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BS, University of Alaska, 1974; MS. Stanford, 1975; Ph.D., Stanford (CIFE), 1991
We design building structures ( some bridges and special structures) and have been doing that since 1976
Most often sub to architects in traditional design-bid-build
Licensed in all 50 states and work in many, (Maine, West Virginia, Florida, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, Colorado, Arizona, California, Washington State in past 5 years)
We design structures for major ($100 million plus) building projects for which we author HD BIM (High Definition Building Information Models) that are used directly to generate the shop drawings and the CNC data required to fabricate and erect our structures
“It is no longer reasonable to design structures based solely on the strength approaches contained in current codes. We must focus on performance based design that considers all limit states relevant to the owner and society and pays tribute to life cycle cost considerations.”
January, 1995
Helmut Krawinkler, Professor Emeritus of Structural EngineeringStanford University
21st Century Design and Construction – Virtuous Cycle
• Knowledge creates master builder renaissance• Integrated teams and processes lead to hyper-efficiency• Big Data provides transparent life cycle processes
We believe that the best design is one in which all the important decisions regarding, materials, means, methods, sequences, and schedules are made
during the design when all the impacts and costs project wide can be considered and when the design itself can be altered to optimize schedule,
quality, cost and supply chain issues
In light of the potential offered by the digital revolution, the traditional design process is an anachronism that we can no longer afford because too many of the critical decisions are left for the construction team to sort out
High Definition Building Information Modeling (HD BIM)
HD BIM utilizes a Building Information Model containing the high level of detail and precision necessary to visualize, design, detail, fabricate, and install all elements of a building with sufficient reliability that the interaction of elements, the sequence of construction, and the labor activities can be defined and planned to a level of granularity similar to manufacturing.
This is currently achievable for the structural subsystems in a building, but requires a change in the current standards of practice.
Case Study 1 – USC School of Cinematic Arts, 2006 -2010
MEP Coordination
USC Phase II Federated Model
Note that the architectural and MEP models are overlaid on the structural model during authoring
These are screen shots of the structural design model which is being used for steel shop drawings, rebar shop drawings (by EOR), and light gage stud framing shop drawings
- 1 million square feet of light gage walls and associated roofs- Free-standing concession and restrooms on 5 decks, design-build by GC- GPLA design for hurricane, customized details for prefab, and prepared shop drawings- Design, fab, install completed in 10 months avoiding $10 million LD’s
Case Study 2 – Daytona Rising, Daytona, Beach, Florida 2013 - 2014 16
18Case Study 3 - Yale University Residential Colleges, New Haven, Connecticut, 2014 - 2015- 600,000 sq. ft. of new 5 story concrete construction- Service to Owner - HD BIM services in collaboration with the design team
Scope included:- Rebar constructability review of contract documents - Rebar modeling - Quantity check- Rebar shop drawings with bar list in format dictated by
the rebar subcontractor
Unit Price Rebar :- CM/sub estimate 90% drawings low 3200 tons high 4800 tons- Initial 6 week model – 2500 tons (basis for unit price)- Final shop drawings – 2900 tons (paid at unit price)
Modeling and Shop Drawing Effort:- Architectural changes 400 CCD’s- Hours spent modeling and producing shop drawings - 12000
19Case Study 3 - Yale University Residential Colleges, New Haven, Connecticut, 2014 - 2015Example Issue:- 15,000 lineal feet of 10x24 beams - 2#10 top continuous and 2#9 bottom
continuous beams through 10x24 columns- #3 @ 3” closed stirrupsThe use of industry standard details resulted in:- Lap splices increased tonnage 50% - Rebar cages had to be assembled in place- Heavy hooked bars from both directions
were impossible to place in the corners
All of these problems were eliminated by changing 1 typical detail to improve constructability while preserving structural integrity
Case Study 4 – Tesla Gigafactory, Sparks, Nevada, 2016 - 2017
5 Buildings, 3.8 million sq ft, 2 floors and roof, all composite steel & concrete on deck. Gravity and lateral framing uncoupled to accelerate mill order and fabrication for 90% of steel.First use of innovative fused strongback BRB seismic systemSchedule: start design April 15, 2016, order steel May 5, start steel fab June 6, start steel erection July 6, complete steel erection November 15, release to process March 2017
Integrated delivery – Electrical, Plumbing, Mechanical, and Construction Administration all in house (Tesla). Where we don’t have enough horsepower or expertise, we bring in great partners like GPLA and have full transparency inside Tesla Motors, Inc
From John Vardaman, September, 2016
Case Study 4 – Tesla Gigafactory, Sparks, Nevada, 2016 - 2017
• Use design strategy with interleaved activities to complement construction schedule
• Focus on design critical path – order steel ASAP, complete design & shop drawings by time steel arrives plant, use bolted field connections, develop prefab exterior wall to weather proof fast
‾ Develop robust lateral system to accommodate changes
‾ Develop simple but robust gravity system that can be extended and modified easily (lots of shear studs)
‾ Uncouple lateral and gravity for design and erection
• Use integrated design, detailing, and fabrication team using same cloud-based Tekla model with detailers under the control of the structural engineer (change management)
Case Study 4 – Tesla Gigafactory, Sparks, Nevada, 2016 - 2017
a) Complete steel design, complete 3D modeling of gravity system, and extract mill order from model
2. Supply fabrication shops with shop drawings
a) Extract shop drawings from design model
3. Submit drawings and calculations for permit
a) Complete building design, including foundations, assemble comprehensive calculation package including documentation of global analysis for gravity and seismic forces and design calculations for each element of the building
Case Study 4 – Tesla Gigafactory, Sparks, Nevada, 2016 - 2017
Structural Engineering Strategies to Support Schedule1. Concurrent editing of SINGLE cloud-based model by all members of design
construction team2. Issue construction drawings prior to permit drawings and calcs3. Three structural teams providing HD BIM design
• Design/modeling team (GPLA) – concept & mill order• Analysis team (Exponent Failure Analysis) – permit calcs• Detailing team (DGI & BDS Vircon) – shop drawings
4. Uncouple gravity and lateral systems for design – issue gravity (80% of steel) ahead of seismic system steel
5. Provide high performance gravity system with double bay at 3rd floor and robust slab for 350 psf and fork lift traffic
6. Provide performance-based seismic design for superior performance, economy, and repairable damage in maximum EQ field bolted for minimum erection time
7. Panelize wall system design and integrate MEP supports
Case Study 4 – Tesla Gigafactory, Sparks, Nevada, 2016 - 2017
• Sooner or later, someone will discover that there are huge savings to be had by applying information technology and discipline to the construction industry
• When that happens, change will come at the insistence of owners. The potential benefits are too great to be left on the table.
In our Tekla models every change is recorded in an auditable form including who made the change. We need to extend that to include the reason for the change.
That requires the ability to process qualitative concepts and data.
• We need to be able to track productivity in the field not by paper reports, but by actually monitoring the time it takes to do an individual activity.
• Can this be done automatically using intelligent video monitoring coupled with artificial intelligence?
All of these things will result in data that needs to be stored and mined for fundamental knowledge of the processes that are being monitored. Using techniques of analyzing big data we can detect trends that can help improve our processes.
The same logic can be extended to procurement through integrated, reliable, world-wide, supply chains enabled by block-chain technology
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The following slides were provided by
Cliff Bourland, Cliff Consulting, Dallas
a geologist turned architect who was the PM for the design architect on Case Study 1 –USC School of Cinema
T H E G O A L O F H D B I M I S T O U S E A L L T H E D ATA A B O U T
T H E D E S I G N A N D C O N S T R U C T I O N O F A
B U I L D I N G T O M A K E B E T T E R D E C I S I O N S
Models - objects, assemblies, graphics - can be created from many sources so not all the data is going to be in the same format. This is when the various forms of data get trapped in the software and Big Data can’t access it. This is where the AEC industry is stuck.
T H I S I S T H E W O R L D T O D AY ! T H E R E I S N O
C E N T R A L P O I N T O F D ATA S H A R E D B E T W E E N
A L L T H E P I E C E S O F S O F T W A R E R E Q U I R E D F O R A C O N S T R U C T I O N
P R O J E C T.
The 3D Graphical drawing companies say that all the parts, which are pictures represented in the models have data therefore; if you put the parts together, then the data is there too. This belies the TRUTH. Because all the data only exists in partitioned, siloed, static parts of the graphical software programs.
C O U L D U S E H D B I M F O R E V E R Y P H A S E
O F A B U I L D I N G P R O J E C T ?
• With HD BIM, you don’t need estimates, if the data is comprehensive and accurate, the quantities are known. The outcome predictable. The challenge is maximizing the efficiency of the labor and the quality of of the work.