Gra4'1ate of ta - vtechworks.lib.vt.edu · A 1!181' or DI lllLIC!lOB .. BAlllalllOB or A WATD•llAJl81 ftllSIU WA.VI llOH A DI 'fheal1 1111t&d.tt.e4 to tlae Gra4'1ate faculty of

A 1!181' or DI lllLIC!lOB .. BAlllalllOB or A WATD•llAJl81 ftllSIU WA.VI llOH A DI

'fheal1 1111t&d.tt.e4 to tlae Gra4'1ate faculty of the

Vlraf.ata hlytecbaie lutitute

ta cu11Mliac1 for the clep:ee of

ta

.Aupat 31. 1965

Black1bw1, •tr1tala

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

" ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

·····~··································

·························~····················

·············~··········~·-···········

·······~········································~

11811 .•

la Di.qr• •f lel1•t•d _. !r ... tted •--• fna a TM••••••••••••••••••••••••••••,••••••••••••••••• 8

t• Con4it'°"8 Before r1 w..-. l......eera a Te••••••••• 8 le Coadlttfta Aftn r Wan ...._tera a tee .......... t!J 1 2 lcke•tic Di•P• of .,_U..tal Apfaratu • • • • •• • l6

J

4

5

ftotopa,U of en. lxperi.menta1 Appeata1••••••••• U CaU.larat:l.a of bea._.. fs.k•Vp B1-ta • • • • • • • • • • aa ft9tapepl\a •I ._ Watet:-lawt." .__lllll IU.8to1')' •• tlle ,.1 ... ······························ as

i•a ad tJr.tbUM:td.•~ton pr;11d:®ed hy a -~·bia .... r ~eaen• wa1111 eMowtter•

• brli•b :tn a pip~t~. lt ._._ d11itd.:rt14 to •t.ttn • "~f1Mt1on &'t:d

~ ~ei iOi:' tMI ~ :c>i 1»tmy ha4

4Ulya1e of ~s••• ~·• ttta.mttd

c!d~ly s~ t'.be

• ~k • (11,,, 12. 13)

.AnetlMH.," ufl, tmteh ~a ~b w.14$2' scope, WtU 1a

~~ ~" k1- tteU(ictn ~ t:raumtt~« clU~f;)~~ac•~t a mmttctpl

w.te1:1""'iJUffl1 .,..,~ ••

fii"l~ 11 tM t.he«ette.al ta1atl~ldp$ W:te d.atumt~

t:htl!

-4-

ma lbt ,..._...,.. Ille ..,_. ..... d ti. n!J.aetM _... all

dwt tralld.C&M.,,. ._.. ............. ftaall.7. &Ille• Wl .. -- to be

.... to ........... .-..tied .. , ........... .

•·sr

i'I

rr11

•

f ...

i 1 I ,

1 f '

I 1

' •

• ·s :

r r

' 1

1("

•sf

' ..

(·rt I ;

! I

'1:

:1 t~

I a:

ffJ

t f

.. p

liS

. I.

• f

I" 11

11

rJ ~

Ii

...

' f

l . f

Ii

1 ..

I 4

..

f ..

•I".

. I

Ii I I

t I

t rt

&

c J

I ; I

I Ii

I t!n

rffl

jt~ r

·11J

•

j (

I ! I

SJ !

; .

I f

J f 1

· ·f

1:1

I ,,

.

I 1 ·

: f

'·

1=1J

~

I l'f

If

&

lrf

I f

i •

~ r

... · .

I ' ..

. I

-f 1

-I

l'f I

f f

l .. -

~ rl

e f

r [

t.

,.

ll£

1

. I

tlae .__. paelal Uff..-tal ..... ,. u wived feta a.t•'• ..... l• .............. to ................ of ., •l• ......... ,_,

.QI + f i . -1 ( hi. '.a.r ) Oi cl 21 I (f i Oa

...... f le tlla lac,..We:l&bacb fl'f.et._ factol' •

(I)

... '" ........... ..-1-11-a' ........ ,..-.1, • .,,.. n.. .._a.et tllldat • .... aalJtleal nl•S. • ...._ ..-11 .. 1

....._, tb9 ........ -•-ful.17 ••l• .,. .......... of -----~ '8l1All• (S1 7, 10, 15)

11•1rtca1oa ...... _. • c o•lo• >, ta 1r1.<>> _. • < olloa>, la ... (1), -. _ _.. • JJe uel.taDl•, (U, 11• 16> .-.. tile ao-

lutt. .......... J.al dtff ... Sal .......... ta

(4)

' ... ' .... a r. < ' + • > ... ·f < ' .. • ,1 cs> • • r a • ~

1l1alft Q ... ._ H111lioa 9'Ulu4 ltJ' Clae el .. k wna ol Alllevt(l)

aad .,_. ..... (I) r aa4 I l'apl•a& .w.cw_, fuaDl.t.e. •f (I&:+ a/a)

.. ( t "' a/a ), r•,.et....,. lenlmfter, .. ,_.._ 1 ( I + a/a )

... r ( .... JI/a) will .......... , ... f l'..,...t...iy. !IM, ...

MluU• h .. Wl••lt •:r ..... leu Ull M ......... ii tlt8

........... f ·-.. nat.....i - ............ • ...... of ..

.... .t ... (4) ad (S), a ..,, .. eotutloa .. ...._.._ ....._ ...,.._..

~ (U, 1J, 141 16) _. Pa"8f.ul WlJ11•• (2, 4)

wtr\~e ou<tw1ttt:an a br~11;iit'!tn

'""""'"''"' to oe (.2"

)

·tet r l

A= AREA a =WAVE VELOCITY

FIG. Clo>-- DIAGRAM OF REFLECTED ANO TRANSMITTED WAVES FROM A TEE

GRADE LINE Fa Lo _j

H2o •Hao H10

2&3 ' VALVE

FIG. Clbl-CONOlTIONS BEFORE fi WAVE ENCOUNTERS A TEE

LLT ~-----..... ----....--... F2=F3

-...11111!_..."'r---~---1---1----_ .J _ - --- _Ff, --. L----~---- -

H2o =Hao

263 '

FIG. Uc>--CONOlTtONS AFTER F, WAVE ENCOUNTERS A TEE

' (

,._ ... (ta), (10.)1 _. (Ila)

... 911 - .,. • ( ........ ) • ~1 • '1 •• , ;

...... of _ ..... , ...... - .. , ................. '• •• , • ..., (ll)

............... (le) .... <•> ...... s ............. (tit),. (l•), ...

(ID), It ta ..... dlal

-.......

Ai a < 1t "' 11 > • 'a a < '2 > • As !. < 's > .-i, ' ., -·~

• I •

'

[ I ... s'] 6 • • 1 + c' '1

Mltihlllll ,_. c , .... (U) ••1111e

(lS)

(14)

(U)

.. u ..

~ .. (US)

&M (7),.

(17)

.6.' b• ~, 11Pi11 ~ u •limiratM &ta t- ~1110 ltll' fl •

,.,.,,1tllt1~ .6.~

t t where~· c I ( l +c )

[ & ( 'i ( "' ill! )· + 41 ·.· J

IW . ~ ( '1 • '1 , •• ( "t l!l. + t ) ( '• • '• ) + '• ( c • l ) • 0

(11)

U.. ... (11) f.a a ~le ta ( fl .. fl ) , lt - k Hlvei _..

plld.aa, &o alttaia

I IW '1 • '1 •• ~ ( "tu. + 1 )

I -1· ...

• 1 a..v.A '1 • '1 .. c is + -'t"" ) ~ I y la..I + !L. + 8J 19 , ... -L

- ... I ..

.. ..,.., •lnl• ( c .. I ) I D • 11

2 9 f •11·<~•'''> 1 ... •

'1 ( c .. 1 )

:t _[ ~ + !&!ii )2 -~ '1 -v<.. • •" (IO)

11ace 8i 1 I »a u a...i -.UC .... Sapr ..._ all a• .._. •--, • ia ..... la&• ta tld8 .. u.., ,. u f.atailiftlr .............. ( + )

-13-

.sip '.I.Wit be used with the &qu6'.l'a l'O#t 1~ lq .. (20), fr•~· (U) aad

(20) ' :t

, • , .• ~1. • .. ·' + .,. 10 2 3 c·~ ~

( CJkl + (Jl)

14• (20) ad (21) !*'ovide a 1"4llaU .. ~:t, ffft' dQtC'IW11aa tM \llalue

of the nflectu ~ tl'~tte.d vave11 f:'m a t•· ~ cmly r~r~t

f~ the use of l!h$Je ·~•d.ou ia ~ v10 be~ .. is.nee r1 t14ud.s

a1f 10 I g fB ine:tantan"u 'r.,,.rtbr• cl•ui-e. JefO'h tlle uadu1'AMfl: of

utatJU.aud,

~t~.

Usina ap~~~ '1141.va at fpa for a1 , o.s for » JI fOI'

k , <14> a.t 100 ft. fmt P1 , Lt ta towN tb"t

41 '10 .. pl • 100 !t. I

It ta r$U*.lll7 «ppsret that ter• will bf! no eaku1abt. ~eflecUcm

fo~ thil ,.-t.uular ~!I• AlbO, it should~~ noted that the pa:l'-.c.-

l'ect:t1.

--~t:~i~

a,ity.

a &iJ~l,fl:.Nld:

-~,-~, .. -i!!•H<Qi ... -.o.t

••. ,_,~-11 ·-••

m .............

.. ~al .............. la .... .., ..... rdlMt• ..................... ,_ ......................... .... nd.eal .. a ...... tit .... ,,.., • ...,. -.ta, • ...._ _. dll .u ..................... nlMltd ""* wut• .......u, .... ... .......... ....... .. ... ••••••dul ....................... ... ............ ..... •f ....... ,.. 1111 letlllll ............... . • ..ii .. ,...01 ....................... •llltaala ... . ... .,.,. ..

• Hll•u•cu • ....._•I • ... 1-ca.1 ..,.... u • ._ 1a na. (I) •

........................ llllll ............. ...

...__ ,.,_. n. •ill Ill. ,.,.. ••Uld • '-' of .,,,_.. .. ..., WC,• ... ,., ............. _. ,_ ................ , ...... .

.... ... ... ... ,.,. ..... i.a- ................. ,. -............................... a.D .............................. 11 .... , " .... ..

..... .... .. .. .... •• ..... lldl: ...................... .

..., ._.a ..widn1I ...... ao ti.ti t!a ta.,.,_-. .._ll'ele,

...... , ... ftnl ........ '"- ... - .. to .... ...a,

.... ,..., t1U ....... II llHIUa ...... - .. ..., .. .u.....,. ftftr~tMc •I Sil 1a ......... ._._, ._. _.. •lfl• ••f.lla.,

...................... - ....... wdl ......... .,Mall

........................ eeUad....,. ....U.1 ... , ...... ,

•• , ...... .,...u, ..... au ....... .. •••11raa ...... ..u. -. .,,...,.tdr ~. ...... a .. -.n•• ... •••do., ..u

GATE VALVE

SOLENOID VALVE

112 H TUBING

TRANSDUCER C OlLING

ID~TRANSDUCER

COIL\NG

6" PIPE

RG. C 2)-- SC HE MAT IC DIAGRAM OF EXPERJMENTAL APPARATUS

•

.. 1/2

t~ act in

.. u.s-

W'1Ul COUMet:ed.

~f

ret;tttn-

$~e .. >.,

"""""-~"""' ....... _..,. Mt trawl P•t

""Wf<I>,~ 1M8 'liiW4~11Wllil

e1~'1\!11'1!B.t:~ wi.~, tf

was f~11y clo$i:d.

u4 latw s~r~1m;~Q:1•a

trawlN put

t.e~1" put.

W'W~~~ .. -. ..... ,,..,11',~ lil;'~llli,..;il,,llBJl~~'!il;,1i>a,ii.ii-]'

& tauk .,.1:' ~X'f.di' of

Ht!!/l.ltl't~ UG<!ilill'"-~im m•WH''U~"' •fMi .. en Al!'l'll''i!kGJ't-J'ift rirr,.,.,.. ... ,r.:r""' f~k .. tlf

~ •4uls. lt ¥U

bl;

a ~~.n"""mJ.,.s.tiV """"'""'"'~u' ••~!rr ~~~~ in:1.sm!l!!!r:.l!m-

wi,;t'e

aaDe~. to

t~1~~atu:r~ v•i•t!tm111 j" a •w~~'*"'®' llJ~'""'..,~iu of t~ala-

"'"''""''"" •ll.~~-~l:JZ .. il:!Gt~-1:~1'8 tO

a~ a ehctriul CQ)m,t:r-Ct:ll-0'!113.

l!J.i~aa:n~_. '4:00~J4;~Q &fJt'OJdutGl7

~V.il,~~~iJ,cQ; V.S.1Va, 4 l)i;'~~llfiiU&'~ 'P:l!U->111!

·~,,.·~1~ an-r-'•"•11

A Iii!~·"""~~

ei~~~:ts ~~

- ~~11l~~t;l ~0

~b:'au.u.c ayB~.

-1 - ...

Fi • (3) Phot·ograph of the Experi e t l Apparatus

........................ .i .................. ...-..i ................... - .......... ..., ............. .

........ ....., ................... .u ...... ...

...................... 1 ... .,... ......... .

......... 1.a.._. ......... ..., ................... .. Nli•le-1--••·

ltll..., .._•I• lllllt.iu ... 1 ...W h el.t•Mll ._ U .... .. , ... , ......... ., ................................. -.................. h .... ....., .. .... ............ ....,

.._. _, t.I -· Mil t.1 ... -.. ... a. .... a .... d * ftat ............ , ................ ..........., ...... .

.... • ...... dMI ..... , .......... , - ...... tt•• -

............... _ ............. Mlle. -.............. --- ........... , .... ,, ........ .................................. ..., .... 41'11lfll ............ , 1Jldt11J ........... M 111 • t1la ...

.. .. ......................... ,... ............. ---•111111

....... 1'if.., ... GIUlraWM a ................ 11 .llfL IWa .................................................... ...... _,,..,, ............ _ ........ _,. ..... ................ . ............ .. ... . ......... -·-- ........ "' .... •·

1e:1•n -. •tva-1 ~~ta vet'e' 1•f~4. ff:tt~ ~n ..... ti.on •f te •t~•·~q ~ .. Nl.1~1:atu ... a ·~~~-

la&~ tutetr. !be ~•uluc.,. _. "11~ t$ w.. up ic dd.r't)' ~~ru11;t~•

aa tJ: .... ~ ... ~-a ~~t•• co t- t<1•~ .u ••d wtgbu W!!!!n

_,lied U $~ f£1. (J) • hM~al dtfflltt:el\t ._ • .,,1W

U • lf.~tty t:~ ~led ~ft·M~~" U. Wlf;~

r~d., •«at4.alnU7,. &. U psi t• """' ·fhe 1rol4u o~ dd.• •·•U.~ra•

u. ~· -~ .fig. (4).

1:11 p•:rf~ «M act-1 ~~. ~#au!.~ ea ~•

~ 1a• vatw -.. WJ.1 ~--· ~ ••" we all~ n", •'ill h!gh wl•it;J1 a .adftcM:at •I ~ euu:re ~t 611

l~M ah WS !"~ tM pipU.... ~- ~j,~ WU

eb~4 1'1 ~ ~ en-er l'e,gtdati• gate val,,.,

·~ of ~ .. '1fllMt.M to p:l'OVW. t~ (le~dl"d lltliil~

~¥41• ti. ~··• ·~ am •• b.t•uttr wu -~_. cafte.:po-1 to tl» $~ ~. pt:det«<nd.~M the

&a. ~•lt7 .. tr1tl Wllf! •tia1•4 a uid. ad. ~tt• F••.t~.

ta ~t• _.,.. 1~• .,..DI •• at 1'•11 -

t1m.-. me~• ·-- -~ t>?) t• »UM~ fOl1tte. It~ ~ c~ bati

k ~· .a a 1nttu -~ was *" •i~e oat~~

-. euU1 the n~.,H~~~t l!ahttrt1 io.rat~,.

a tMl'tJ ·~ waU:i• ~ri."'4 vu •e•~ a pb.o~aph

tieuld ta~. ~ t• .i.1~ -~"'1'1:7 ""'"" • dtw.l•~~11~

300

250

200 -en a.. ·z

UJ 150 500 PSI TRANSDUCER a: :::> (/) (/) LLJ a: 100 a.

50 200 PS l TRANSDUCER

0 ________________________ ..... ____ .._.

0 0.5 1.0 l.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

DEFLECTION IN INCHES

FIG. (4)- CALIBRAllON OF PRESSURE PICK-UP ELEMENTS

mh1r"trt•A.,.. was ~itJrwttl the tl'.'iiee• ~- re~ded. u f~U.as $

first, a ~trd.ght•liM trac1: ~ triggtllt'i.t4 aeros1 se~u.Hn:i

'the calibrat1or~ ·Octl ~radiacop~. trae~ l'qnieat.~4

statie rr·~~ut• ~·r

.., ~Md, tha1teby

e.~l!!t!v•~JLml' •i:wH.U.~m.. iie:at*' tb.i atersl 'lli'1i!\''1.G1iO'Li

1oltu111td valve ~ tl.'i13ert~ a t:rac$

a6r~1 tlt.e ~(fr'lle.n. .. the h'!Me t~ 11a~r-~ presaure var11us

e~.. A.Mt.btil' atrats,llt 1he t:l"aee W&I tr1nerei, whte- reprfhi"tt~

•at'!. J"1tUIUl'e e~Mitlvi.ty ._. tben l"fNhw•d to ~-~ and

• tl'a" w~ Bde at.spbl.!1'1.c pi-ea«1'Ull'e.. ••~t., tim!ll cunre :li:Witeh

wo 4eprjlcsed au au ace~t• ·"tm $we vu produe~d.. 'fh!j W1Ut

~losei. .400 tin; ~_..r• chaq~ th~ 1d1utt:•r t" o:£te

a.e~. After tll-.tut!~ giratle~e, shutter ·wa agat~ 4•p:re.$•~d ..

!hi• pi-•vi.4641 a baeket'o•. hm!'isG!l~l amt vert1•1 liiuw~ spaced

1/i ~rt. ThiiJ g:rHtly fileilitat~d valv.a of pre$~uru

4.~ trace 01\ phot~rapii r• """~~ ··"'''"" film: w&e developad iri 20 11ee. (an aiditiont.1 sec. wu all~

extt• eoutr"t). Af'titl' p~toa;>t~h with~ pei~Mltti.=ti

""-"'"""""'"'""' 1tep wa tfJ aul,..e

tbill ta.11~.

Y. IUD.Dlll'BL UIVLTI

Because of the cliffereace ltetweea the re1ult1 obta.'8,ed aacl tile

results 1oupt. thu 1ect1on of the the1ia u cU.vf.ded into pvc.:partas

f:lr1t, ch.e aetul result• an pre1eated au di.MU.and au 1ecou. a

cr1tka1 aaalyaia of the a:pedMatal apparatus i• pre1eatu.

ErtaM•t"B _. 1&H111&n 1& SM •m111·'.:!1l l.ta&11 fte re1ult1 olttaiMd from tile Gpft'imeatal 1et-.p an ..._. ta

fig. (S). Due to r8UOQ1 which will be diacuaeu lacer, all •f tile

plaotqraph1 alaowa a ut coafora to tlae format cleaer1"4 ia ·dla prevf.oua

aectieu of tllia tlle11a •

Ia ••t of the plaotoarapbl the trae of U. 11aady.ioetate pn11un

._ omitted and eal7 water•ham1r p1ae......,. •ftrial at tile val•

wa recoried. fte velectt1 of the water 1n tlla pf.pelf.•• 2.77 ,,.

waa tlw .... clurlq all of the nu for wlaloh tlae renlte are 1llowa1

tha•• for tlae ca1e of tutat...... closure, die ••i- overpr••RI'•

wu caleulatu to be 165 pet. ftla value wa1 ta clue ap ..... t with

all of tile renlt1 ea..a. The time 1eale at tile httoa·of ucta pMto-

ll*fh ha4 a fftCIUHJ of oae ld.11t see. aact for t-- preeaun aoale, one

taell repnaat.t 1JS pal. l'vtllermn., the 1-atll of '1ae 1/2 t.A. U.•

RI ao' 75 ft. kt JO ft. 'lid.a vu kcau1e all of the pMtoarapbs

•hen here were takn before the adclitloaal tuf.q wu taatallecl.

Before a oorrelaticm coal• be •de MtwMll the theoretkal renlt•

aa4 the uperimeatal result•, • ol>jeetS.ve -11911 of tile Gpft'imeatal

result• wu fouM te k uceaaary.

(a)

(b)

Fig . (5) . Photographs. of the Water- Maumer Phenomenon History at the valve

-26-

(c)

(d)

Fig . (5) Continued

-27 ...

(e)

(f)

Fig. (5) Continued

(g)

(h)

Fig. (5) Continued

time trllc:~ was studied. It was

dope was never exactly the s.a.me. Ir'l fact, a

most of the tr a.:: fas. Iio'<o1•ever,

'positive dopes. the elopes w~re always

that the positive

disparity existed

ehapefJ of the

curves. and in

most cases were ident1Cill in ih<!!pe and ciu:v.ature. '!'be irregular

posH::bre dope was the tnnnn~r in the valve

closed in 0.5

milli see. and in another 3.5 milli sec. After the additional 25 ft.

of tubing was inatalled,

up its newly.attained

slope, there

of the positive

v~lve re~isted to speed

"~"r·~ ~~~~~ of eight milli s~e. As for the

the pouibility

combinations of f and F w.nves or to the fa.ct that a vapor cavity was

""""'"" .. upon the return the reflected wave reservoir.

Obviou$ly. only the conclu$ion wa~ feasible; howev~r, more

needed to be

before this could be proved.

Another i111;pm:t.i.nt

preciaeded the ef feetive closure of • It wa:e also noted

that ma.gn:U;;ude. duration, and length of time before closure of

it:1pulse varied somewhat '~ith each run.. 'l\lio posoi'bilities wtltre

considered that might have produced thb impulse. First,, it was con-

sidered :.;h&t th<i! imp.act of the valve clc:u.,.irt,th either mec.hanic.ally through

tbe transducer or through the el11-ctrieal ayste:m :L'tl the laboratory. might

iatic of

1-n •pitlld• il~d durl!U.on with the i1ap:v.lse %)l'9lHfttre wav~. fuTth~l'· (S)

m.orfi&1 thfil "tult• ver~ p:r.iu&•nt•d Go11t~utor, th• 1u1ae typ~

•

1tea a e1•9" e.._Uriatia. AIM.1 afMe .-17 .a Nfl•t .. ._. d

._.or awo ,.1 • ..,......_ • tM wl• of •• -1« ._.. _._., .&llt

,...u.UttJ of "8•'-t•ldaa iC _. •il. la-. ............... .

'' ........ Dat .... a. ... -- of .... Sllftda ..... .,,. .... . • ..._.. n•ltad tlte ftl• •IMilt--111 , .... •kf .. It ...... Dle

t• .. ,.....,. ., •fleeted ..... ,_ ....... .

,.... ............ ,. .... '* .. ftt ... dad ....... i.. ....

e.S.d _. M _. ... ..._ dae tll••••tteal .a _. . ..,....cal n•

mt• •f t11u t11aau.

6 lllDllMllY.1 tlll•M ti * IP'l' ... l ·6a-lll tlda aul18'8 IM ...._, wilt.ah pre ... tld a ..._... -118'8

.t • mleatd ad....,.,, .. _.... rill M •~ ,._. ....

Witll ...... ·- ............. ,....,_ ..., ................ .

of funn ..._tf.aadaaa. 1:118 -•...,......pat of die.,,_._ w1d6,......... ....

nalu f..- hU& atdaed .. tM •1-id ulw. h•tlully

..._, time lt wu elMd, a tr ... wu ,...._ .. wll,_ dlff_.. !nm tile

fl'ftUu ........ • ................. •lolNn ... ..U..,,fallad

repeatdly. Alt..._.. • Ml• .....,.11, .1 .... 1.a cw m.1u ..... , lt ..... -. urt.• Ina t.s ld.111 .... t• •IPt .Ult. .... ·

A 1t.-.le ltd -•11 r.•IJ fn tld.1 ,....,_ waa to 1-...11ea tM

1/1 fa. hlttaa aacu ea. Sneplarltiea of tM val• ei...n wre • ..,..,_.. ftt.a renlJ" wwld al• eUld.ute ... tn'l- aatad

., the ...,.1 ........ 1'8Pdl•• •f ...... -- '' -· ..........

......._r, addttloul lenatu •f tulag would iadwe dalpiag of '118

waYU chae to tile iaueaaed eaer17 diaalpatioa. 'flau would U.•• ._naaecl the nflecU.oa fnm tbe t:ee to tile u:tnt tbat it .,..14

lane l>ea •011Pletel7 incli8tiapl11&able.

It wae 1-diately apparent after trylag to locate tile reflected

wa.e that tu ayat• aheuld not hne •- dealpe4 to pl'04blee aero

reflecU.on. luteacl, it ahotdd haft 1teea deaiped toduma ''"" aa

large a reflectCMI vaYe •• poaatble.

Aa vu acatecl earlier ia thta theata, re1¥lta wr• to haft l>eea

recordd vpatreaa fr• the tee. Sf.Dcua oaly oae trace coeld be re•

corded for each ••lye cleaun and aiace a particular clO&\fl'e eauld

aot be duplt&ated, tbeae reaultl WTe aot recorded.

It vu declclU that la all furtUl" f.lweatf.aatiou of thia tne. tl&at ued a valye wlllcb cleaed in-eplarly. tile best way t• obtala

aa accurate reecml of tlt.e preaaurea at the valve ad at tlw tee wcnald

1>e to ue a clual•beaa o.aeillONope.

to be

t«ru itt•~lv•d ..

..

•

~et•

and w~.u1

~111.

the

.. only

2. It 1~ ~vi~nt

t~ of fitting.

to

of the • 4.

fw~tiol'linS of the valve ..

s. type, the pipeline

l'ld.t

•

f

that

'fM a~ 1• eat11s1/l7 pateffAl h k .. ~-Kt. Wlggm:t,. a.at~

Of t§ ~t~. J:R hlJl ialft'Ut1 ~DCOtD: ... at, aH gut~ -~

p ... :at:t.a d tKt ~s.-.. • ts 41•• t~ I• ..... itaa tkl•

i•~·-~ topiill.. Ike fltbM: ~- •f tM ~lta• -. ~

tlMtb ~a..~ -4 gut~a.

n.- .... ~l ... ~ fiuutd Qat•~ i!i!>!'.#•l!l!i'I

~~ Cl't'il ,., <tf • ... • ·~=

~·t'• .. 'fta atat:~

.. ,.~. au~ tif -.-,.ilw~illi~ ht• ~<1M1¥11fll* st~&es ..

fte fellovt.q .,..1. U9e 1Mlea adopted fer .. la tllu t11e1u:

a•..,,. ftleoltJI

A • cnae..-tloaal ••

1- •wall t1lUkaea•l

• • 111nt.ua17 couaat;

c ........ , • .., ...... - ................... hltha ............ lea• (2)1 ,.

C'w arld.naq coutaal;

•· luU. U...aars • • antU-11117 ....... ,.

I • _..lu of elutf.cllJ ef •t.aai f • kro,..W.UNelt frtctia fac&ft

11- fNNtll'• ., .. u ... u.aa ta • x 11nce£H1

r • , ..... _.. ..... a ... u.aa la+ a 4linciloa1

• • aueleratf.H due to pnttJI ........ t • 1 ... ooefftateat •f tlie valwa

a • "11t _..lu of vatu I

~· • lt,..•llo 1•11 a.nae lbe t• j

4L• 4Ufer .... l»etwMll·ialtf.al _. u-aol• tee 1 ..... ,

& • tiMe after valye cleeuwe

Y • veloeltf I -'

X • U.taaH ......... .,etwe• fna tlle •1-..t.4 •alw.;

0 • f WetVt\

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12:'0¢.

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