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GPS Surveying Measurement Techniques
Learning Objectives
After completing this lecture you will After completing this
lecture you will be able to:be able to:
Explain several phase observation Explain several phase
observation techniques commonly used by surveyorstechniques
commonly used by surveyors
Lecture OutlineIntroductionIntroductionClassic StaticClassic
StaticFast/Quick/Rapid StaticFast/Quick/Rapid StaticPP KinematicPP
KinematicRTKRTKConclusionConclusion
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Introduction
Various measurement techniques - 4 most common to phase
observableClassic Static SurveyingFast/Rapid/Quick Static
SurveyingPost Processed Kinematic SurveyingReal Time Kinematic
Surveying (RTK) Not post processed but can be done as
well
PPS Requirements10:30 10:35
Static GPS SurveyingStatic GPS Surveying
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Classic StaticOriginal GPS Surveying TechniqueObserve 30 minutes
+ of dataRegular intervals (e.g. 15 seconds)Data processed in
software after the event (Post Processed)Used for Highest Order
Control Surveys and / or
for Long Lines - e.g. 100km Network Deformation Surveys Bringing
control into a project area over
distances longer than 10km
Fast StaticAlso - Rapid Static or Quick StaticEvolved from
Static Technique but uses more intelligent ways to solve
ambiguitiesTypically for lines under 10kmObservation times from 5
to 15 minutes depending on line length and satellite number and
geometryPost Processed5mm + 1ppm horizontal
Uses of Fast Static
Used for Higher Order Control Surveys for lines less than 10km
-e.g. 3 - 5km Networks or by Local Authorities at 1km or
lessDensifying Control (within 10km) for Local Authority
Requirements Mapping Engineering Mine sites DCDB Upgrade
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Static / Fast Static ExampleStatic / Fast Static Example
2 Receivers5 SVs
10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00
Base 1
Static / FastStatic Example
2 Receivers5 SVs
10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00
Base 2
Completed SurveyCompleted Survey
2 Receivers5 SVs
10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00
All points must have an independent check redundant
observations
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Post Processed Kinematic
Once Ambiguity is known and lock maintained, centimetre
precision possible even while movingRequires initialization to
solve ambiguities at start and when signal is lostPost
ProcessedStop and Go mode occupation time measured in seconds
(contour and detail)Used in Continuous mode for Railway Lines and
GPS Controlled Photogrammetry
10:00 10:30
Loss of Lock!
PP Kinematic ExamplePP Kinematic Example
$#@%!
New Poi
nt Init
10:00 10:30
Loss of Lock!
Begin OTFInitialization 5 SVs
OTF InitializationComplete
Known Point Initialization
PP Kinematic Example
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10:00 10:30
Loss of Lock!
PP Kinematic Example
Completed Survey
Real Time Kinematic (RTK)
Similar to PPK but Phase Data sent from Base by Rad ioCan be
Initialized with Ambiguity on the Fly (OTF)Range typically up to
10kmShort occupation time means: Centimetre rather than millimetre
precision Sensitive to number of satellites and their geometr y
multipath can have major effect
Communications is a major limiting factorChallenge to Total
Stations
Base Base ReceiverReceiver Remote ReceiverRemote Receiver
Broadcast Broadcast Raw DataRaw Data
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USES of RTK
Local Connections, Cadastral, Engineering, Mining, Hydrographic,
contour and detailGiven real time - set out is possibleEven if real
time is not essential -cuts back on processing Avoid radiation
fever (redundancies)Can post process as well for QA
RTK RequirementsRTK Requirements
RTK Rovers
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VRS Base System
On-The-Fly InitializationRove until the unit is
in FIXED modeRoving time will depend
on the environment
Requires atleast 5 SVs inview to both
receivers
RTK ExampleRTK Example
Loss of Lock!
$#@%!
OTF Initialization
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RTK Example
Known Point
Initialization
Loss of
lock!
Radial Survey
Completed Survey
All points must have an independent check redundant observations
measure from another base!
Conclusion
You can now:You can now: Explain several phase observation
Explain several phase observation
techniques commonly used by techniques commonly used by
surveyorssurveyors
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Self Study
Read relevant module in Study BookRead relevant module in Study
BookDo self assessment quizDo self assessment quiz
Review QuestionsReview Questions