Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities: Egypt and IOM 25 Years - ENG.pdf · Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities: Egypt and IOM, Partnership in Action. This booklet

Partnerships in Action

Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities:Egypt and IOM

Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities: Egypt and IOM


The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.

IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.iom.int

© International Organization for Migration (IOM)

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Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities:Egypt and IOM



IOM Egypt during the visit of William Lacy Swing, IOM Director General. © IOM 2015 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


iii

Collaboration between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) dates back to 1974 when the country became an Observer at the Organization’s Council. Closer partnership started in 1991 when Egypt became a Member State of IOM. In 2016, we celebrate 25 years of joint efforts towards meeting the needs of migrants and promoting the benefits of migration for all.

Since IOM opened its first Office in Cairo with country and regional responsibilities to assist people involuntarily displaced by the Gulf War in 1990, IOM and the Government have increasingly worked together in different areas of migration governance. Together, we have promoted regular labour migration channels among Egyptians interested in working abroad. We have facilitated refugee resettlement, including family reunification.

We have looked after the health of migrants and the local communities generously hosting them. We have assisted vulnerable migrants and fought human trafficking. We have enhanced border management, while engaging in research projects to improve the knowledge on migration-related topics that, in turn, enable us to undertake informed and meaningful programming.

Since joining the IOM membership in 1991, Egypt has contributed more than USD 1,000,000. To commemorate this partnership, we are pleased to present this publication, Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities: Egypt and IOM, Partnership in Action. This booklet describes the projects and activities undertaken throughout the years as well as points on how to take this partnership forward.

I hope you enjoy the book and I look forward to the continued partnership between Egypt and IOM in governing migration.

Sincerely, William Lacy Swing IOM Director General

Forewords


iv

Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt

The world at large is confronted with a perilous danger and is in dire need of a model that presents new prospects for our youth, providing them with opportunities for a brighter future. The increasing plight of refugees fleeing from destructive armed conflicts reaffirms the need to work towards resolving these conflicts and confronting the scourge of terrorism, a major aggravating factor. It also necessitates creating channels for legal immigration and facilitating transportation as well as linking international migration and development. Egypt hosts ever increasing numbers of refugees, who share with their Egyptian brothers and sisters, the same social, education and health services provided by the State, in spite of the economic burden this represents. Egypt hopes that solutions to this crisis will be found, whether in the short-run to alleviate the humanitarian suffering of refugees, or in the long-run through overcoming the fundamental causes of this crisis.

(Statement before the 70th Session on the General Assembly at the United Nations, 2015).

Hisham Badr, Assistant Foreign Minister For Multilateral Affairs and International Security, Government of Egypt

Migration is a key question at the heart of both national and international concerns; it is profoundly engraved in the history of nations and human societies. Today, international migration has become a matter of some contention. On one hand, the new era of mobility has generated opportunities for societies throughout the world; it generates enormous economic, social, and cultural implications in both sending and receiving countries. On the other hand, it has increased the number of people with the desire of moving to other places seeking for a better future presenting significant challenges. Thus, international migration has underscored the strong linkages between international migration and development and the

importance of placing migration within a broader development context. Migration is recognized as an important vehicle for boosting development in both countries of immigrant origin and destination, and policymakers increasingly are both seeking to use immigration policy to foster economic and social development at national levels and on the global stage as well. Twenty-five years ago, an authentic expression of partnership is what the Government of Egypt found amongst its cooperation with the International Organization for Migration. Since 1991, the Government of Egypt along with the IOM set off a very demanding mission regarding the humanitarian and international migration field. We are both standing on the same common ground emanating from the belief that international migration can bring benefit to all. The Government of Egypt believes in the


v

Amr Taha, IOM Egypt, Head of Office

How many people could say that they settle in one and the same place for numerous generations? Not many and this is because migration is in the DNA of mankind, a status of human condition on this planet. All of us, we are all migrants. Migration is the desire to create a meaningful future for ourselves and for the sake of our family. It is the courageous decision and right to step out our beloved comfortable zone, for our own evolution and growth. But, in many other cases, the decision to migrate is taken out of idealism, just hoping there is a safer place to live. In other words, it is how we cope with environmental threats, with political oppression and brutal crimes. It is against this background that IOM was founded in 1951, to serve in a humane and orderly manner the needs of migrants, with the ultimate aim to serve and benefit a whole

society in general. This commitment started in Egypt twenty-five years ago, as a country of origin, transit and destination of thousands of migrants, thanks to the invaluable support of the governmental authorities as well as the donors and other stakeholders, who have all contributed to the successful implementation of IOM projects and programmes in the country. This publication is a concise proof of the outstanding results achieved, in the sector of migration and human development. This is also and especially a sincere thanks to the Government of Egypt for the trust in IOM's mandate as well as an incentive to further enhance our joint work, for the sake of migrants as well as Egyptians, keeping always in mind that behind patterns and numbers on migration, there are individuals and voices, who are fundamental for a global economy and a global cultural diversity.

indispensable role that IOM plays in tackling the issue of migration bearing in mind the developmental relevance of it. This cooperation manifested in addressing one of the most serious dilemmas facing the world, "Migration Crisis". We cannot turn a blind eye to the unprecedented numbers of youth in developing countries coupled with high unemployment rates and huge economic discrepancies that have led to the departure of those youth, at a time when the opportunities to migrate legally are extremely limited. Furthermore, there is no single answer to the challenges posed by migration; we all know how much cooperation is essential to strengthen our institutional relations and strategic partnership for better understanding the phenomenon.

Our cooperation with the IOM comes at an important juncture when recent civil wars are widening in the region. Hence, Egypt sees our partnership as a key instrument for further enhancing co-operative measures and offering developmental alternatives that help in eliminating this phenomenon from its grass roots.

With the rise of migration on the political agenda of states, there has been a corresponding need and willingness to tackle this issue in various bilateral, regional and multilateral fora. We are looking for further cooperation that set for a practical approach to implement projects that serve countries of origin and transit to assist people in providing help for those human beings, who are our first and most important priority.

Table of Contents

Forewards iii

IOM – Government of Egypt: Partnership at a Glance 1

Coherent Evidence-based Policy Development 11

Partnership for Migration Governance 17

Maximizing the Positive Impact of Migration on Migrants and Society 25

Protection of Migrants and Vulnerable Groups 31

Safe, Orderly and Dignified Migration 45

The Way Forward: Coordinating Migration Governance through a National Migration Platform in Egypt 58

IOM Worldwide 60

1Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities: Egypt and IOM

IOM – Government of Egypt: PARTNERSHIP AT A

GLANCE

© IOM 2010 – MEG0031 (Photo: Ahmed Rady)

Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities: Egypt and IOM2

The International Organization for Migration, formerly the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe (PICMME), was founded in 1951 with the mandate to support European governments in resettling people displaced by the Second World War. From these roots, as an operational and logistical agency, it has broadened its scope to become the leading international agency working with governments, the United Nations (UN), non-UN agencies, and civil society to advance the understanding of migration issues, encourage social and economic development through migration, and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

The Government of Egypt first joined IOM as an Observer State in 1974.1 In 1990, the first Gulf War induced a mass cross-border movement, including several hundred thousand Egyptian labourers. In response to the above, IOM conducted one of the largest operations at the time: evacuating around 250,000 people from the Gulf region, of which 21,796 were Egyptians. In 1991, the Government of Egypt became a full-fledged Member State to IOM2 and has since acquired full voting rights at the IOM Council. Egypt has been actively contributing to the Organization’s global policies and programmes, as well as approving its activities, budgets, accounts and expenditures.

1 ICEM Council, Resolution no. 524 (XXXVIII), 18 November 1974. 2 IOM Observer States can give statements during IOM Council meetings but they don't have the right to vote.

From 1990 1991 1992 TotalJordan 301 19,956 18 20,275

Kuwait 811 9 820

Islamic Republic of Iran 479 479

Syrian Arab Republic 195 4 199

Saudi Arabia 13 13

Turkey 10 10

Total 301 21,464 31 21,796

IOM, Repatriation of Egyptians within the Gulf Emergency Programme, 1990–1992.

During conflict in the Gulf, thousands of third-country nationals and migrant workers are evacuated by IOM to safety. © IOM 1990 – MYE0001 - MJO0049 (Photo: IOM Jordan)


Sudanese nationals are watching an information video about Finland during a cultural orientation session in Cairo before moving to Vantaa (Finland). © IOM 2002 – MEG0001 (Photo: Aisha Marouf)

3 IOM, Agreement between the IOM and the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Legal Status, the Privileges, and Immunities of this Organization in Egypt, 21 May 1995. 4 IOM, Review of the Organizational Structure of the International Organization for Migration, MC/2287, 12 November 2009.

number but increase in scope, the IOM Regional Office in Cairo became responsible for the entire Middle East and North Africa region. As such, the Regional Office now covers 17 countries (Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Tunisia and Yemen). At the same time a separate IOM Country Office for Egypt was established to focus exclusively on the needs of the host country.

During the nineties, in a bid to find durable solutions for migrants to rebuild their lives in dignity and peace, IOM continued providing assistance to thousands of migrants in Egypt from Iraq, Sudan and other countries where conflict and unrest prevailed. This has been done in the form of handling the movement logistics of migrants, including refugees, to their final destination, medical screening, and/or providing cultural orientation sessions to prepare migrants to successfully integrate in their new homes has easily as possible.

Evacuees take their places for a return flight on board the Antonov Soviet cargo plane. © IOM 1990 – MJO0018 (Photo: IOM Jordan)

In the same year, IOM established its first office in Egypt to assist migrants forcefully displaced by the war through repatriation and resettlement in third countries. This office was not only responsible for activities in Egypt but also was entrusted with regional responsibilities as per the Agreement on the Legal Status, the Privileges and Immunities of IOM in Egypt signed in 1995.3 Following a global structural reform process endorsed by its Member States in 20094 and reaching fruition in 2011, which saw the number of regional offices reduce in


Since 1998, through a cooperative agreement with the United States (U.S.) Department of State's Bureau for Populations, Refugees, and Migration (PRM), IOM Egypt has been working to prepare eligible refugee cases in Egypt for resettlement through the U.S. through the Refugee Admission Program (USRAP). This agreement is implemented through a regional Resettlement Support Centre (RSC), which was based in Egypt for eleven years before being relocated to Amman, Jordan, in 2009 in light of the protracted unrest in neighbouring Iraq. The RSC has responsibility over 14 countries in the region, namely: Algeria, Bahrein, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates. Due to the increasing number of refugees in the region, starting from 1999, movement increased to an average of 2,500 refugees per year with a peak in 2004 of approximately 5,000 departures from the region.

The Organization and the Government of Egypt have continuously enlarged their cooperation in new fields of concern encompassing a wide range of activities in many programmatic areas: from the promotion of regular labour migration channels for Egyptians interested in working abroad, to the enhancement of livelihood opportunities in communities at-risk of irregular migration through economic and labour market development programmes. Moreover, IOM and the Government of Egypt have continued to support migrants’ health and protection, as well as collaborated on migration management, counter-trafficking activities, resettlement, emergency and post-crisis operations. In all IOM programmes, the Organization takes due consideration of the needs of both migrant and host communities and strives to address these in a comprehensive manner.

IOM is an active member of the United Nations Country Team (UNCT) in Egypt. As such, IOM’s work and planned activities are designed to contribute to the UNCT’s overall framework for development cooperation in the country known as the UN Development Partnership Framework 2013-2017, which was endorsed and signed by the Government of Egypt. As the leading inter-governmental organization dealing with migration issues, IOM’s work is largely crosscutting contributing to most of the priority areas identified in the document. Furthermore, since 2014, IOM co-chairs the Development Partners Group thematic subgroup on Migration and Protection along with the Government of Switzerland. This group provides a forum for discussion on the most pressing migration issues in Egypt as well as a means for coordinating interventions among donors, implementing partners and government authorities in order to ensure a coherent and efficient approach based on a common understanding of the issues to be addressed.

Assisted migrants stranded at Salloum border in Egypt. © IOM 2011 – MEG0080 (Photo: Ahmed Rady)


IOM Egypt also works to assist the Government of Egypt in operationalizing its international commitments, including the Sharm El Sheikh Statement in relation to the African Union-Horn of Africa Initiative on Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants (2014), the Valletta Political Declaration and Action Plan (2015). This is in addition to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals adopted during the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly held in September 2015 in a way that is in accordance with the 2014 Egyptian Constitution, namely Articles (62) and (63) on Mobility, Article (88) on Egyptian expatriates, Article (89) on Human Trafficking, Article (91) on Refugees, as well as Articles (12), (51), (55), (80) and (93) on children and human rights, and the right to work, as well as with the international instruments ratified by Egypt.

Through its expertise and commitment, the Mission reiterates its dedication to a strong cooperation with the Government of Egypt and its national and international partners to meet their common objectives of making migration a positive experience for migrants, their families, and society at large while maximizing its benefits for the individual and the State.

Reference to Migration in the United Nations Post-2015 Development Agenda

4.b: By 2030, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training, technical, engineering and scientific programmes in developed countries and other developing countries.

5.2: Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation.

8.7: Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms.

8.8: Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments of all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment.

10.7: Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies.

10.C: By 2030, reduce to less than three per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than five per cent.

16.2: End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture against children.

17.18: By 2020, enhance capacity building support to developing countries to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data, disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts.

United Nations, Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1, 2015.

Participants to the Clickfunding campaign © IOM 2016 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


Fact and Figures

Repatriation, Assisted Voluntary Return, Reintegration 6 %

Migrant Assistance 10.5 %

Operations and Emergencies45 %

Resettlement Assistance13.5 %

Migration and Development

17.5 %

Migration Health 6 %

Immigration and Border Management 1.5 %

• USD 30 Million

The three major contributions to IOM Egypt from 2010 until 2015 were:

from the European Union

• USD 25 Millionfrom the United States

• USD 5 Millionfrom Italy

Other important donors were the Governments of Canada, Australia, Finland, Switzerland amongst others.

In 2010, the budget allocated for IOM activities in Egypt was USD 9 Million and reached a peak in 2011

of USD 41 Million. From 2012 to 2014, the budget had an average of USD 10 Million which increased to USD 16 Million in 2015. IOM globally identifies seven different areas of migration management for categorization of funding including migration health, migrant assistance, operations and emergencies, resettlement assistance, immigration and border management, migration and development, repatriation, and assisted voluntary return and reintegration. The percentage of IOM Egypt's budget spent from 2010 to 2015 on these various areas are shown below.


IOM considers staff development and training a fundamental aspect of its work and the Organization has always supported the enhancement of staff skills and competencies as needed within a changing environment. In this regard and through the invaluable support of IOM’s Staff Development and Learning Unit in Geneva, IOM Egypt organized trainings to support capacity-building of personnel to improve their thematic knowledge in key programmatic areas as well as to strengthen their professional skills. In the case of the former, the Mission’s staff received training on topic such as labour migration, migration and development, and passport examination. In the latter

case, IOM Egypt has supported a performance-oriented culture within the Organization through increasing skills and knowledge in project development, strategic planning, fundraising, donor relations, media relations and performance management. In addition to these more technical skills training on more ‘soft skills’ has been provided to ensure a productive and cordial work environment, these included topic such as management skills for supervisors, cross-cultural communication skills, awareness-raising on sexual exploitation and abuse, and conflict management through negotiation and mediation.

IOM Staff in Egypt

Learn more about IOM Egypt through our Websitehttp://www.egypt.iom.int/

Stay always connected with IOM Egypt through the social mediawww.fb.com/IOMinEGYPT/twitter.com/iomegypt

From a work force or 72 national and international staff in 2011, IOM Egypt reached a work force of 121 staff in 2016.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Telegram for increase/decrease in the number of international professionals and national staff in 2016 and previous years

International Staff National Staff total


Due to the geographical position at the crossroads of migratory routes from and across the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, together with demographic and socioeconomic trends, conflicts and climate change, Egypt has long been shaped by migration dynamics, representing a country of origin, transit, and destination of migrants. The 2011 uprisings in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia as well as in Yemen, Bahrain and later in the Syrian Arab Republic have highlighted, in some cases exacerbated, migration-related challenges.

Against this background and through its Mission to Egypt, IOM has increasingly taken a comprehensive approach for the development of its programmatic

activities in order to deal with the multifaceted migratory patterns in the country, as well as to support Egypt during the political transition ensuing from the 2011 revolution. IOM has been assisting the Government of Egypt and other stakeholders through the implementation of a holistic and interconnected approach to maximize the potential of migration. This approach both curbs irregular flows, facilitating the development of institutional policies and instruments that mainstream migration into national development policies, and enables, engages and empowers the eight million permanent and temporary Egyptian living abroad to become effective developmental actors.

IOM Strategy in Egypt

Fostering dialogue and research among different stakeholders in

the region in the region

Facilitating labour mobility

Raising awareness on the risks of irregular migration and

promoting alternatives

Offering livelihood opportunities in the country of origin

Engaging Egyptians abroad

Improving knowledge on human mobility and support policies

In November 2015, Egypt along with IOM’s 162 over Member States officially endorsed the IOM Migration Governance Framework (MiGoF), which sets out the essential elements to support planned and well managed migration. These elements

are comprised of three principles that form the necessary foundation for migration to be well governed and three key objectives for migration and related policy, law and practice as follows:


The MiGOF now guides IOM’s planning and reporting internally as well as its work in providing policy advice to its member states and partners. IOM Egypt has aligned its strategy with this global framework. As such, the Mission’s strategy now foresees five strategic outcomes that assist the GoE and its partners to operationalize the six elements of the MiGOF in governing migration to, through, and from Egypt. The first outcome contributes to both of the first two principles of the MiGOF while the last four contribute to the remaining elements in order as presented above. These outcomes are as follows:

1. Supporting Art. 93 of the Egyptian Constitution (2014) regarding compliance with international human commitments, IOM supports the Government of Egypt to develop evidence based, whole-of–government policies regarding complex migration flows and the socioeconomic impact of migration;

2. Supporting Art. 88 which safeguards the rights of Egyptians living abroad and contributing to Art. 62 which more generally confirms the right of “Freedom of movement, residence and emigration"

IOM cooperates with the Egyptian Government to build intra and inter-regional partnerships on migration governance to enhance cooperation;

3. Supporting Art. 63, which forbids all forms and types of arbitrary forced displacement IOM cooperates with the Government of Egypt to effectively maximize the positive impact of emigration from and return migration to Egypt on the socioeconomic well-being of migrants and society;

4. Supporting Art. 12 against force labour; Art. 55 on the prohibition of torture; and Art. 89 against human trafficking, IOM assists the Government of Egypt to strengthen diversity sensitive mechanisms to address the needs of and provide protection to all migrants and relevant vulnerable groups even in the face of mass influxes;

5. Supporting Art. 91, which regards asylum and the protection of refugees, IOM and the Government of Egypt collaborate to ensure that migration takes place in a safe, orderly and dignified manner while reducing the prevalence of irregular migration of non-Egyptians from, to, and through Egypt.


© IOM 2014 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

COHERENT EVIDENCE BASED POLICY DEVELOPMENT

This outcome encompasses all of IOM Egypt’s capacity-building and technical assistance work in order to support the Government of Egypt to develop a comprehensive and realistic policy framework for governing migration in the country. On one side, this includes familiarizing key counterparts with best practices and international standards, as foreseen under the first principle of MiGOF, through provision of training and facilitation of exchange visits. This is done with the aim of eventually institutionalizing such trainings among the relevant institutions by providing training of trainers and development of manuals, modules, and curricula. In addition, IOM works with Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics and other relevant partners to collect, analyse, and disseminate data on different aspects of migration from labour migration to trafficking in persons, as per the second principle of MiGOF. Building on this, IOM Egypt assists the Government in developing policies, strategies, procedures, and mechanisms to effectively manage migration in all its facets.

« »Think of your breed: for brutish ignorance, your mettle was not made; you were made men, to follow AFTER KNOWLEDGE AND EXCELLENCE.

A. Dante (1265–1321, Italian poet)


Building an Evidence BaseSince 2013, IOM has been supporting the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) to undertake the collection, management, analysis and dissemination of migration related data, under the regional programme “Mediterranean Household International Migration Survey (HIMS)”. A report has been produced identifying the recent trends, causes, determinants, dynamics and consequences of international migration, as well as to explore scenarios for a closer cooperation in the area of migration and development between the Middle East and North Africa region and receiving countries.

IOM’s commitment to strengthen the capacity of the Government of Egypt to systemically collect and analyse data and information concerning migration issues as well as its efforts in adopting evidence-based policies

was officially recognized during the World Statistics Day held on 20 October 2015 during which, for the first time ever, there was a specific session dedicated to statistics on migration. Building on this and recognizing the need to improve cooperation between sending and receiving countries for a better managed and mutually beneficial migration governance, since 2015, IOM is implementing the project "Developing capacities for forecasting and planning migration across the Mediterranean". It aims at assisting Egypt to better plan for and maximize the potential of demand driven migration through the provision of data on the forecasted needs for migrant labour in European countries as well as supporting dialogue between European partners and Egypt on the forecasting model and country specific data on trends.

© IOM 2015 (Photo: MGR0011)


IOM’s counter-trafficking activities started in Egypt in 2008 when the “Counter Trafficking Technical Assistance and Training: A Global Rapid Response” project was launched, within which the Organization successfully conducted a three-week pilot orientation course for 20 Egyptian law enforcement officials on counter-trafficking. Through targeted modules, participants developed skills relevant to the identification of victims of trafficking (VoTs), the provision of direct assistance and referral, investigation and interview techniques, the development of a national plan of action and international cooperation and intelligence exchange. Subsequently, during the same year, a landmark regional expert meeting on rights-based assistance to VoTs brought together for the first time representatives from 22 Arab countries, civil society, UN agencies and research institutes to discuss international and regional best practices in the field of direct assistance to VoTs. However, the partnership between IOM and the Government of Egypt, especially with the Egyptian National Coordinating Committee on Combating and Preventing Trafficking in Persons (NCCTIP) founded in 2007, expanded significantly thanks to the joint efforts in the elaboration of the Law 64 of 2010 on Combatting Trafficking. This law criminalized the offence of trafficking and provides for the appropriate protective measures for victims. After this step, other impressive results have been obtained,including the adoption of the Organ Harvesting and Transplant Act (Law 5/2010), which prohibits organ trafficking; the criminalization of child trafficking through amendments to the Child Law, which raised the minimum age of marriage for girls to 18 years old; and the drafting of the first and second National Plans

Counter-Trafficking Activities

© IOM 2015 (Photo: MET0002)

© IOM 2015 (Photo: MET0001)


on the implementation of the new Strategy and updated Action Plan, as well as on Law 64/2010. Building on the above mentioned efforts to support regional cooperation, under the "Action to protect and assist vulnerable and exploited migrant workers in the Middle East and North Africa" project, IOM promoted the collaboration of the Governments of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon through platforms for identifying recommendations and systems for the protection of VoTs in the region as well as policies and programmes that protect vulnerable groups at high risk of exploitation. 29 exploited migrant workers received comprehensive assistance including assisted voluntary return, recovery, reintegration, and legal assistance. Furthermore, IOM Egypt organized awareness raising activities on the rights of migrant workers, including an event with Cairo Runners which was attended by 3,000 participants as well as outreach events with Indonesian, Senegalese and Ugandan communities.

Government representatives trained on counter trafficking until 2015 throughout

the implementation of various IOM projects.

2,000

of Action against Human Trafficking for the years 2011–2013 and for the years 2013–2016 respectively. In order to strengthen the national capacity to investigate and prosecute human trafficking cases, IOM has supported the Ministry of Interior (MoI) and the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) to draft legal guidelines to help police, prosecutors and judges in implementation of the law on combating human trafficking. The guidelines clearly delineate each body’s responsibilities and provide an overview of fundamental principles for those handling cases of human trafficking and dealing with vulnerable victims and/or witnesses. They are now not just used by MoJ in their continuing legal education programmes for prosecutors, but they have even become a regional best practice. In addition, under the "Action to protect and assist vulnerable and exploited migrant workers in the Middle East and North Africa" project IOM developed a training manual for front line officers on victim identification and protection.

Technical assistance to the Government of Egypt has been further ensured through the project “Action to support the National Coordinating Committee on Combating and Preventing Trafficking in Persons to create a safe and secure environment in Egypt” which began in December 2014. A National Strategy to prevent and combat human trafficking as well as protect victims has been prepared, based upon which the new counter-trafficking National Action Plan for the years 2016-2020 will be drafted. IOM will support the refurbishment of premises for NCCTIP’s Secretariat. In particular this includes establishing a Documentation and Data Unit to provide the Committee members with information on trafficking in persons, as well as a Training and Complaints Unit to conduct on-going capacity building activities. NCCTIP staff, law- enforcement officials, civil society organizations, and media will be trained

NEARLY


Curbing Irregular Migration

Capacity-Building to Prosecute Migrant SmugglersIn 2014, the Government of Egypt established the National Coordinating Committee on Preventing and Combating Illegal Migration (NCCPIM), the focal point for developing policies and coordinating governmental efforts in the field. Under the “Ensuring a comprehensive approach to address smuggling and trafficking in Egypt, including Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula” project a review on detention procedures applicable to irregular migrants under Egyptian law was conducted as well as on migrant smuggling and the Egyptian legal system. Moreover, IOM produced a policy paper outlining key recommendations for amending four domestic laws (Law of the Sea; Law on Children; Law on Entry of Foreigners; and Labour Law) in order to penalize smugglers until the ratification of the new anti-smuggling law drafted by NCCPIM with IOM support. The Anti-Smuggling Law was approved by the newly formed parliament in October 2016. IOM will support the Government in raising awareness of the new law, improving investigation and prosecution techniques, and introducing mechanisms to safeguard the rights and address the needs of smuggled migrants.

In synergy with the activities to combat human trafficking described in the previous section, IOM has been building the capacity of the Government of Egypt, civil society representatives, and others for combatting irregular migration since 2008 during the time when the protracted crisis related to Iraqi irregular migrants required the promotion of more durable solutions. Through a regional effort with Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and the collaboration of the Egyptian Government, IOM launched the “Building Governmental and Non-governmental Capacity in Managing Iraqi Migration Flows and Safeguarding Migrants’ Rights in Countries Affected by the Ongoing Displacement Crisis” project in 2009, supported by the findings of a study on “Migration intentions of Iraqis living in Egypt”. Five trainings on migration management were held in Cairo with a total number of 106 officials from the Egyptian Government, as well as two trainings on migrant protection and data collection with a total of 43 officials.

During the same year, to further strengthen the efforts made towards Iraqi migrants, IOM started the “Empowering Government and Civil Society to Effectively Manage Iraqi Migration Flows and Protect Migrants in Egypt, Lebanon and Turkey” project. 293 Government officials, members of civil society organizations and NGOs in Egypt received training on identification and provision of adequate and relevant assistance to victims of trafficking and other vulnerable migrants. Training courses on psychosocial assistance for victims of trafficking, shelter management were carried out, as well as referral mechanisms to boost cooperation and prosecution strategies were identified.

Civil Society representatives attend a training on identifying VoTs. © IOM 2014 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


PARTNERSHIP FOR MIGRATION GOVERNANCE

IOM has played a pivotal role in supporting Egypt’s leadership in regional and interregional fora on migration in recently years and will continue to do so under this outcome while also assisting the Government to strengthen ties with its constituency abroad. Namely, the Mission supports the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in its ongoing efforts to move forward dialogue within the framework of the AU-Horn of Africa Initiative on Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants for which IOM is a member of the secretariat along with UNHCR and the African Union as well as the EU-Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative also known as the Khartoum Process. In parallel, IOM Egypt ensures that the recently established Ministry of State for Emigration and Egyptian Expatriates’ Affairs has the technical support to develop and implement an effective plan for engaging, enabling, and empowering Egyptians abroad to be developmental actors. Building partnerships with other States and citizens abroad helps fulfil the third principle of MiGOF.


« »All glory starts with the DARE TO BEGIN.

H. E. Dare (1841–1911, American author)


In addition to the capacity-building activities, IOM has been providing opportunities to exchange expertise and boost regional dialogue. In 2008, IOM organized an exchange visit to Italy, which allowed Egyptian officials to observe best practices in migration management in place at Italy’s international airports as well as the Italian management model of detention facilities for irregular migrants. Furthermore, in partnership with the National Council for Human Rights, IOM organized a two-day conference to enhance dialogue on transit migration in Egypt. Held on 7 and 8 June 2010, it brought together over 120 people collectively representing: relevant Ministries (Foreign Affairs, Justice, Health and Population, and International Cooperation amongst others); Arab, African and European Embassies in Cairo; civil society organizations; and UN agencies (UNHCR, UNODC and ILO). The conference represented the international community’s first attempt to facilitate dialogue on transit migration. It generated greater awareness on the challenges Egypt faces as a transit country. Its recommendations provided a good basis for future activities to enhance migration and border management and better uphold transit migrants’ human rights in Egypt. This event was then followed by another two regional events held in Jordan as well as a workshop on “Working together to combat irregular migration” held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt which brought together 18 different ministries from Egypt, Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon, to highlight the common challenges of irregular migration and to evaluate viable solutions to these issues.

In October 2010, a study tour to Washington D.C. for an Egyptian government official was organized to look at the country’s best practices in migration management as well as further discuss with the U.S. Government the

Exchange of Skills resettlement of Iraqi refugees residing in Egypt. During the same year, the project “Supporting the Egyptian Government to exchange good practices and lessons learnt in security sector reform programming” was launched to provide the Government of Egypt with programming inputs in the field of Security Sector Reform.

A study visit to Canada for 15 senior officials was organized in April 2013 and allowed MoI to learn from the community policing experience of their Canadian peers. This activity was then coupled with a strategic planning workshop in Cairo in November 2013 during which the challenges of implementing community policing programming in Egypt were outlined and a way forward was mapped out. These activities have successfully enabled the participants in articulating a vision for community policing in Egypt and participants reached a consensus on basic rules and behaviour related to community policing. Additionally, they were successful in identifying the main community policing pillars and success criteria that will serve as a foundation for that vision. However, the most constructive outcome of the project was the positive change of attitude of security sector officials who started to see community members as integral part of the policing process.

Training on community policing for Egyptian police officers. © IOM 2013 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


Under the project "Egypt: promoting health protection for detained migrants in Sinai", in October 2014, IOM organized a study tour for MoI officials working in the field of migration management, and detention centres, to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and best practices between officials from the Government of Egypt and the Government of Italy on issues related to irregular migration in a comprehensive manner, including the provision of health services.

Lastly, in December 2014, the Organization supported the participation of MoI officials to IOM’s third conference on technical cooperation and capacity-building for border management: “Border Management Information Systems for 2025: What can we expect and how will they integrate with existing systems?” held in Bangkok. This conference represented an opportunity for the Egyptian officials to view state-of-the-art solutions used by governments, border management agencies, airlines and airports in the Asian region. The visit was followed by the identification of recommendations to translate the best practices acknowledged abroad into the Egyptian context.

Exchange of Knowledge As laid out in IOM’s MiGOF, good migration governance requires coordinated evidence based policies. IOM has strove to facilitate Egypt and its neighbours to have knowledge base to develop such policies. Since 2013, under the project "Addressing irregular migration flows and upholding human rights of migrants along the North-Eastern African Migration Route and North Africa (NOAH)", IOM supported the establishment of the regional North Africa Mixed Migration Task Force, together with UNHCR, OHCHR, UNODC, the Danish Refugee Council, and the Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat. The Task Force regularly collects and shares data to identify emerging migratory trends, responses, and jointly advocate for the rights of migrants in the Middle East and North Africa region. A platform for inter-agency exchange and coordination, the MHub, has been created to pool expertise, disseminate innovative and good practices, establish priority areas for cooperation and potential joint programme responses, as well as advocacy. A Migrant Footprints Database has been pre-positioned, which paves the way for the development of a real time regional database and visualization tool with the aim to provide a detailed monthly report on migration trends in the Middle East and North Africa region, to show changes and emerging trends. Furthermore, four researches have been conducted, namely: “Migration trends in the Mediterranean: connecting the dots”, “Detained Youth: The fate of young migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in Libya today”, "Conditions and risks of mixed migration in North East Africa”, as well as “Addressing human trafficking and exploitation in times of crisis” to better understand patterns and characteristics of this phenomenon.

Study tour to Canada for Egyptian MoI officials. © IOM 2013 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


Considering the growing need for human mobility in the context of globalization and considering that intra regional labour mobility is one of the major drivers of development and socioeconomic integration in the Arab region, IOM has been facilitating the engagement of the Government of Egypt in regional cooperation and in the development of coherent policies on labour mobility. IOM has worked in partnership with the Population Policies and Migration Department at the League of Arab States (LAS) to convene an Arab Regional Experts Group Meeting to discuss modalities of integrating human mobility issues into development policies in the Arab region in 2008 and 2009. The results of the various kinds of social, political, and economic engagement that define IOM- LAS efforts was later compiled in the “Study on the Dynamics of Arab Expatriate Communities: Promoting Positive Contributions to Socioeconomic Development and Political Transitions in their Homelands”, which focused on specific aspects of the complex relationships that

Dialogue

Sharm el-Sheik Regional Conference on the African Union Horn Initiative on Africa Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants. © IOM 2015 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

exist between expatriate communities and their home countries in the Middle East and North Africa.

In 2008, under the project "Cooperation between IOM and selected countries of the Arab Labour Organization (ALO) on Human and labour Mobility Management in the Middle East" funded by the IOM Development Fund, IOM analysed developments and trends of increasingly diverse and intense regional mobility patterns, as well as their impact on home and host communities through the study "Intra-regional labour mobility in the Arab World" and contributed to better managed labour mobility by training 26 government officials from 17 Arab countries and regional organizations such as the GCC and the Arab Union of Trade Unions in 2010. The importance of this workshop was further accentuated by the fact that, for the first time, it included representatives from both sending and receiving countries in the region who were able to discuss topics of mutual concern in an informal, non-binding setting.


In preparation for the High Level Dialogue on Migration Development held in New York in 2013, a Regional Consultative Meeting on International Migration and Development in the Arab Region was convened by IOM, the UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, and LAS. The event culminated in a joint declaration on the part of participating States which, inter alia, emphasized the need for further regional dialogue and cooperation in drawing up programmes to involve Arab expatriate communities in the development process through the transfer of their expertise and the development of partnerships and communication networks between them and their counterparts in their countries of origin. The declaration also reaffirmed that qualified Arabs abroad are a national and international resource which should be given attention and support as important development actors in Arab countries.

In 2014, the paper “Development in Motion: Mainstreaming Migration and Development in Egypt" aimed at promoting the engagement of a wide range of UN agencies and other development partners in the migration and development nexus, each working within their mandate but aiming to understand better, possibly with specific additional research, how migration affects the issues they address. It established policy areas the Government of Egypt, as leader of the development process, may be able to use to both engage in mainstreaming migration within economic development planning overall and in working on specific initiatives. In addition, during the same year, within the scope of the project “Stabilizing at-risk communities and enhancing migration management to enable smooth transitions in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya (START)", IOM conducted a regional inter-State meeting in order to advance cooperation among Egypt, Tunisia and Libya in addressing challenges and opportunities of migration governance. Social, economic and political factors in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East have

resulted in a surge of migrants attempting to cross the Mediterranean Sea to enter the EU, often through Italy, Malta, and Greece. Since 2014, two initiatives, namely the AU-Horn of Africa Initiative on Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants,” and the “EU-Horn of Africa Migration Route Initiative (Khartoum Process)”, have brought together countries of origin, transit, and destination to foster dialogue, avoid further loss of migrant lives at sea as well as ensure safe and regular migration. IOM Egypt has supported the Government of Egypt to take a leadership role in these initiatives by hosting a series of meetings and conference including the first meeting of the Steering Committee for EU-Khartoum Process which took place in Sharm El-Sheikh on 23-24 April 2015. In addition, IOM also supported the Government of Egypt to host the first conference of the AU Horn of Africa Initiative on Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants on 13-14 September 2015 which resulted in the Sharm El-Sheikh Statement.

The two initiatives in turn paved the way for the launch of the Valletta Summit on Migration from 11 to 12 November 2015 in Valletta, Malta. The Summit was the highest level inter-regional dialogue to agree on a shared Action Plan and Political Declaration to improve the management of migratory flows. The initiatives and instruments agreed upon in Valletta constitute important milestones agreed upon between Europe and Africa in addressing the root causes of irregular migration and trafficking in persons in an effort to establish a rights-based migration management system. Thanks to the funds received from various donors, IOM has been able to continuously provide technical and logistical support to target country delegations in attending and contributing to these critical policy fora. Furthermore, knowledge generated by MHub informed the declarations and policy statements resulting from the three initiatives outlined above.


To contribute to the on-going efforts of the Government of Egypt in strengthening socioeconomic, financial and cultural ties between the Egyptian communities abroad and their homeland for their mutual benefit, from 2006 to 2009, IOM implemented the project “Enhancing Existing Bonds between the Egyptian Diaspora and their Homeland”. Thanks to the funds provided by the IOM Development Fund, the Organization has supported the then Ministry of Manpower and Emigration's (MoME) efforts to link emigration policy with economic and social development, and strengthen links between Egyptian expatriates and their origin communities. Under this project, IOM facilitated fact-finding missions to several key destination countries for Egyptian migrants, which were very useful in order to better understand the concerns, present situation, and potentialities of Egyptian expatriates, as well as promote stronger and durable relations that would benefit both the Egyptians abroad and their home country. Avenues for engaging expatriate communities in the development of Egypt and policies and programmes to enhance their contribution towards the overall socioeconomic development of Egypt were then studied through different research, including the following: “Dynamics of the Egyptian Diaspora”, “Egyptian Entrepreneurs in Italy through the Global Crisis” and “Remittances and Investment Opportunities for Egyptian Migrants”.

In response to the willingness of Egyptian expatriate communities to engage in development initiatives in their home country by investing in, or even returning to Egypt, three projects were implemented from 2009 to 2012 within the framework of the “EU-UN joint migration and development initiative (JMDI)”. This specific intervention aimed to set up and

Engaging Expatriate Communities reinforce networks of actors working on migrationand development; to identify good practices in this field and share information on what actually works at the local and international levels among those who are active in this field, with a view to feeding into policy- making on migration and development. As the initiative’s focal point in Egypt, IOM was responsible for: (i) assisting the Inter-agency Technical Committee; (ii) providing support for the monitoring and evaluation of the three specific projects of selected NGOs; (iii) disseminating information about the joint initiative and its results to potential stakeholders. The three selected projects implemented in Egypt were as follows:

The migrants skills transfer in the aquaculture and fishery project consisted of mapping and cataloguing of human capital needs in the growing Egyptian aquaculture sector, and matching them by means of a corresponding mapping and cataloguing of Egyptian migrant workforce capabilities available and directly engaged in Greek aquaculture and fisheries.

The sustainability in development projects: the joint Egyptian-Cypriot Initiative provided NGOs in the least developed governorates in Upper Egypt, with needed knowledge and skills to build sustainable development projects as well as helped both the Arab migrant community in Cyprus and Egyptian community in general understand the development needs and prerequisites in the least developed governorates in Upper Egypt, as well as explore their potential future role in developing these areas and foster future cooperation.

The entrepreneurial knowledge: towards Arab German-Egyptian women development experience project aimed to enhance the level of Egyptian women's participation in the economy through the


enhancement of their skills to efficiently run small-scale income generating projects. As such, 20 Arab expatriate small businesswomen from Germany transferred their experiences to 120 Egyptian women counterparts in the area of developing and implementing small scale income generating projects, who helped later disseminate the experience learned to another 520 Egyptian women.

Building upon the JMDI initiatives IOM continued to support the Government of Egypt in facilitating the active engagement and participation of Egyptians Abroad in the development of Egypt, by establishing, within the framework of the third phase of the "Integrated Migration Information System (IMIS)" project financed by the Italian Government, the first video conference system at the then MoME, which provided Egyptian officials with a permanent communication channel to interact with representatives of Egyptian communities abroad. Following the deployment of the video conference system several video conference events, seminars and workshops were held with representatives of the Egyptian expatriate communities to foster their socioeconomic involvement in the development of local communities in Egypt. Furthermore, a specific section dedicated for Egyptians abroad was created and embedded into the update web-platform allowing them to stay connected and share information, documents, ideas and projects. Through the platform, Egyptian expatriates and associations will have the chance to register and participate in seminars, conferences and other online events organized by relevant institutions as well as to create their own blogs. IOM supported the participation of a delegation of Government of Egypt’s top level officials, from the then MoME, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in the International Workshop “Integrating Migration into Development: Diaspora as a Development Enabler” which was held at the Italian

Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Rome on 2 and 3 October 2014, under the Italian European Union Presidency. The workshop contributed to a better understanding of the links between international migration and development in order to harness the development potential of migration for the benefit of both the Egyptian society and migrants, and to contribute to sustainable development and poverty reduction. In addition, in August 2013 the Egyptian government hosted the first Conference for Egyptians Abroad, entitled “Egypt in the Heart” which brought together expatriate community members and government ministries to discuss potential areas of collaboration to support social and economic development with the support of IOM. The Egyptian government then released a declaration based on this conference, stating their conviction that the future of Egypt is a collective responsibility for Egyptians including those living abroad. IOM has supported the Government to organise two subsequent conferences for Egyptians abroad in 2014 and 2015. Based on the achievements reached until present, IOM has proposed as a way forward with the “Initiatives for local Development of Egypt through the support of Egyptians Abroad (ILDEA)” project with a triple aim. It is going to further build the capacities of national authorities to effectively engage Egyptian expatriate communities in local development initiatives; establish the necessary communications channels/networks between the Government of Egypt authorities and Egyptian associations in Italy to facilitate collaboration on development initiatives; and pilot small-scale community development projects jointly implemented by local communities and Egyptian expatriates that respond to the specific development needs of the targeted communities whilst also serving as concrete examples for broader policy development and further joint collaboration on local community development initiatives.



MAXIMIZING THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF MIGRATION

Building on years of collaboration with the Government to provide Egyptians with positive migratory choices and contributing to the first objective of MiGOF, IOM works with the relevant authorities and local partners to increase access to regular channels for mobility as well as sustainable livelihood opportunities at home. To this end, the Mission supports the relevant authorities to establish labour migration schemes and increase the employability of youth at risk of irregular migration by strengthening the vocational training offer to meet the demands of local and foreign markets as well as enhancing job counselling and matching. At the same time, IOM’s partners provide soft skills, technical and entrepreneurship training to meet the immediate livelihood needs of marginalized sending and returnee receiving communities as well as those in border areas. While such livelihood support is open to all residents of at risk communities, specific support is provided to returnees through IOM’s assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR) programme through which they can benefit from health, education, and shelter assistance as per their need.

"

« »Strangers bring diverse languages, customs and learning with them, which all adorn the country and flourish the royal court. Esteem and support them WITH GOOD WILL AND TREAT THEM FAIRLY.

Stephan I of Hungary (975–1038, first King of Hungary)


Since 2001, IOM has been supporting the Government of Egypt to facilitate labour migration, and channel human and financial resources resulting from migration for the benefit of Egypt’s development. Through the IMIS project, IOM aimed at assisting the Government of Egypt in the management of regular migration flows from Egypt to Western countries. To this end, an integrated information online web-platform was created with two main functions. Firstly, it included an online job-matching system where Egyptian job-seekers could access appropriate positions in the labour market, and, simultaneously, prospective employers in destination countries are enabled to identify suitably qualified Egyptians to fill vacancies. Secondly, the IMIS web-platform includes Misriat, a databank which provides Egyptians with information on entry and work visa, citizenship and country profiles on several potential countries of destination. This was further strengthen by the development of a Pre-Departure Orientation (PDO) manual with which 50 officials of the then MoME from different governorates were trained to be able to independently deliver PDO course session.

During the second phase of the project, IMIS Plus, launched in 2008, the job-matching system was improved through the activation of a proper validation procedure of the skills and expertise of applicants mentioned in their CVs. The cooperation between governmental and non-governmental entities to provide Egyptian communities abroad with reliable information on investment opportunities in Egypt was strengthened through the creation of a section for investment opportunities on the website, based on the findings of the study "Migrants' opportunities for investment in Egypt" commissioned by IOM to the American University in Cairo.

During the third phase of the project, IMIS III, launched in 2013, a quality assurance mechanism for labour matching processes was developed, entailing an innovative online skills assessment system and certification mechanism for selected occupational profiles. Further, IOM trained over 25 MoME staff and labour attachés on analysing current trends and methodologies in international labour market recruitment as well as enhancing dialogue on mechanisms for the protection of migrants’ rights. In addition, the web-platform was completely restructured and to comprise five main sections: going abroad; employment abroad; Egyptians abroad; returning home; investment and development opportunities following the establishment of the Ministry of State for Emigration and Egyptian Expatriate Affairs.

Facilitating Labour Migration

IMIS III Platform (retrieved on Jan. 2016)


Egypt has faced challenges in addressing the result of the economic malaise from which it has been suffering since 2011. This includes rising youth unemployment coupled with high rates population growth. Moreover, both the increasing competitiveness of foreign labour markets as well as displacement resulting from unrest in the region, especially the Libyan crisis where more than 200,000 Egyptian migrant workers returned home have added more pressure on the domestic job market. Against this background, and strengthened by the findings of the study “Migration Aspirations and Experiences of Egyptian Youth“ conducted in 2011, IOM has sought to give Egyptians new options to work and be gainfully employed in their country, as well as to have the skills to migrate regularly and fill labour shortages abroad.

Offering New Opportunities

Under an agreement between the Governments of Egypt and Italy signed in 2009, IOM set up the project “Education and Training for Egyptian Youth in Fayoum Governorate: Activities to promote Regular Migration and Positive Alternatives” aimed to create new education and training opportunities for vulnerable Egyptian youth in order to enhance their employability in the tourist sector both in Egypt and abroad. The Advanced Technical School for Hotel Management and Tourism Services in Fayoum Governorate was selected to become a state-of-the-art centre of excellence, offering a three-year course, plus two additional years for students willing to further specialize in specific fields. Some 22 classrooms, two kitchen and two restaurant laboratories were renovated and equipped. Teachers were trained on technical specialities in kitchen, service

Advance Technical School for Hotel Management and Tourism Services in Fayoum Governorate © IOM 2014 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


Under the START project launched in December 2011 IOM worked to enhance the local economy’s capacity to absorb returnees from Libya after the crisis, by supporting the Egyptian Government in expanding access to employment opportunities in Menoufeya, Qalyoubia and Fayoum governorates which were identified as economically marginalized and witnessing high rates of Egyptian returnees from Libya. IOM Egypt provided entrepreneurship trainings and mentorship to 180 youth participants from the above governorates. After successfully completing the trainings, 35 were provided with in-kind grants to operationalize the six most promising businesses. Through the same project, since 2015, over 2700 beneficiaries received training with IOM support and over 1100 job-seekers were successfully matched with employment or self-employment opportunities. 96 disadvantaged unemployed Egyptian youth from Mansoura governorate were supported to find employment after attending the Job Placement Training Program offered by IOM under the NOAH project. Moreover, marginalized communities along major migratory routes across Egypt in migrant-dense communities as well as border areas have been supported to set up and manage income generating activities, under the "Addressing irregular migration of sub-Saharan Africans through South Egypt: providing humanitarian assistance to irregular migrants, while raising awareness of Egyptian local communities" project. More specifically:

• 275 women were trained to produce a variety of handicrafts, enhance their technical skills in refining product quality, improving design, determining price, packaging and marketing;

• 73 beneficiary families received livestock;

• 20 fishermen were trained to advocate for their rights with local authorities.

and tourism. A career guidance unit was created for school-to-work transition and tutoring activities for students. Just to mention the major results, 50 young job-seekers from the Fayoum Governorate were trained on skills and knowledge useful for national and international labour opportunities, including on how to behave in meetings and interviews with potential employers; 30 of them found a job or an internship at home and abroad. More than 200 traineeships/internships were organized for students in Fayoum and Red Sea governorates, as well as five traineeships organized for outstanding students in Italy.

The capacity of the school to attract committed and promising students grew from an average of 163 students enrolled in 2009/2010 to 250 in 2012/2013. The success of this initiative was further confirmed by the drastic decrease of unaccompanied migrant children from Fayoum arriving in Italy: from 20 per cent of the overall number of Egyptian minors in 2009 (prior to the project), to 0.3 per cent in 2013. On this note, IOM keeps promoting livelihood opportunities for youth by supporting the Government of Egypt's efforts to revitalize the tourism sector through the “Positive life alternatives for Egyptians youth at-risk of irregular migration (PLAYA)” programme initiated in 2015. More specifically, through establishing two centres of excellence for vocational training in target governorates; building the capacity of trainers and assessors to provide effective training focusing on the emerging needs of the tourism industry and scale up the implementation of skills assessment and certification frameworks; and enhancing the professionalism and competitiveness of graduates and job-seekers in the Egyptian tourism industry through development and delivery of short-term training courses.


Information, Counselling and Referral Services

Since the beginning of 2011, IOM started working in partnership with UNIDO, UN WOMEN, UN Habitat, and ILO on a joint intervention, called the “Human security through inclusive socioeconomic development in Upper Egypt (HAYAT)” project. HAYAT aims to strengthen human security in the governorate of Minya, which was identified as one of the most economically vulnerable regions in Egypt displaying high levels of persistent poverty, by implementing interventions designed to protect and empower vulnerable populations. Specifically, IOM’s component aimed to address economic insecurity in Minya as a protection measure that aims to build the capacity of both target communities and local authorities in dealing with youth unemployment, absorbing returnees, and providing access to valid livelihood opportunities. Similarly, under the START project, IOM also worked in Menoufeya, Qalyoubia and Fayoum to address economic insecurity spurred by the Libyan crisis. In this regard, IOM cooperated with then MoME to establish four Information, Counselling, and Referral Services (ICRS) within the already existing public employment services offices inaugurated in 2014, while in Menoufeya, ICRS was set up in cooperation with the local university. The ICRS offices act as a one-stop-shop connecting job-seekers, employers, and service providers to provide beneficiaries with tailored one-on-one counselling sessions, referral to appropriate available job opportunities or training to enhance job-seekers’ skills as a step to obtaining desirable and sustainable employment.

Local needs, priority sectors, geographical areas and priority interventions for each governorate were identified through local forums held in 2015. Close

contacts established with local employers, such as Toshiba Al Arabie and Kom Oshim industrial zone inFayoum, helped lay the ground work for channelling job-seekers that approach the office and avail themselves of the counselling and training being offered to find immediate employment. In addition, the ICRS offices organized seven employment fairs and information sessions to reach a wider pool of job-seekers in the target communities. Moreover, the START project also supported the development of a micro-lending platform called Narwi to link youth in the Middle East and North Africa to Arab expatriates willing to support their business ideas and projects. The mission of Narwi is to mobilize new forms of charitable giving through a platform that connects young micro entrepreneurs with capital and knowledge, mobilized through the crowd, empowering them to grow sustainable businesses and create jobs for others.

Employment fair in Fayoum as part of IOM's efforts to find alternatives to irregular migration. © IOM 2015 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

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© IOM 2010 – MEG0053 (Photo: Ahmed Rady)

PROTECTION OF MIGRANTS AND VULNERABLE GROUPS

While answering to the second objective of MiGOF this outcome addresses not only response to the mobility dimensions of crises but ensures that protection mechanisms meet the needs of all migrants and particularly vulnerable groups in an inclusive manner. This entails working with the Government of Egypt to enhance its preparedness in responding to crises while also ensuring that the most basic of services are readily available to those in need. IOM remains a partner of the Government of Egypt in strengthening its emergency and contingency planning especially in light of the ongoing instability in countries in the region, including Libya with which it shares its longest border. IOM provides training and equipment to health facilities in migrant dense areas and along migratory routes that cross the country. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the most critical needs of the most vulnerable are met, IOM has established a direct assistance team which provides socioeconomic, medical, and psycho-social assistance to stranded migrants as well as refers them to services provided by local and international partners. This multipronged approach builds local capacities to enhance long term sustainable solutions and responses while providing a safety net for those that still struggle with accessing services.

" « »I saw you yesterday on the street when the city was cold and big. I saw you were new in the north and your mother carried a suitcase with all the belongings and you carried her dream of one day to BE FREE.

H. Sivertsen (1950, Norwegian song writer)


Upon the request of Member States in 2011, IOM developed the Migration Crisis Operational Framework. This analytical and operational tool includes all phases of a crisis as a whole, and considers the specific needs and vulnerabilities of crisis-affected migrants who fall outside of existing protection frameworks. With the intention to provide a more holistic approach to human mobility in situations of crisis, it helps to improve and systematize the way in which the Organization supports its Member States and partners in responding to the assistance and protection needs of crisis-affected and vulnerable populations. In 2014, IOM presented and trained representatives of the League of Arab States (Population Policies, Expatriates,and Migration Department and the Human Rights Department) and the Vice President of the Helwan University, one of the main Egyptian governmental universities with almost 150,000 students enrolled on the framework.

Furthermore, IOM established the Migration Emergency Funding Mechanism (MEFM)5 in 2011, to ensure the Organization can respond quickly as soon as a crisis arises. The MEFM bridges the gap between the start of emergency operations and the subsequent receipt of donor funding and has been utilized during the humanitarian crisis in Libya, Yemen and Syria.

5 IOM Council, Establishment of a migration emergency funding mechanism, Resolution no. 1229 C, 516th Meeting, 2011.

IOM staff helping migrants at Salloum border after fleeing Libya due to the civil war © IOM 2011 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


Pre-Crisis PhaseThe implementation of disaster risk reduction activities is a crucial measure to prevent forced migration and displacement. In this regard, from 2010 to 2014, within the framework of the pilot project “Assessment and strategy development to respond to the impact of rising sea level on human mobility in Egypt”, IOM has worked to meet the challenges posed by the emerging issue of climate change and its possible effects on human mobility, thanks to the financial support of the IOM Development Fund. Focusing specifically on communities living in low elevation areas in the southeast of Alexandria, together with the then MoME, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency and local partners, IOM conducted a number of specific assessments to better understand the linkages between the expected impact of sea-level rise and internal migration. The initiative produced a technical report explaining mechanisms to monitor and map land use change, identifying and assessing the risk of climate and non-climate related hazards that could affect the region, providing a set of proposed initiatives and policy options to mitigate and prevent the negative impacts of sea level rise and other disasters, as well as promoting income-generating activities. Aside from the technical report, local communities were made aware of the impact of sea level rise and potential corrective measures through outreach activities such as information sessions and the production of a two-minute animated video, “Tale of One City”. Furthermore, IOM encouraged regional cooperation through supporting the participation of Egyptian government officials to the First Regional Conference on disaster risk reduction challenges and progress in the Arab Region held in Amman in 2013.

Through the Resolution No. 1035 adopted on November 2000, IOM Council established the IOM Development Fund/Developing Capacities in Migration Management (originally named the 1035 Facility). It represents a unique global resource aimed at supporting developing and in transition Member States in their efforts to strengthen their migration management capacities. More specifically, the Fund is designed to contribute to the harmonization of eligible Member State migration management policies and practices with their overall national development strategy. The projects that are eligible for funding may focus on counter-trafficking, enhancement of inter-governmental dialogue and cooperation, migration and development, migration and health, migration management systems, policy and legal framework development, research and assessment, as well as training activities and training system improvements.

Learn more about IDF: https://developmentfund.iom.int/

2015

2005

2000

2010

2 4 6 8 10

Growth in funding allocation in millions USD of the IDF


Emergency and Post-Emergency Settings

Since 2008, IOM supported governmental and non-governmental actors in Egypt in the prevention of pandemic crises. In particular, under the project initiated in 2010, “Pandemic preparedness for migrants and host communities”, IOM has sensitized government counterparts from the health and non-health sectors on the importance to include the needs of migrant and mobile populations in pandemic preparedness plans. The knowledge of Avian and pandemic influenza and on basic hygiene measures to prevent and mitigate their spread was improved among migrant and host communities thanks to the distribution of informational materials. Several trainings on health promotion and pandemic preparedness were facilitated by IOM, targeting health workers and migrant community leaders. In addition, the Organization promoted the development of networks of organizations providing different services to facilitate referral systems in case of a pandemic or for everyday needs.

Since Egypt became a Member of the Organization in 1991, IOM has been providing support to migrants and host communities caught in humanitarian situation.

The Libyan Crisis

In 2011, Libya witnessed unprecedented civil unrest when demonstrators took to the streets to protest economic, social conditions and demand Muammar Qaddafi's resignation. The security situation deteriorated rapidly and caused one of the largest migration crises in modern history. Because road travel from Benghazi toward the eastern border of Libya was relatively safe, Egypt was one of the countries which experienced the strongest influx of fleeing migrants on its territory. Between 22 and 25 February, 46,700 people crossed the Salloum border into Egypt, 81 per cent of whom were Egyptians. By the end of December 2011 a total of 263,554 people, including 173,873 Egyptians (66%) and 89,681 third-country nationals (TCN)6 (34%) crossed the Libya-Egypt border into Egypt.

6 Third-country nationals (TCNs) are migrants who cross the border from Libya to find refuge in a country that is not their country of origin.

Pandemic Preparedness and Response

IOM outreach event with migrant communities in Cairo © IOM 2010 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


IOM evacuating migrants stranded at the Salloum border.© IOM 2011 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

January 2012, approximately 200 Egyptian were assisted to return from Libya.

Humanitarian Assistance: in coordination with local authorities, the UN and civil society partners, IOM provided shelter, food, water, blankets and hygiene kits to thousands transiting migrants.

Health and Psychosocial Assistance: IOM swiftly deployed emergency response physicians, nurses and trained psychosocial counsellors to assist thousands of migrants in need of health-care and psychosocial services. In close collaboration with the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) and other partners, IOM provided medical care to more than 38,000 TCNs stranded on the Salloum border through a health clinic at the border offering daily consultations. The Organization assisted those returning home from Salloum and conducted pre-departure health checks to ensure the fitness to travel of TCNs and their families. IOM also arranged referrals for ambulance services to nearby health facilities for those who needed medical care before travel and assigned medical escorts to accompany returning migrants in need of health assistance during their journey home.

In March 2012, during the post-emergency, IOM kept providing medical services 24 hours a day seven days a week to the nearly 2,000 refugees residing in the camp managed by UNHCR at Salloum, including curative and preventive care services, psychosocial support, drug and pharmacy management, and medical convoys. Psychosocial support services were integrated in the care and treatment including psychological first aid, counselling and mental health referrals to specialized centres. As the only agency providing health care to migrants in Salloum, IOM medical staff also actively supported the mobile and fixed clinics of the Egyptian

IOM was one of the first organizations to arrive at the border between the two countries, in Salloum, to provide emergency assistance and decongest the border in order to limit the impact of migrants on Egypt and prevent the onset of a humanitarian crisis. In this regard, an inter-linked set of activities where offered.

Evacuation: through the IOM-UNHCR HumanitarianEvacuation Cell and with the generous support of the Egyptian authorities, IOM launched a massive humanitarian evacuation of tens of thousands of TCNs through Egypt, mainly via Cairo International Airport, where migrants were transported to board onward flights to their countries of origin. IOM liaised with consular officials to issue travel documents to undocumented nationals arriving at the Egyptian border.

By the end of 2011, IOM repatriated from Egypt a total of 39,073 persons. Most of the TCNs evacuated from Egypt were Chadians (46%) and Nigeriens (23%). In addition, under the START programme started in


The civil unrest that took place in Egypt between 25 January and 11 February 2011 to demand the resignation of then President Hosni Mubarak caused prices to escalate and affected the State service provision. To address the critical immediate needs resulting from this disruption, through the project “Urgent assistance to migrant families in Egypt”, IOM provided cash and distributed food bags to vulnerable migrant families and host families, through its existing network of NGOs and community-based organization partners. In complementarity, through the project “Provision of emergency health-care services and follow-up care to Egyptians and migrants affected by violent unrest in Egypt”, IOM provided emergency health-care services to those affected by street violence in Cairo and other Egyptian cities. IOM donated medical equipment and supplies, pharmaceuticals, food and non-food items (NFI) to six Government and NGO health-care providers in Cairo and Ismailia. 73 nurses, medical staff, medicine and pharmacy students, and volunteers were trained on basic life support and mass casualty management. Lastly, a total of 375 beneficiaries received medical assistance. An additional 12 Egyptians and 26 migrants received livelihoods and socioeconomic assistance, which indirectly benefited an additional 112 of their family members.

The Egyptian Revolution

In response to the mass influx of Syrians fleeing violence since 2011 and in line with the objectives set by the internationally agreed Syria Regional Response Plan 5 (RRP5), the project “Provision of emergency health care, awareness raising, and other essential services for Syrians in Egypt” provided direct and indirect assistance to Syrians in Egypt and host communities in order to ameliorate their living conditions, increase social cohesion, and ultimately prevent irregular and unsafe onward migration. In 2014, IOM managed to:

• Assist 1,581 migrants detained with NFIs in Northern Egypt;

• Provide secondary/tertiary medical assistance and/or rental assistance to 18 Syrians in Cairo and Alexandria;

• Contribute to two National Polio Campaigns reaching 1,852 children in Matrouh, Red Sea, Aswan, South Sinai Governorates, Cairo and Giza, through community health volunteers;

• Reach 3,100 Syrians and Egyptians with primary health-care services through mobile health clinics throughout Egypt, as well as 921 Syrian children who were provided health screening;

• Equip public health centres in the Nile Delta where over 30 per cent of the Syrian population resides;

• Raise awareness among Syrians and Egyptians about the risks of irregular migration, smuggling and trafficking, as well as about general health issues; and

• Train 152 primary health-care centre officials who were involved in the provision of health-care services to migrants.

The Syrian EmergencyMoHP. Two outbreaks of scabies that infected more than 1,000 migrants and refugees were promptly treated by IOM’s medical team as well as precautionary measure were set and information was disseminated on how to best prevent it. Moreover, trainings were conducted to enhance the skills of MoHP’s quarantine clinic team and an updated referral system was created after careful analysis of the gap in the former referral systems.


IOM paediatrician screens a Syrian child during a mobile health clinic in Greater Cairo. © IOM 2015 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

In order to continue with the provision of needed assistance and in line with the objectives set by the Syria Regional Response Plan 6 (RRP6), a second phase of the project was launched. Since January 2015, IOM has:

• Conducted 51 visits to 18 detention centres across the North Coast, assisting 1,514 migrants in detention with 2,133 NFI kits. Scabies outbreak containment at one detention centre was also conducted and benefitted 120 Syrians and non-Syrians in detention;

• Conducted two capacity-building workshops for 25 local NGOs working with Syrians to support their response capacities on project and activity management in sectors such as psychosocial support, education and training, shelter, awareness raising, health care, and human rights;

• Reached 2,272 Syrians and Egyptians through 13 mobile health clinics organized to increase outreach to remote communities providing services such as internal medicine, paediatrics, gynaecology, ophthalmology, dental care, ears, nose, and throat, and orthopaedics as well as established and supported a community health outreach volunteer network to assist the Syrian community.

IOM assistance to Syrians continues in line with the new Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP) 2015-2016.

Syrians resettled to Germany. © IOM 2013 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

Besides IOM’s on-going resettlement activities described at length below, under the "Humanitarian admissions program for Syrian refugees from Egypt to Germany", IOM ensured the safe and smooth temporary relocation of 300 selected Syrian refugees living in Egypt to Germany. IOM provided the full gamut of services including medical screening, departure arrangements, cultural orientation sessions, and charter flights.

Yemenis Stranded in Egypt The security situation inside Yemen has not improved since fighting broke out between Houthi rebels and pro-Government forces in January 2015. Fighting inside Yemen prompted the closure of Yemeni air space, as well as the closure of land border crossings with neighbouring countries. Many stranded Yemeni migrants in Egypt faced risks of exploitation and abuse, primarily because they were unable to access resources at home. Financial transactions between Egypt and Yemen were discontinued with the outbreak of violence. Against this background, IOM distributed financial assistance for food and housing to 897 vulnerable Yemeni families (2,768 individuals) stranded in Egypt. Moreover, IOM set up an air evacuation operation for 1,600 migrants, including over 150 Egyptians and their mixed Egyptian-Yemeni families.


Assistance to Vulnerable Migrants

Considering the different migration routes passing through Egypt, IOM worked to ensure dignified and humane assistance to migrants in need through the implementation of different projects: Through the “Addressing irregular migration of sub-Saharan Africans through Southern Egypt; providing humanitarian assistance to irregular migrants, while raising awareness of Egyptian local communities” project, started in 2012, IOM supported governmental and non-governmental efforts to expand the sphere of protection for vulnerable migrants transiting through Egypt in southern Egypt, Aswan and the Red Sea governorates specifically. This has been facilitated by the opening of a field office in Aswan manned entirely by local staff, which filled a significant assistance gap for migrants in government custody apprehended crossing the border with Sudan. Moreover, through the regional project “A Protection Project: Supporting governmental and non-governmental partners to protect migrants’ human rights along the East African Route” started in 2012 in Egypt Sudan and Ethiopia, IOM promoted the human rights of migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees along the East African Migration Route, originating in the Horn of Africa, crossing Egypt’s southern border and extending through the Sinai Peninsula to Israel and Europe.

With the aim of improving regional coordination, as well as better understanding and response to irregular migration along the East African Migration Route, passing from the Horn of Africa through Egypt and toward the Northern coast of Libya, IOM established the “Addressing irregular migration flows and upholding the rights of migrants along the North- Eastern African migration route and North Africa (NOAH)” project in collaboration with Libya and Sudan starting from 2013 and is continuing into its fourth phase.Moreover, through the implementation of the project “Ensuring a comprehensive approach to address smuggling and trafficking in Egypt, including Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula” started in 2013, IOM assisted the Government of Egypt and civil society to protect the rights of vulnerable migrants and prevent smuggling and trafficking flows to and from Egypt. This activity has been facilitated also through IOM’s experience working in Sinai and has worked in synergy with the project “Promoting health protection for detained migrants in Sinai” which started in 2011, aimed at responding to migrants’ health needs in Sinai, in close coordination with Egyptian authorities, including MoHP and MoI.

© IOM 2014 (Photo: MIT0065


Protection of Migrants in Custody

Since 2011 with the increase of migrants using the Sinai route to reach Europe, IOM Egypt has been providing direct assistance to migrants held in detention facilities. This includes medical assistance (including psychosocial support), as well as the provision of food and non-food items, and the provision of assisted voluntary return services. In February 2013, IOM's intervention expanded to cover the Egyptian southern border where hundreds of irregular migrants are apprehended on their way to different areas of Egypt and Libya. Recently, in May 2014, as part of the inter-agency response to the Syrian refugee emergency, where an increasing number of migrants are apprehended along the Mediterranean Coast while trying to leave the country towards Europe, IOM started to deliver assistance also along Egypt’s North Coast.

Protection of Vulnerable Migrants

In addition to the services provided specifically for the VoTs described below, since 2010, IOM has been offering a wider range of tailored protection and assistance services to vulnerable migrants. Through a pool of funding for direct assistance, IOM has been providing: socioeconomic, education, legal and medical assistance; food and non-food items; counselling and AVRR support. Moreover, as part of this assistance in May 2015, IOM Egypt provided emergency humanitarian assistance to 897 vulnerable Yemeni families (2,768 individuals) who were stranded in Egypt as a result of the protracted conflict in Yemen and the subsequent closure of Yemeni air space, and land border crossings with neighbouring countries as mentioned previously.


9,800 Apprehended migrants assisted by IOM Egypt from Jan. 2012 to Sep. 2016

Vulnerable migrants assisted by IOM Egypt from 2013 to 2015

2,400


Vulnerable migrants assisted by IOM Egypt from Jan. 2013 to Sep. 2016*

* In addition IOM assisted 2,768 stranded Yemeni migrants in May 2015


In 2013, IOM Egypt created an information platform called "Bosla," which means compass in Arabic, to provide information about services available to migrants in Egypt, livelihood support in host communities, and promote socioeconomic reinsertion upon return. By 31 June 2016, www.bosla-egypt.info had received over 47,000 visits from a total of 155 countries with the majority, approximately 55 per cent, accessing from Egypt. Within Egypt most visitors were in Cairo, 32 per cent, followed by Giza, 8 per cent, and Alexandria, 5 per cent. Currently, the Bosla platform includes profiles of 40 community and civil society organizations providing assistance to migrants in 14 different service categories including: legal aid, refugee status determination process, medical care, education, shelter, direct and self-employment, assisted voluntary return, resettlement and community centres.

Egypt has the highest percentage of Unaccompanied Migrant Children (UMC) amongst countries of origin of irregular migrants arriving in Europe across the Mediterranean. In 2014, 2,007 (49%) of the 4,095 Egyptians arriving irregularly in Italy were UMCs in comparison to only 28 per cent in 2011. This upward trend continued in 2015, when 1,711 out of 2,610 Egyptian irregular migrants found in Italy were UMCs (66%). In light of this alarming trend, IOM has supported the Egyptian Government to build its capacity to address the needs of this most vulnerable target group. Under the above cited NOAH project, a workshop was organized with 45 officials and media representatives in September 2015 on national and international legal frameworks to address this issue. The event included participants from Italy and the UK who provided concrete examples of how states meet their obligations to protect, assist and respond to the needs of UMCs. This was further built upon through the above mentioned USAID funded project, which facilitated an exchange visit to Italy for members of NCCPIM to see first-hand the services provided to Egyptian UMCs after their arrival in Europe. Following these efforts the Committee agreed to form a working group to institutionalize protection mechanisms for UMCs from and in Egypt.

IOM has been training civil society organizations as well as other actors in order to enhance their capacity to ensure timely and relevant protection services to vulnerable migrants. For instance, IOM has been conducting community trainings on interpretation for those working with migrants. They learn multilingual strategies and best practices in migration and refugee interventions, which will be employed during their work. With a similar aim for the first time, IOM organized a training for interpreters of specific migrant communities who do not speak English or Arabic.

People* trained on irregular migration and international migration standards by IOM Egypt from 2009 to 2015

579

*including government officials, CSO, media representatives

Cairo community interpreters event © IOM 2014 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


Protection of Victims of Trafficking

the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood (NCCM) as the main referral agency for protection services including health care to VoTs. A national hotline (16221) managed by NCCM was set up to ensure rapid assistance. Moreover, during the same year, the first shelter for Egyptian and foreign female VoTs in Cairo opened, in cooperation with NCCM. It operated until May 2015 and offered assistance to a total of 111 VoTs. The responsibility of establishing a new shelter for VoTs has now been transferred to the Ministry of Social Solidarity (MoSS) at the request of NCCTiP. Since October 2015, MoSS has been in the process of identifying new premises and, subsequently, IOM will support the Government of Egypt in refurbishing and operationalizing the shelter.

Since 2010, the IOM Egypt’s Migrant Assistance Unit has identified and directly assisted 814 VoTs through the provision of:

• Immediate counselling and health care upon identification;

• Emergency financial assistance to cover for temporary housing and food provision;

• Non-food items such as a hygiene kits, dignity kits, clothes, and blankets;

• Food bags;

• Comprehensive medical screenings;

• Legal assistance to allow VoTs to pursue their criminal complaints against traffickers, in accordance with Law 64/2010.

Through the project “Enhancing capacity of the Ministry of Health to assist victims of trafficking in Egypt” and the project “Supporting the Government of Egypt’s efforts to combat human trafficking by protecting victims of trafficking and enhancing key investigation and prosecution capacities”, as well as the financial support from the IOM Development Fund Egypt became one of the few countries to have specialized trafficking services within the medical system. In early 2010, the MoHP designated a Trafficking Victim Support Unit at the National Bank Hospital, which was then renovated and equipped by IOM with a waiting room, gynaecology room, and rooms for in-patient care. IOM enhanced the abilities of hospital staff working in the unit as well as trained law enforcement representatives on health and psychological consequences of victims. A National Referral Mechanism was designed with

Staff shelter for victims of trafficking in Cairo © IOM 2014 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

764Victims of Trafficking assisted from January 202 until September 2016, of whom 152 were unaccompanied migrant children.


While the Egyptian Government aims to provide access to health services for migrants living in Egypt on the same basis as the local population, existing services are strained and costs can be unaffordable. In light of that, IOM has been engaged in safeguarding migrants' health; avoiding disparities in health status and access; minimizing the negative impacts of the migration process; and reducing excess mortality and morbidity. In order to do so, IOM has developed a comprehensive approach including:

Health convoys © IOM 2015 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

Medical equipment and supplies: since 2010, based on field evaluations, IOM has procured and distributed medical instruments to governmental and non-governmental clinics to enhance migrant diagnosis, treatment and care.

Technical support: from 2010 to 2015, IOM has trained more than 1,600 public and non-governmental health-care practitioners through 61 different types of health trainings, applying a migrant-friendly and gender-sensitive approach.

Immunization campaigns: to ensure the coverage of all populations under the MoHP regular vaccination activities, IOM has been providing logistical and medical support for vaccination campaigns in Aswan, Marsa Matrouh, North Sinai, and Red Sea districts. Migrant population in Cairo districts has also benefitted from the support of community health volunteers (CHVs) as described below.

Outreach activities: IOM has raised awareness on different issues such as first aid, personal and environmental hygiene, transmission of communicable diseases, protection as well as integration messages that encourage migrants to build positive relationships with host communities through the employment of CHVs - members of migrant

communities tasked to disseminate information on health related topics and to raise awareness on services available to the migrant community.

Direct assistance: IOM health division provides the medical support needed by vulnerable migrants, migrants in detention and VoTs. In addition, IOM has addressed the prevailing needs of host communities through the organization of medical convoys in different areas of Egypt offering several medical consultations; and through the distribution of medicines.

Enhancing Health Assistance


From 2009 to 2010, IOM in close cooperation with the MoHP and relevant governmental, non-governmental and private health-care providers started assisting Iraqis and other refugees temporarily residing in Egypt through the project “Enhancing access to primary health-care services for Iraqi nationals temporarily residing in Egypt”. The project has provided comprehensive maternal and child health care through direct services and has strengthened the capacity of doctors and nurses on maternal child health and family medicine.

Since 2011, IOM has recognized the rising health-related challenges in Egypt which include difficulties in preventing and treating communicable diseases, specifically in migrant-dense areas, including entry and exit points (EEP) and detention facilities. To address thisissue and recognizing the same needs in Yemen, IOM implemented the project “Promoting better health and well-being amongst migrants transiting through Egypt and Yemen (TRANSIT),” with the aim to achieve better health and well-being for the target migrant communities in urban settings in Cairo as well as in detention facilities in Egypt. Through the project, IOM delivered capacity-building, assessment and procurement of medical needs. More specifically, in Egypt, IOM worked to provide holistic support to VoTs and vulnerable migrants through its shelter, medical team and psychological support networks. The project represented a best practice in terms of migration health and assistance for vulnerable migrants in the region, for this reason, it has entered a second phase, with a broader geographic coverage (Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Yemen) to continue the direct assistance services to migrants transiting through the participating countries. The second phase of the project aims to strengthen the operation capacities of the governments involved in providing for migrants’

health; support the existing shelters in order to better accommodate vulnerable migrants; and organize regional dialogue in order to share good practices.Lastly, it is important to mention that as of 2013, under the "Protection project: supporting governmental and non-governmental partners to protect migrants' human rights along the East African Route" project, a cadre of health advocates has been created, namely a personalized accompaniment to health services in order to guarantee proper medical assistance for vulnerable migrants. Indeed, through implementing partners, IOM trained refugees and migrants to conduct such activity, making the beneficiaries feel more confident to access the services.

Awareness raising activity "Health Days." © IOM 2012 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

"


Safe, Orderly and Dignified MigrationIn line with the third objective of MiGOF, IOM Egypt’s fifth strategic outcome focuses on minimizing the vulnerabilities and security concerns linked to irregular migration and cross-border crime. On the one hand the Mission supports the National Coordinating Committees on Preventing and Combating Illegal Migration and Trafficking in Persons to raise awareness on the risks and potential consequences of engaging in trafficking in persons, migrant smuggling, and irregular migration more generally. In tandem the Mission works with the Ministry of Interior to ensure that they have the resources and technical support to detect such transnational crimes while safe guarding the rights of those caught by these unscrupulous criminals. Finally, for those victims of trafficking and vulnerable migrants already stranded in Egypt IOM ensures that they are able to return home in dignity through its assisted voluntary return and reintegration programmes. Going beyond individual reintegration, IOM Egypt is working with other Missions in the primary Countries of Origin of returnees in order to enhance their re-integration within their communities in an attempt to mitigate the possibility of returnees needing to embark on a perilous journey in the future.

"

© IOM 2015 (Photo: Francesco Malavolta)

« »As you set out for Ithaca, hope the voyage is a long one full of adventure, full of discovery, not expecting Ithaca to make you rich. Ithaca gave you the MARVELOUS JOURNEY.

C.P. Cavafy (1863–1933, Greek poet)




In 2015, IOM started conducting migrants’ health assessment, consisting of an evaluation of the physical and mental health status of migrants, made either prior to departure or upon arrival, for the purpose of resettlement, international employment, enrolment in specific migrant assistance programs, or for obtaining a temporary/permanent visa. IOM has coordinated:

• 605 medical exams of refugees enrolled in Humanitarian Admission/Resettlement Programmes of Germany, mentioned in the Emergencies and Operations section.

• 169 medical exams of refugees enrolled in the United Kingdom resettlement programme.

• 50 medical exams of refugees enrolled in New Zealand resettlement programme.

• 1,565 pre-departure medical screening and checks of refugees enrolled in the USRAP Program.

• 57 pre-departure medical screening of refugees resettling to France

• 97 pre-departure medical screening of refugees resettling to New Zealand

• 267 pre-departure medical screening of refugees resettling to Sweden.

Health Assessments

Medical screening at IOM Egypt premises © IOM 2016 (Photo: IOM Egypt)

Germany23%

France2%Sweden

10%

New Zealand6%

US59%

Medical Exams and Screenings per Country of Destination - 2015


IOM, Resettlement cases departed from Egypt (2012 – 2015)

Refugee Admissions Programs

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* (Apr.)

Australia 94 371 115 83 16Belgium - - - 3Canada 348 240 258 278 523Denmark 11 9 34 151 25Czeck Republic

- 1 - -

France - - 56 57 12Finland 13 - 74 351 5Germany - - - 605Ireland - 7 - -New Zealand - 1 16 97Netherlands - - 3 8Norway 34 27 30 21Romania 13 1 1 -Slovakia 35 - - -Sweden 170 169 393 267 81Switzerland 2 4 6 4United Kingdom

118 194 63 163 56

TOTAL 838 1024 1049 2088 718

In addition to some 70,000 Palestinian refugees whose families arrived in Egypt in the wake of the 1967, and 1990–91 wars, tens of thousands of refugees from Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Iraq reached Egypt during the nineties, due to unrest and continued human rights violations in their countries of origin. Since IOM established its office in Cairo in 1991, the Mission has engaged in providing processing and operational services for resettlement of refugees referred by UNHCR or receiving embassies with the support of the Government of Egypt. The main resettlement countries are the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Sweden, United Kingdom and Norway.

Through the effective joint work of different divisions, IOM offers case processing services, health assessments, pre-departure and cultural orientation and training courses, and facilitates the movement of refugees and other vulnerable migrants. Throughout the years, IOM has extensively improved its activities in order to keep a human-rights based approach and meet the needs of migrants. Hallmarks of IOM are the adherence to standard operating procedures, strict confidentiality and data protection standards, multilevel quality assurance controls at each stage of processing and robust anti-fraud measures to ensure programme integrity.


Since 1998, IOM Cairo operates under the global Memorandum of Understanding between IOM and PRM, providing various services under the United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP). The services provided include case processing and cultural orientation as part of the Resettlement Support Centre for Middle East and North Africa and movement transportation. The USRAP is the largest resettlement programme in the world.

The USRAP is fully funded by the Government of the United States and is used as a humanitarian tool to help refugees who require resettlement find a durable solution. It is a multi-agency effort, including partnership between UNHCR, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, the Resettlement Support Centre, the Refugee Processing Centre, IOM, Resettlement Agencies, the United States Department of Health and Human Services Office of Refugee Resettlement, the Centre for Disease Control and the relevant counterparts within the Government of Egypt. In 2005, resettlement activities decreased in Egypt following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan, and UNHCR change of policy regarding individual status determinations limiting resettlement of Sudanese refugees to those with compelling protection needs. However, following Senator Kennedy’s legislation of January 2008 known as the “Refugee Crisis in Iraq Act”, the USRAP in the Middle East increased significantly. Through the legislation, Iraqis affiliated with the Government of the United States and who meet certain employment verifications can apply for consideration under the USRAP.

In 2011, the conflict in Libya resulted in a massive wave of people fleeing violence entering Egypt. In response to the humanitarian emergency and in

close coordination with UNHCR and thanks to the support of the Government of Egypt at the central and local level, IOM processed a total of 1,646 individuals for resettlement to the United States.

Of the 69,933 refugees resettled to the United States during the fiscal year 2015, 1,837 refugees were resettled from Egypt, including Iraqis, Syrians and various African nationalities. In September 2015, President Barack Obama increased the refugee admissions ceiling from 70,000 in the fiscal year 2015 to 85,000 for the fiscal year 2016. Among the 85,000 refugees, it is expected that 10,000 will be of Syrian nationality.

Resettlement services at IOM Egypt premises © IOM 2016 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


Assisted Voluntary Return and Repatriation (AVRR) is a humane and dignified tool to support migrants who are unwilling or unable to stay in a host country and wish to return voluntarily to their country of origin or a third country where they have a permanent residence permit. Where feasible, these are the most desirable forms of return, given that they take the individual’s free decision into account and allow him/her to prepare for this step, while avoiding the stigma of deportation. As an added value, IOM AVRR programming provides support to the reinclusion or reintegration of the returnee into the society of his/her country of origin or habitual residence through offering income-generating opportunities and social networks.

IN HOST COUNTRIES pre-departure phase

Assistance for returnees with complex needs, such as VoTs or UMCs is tailored to their particular needs and further measures are implemented prior to return, such as risk assessment, best interest determination and family tracing for UMCs. Furthermore, IOM Egypt ensures additional services for vulnerable migrants such as legal support, shelter assistance and health, in cooperation with the Government of Egypt. IOM Egypt periodically holds meetings with migrant communities and stakeholders to disseminate accurate information on opportunities for return assistance, to strengthen referral networks, build trust and improve assistance in a cooperative way.

AVRR Process

• Initial interview, provision of return-related information; • Individualized counselling on return and reintegration assistance;• Organization of temporary accommodation;• Facilitation of travel documentation;• Arrangement of in-country travel to place of departure from host country;• Pre-departure medical checks for fitness to travel for individuals with health-related needs;• Arrangement of medical or social escorts.

• Assistance with travel in transit; • Departure and transport assistance;• Medical assistance (pre-embarkation medical checks and medical escort).

IN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN

post-arrival phase

IN TRANSITtransportation phase

• Assistance through immigration and customs;• Information and referral to local partners or other local stakeholders;• Onward travel to final destination;• Reception assistance (pocket money to cover immediate needs, temporary

accommodation, etc.);• Medium-term reintegration assistance, including business set-up, medical support,

housing, education/training, job placement, etc.

Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration


After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement and the Government of Sudan was signed in 2005, ending the Second Sudanese Civil War, mass return of Sudanese refugees settled in neighbouring countries started. IOM Egypt has been supporting the voluntary repatriation of UNHCR Persons of Concerns7 of Sudanese origin since 2009. Through “The Prospects of Assisted Voluntary Return Among the Sudanese Population in Greater Cairo“ study IOM firstly identified the elements affecting the migration choices of Sudanese already residing in Egypt either by prompting them to return to Sudan or to move to a neighbouring country. Then, through the implementation of the regional project “Transportation and logistics assistance for the return for Sudanese refugees from Egypt (VolRep)”, IOM jointly worked with UNHCR in Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, and in close coordination with the respective governments, to counsel vulnerable refugees and provide them with the possibility of voluntary repatriation. IOM arranged the return using best routing and most cost effective airlines from Cairo to Sudan or to South Sudan. Prior to departure IOM individually screened each refugee to check their fitness to travel and provided arrival and transit assistance for each of their movements. In total 96 Sudanese and 879 South Sudanese benefitted from this project between 2009 and 2012.

To continue availing dignified repatriation assistance to Person of Concerns in Egypt from Sudan and other target countries (Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan), from 2013 IOM has been collaborating with UNHCR within a second joint Volrep project,

7 PoC are all individuals whose protection and assistance needs are of interest to UNHCR, including refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced and stateless people. The joint projects only concern refugees and asylum-seekers.

“Provision of voluntary repatriation assistance ex-Egypt”. Since its inception until March 2016, a total of 177 persons returned to their country of origin (35 to Ethiopia, 117 to Sudan; 25 to South Sudan).

In 2011 IOM Egypt launched its AVRR programming with the aim of assisting stranded migrants in Egypt, including those in detention. From 2011 to 2013 IOM implemented the first regional AVRR project, “Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Egypt and Libya (RAVEL).” Through this project, IOM returned a total 1,819 migrants (1,274 from Libya, including 841 evacuations, and 545 from Egypt) to various origin countries in West and East Africa. 771 received reintegration assistance (equivalent to 79 per cent of assisted returnees). Such prospect falls within the framework of a wider regional strategy which, in synergy with other migrant assistance projects, has since led to the establishment of the North Africa Mixed Migration Task Force (see Partnership Section).

© Beneficiaries of RAVEL project. IOM 2014 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


A Sudanese father and daughter at IOM “Health in Motion” event, 2010. © IOM – MEG0056 (Photo: Ahmed Rady)

IOM drafted and broadly disseminated the "AVRR Handbook for the North African Region" with the aim of enhancing intra-regional cooperation and encouraging coherent programme delivery in origin, transit and destination countries in the North African context.

Return assistance has been ensured to migrant communities also through the regional project started in 2011: “Provision of Voluntary Return Assistance and Reintegration (AVRR) from Libya and Egypt”. Until March 2016, 416 migrants (260 from Egypt, 126 from Libya, and 30 from Tunisia) were assisted to voluntary return to their countries of origin including individual counselling sessions to identify needs, vulnerabilities and/or risks, and to ascertain return intention; pre-departure medical assessments to ascertain fitness-to-travel and identify vulnerable cases in need of enhanced forms of assistance, including medical escort; advanced travel bookings, disbursement of pre-departure allowances, as well as airport assistance upon departure, in transit, and upon arrival. In addition, 235 migrants from Libya were evacuated through commercial and charter flights due to the deteriorated security situation in the country.

These results were possible thanks to the establishment of a strong referral network, involving governmental, and non-governmental partners and diplomatic missions of the main countries of return (Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Senegal, Pakistan, South Africa) which allowed the extension of services to returnees before departure, including but not limited to best interest determination for unaccompanied or separated minors, psychosocial support, counselling on protection needs, and access to the Egyptian health system.

Under RAVEL numerous capacity-building activities targeting national authorities and civil society were undertaken to facilitate AVRR, in line with internationally recognized norms, and to build their capacity to assist returnees’ sustainable reinsertion and reintegration in major countries of origin. From 2011 to 2013, IOM:• Trained 10 community leaders and social workers

from Sudan on IOM AVRR procedures and counselling migrants prior to departure;

• Trained 15 Egyptian front line officers of the MoI on migration management and tools useful to facilitate IOM AVRR activities;

• Organized an exchange visit to Italy to expose eight MoI representatives from Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya and Sudan to best practices on migration management with a specific focus on AVRR. The main added value of this initiative was to put representatives from five countries in direct contact with each other and to discuss the daily challenges of migration management from very different perspectives;

• Organized a workshop for 22 governmental officers on AVRR for VoTs and vulnerable migrants in Cairo. It represented the first high-level, inter-ministerial dialogue of this kind and triggered new and improved cooperation on this topic.


Out of the total of returnees assisted, 273 migrants received in- kind reintegration support (65.62% of the returned caseload), including an individually tailored reintegration plan, designed and enacted upon return.

AVRR assistance to migrants is provided also through the implementation of other projects, such as the “Protection Project: Supporting governmental and non-governmental partners to protect migrants’ human rights along the East African Route” (Dec. 2012–Oct. 2015); “Addressing irregular migration flows and upholding the rights of migrants along the north-eastern African migration

route and North Africa” (Oct. 2014–Oct. 2015); “Ensuring a comprehensive approach to address smuggling and trafficking in Egypt, including Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula” (Oct. 2013–Sept. 2015) projects, which are described in the section on migrant assistance.

Since 2012, assisted voluntary return is made available also for Egyptians abroad who wish to come back to their country of origin. Until April 2016, over 1,278 people received this kind of assistance, of whom over 350 were provided with reintegration services as well, including medical assistance, support for business start-up, housing, and schooling.

Returnees to their countries of origin supported by IOM through assisted voluntary return and reintegration services. © IOM 2012-2015 (Photo: IOM Egypt)


Migrant returnees from Egypt to their country of origin (Jan. 2010 - Apr. 2016)

2010 2015

383

616

300311

47

465

2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 (*Apr.)

176 Nigeria

100

200

600

500

400

300

57 Senegal

551 South Sudan

65 Chad

349 *Other

527 Sudan57 Mali

62 Guinea

421 Ethiopia

* Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dem.Rep of Congo, Estonia, Gambia, Indonesia, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Russian Federation, Somaliland, Uganda, Yemen.

143


Egyptian migrants returnees to Egypt (from Jan. 2012 to Apr. 2016)

2015

198

493

300

353

204

30

2012 2013 2014 2016 (*Apr.)

100

200

600

500

400

300

688 Greece

32 Italy

11 Malta

14 Australia

33 Norway

172 Netherlands

175 Germany

51 Belgium

56 Austria

46 *Other

* Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Malaysia, Moldova, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, South Korea, Sudan, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom



The Way Forward: Coordinating Migration Governance through a National Migration Platform in Egypt

Further to IOM Director General’s visit to Egypt in December 2014, IOM has reiterated its commitment to the Government of Egypt on the cross cutting dimensions of migration and is ready to support the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to identify and coordinate national priorities, address the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities for enhanced migration management and overall governance. Against this background, IOM is promoting the establishment of an National Migration Platform (NMP) in Egypt to coordinate migration management at the national level. From one side, the Platform will benefit from IOM's long expertise in human mobility; from the other side, it will serve for all Ministerial stakeholders, namely the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Interior, Manpower, Emigration and Expatriate Affairs, International Cooperation and Justice, as a venue for discussion of the most pressing issues related to migration management and explore optimal solutions. This forum will thus allow the relevant institutions to reach a common understanding and vision on the evolving migration trends and propose solutions to address the same through complimentary actions and policies amongst all actors.

IOM pledges its commitment in supporting this initiative through the establishment of terms of reference for the NMP, the identification of the focal points from each core member ministry, as well as regular support for NMP meetings and in the organization of study visits abroad to facilitate the exchange of best practices and discuss recommendations for concrete interventions.

© IOM 2015 (Photo: MIT0118 )



IOM Worldwide *As of Jan. 2016

Department of International Cooperation and Partnership

Department of Migration Management

Department of Operations and Emergencies

• Multilateral Processes Unit• Donor Relations Division• Governing Bodies Division• International Partnerships

Division• Media and Communication

Division• Migration Research Division• International Migration Law

Unit

• Migration Health Division• Immigration and Border

Management Division• Migrant Assistance Division• Labour and Facilitated

Migration Division• Development Fund Unit• Migration, Environment and

Climate Change Division

• Preparedness and Response Division

• Transition and Recovery Division• Land, Property and

Reparations Division• Resettlement and

Movement Management Division

• Statistics and Knowledge Management Division

Ethics and Conducts

Legal Affairs

General Inspector

Gender Coordination

BangkokAsia and

the Pacific

San JoséCentral

and NorthAmericaand the

Caribbean

BuenosAiresSouth

America

ViennaEastern and

SouthEastern

Europe andCentral Asia

BrusselsEuropeanEconomic

Area

Global Migration Data Analysis Centre, Berlin, Germany

Special Liaison OfficeAddis Ababa

REGIONAL OFFICES

Take a look at IOM Snapshot 2016 to learn morehttps://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/about-iom/iom_snapshot_a4_en.pdf!

Director GeneralDeputy Director

Gen eral

COUNTRY OFFICES

Chief of StaffDeputy Chief

of Staff


REGIONAL OFFICES

Department of Resource Management

Administrative Centres

in Manila in Panama

• Accounting Division• Budget Division• Human Resources

Management Division• Common Service Division• Staff Travel Coordination

Unit• Treasury Division• Information Technology and

Communication Division

Director GeneralDeputy Director

Gen eralStaff Security Senior Regional

AdvisersOmbudsperson Spokesperson

PretoriaSouthern

Africa

NairobiEast and

the Horn ofAfrica

DakarWest andCentralAfrica

CairoMiddle

East andNorthAfrica

Africa Capacity-Building Centre, Moshi, Tanzania

COUNTRY OFFICES

Special Liaison OfficeNew York

162 Member States

110

53

Europe

47 31 828

Africa

48

Americas and the

Caribbean

Asia and Oceania

Middle East

401110

Offices

53106 68 64

Africa Asia and Oceania

Americas and the

Caribbean

Europe Middle East

Chief of StaffDeputy Chief

of Staff


Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities:

Egypt and IOM


Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities: Egypt and IOM 25 Years - ENG.pdf · Governing Migration and Creating Opportunities: Egypt and IOM, Partnership in Action. This booklet

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