Gothic Art 1140-1500 Nations are forming International banking and trade More crusades Growth of cities More universities (logic required) Scholastic philosophy (faith and reason); 100 Years War (1337-1453) Black Death (mid-1300s; 40% population died) Great Schism between Popes (1378-1417)
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Gothic Art1140-1500
Nations are forming
International banking and trade
More crusades
Growth of cities
More universities (logic required)
Scholastic philosophy (faith and reason);
100 Years War (1337-1453)
Black Death (mid-1300s; 40% population died)
Great Schism between Popes (1378-1417)
Gothic Art and the
Cult of the Virgin (around 1130 on, about the
same time the Byzantine Madonna became affectionate);
most churches dedicated to “Notre Dame”;
more light and mysticism
Abbey Church of St. Denis, Paris. 1140-44.
Designed by Abbot Suger.
Abbot Suger described the effect of
his ambulatory, chapels, and large windows as:
“a circular string of chapels, by virtue of which the
whole (sanctuary) would shine with the
miraculous and uninterrupted light of the most
luminous windows.”
Suger’s design:
No new techniques.
Different emphasis:
-lighter
-higher
-more slender
-more light
-continuous flow vs.
discrete parts
Groin vaults
Suger studied writings of Dionysius, 6th c. mystic theologian), that emphasized:
-mathematical harmony between parts of a building (based on
musical ratios)
-the mystical, miraculous effect of light (light as God’s presence)
Suger was trying to reinforce faith and spirituality through light and color
Chartres Cathedral, begun 1134
Tripartite façade
Pre-1194Begun 1507
Chartres
Christ in Majesty
with the evangelistsMary’s ascension Madonna and Child
Chartres Cathedral,
Old Testament Kings and Queens,
1145-55. Jamb figures.
San Sernin, Toulouse.
Romanesque
Chartres Cathedral,
Gothic
Chartres
San Sernin, Toulouse
1070-1120,
Romanesque
Chartres Cathedral,
begun 1134,
Gothic
Vertical buttressesAt Chartres, each buttress
Was 2 million lbs.
With exterior flying buttresses,vertical buttresses could be moved away
from the wall, meaning more & larger windows,
& thinner walls
Virgin and Child and angels:
Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere.
1170.(side panels 13th c)
Origin of Stained glass:
stained glass was used in the Islamic world;
idea brought back by Crusaders
To create colored glass:
Add metallic oxides to molten glass
(cobalt- blue; manganese – red and
purple; silver oxide-yellow)
Or flash glass - fuse a layer of colored glass
to clear glass
To create stained glass designs:
-Design drawn in chalk on table
-glass cut to fit design
-details (faces, etc.) painted in black enamel
and fired
-Pieces of colored glass joined by lead
strips (cames)
-set in iron armature for support
Chartres rose window
and lancet windows
(north transept).
1220
Rose about 43’ diameter
Tracery – ornamental stonework
used in supporting glass windows
Rose window
Tracery,Notre Dame
Details of north transept windows, Chartres, 1220.
Flying buttresses
Notre Dame, Paris
Amiens Cathedral.
Begun 1220
Amiens Cathedral.
Begun 1220
Gothic Cathedrals:
Pointed arches and windows
Ribbed groin vaults in the nave & aisles
Flying buttresses outside
Very high, narrow nave
Taller, thinner columns
Vertical emphasis
More unified space
-all cluster columns the same
-all the crowns of the rib vaults
and pointed arches of the
ceiling are at the same height
Much more light, much taller clerestories
& smaller triforiums
Stained glass rose & lancet windows
Beau DieuTrumeau statue, Amiens, France, 1220-35
lion basilisk
South porch, Chartres, early 1200s
St. Theodore,
Chartres (south)
1230.
1230
1210-20
Reims. Begun 1220.
Reims. Begun 1220.
Note Gothic:
-tripartite façade
-deep portals
-tracery
-detailed ornamentation
-pointed arches, etc.
-pinnacles
-life-sized statues
The Visitation, Reims, France, 1230
More courtly style: s-curve,
triangular head, slight smile;
More classical approach
Courtly style:
-graceful S-curve
Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux,
From St. Denis.
1339.
Silver gilt and enamel. 2’3 ½”
God as Architect of the World.
1220-1230.
Moralized Bible
Jean Pucelle, Belleville Breviary
David Before Saul. 1325. 9 ½ “ x 6 ¾”
December.
Belleville Breivary,
Jean Pucelle.
1325.
Also by Jean Pucelle:
1324-1328 Book of Hours for Jeanne d’Evreux, wife of Charles IV of France.