer: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. (ako bude
danas dobar, moe gledati TV veeras) (3.13.2.) Drugi kondicional -
nevjerovatna mogunost (Second conditional - unreal possibility or
dream) Kod drugog kondicionala, kao i kod prvog, razmiljamo o nekom
uslovu u budunosti, i rezultatu tog uslova, meutim, za raziliku od
prvog kondicionala, ovde ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov
ispuniti. Na primer: veeras je izvlaenje brojeva lota, niste kupili
loto listi, i ne postoji nikakva ansa da ete dobiti novac. Ali moda
ete kupiti listi do veeras, i onda postoji ansa, ali je to
neverovatna mogunost, jer su izgledi opet jako mali da izvuku va
listi.
If uslov posledica If prosto prolo vreme kondicional sadanji If
I married Mary I would be happy.
If it snowed next July would you be suprised?
If Ram became rich she would marry him.
If I won the lottery I would by a car.
Primjetite, da kod drugog kondicionala koristimo prosto prolo
vrijeme za izraavanje uslova, a sadanji kondicional za izraavanje
eventualne posledice. Bitna stvar kod drugog kondicionala je da ne
postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti, tj. anse su jako
male da e se uslov ispuniti. Ponekad, umesto glagola would
koristimo should, could or might: If I won a million dollars, I
could stop working. (da dobijem milion dolara, mogao bih prestati
raditi)
-
- 30 -
(3.13.3.) Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional -
no possibility) Kod prvog i drugog kondicionala govorimo o
budunosti, meutim kod treeg govorimo o prolosti, govorimo o uslovu
u prolosti koji se nije dogodio. Zbog toga ne postoji mogunost da
se uslov ispuni. Prole sedmice ste kupili loto listi ali niste
dobili .
If uslov posledica If sloeno prolo vreme (past perfect)
kondicional proli
If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.
If I had seen Mary I would have told her.
If it had rained yesterday what would you have done?
If Tara had been free yesterday I would have invited her.
If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been
sad. (da nisu poloili ispit, njihov uitelj bi bio tuan) Da bi smo
izrazili uslov u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo
sloeno prolo vreme (past perfect), dok za izraavanje posledice koja
se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli. Bitna stvar kod
treeg kondicionala je da ne postoji sada nikakva ansa da se uslov i
posledica dogode. Ponekad umesto would have koristimo should have,
could have, might have: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you
might have won. (da si kupio listi lota, mogao si dobiti) (3.13.4.)
Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova (Zero conditional -
certainty) Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada je uslov uvek
taan, poput neke opte poznate injenice. Na primer, ako zagrevamo
led iznad 0 stepeni on e se poeti topiti.
If uslov posledica If prosto sadanje vreme prosto sadanje vreme
If you heat ice it melts.
Vano je napomenuti da kod nultog kondicionala ne govorimo ni o
prolosti, ni o sadanjosti ni o budunosti, ve jednostavno priamo o
nekoj opepoznatoj injenici. Da bi izrazili uslov i posljedicu
koristimo prosto sadanje veme. Najvanije kod nultog kondicionala je
zapamtiti da uslov ima uvek istu posledicu.
If uslov posledica if prosto sadaenje vreme prosto sadanje vreme
If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work. If I am late for
work my boss gets angry. If people don't eat they get hungry.
Takoe, umesto if moemo koristiti when: When I get up late I miss
by bus. (kada ustanem kasno, zakasnim na autobus)
-
- 31 -
(3.13.5.) Kondicionali - ukratko Tip kondicionala glavna reenica
"if" reenica Prvi kondicional budue vrijeme sadanje vrijeme Drugi
kondicional kondicional sadanji prosto budue vrijeme Trei
kondicional kondicional proli sloeno prolo vrijeme Nulti
kondicional prosto sadanje vrijeme prosto sadanje vrijeme Sledea
tabela daje prikaz kondicionala po verovatnosti ispunjenja uslova.
Naravno, procenti za prvi i drugi kondicional su dati samo
orijentaciono za poreenje. verovatnoa kondicional primer vreme 100%
nulti If you heat ice, it melts. - 50% prvi If it rains, I will
stay at home. budunost 5% drugi If I won the lottery, I would buy a
car. budunost 0% trei If I had won a lottery, I would have bought a
car. prolost (3.14.) Trpno stanje (pasiv) - Passive Voice
subjekat + pomoni glagol "to be" + particip proli glavnog
glagola Trpno stanje (pasiv) mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj.
takvi koji uz sebe mogu imati objekat. Pasiv pokazuje da subjekat
ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu:
The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen) Pasivni oblici
se grade tako to se uzme ono vrijeme glagola "to be" koje nam je
potrebno i doda se particip proli glagola kojeg menjamo. To znai,
da se pasivni prezent gradi od prezenta glagola "to be" i participa
prolog glagola koji menjamo. Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u
pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne
reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja predlog
"by":
A: Everybody drinks water. (svi piju vodu) P: Water is drunk by
everybody. (voda se pije od svih) - subjekat glagol objekat aktiv
Everybody drinks water
pasiv Water is drunk by everybody.
A: I wrote this letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo) P: This
letter was written by me. (pismo je napisano od mene)
Neprelazni glagoli mogu postati prelazni ako im se doda predlog.
Trpno stanje se upotrebljava mnogo ee u engleskom jeziku nego u
naem, koristi se:
kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat:
My car has been stollen. (ukraden mi je auto) She was given a
nice birthday present. (dobila je lep poklon za roendan)
-
- 32 -
ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje:
I have been told that you are engaged. (reeno mi je da ste se
verili) She was said to have left her husband. (pria se da je
ostavila svog mua)
ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz
konteksta (smisla) reenice ili nije bitno za smisao da mora biti
pomenut:
Mistakes are always made. (greke se uvek prave)
ako je subjekat pasivne reenice vaniji od vrioca radnje:
The "Tower" was written by Mea Selimovi. (Roman "Tvrava" je
napisana od strane Mee Selimovia) The boy was punished by his
father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca) Aleksa was attended by his
sister during his illness. (Aleksu je njegova sestra negovala za
vreme bolesti)
Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razume se",
"podrazumeva se" u engleskom jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu
jednine srednjeg roda:
it is understood (razume se, podrazumeva se) that is known (to
se zna) it is said (pria se)
Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena: infinitiv to be
called simple present it is called past it was called future it
will be called conditional it would be called continous present it
is being called past it was being called future it will be being
called conditional it would be being called perfect simple present
it has been called past it has been called future it will have been
called conditional it would have been called perfect continous
present it has been being called past it had been being called
future it will have been being called conditional it would have
been being called
-
- 33 -
(3.15.) Slaganje vremena - Sequence of Tenses (3.15.1.) Slaganje
glagolskih vremena Tabele ispod pokazuju ispravno slaganje vremena
u reenicama kod kojih je vreme od vitalnog znaaja. Vreme u glavnoj
reenici Vreme u zavisnoj reenici Primer
Sadanje prosto (Simple Present) Prosto prolo vreme (Simple Past)
Prezent perfekt ili past perfekt (Present Perfect or Past Perfect)
Budue vreme (Futur) Predbudue vreme, svreni futur (Future Perfect
Tense)
Da se izrazi istovremena radnja, koristite sadanje prosto vreme.
Da se izrazi prola radnja, koristite prosto prolo vreme. Da se
izrazi radnja koja je poela u trenu u prolosti i traje do danas,
koristite present perfect. Da izrazite radnju koja e se desiti,
koristite prosto budue vreme. Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju,
koristite prosto prolo vreme. Da izrazite radnju koja se desila
prije druge radnje koristite past perfect. Da izrazite ope poznatu
injenicu koristite sadanje vreme. U svakom sluaju koristite prolo
vreme. Da izrazite istovremenu radnju koristite sadanje vreme. Da
izrazite radnju koja se desila ranije, koristite prolo vreme. Da se
izrazi radnja u budunosti koja e se desiti prije radnje u
nezavisnoj reenici, koristite prezent perfekt. U svakom sluaju
koristite sadanje vreme ili prezent perfekt.
I am eager to go to the concert because I love the Wallflowers.
I know that I made the right choice. They believe that they have
elected the right candidate. The President says that he will veto
the bill. I wanted to go home because I missed my parents. She knew
she had made the right choice. The Deists believed that the
universe is like a giant clock. She has grown a foot since she
turned nine. The crowd had turned nasty before the sheriff
returned. I will be so happy if they fix my car today. You will
surely pass this exam if you studied hard. The college will
probably close its doors next summer if enrollments have not
increased Most students will have taken sixty credits by the time
they graduate. Most students will have taken sixty credits by the
time they have graduated.
-
- 34 -
(3.15.2.) Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima
Infinitiv
Participi Vreme participa Uloga participa Primeri
Vreme infinitiva Infinitiv sadanji (Present Infinitive, to see)
Infnitiv perfekta (Perfect Infinitive, to have seen)
Uloga infinitiva Da se izrazi istovremena radnja ili radnja
posle glagola. Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila pre glagola.
Primer Coach Espinoza is eager to try out her new drills.
["eagerness" je sada; "to try out" e se desiti posle.] She would
have liked to see more veterans returning. [Infinitiv prezenta "to
see" je u istom trenutku kao i prolo vreme "would have liked".] The
fans would like to have seen some improvement this year. ["Would
like" opisuje stanje u sadanjosti; "to have seen" opisuje neto pre
tog vremena.] They consider the team to have been coached very
well. [Infinitiv perfekta to have been coached ukazuje na radnju
prije glagola consider.]
Prezent participa (Present of Participle, seeing)
Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava u isto vreme kada i
glagol.
Working on the fundamentals, the team slowly began to improve.
[Unapreujui osnove, tim je poeo polahko napredovati, radnja se
deava u paralelno, u isto vreme]
-
- 35 -
(3.16.) Sadanje vreme (3.16.1.) Sadanje prosto vreme - Simple
Present Tense Sadanje vreme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz
glagolska vremena uvek stavljaju line zamenice. Jedino se tree lice
jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija nastavak
"-s" ili "-es", osim glagola: to be - biti, to have - imati, can,
may - moi, must - morati, ought - trebati. Nastavak "-s" za sadanje
vreme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnika, ili
"z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika: he speaks
(hi spi:ks), he reads (hi ri:dz). Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s,
x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice nastavkom jednine nastavkom "-es":
he dresses, he teaches. Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na
"-y", kad pred tim "y" stoji suglasnik, menjaju "y" u "i", u treem
licu jednine: to cry (he cries), to try (to tries). Odrini oblik
sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog
glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv
glagola koji se menja, bez predloga "to": I write (ja piem) - I do
not write, I don't write Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se
tako pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog glagola "to do"
u inverziji i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga
"to". You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?)
Particip proli ili particip prezent perfekta (Past Participle or
Present Perfect Participle
Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava pre glagola.
Having experimented with several game plans, the coaching staff
devised a master strategy. [Particip prezent perfekta "having
experimented", ukazuje na vreme pre glagola u prolom vremenu
"devised".] Prepared by last year's experience, the coach knows not
to expect too much. [Radnja izraena pomou glagola u prezentu
"knows", je posledica glagola u prolom vremenu "prepared".]
-
- 36 -
Sadanje prosto vreme se upotrebljava:
da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem), I
work (ja radim); da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: fish live in
water (ribe ive u vodi); da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I
always rise early (uvek ustajem rano); da oznai radnju koja se
ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week
(imam as engleskog tri puta sedmino). The sun rises. past
present future Sunce izlazi svaki dan, pre, sada i posle.
Jenny is not here. past present future Jenny trenutno nije
prisutna.
to call - zvati I call ja zovem I do not call do I call? you
call ti zove you do not call do you call? he, she, it calls on, ona
, ono zove he, she, it does not call does, he ,she, it call? we
call mi zovemo we do not call do we call? you call vi zovete you do
not call do you call? they call oni, one, ona zovu they do not call
do they call? (3.16.2.) Sadanje trajno vreme - Present Continuous
Tense prezent glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog
glagola
I am speaking (ja govorim) you are speaking he, she, it is
speaking we are speaking you are speaking they are speaking
Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing".
Meutim, ponekad moramo malo promeniti re, verovatno udvostruiti ili
izostaviti jedno slovo.
-
- 37 -
Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vreme) se
upotrebljava:
da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo:
I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski)
You are reading this now. (sada ovo itate) past present
future
Radnja se dogaa sada. Knjiga Svea Devojka ...the pages are
turning. ...the candle is burning. ...the girl is dancing. Meutim,
radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i
moda e se deavati poslije trenutka kada o njoj govorimo:
She is reading a book. past present future
Ona moda ne ita knjigu tano sada.
da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino
upotrebljavaju prilozi always, constantly, forever itd: The Sun is
rising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan) You are always
complaining about your mother-in-law. (uvek se alite na svoju
tatu)
Izuzetak 1 Izuzetak 2 Izuzetak 3
run > running stop > stopping begin > beginning Ovo
pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu glagola: open
> opening Ako glagol zavrava na ie, menjamo ie u y: lie >
lying die > dying Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e,
izostavljamo e: come > coming mistake > mistaking
Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokal-suglasnik
zadnje slovo se udvostruava: s t o p suglasnik naglaeni vokal
suglasnik
-
- 38 -
da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desie se u
budunosti: I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa
devojkom)
Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne
koriste u trajnom obliku. Lista glagola koji se veinom koriste u
"simple" formi: ula (percepcija) feel*, hear, see*, smell, taste
miljenje assume, feel, consider, doubt, feel (misliti), find
(misliti), suppose, think* mentalna stanja forget, imagine, know,
mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand emocije/elje envy,
fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want,
wish merenja contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh ostali look (biti
slian), seem, be (u veini sluajeva), have (kada znai posedovati) -
glagoli ula (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa
glagolom 'can': I can see... (mogu videti) itd. - * Ovi glagoli
mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr:
This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lep i udoban, to je
naa percepcija, oseaj kvaliteta broda) John's feeling much better
now. (Don se osea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se
poboljava);
She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku,
posedovanje) She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede);
I can see Anthony in the garden. (vidim Anthony-a u bati,
percepcija) I'm seeing Anthony later. (susreu Anthony-a kasnije,
planiramo se susresti)
to call - zvati I'm calling I'm not calling am I calling? you're
calling you aren't calling are you calling? he, she, it's calling
he, she, it isn't calling is he, she, it calling? we're calling we
aren't calling are we calling? you're calling you aren't calling
are you calling? they're calling you aren't calling are they
calling?
(3.16.3.) Sloeno sadanje vreme - Present Perfect Simple
Tense
pomoni glagol "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola Sloenim
sadanjim vremenom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i
sadanjosti, tano vreme deavanja radnje nije naznaeno, to znai da
smo vie zainteresirani za rezultat radnje nego za samu radnju. Kada
bi smo rekli kada se radnja odvija morali bismo upotrebiti prolo
vreme (past simple tense).
-
- 39 -
Sloeno sadanje vreme se koristi: da se opie radnja ili stanje
koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti:
This website has been in existence for 5 years, 10 months, and
20 days. (ova stranica postoji ve...); I have lived in Sarajevo
since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te, i jo uvek ivim);
da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo
traje:
I have been to Novi Sad this week. (ove nedelje sam putovao u
Novi Sad, sedmica jo nije zavrena);
da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je
rezultat radnje vaan:
I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto
kupljen, nije bitno kada); uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan
razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since, for: Have you
ever been to Serbia? (jeste li ikada bili u Srbijii?);
da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just''
ili ''just now''): The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su
upravo uli u dvoranu).
Amerikanci ne koriste sloeno sadanje vreme toliko kao Britanci.
Amerikanci ee upotrebljavaju prolo vreme umesto sloenog sadanjeg
vremena. Amerikanac bi rekao: "Did you have lunch?", dok bi
Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?". to call - zvati I have
called (ja sam zvao) I haven't called have I called? you have
called you haven't called have you called? he, she, it has called
he, she, it hasn't called have he, she, it called? we have called
we haven't called have we called? you have called you haven't
called have you called? they have called they haven't called have
they called? (3.16.4.) Nesvreni perfekt - Present Perfect
Continuous Tense
prezent perfekt glagola "to be" (have/has been) + prezent
particip glavnog glagola I have been playing You have been working
Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing? Odrini
oblik se pravi dodavanjem rei "not": I have not been playing. Kada
piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice: I have
been - I've been itd. Present Perfect Continous Tense
koristimo:
da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino
imamo sada imamo neku posledicu:
I'm tired because I've been running. past present future
!!!!! - -
radnja koja se desila nedavno
sad imamo posledicu
-
- 40 -
I'm tired because I've running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao)
Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana
(sada)? je li padala kia?) You don't understand because you haven't
been listening. (ne razumete (sada), jer niste sluali).
da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja
se u sadanjosti, u ovom sluaju esto se koriste for i since:
I've been reading for two hours. past present future I've been
reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam) How
long have you been learning English? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo
ga ui) We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne
puimo).
Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto
koristimo "for" i "since". For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju
vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina. Ako to razdoblje see do
sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz for perfekt, a ako je to
razdoblje zavreno moramo upotrebiti past simple (preterit). Tara
hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osea dobro ve
dve sedmice) ali Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she
feels well. (Tara se nije dobro oseala ve dve sedmice, a sada se
osea dobro). Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se
odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara, u petak.
for since period vremena od vremenske take 20 minutes 6.15
am
three days Monday
six months January
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time
itd. itd.
nastavlja se u sadanjosti
radnja poela u prolosti
-
- 41 -
I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata) I've been
watching TV since 7pm. (gledam TV od 7 sati posle podne) Tara
hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posetila od
Marta)
For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi
samo sa perfect vremenima. to call - zvati I have been calling I
have not been calling have I been calling? you have been calling
you have not been calling have you been calling? he, she, it has
been calling he, she, it has not been calling has he, she, it been
calling? we have been calling we have not been calling have we been
calling? you have been calling you have not been calling have you
been calling? they have been calling they have not been calling
have they been calling? (3.17.) Prola vremena (3.17.1) Prolo svreno
vreme - Past Simple Tense Da bi napravili prolo svreno vreme
koristimo infinitiv i proli oblik (preterit) glagola. Tvorba prolog
svrenog vremena:
a) potvrdna reenica:
subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu) I lived in
that house when I was young. (iveo sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad)
She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole
sedmice)
b) odrina reenica:
subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola He
didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film) Mary did not go to
work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedeljka)
-
pravilni glagoli
nepravilni
glagoli
infinitiv work explode like go see sing
preterit worked exploded liked went saw sang
past particip worked exploded liked gone seen sung Past particip
nam nije potreban pri graenju prolog vremena.
- Proli oblik svih glagola zavrava na -ed. Proli oblik
nepravilnih glagola se ne gradi po nekom pravilu i ui se
napamet.
-
- 42 -
c) upitna reenica: preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv
glavnog glagola Did you play tennis last week. (je si li igrao
tenis prole sedmice) Did he watch TV last night. (je li gledao TV
prole sedmice)
Glagol did (preterit od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik.
I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu) You did not go to
London. He did not go to London. itd.
Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo
zamenom subjekta i glagola.
I, he, she, it was here. - Was I, he, she, it here? You were
here. - were you here?
Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak
naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se udvostruava:
plan - planned skip - skipped
Krajnje "l" se uvek udvostruava:
level - levelled call - called
Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, taj
se "y" mijenja u "i":
worry - worried cry - cried
Prosto prolo vreme koristimo:
a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno
zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa sadanjou: I was in Liverpool last
year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine);
b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vreme u prolosti bez
ikakve veze sa sadanjou:
We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada
smo bili deca);
c) kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi
trebalo da se dogode: It's time they were back. (vreme je da se
vrate) I wish I had a new computer. (voleo bih da imam novi
kompjuter)
d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vreme
(slaganje vremena):
The policeman told me I drove to much. (policajac mi je rekao da
sam previe vozio) Kada kaemo kada ili gde se radnja dogodila,
moramo koristiti prosto prolo vreme, a ne sloeno sadanje vreme
(present perfect tense). to call - zvati I called (ja sam zvao) I
didn't call did I call? you called you didn't call did you call?
he, she, it called he, she, it didn't call did he, she, it call? we
called we didn't call did we call? you called you didn't call did
you call? they called they didn't call did they call?
-
- 43 -
(3.17.2.) Prolo trajno vreme - The Past Continuous Tense
prolo vrijeme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog
glagola
She was reading. (ona je itala) We were playing. (mi smo
igrali)
Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem reice not:
She was not reading - She wasn't reading.
Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom: Was she playing? Were we
playing?
Nesvreni preterit se upotrebljava:
da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena
prie pisana u prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim
preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim vremenom, npr: "James Bond
was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing
hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the
killer in a telephone box...";
da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je
prekinula neka druga prola radnja: I was having a beautiful dream
when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se alarm
oglasio); I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV
kada si nazvao)
da se izrazi promjena miljenja:
I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go
on an excursion instead. (mislio sam provesti dan na plai ali sam
odluio otii na ekskurziju)
za dve radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno:
The children were playing while their mothers were chatting.
(deca su se igrala dok njihove majke avrljale)
u zavisnoj reenici umesto nesvrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj
reenici preterit:
I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. (znao sam
da se sa njom razgovara o njenoj keri).
Kod glagola koji se ne koriste u trajnom obliku upotrebljava se
obini preterit. to call - zvati I was calling I was not calling was
I calling? you were calling. you were not calling were you calling?
he, she, it was calling he, she, it wasn't calling was he, she, it
calling? we were calling we weren't calling were we calling? you
were calling you weren't calling were you callingg? they were
calling they weren't calling were they calling?
-
- 44 -
(3.17.3.) Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vreme) - The Past
Perfect Tense
subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip glavnog
glagola U odrinim reenicama ubacujemo reicu not izmeu pomonog i
glavnog glagola, a upitnu reenicu pravimo zamenom subjekta i
pomonog glagola. Past Perfect Tense (pluperfekt) se
upotrebljava:
1) da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila prije neke
druge radnje u prolosti, takoer izraava radnju za koje se
pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - pre neke
druge radnje: We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili pre
nego to je on doao) The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am.
The train had left when we arrived. (voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo
stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.) The train
had left when we arrived. past present future
Voz odlazi u 9 sati. 9 9.15 Mi stiemo u 9 i 15.
I was not hungry. I had just eaten. (nisam bio gladan, upravo
sam bio jeo) I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.
(nisam znao ko je on, nisam ga nikad bio video) He said that he had
seen him at the theatre. (rekao je da ga je bio vidio kod
pozorita). U ovom primeru past perfect je upotrebljen u indirektnom
govoru umesto past simple u direktnom.
2) u zavisnim reenicama uz after:
He got a headache after he had washed his hair. (dobio je
glavobolju nakon to je oprao kosu);
3) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish
(kamo sree da), past perfectom se
izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti: I wish I had met you
before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo) If only you had sent me
the SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS) He played the basketball as
if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u
NBA)
to call - zvati I had called I had not called had I called? you
had called you had not called had you called? he, she, it had
called he, she, it had called had he, she, it called? we had called
we had called had we called? you had called you had called had you
called? they had called they had called had they called?
-
- 45 -
(3.17.4.) Nesvreni pluskvamperfekt - The Past Perfect Continuous
Tense subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip od "to
be" + present particip gl. glagola Odrini oblik se pravi
ubacivanjem reice not, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola
"to have". Past Perfect Continuous upotrebljava se da bi se oznaila
radnja koja je trajala u prolosti prije neke druge prole
radnje:
Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived,
Ram had been waiting for two hours.
Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived. past present
future 9 11 Ja sam stigao u 11 sati.
John was very tired. he had been running. (John je bio veoma
umoran, trao je cele veeri) I could smell cigarettes. somebody had
been smoking. (osetio sam cigarete, neko je puio).
Past Perfect Continous se takoe upotrebljava u indirektnom
govoru umesto trajnog oblika prolog vremena (past continous tense)
u direktnom govoru.
D: Peter said: "Some of my friends have playing cards all
night." (Peter ree: "Neki moji prijatelji su igrali karte cele
veeri".) I: Peter said that some of his friends had been playing
cards all night.
to call - zvati I had been calling I had not been calling had I
been calling? you had been calling you had not been calling had you
been calling? he, she, it had been calling he, she, it had not been
calling had he, she, it had been calling? we had been calling we
had not been calling had we been calling? you had been calling you
had not been calling had you been calling? they had been calling
they had not been calling had they been calling? (3.18.) Budua
vremena (3.18.1.) Prosto budue vreme - Futur Simple Tense subjekat
+ pomoni glagol will + infinitiv glavnog glagola Odrine reenice se
prave umetanjem reice not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitne
reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola. U prvom licu jednine
i mnoine umesto glagola will, moe se koristiti glagol shall, meutim
u modernom engleskom will se vie koristi od shall: I shall call -
we shall call (ja u zvati - mi emo zvati).
Ram je poeo sa ekanjem u 9 sati.
-
- 46 -
Prosto budue vreme se upotrebljava da bi oznaila radnja koja e
se desiti u budunosti. Prostobudue vreme se naroito esto
upotrebljava posle glagola koji oznaavaju oekivanje, nadu itd.Takoe
se koristi da bi se izrazila namera, odluka, pretnja ili
obeanje.
I hope we will have better luck next day. (nadam se da emo imati
vie sree drugi put) I expect that he will come tomorrow. (oekujem
da e on doi sutra) I will help her because she is beautiful. (pomoi
u joj jer je lepa)
to call - zvati I will call (ja u zvati) I will not call will I
call? you will call you will not call will you call? he, she, it
will call he, she, it will not call will he, she, it call? we will
call we will not call will we call? you will call you will not
call