GORGIAS OF PLATO
WITH ENGLISH NOTES , INTRODUCTION, AND
APPENDIX
W. H. THOMPSON , D D.
LATE “ASTER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,AND REGIUS PROFESSOR OF GREEK
Ac? dpa . e! n: #4!a év 1-
02: won't-moi} wpaxnxbs chm , 113 1300:
e ac —AUCTOR MAGN . MORAL.
LON DON
GEORGE BELL AND SONS
AND NEW Y ORK
CONTENTS.
nan
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION TO THE GORGIAS
THE GORGIAS . TextNotes
APPENDIX—THE FRAGMENTS OF GOBGIAS
INDEX I.
PL. GOR.
PREFACE.
OF the more immrtant changes adopted in the text of
this edition, or suggested in the notes . the follow ing is a
li st
I . Inp. 3 (4 4 8, B) n’
for f il m.
2 . In p. 14 (4 54 , D) for ydp a?) I give d'
pa w ith
O lympiodorus , and w ith Dr Badham c’
c-
rév for c’
o-n
’
v.
3 . Inp . 16 (4 56, B) exoém ,at Dob roe’
s suggestion,
for éhoow a .
4 . p. 2 2 (4 60, O) for ov’
xofiv dwafyxn76v
8fx a t o v ( Ivan, 76v 3 % 3 L'
xacov Bodkw fia t 3 t’
xaw. wpdw ew,
I add a’
a’
afterBofixeo-Gat, and w ithWoolsey and Hirschigomit the words fimopmév to 76v 85
’
inclusive .
5. p. 53 (478, E) I ought to have received into the
te xt the emendation of Dob ree recommended in the
notes , 6 zxwv x a x ia v for oc
3'
w d3udav.
6 . p. 56 (4 81) for the solecistic dvaMo xmat in tran
s itive sense, which, strange to say, has stood in all
editions hitherto , I give dvaMa-
xy.
7. p. 64 (4 87) for mfa a'
pa , I v enture to suggest the
stereotyped A ttic rp t"(inn.
8 . Inpp . 69, 70 (4 90, O, and 4 91, A) the prep. wept,
b racketed by Hirschig, should be ex pelled from the tex t .
9 . p. 73 (4 92 , E) Dr Badham’s ex cellent emenda
tion u’
mfor «is is adopted , and jus tified in the note .
10. p. 73 (4 93 , c) I ought to have mentioned the
same critic’
s ingenious conjecture m um ole?
i c ‘t‘
w
PREFACE .
1576 1 1 57mm for the received c’
vru t x u‘
ig p c'
v e’
a'
rw 61rd
T l. drown.
11. p. 79 (4 96, D) I omit w ith Badham Kai e’
yui
b efore p aved .
12 . p . 88 (501, C) the words ‘
rfiv afirfiv shouldcease to stand in the tex t.
13 . p. 104 (512 ) for «at rofirov o'
vwia u cv, I now
prefer o’
vria'
a .
Of these changes some, it will be seen,rest on the
authority of Olympiodorus , w hose lemmata are perfectlydistinguishab le from his commentary. In no case havehis readings b een adopted w ithout regard to their
intrinsic merit, as compared with those of our surv ivingMSS . ,
the oldest of which is more recent than thatwhich he used by at leas t four centuries . The two
emendations suggested by Dob ree (“criticorum prin
ceps ,”as Cobet calls him) seem to need no recommenda
tion. Students of Plato can only regret that he did notbestow on their fav ourite author more of the time and
pains spent on the m inor orators . To the suggestions
of the eminent Dutch scholar Cobet, and to those of
his meritorious disciple M . Hirschig, I have always
given careful attention,
even when they have not
commended themselves to my judgment. The latter
scholar pub li shed in 1859 an elaborate examination of
the arguments contained in this dialogue and in the
Philebus , with a view to removing the non sequitursintroduced by unintelligent or ofiioious copyists . Thi sbook reached my hands before I had finished my com
mentary. The following ex tract gives a fair idea of its
scope and methodNon poeni tet me investigationis et correctionis
disputationum quas dix i,imprimis quod pro ineptiis
1 Exploratio argumentationum Socraticarum inquibus scribaelabefaotarunt medios Flatonia dialogos , Gorgiam et Philebum.
Trajeoti ad Rhenum ap . Kemink et fi l.
PREFACE .
genuinam disserendi sub tili tatem auctori reddere mihicontigit, sed etiam quod, cum omnes de hujus generisemendationibus judicare pos sint, eas omnibus me pro
baturum spero, tam philosophia et caeteris quam gram
maticis . Atque illos his leotis cautiores fore in lau
dandis Platonis scriptis confido, simulque in hi s lucu
lentissima exempla visuros,unde liquido discant, quid
pos s it critica et quam late pateat ejus provincia . Verumerunt fortass e qui hujusmodi emendationes minus certas
es se suspicentur. Sed certo scio omnes mihi assensuros
nullas esse posse certiores . Habet enim Socratica dis
s erendi ratio mathematicam fere sub tilitatem, et tantam
dvdq v logicam sive dialecticam (s it v enia verb is ) utcorrigenti ipsa quaeque disputatio certissima praebeat
argumenta, et poetam emendans na ex metro quidemev identiora petere possit. Fieri enim potest ut metrum
plures voces admittat, argumentationes autem illae par
tibus tam firmo et rationis et orationis vinculo connex is
constant , a t um tantum vow quemque locum occupwre
p oss it, alia, val idem s ignificans , omnem dvaC-ymyv tallat.”
Of German editions more recent than Stallbaum’s
late st,I know nothing b ut what may b e learnt from
Cron’s Beitrage z ur Erkl
'
arung des Platonischen Gor
gias whi ch reached me a few weeks ago, and which Ihave cursorily inspected, long however after this bookwas in print. Of the older editions of the Gorgias I
must not omit to speak w ith respect of that (pub lishedin his early manhood) of the late venerab le P resident ofM agdalenCollege, Oxford, Dr Routh . A st and Heindorf
have of course been consulted,and I can also speak w ith
praise of a very useful edition by M r Woolsey, formerlyProfes sor of Greek in Y ale College, U .S .A .
In the annotations , which in the main w ere written
some ten years ago , I have endeavoured, as in those tothe Phaedrus , to call the student
’s attention to the
1 Leipz ig, Teubner ,
PREFACE .
sub stance as well as to the words of the dialogue. In
doing this I have inmany cases ventured to criticiz e myauthor’
s premis ses . This , I trust, has been done w ithcandour, and w ith due allowance for the circumstances
of the time and his own personal antecedents . It is
certainly true that many of the arguments in thisDialogue are more logical than convincing;but it is
also true that its purely ethical conclus ions are as sound
as they are nob le and elevating. Of this , as of so manyw orks of genius (if I may be allowed the quotation), itis the spirit that giveth life nor is there one of the
whole series of dialogues that may b e more safely re
commended to b eginners in the study of P lato and his
philosophy.
The Introduction prefix ed to the Dialogue aims onlyat conveying a clear and connected notion
,from the
Editor’s standing
-point,of its general drift and purpose.
A much more elaborate analys is was of course poss ib le 3but in such compositions there is always a danger of the
details ob structing the student’s v iew
,and making it
diffi cult for him to see the wood for the trees .
”
The fragments of Gorgias , printed in the Appendix ,seemed neces sary in order to enab le the student to
form an independent judgment of the character of hi s
w ritings , and of the fairnes s of the treatment whichthe great rhetorician receives in this dialogue . The col
lectionw ill be found slightly more complete than thoseof previous editors .
TRINITY COLLEGE , CAMBRIDGE,December, 1870.
INTRODUCTION.
01“ the genuine Platonic Dialogues , the majority are named
after some one of the different persons who b ear a part in thediscuss ion. Sometimes thi s distinction is conferred on the
interlocutor who contributes the greatest or next to Socrates
the greates t share towards the elucidation of the subjectdebated, as Timaeus , Critias , Parmenides ;sometimes again
on the most resolute or most formidab le of Socrates’oppo
neuts , as in the Protagoras , Philebus , Hippies , Euthydemus .
A third set of dialogues are named after persons whos e partinthe discus s ion is subordinate , but who appear to have b eens ingled out in tes timony of the respect and affectionof the
author. Such is the Phaedo,such the Charmides , and pro
bab ly the Lysis . It cannot be said that the Gorgias falls intoany one of these three clas ses . The part which the greatrhetorician b ears in the dialogue is comparatively ins ignificant. As the mos t distingui shed of the as sembled group heis naturally the first object of Socrates
’curios ity, and for a
while,notwiths tanding the intimation given at the com
mencement that he is exhausted by a previous display, heseems the destined victim of the philosopher’s dialecticalprowess . But the encounter betweenSocrates and Gorgias isbut a preliminary skirmish. The triumph or the defeat of themaster is prevented by the officious z eal of his disciple Polus ;whose retreat again is covered by the impetuous advance of
their eloquent and reckless host. Not only is the larger halfof the dialogue devoted to the s ingle combat betweenfi’nexam
x ii GORGIAS.
and Calli cles , but whether we regard the comparative importance of the subjects dis cussed
,or the earnest tone as
sumed and maintained to the end, we are led to conclude
that inthis latter portion we are to look for the main scopeand intended result of the entire discuss ion.
Such is in effect the view adopted by the Neo - Platonist
Olympiodorus1,in the introduction to his Scholia on the
Gorgias , whose theory of the axon as he calls it, of the
dialogue, though perhaps incomplete, is well worthy of at
tention. Some, says this philosopher, think that the purposeof the author is mspl fiqropua
‘
js Beakexofiva i ,—to discus s theArt of Rhetoric,—and they accordingly prefix to the dialoguethe words still found in the MSS ., I
‘opyias f) « cpl firrropucfis.
But, he justly ob serves , this were to characteriz e the whole bya part, and that not the larger part, xai yap midi « one: clc
‘
w
o i r owfiroc Myoa. Others , he adds, conceive that Jus tice and
Injustice fermthe subject of the dialogue : an account truer
perhaps thanthe former, but still,he thinks , inadequate and
partial. Much less canhe admit the absurd notionof a thirdclass of expos itors , who pretend that the contemplation of the
dq vp-
yés or Creator of the world, is the object to whichPlato would conduct his readers . This notab le explanation(a fair specimen, by the way, of the mystical interpretationsof Proclus and some other later Platonis ts ) is founded, saysOlympiodorus , on the cons ideration that the oqp covpyés (itmay be presumed under hi s exoteric name Zeus ) is introducedin the concluding mythus . His own account
,it appears to
me,is worthy of the reputation of Olympiodorus for com
parative2good sense and ins ight into his mas ter
’s meaning.
1 Given by Routh, p . 561 of his ed . The entire Commentary is
printed in the Supplement u
tg j shn’
s Jahi'b ii cher’Lnlflx iv” from a
hitherto unedited MS ., a copy of what profess to be contemporarynoteso f the oral lectures of the master.
9 I say“comparative ”—for Olymp . is a Neo -Platonis t, and repeats
much of the nonsense of hi s predecessors . But the Greeks , even in
their decline , were excellent interpreters . The commentaries of Sim
plicius onAris totle are , with the single exceptionof those of Alexander,the best ever written;and he was a member of the Neo -P latonic
brotherhood, onwhom Justinianplanted his armed heel . Proclus was
INTRODUCTION . x' ”
than?» ob serves , 3n omnes mire? wept 76 v a’
pxa'
iv"Br,
Bmhexdfim u 76 v (bcpovmiiv épar e’
ni n)» nohcrtxfiv :6:as is to discuss the ethical
"
It_o;p1ainsl
at leas t to a cons iderable extent, the later as well as the
earlier discuss ions ;whereas, if we as sume that the mainend
of the dialogue is to bring the art of rhetoric and its pro
fessors into discredit, we can ass ign'
no suffi cient motive forthe importance as s igned to a character like Callicles , whoheartily despises the profess ion of a Sophist
,and hates the
schools and their pedantry;and who, though he makes an
exception in favour of a polished and brilliant man of the
world like Gorgias 2, would probab ly regard the frigid pedantries of his disciple Polus with a contempt as hearty as the
author of the Phaedrus could himself have des ired. Had
Plato serious ly harboured the intention of des troying the
reputation of Gorgias , whether as a thinker or a speaker, itwould have cost him little troub le to put words into his
mouth which would have seemed to his readers sufficient for
either purpose 3 . Had he wished, for instance, to impair hisdialectical reputation, what expedient more obvious than to
by nature a weak ves sel ’
;but evenin him treasure may occas ionallybe found .
1 P . 4 , ed. Jahn. « ohm-m6: is often used by the later Platonis tswhere other writers whfldh avfi feferred yidméc. In such pas sages it
is used ina semi -mystical sense , to denote the relation of the Philoso
pher to his true country, the « 6M: év ofipamfi dvaxcmévnof which
P lato sublimely speaks inthe ninth book of the Republic (592 B ).2 See Diod . x ii . 53 , swam : AéEewc éEéwAnfe 7 059
’
AOnva iovc dur ac eé¢uet¢ Ka i d ukohé 'yovc. Diodorus here refers to the
first vis it of Gorgias to Athens , 4 2 7, as one of the Leontineembassy, which is mentioned also by Thucydides , though he seems to
have considered it beneath the dignity of hi story to mentionthe namesof the persons who composed it. Olymp ., who repeats the account of
D iodorus , adds , onwhat authority we know not, c e 63. p er’
a im-
o i?
new ». But the present interview is supposed to take place more thantwenty years later.
8 An ethical dogma of Gorgias, which is mentioned not without
respect by Aris totle , is critically handled in the Menon(71 E but
in this dialogue no s imilar opinion is attributed to him, the moral
heresies refuted being those of Polus and of Sm okes .
x iv GORGIAS .
lead the veteran speculator into a discus sion on« the or
non- existent,” the title of a metaphys ical work of Gorgias,
of which Aris totle or his epitomator has given us a careful
analys is ;fragments of which work, a good deal caricatured
it is true, are paraded with much complacency by Gorgias’
pupil Euth'
ydemus in the dialogue which bears the name of
this latter Sophist. Or if his rhetorical success had roused
that spirit of envious emulation with which, according to
Athenaeus and others, Plato was so strongly imbued, whatwas eas ier than to have put into his mouth an c
’
m’
da fic: or
panegyrical oration,’full of pointless antitheses and glitteringwith meretricious ornament, like that famous Funeral Orationwhich is condemned by the very Scholiast 1 who quotes it, asenunciating superficial thoughts in pompous and stilted
phrase” ? That Plato was not afraid to let his Sophists telltheir own tale in their choices t manner, is clear from the
instances of the e’
qrida frs deli vered by Protagoras in the
dialogue so named (p. and of the epistle, as suredly a
genuine work of Lysias , which is read aloud inthe Phaedrus .The discourse of Protagoras meets with the unqualified ap
probation of an eminent modern historian, and is quite as
moral in its tendency, and at leas t as elegant in s tyle, as anyof the polished platitudes of the estimable Isocrates .” We
hear,however, nothing of this kind from Gorgias, and as if to
guard against poss ib le disappointment, we are warned at the
outset of the dialogue, that the orator has already perorated,and that we are to expect no second display from the ex
hausted phys ical powers of the now elderly statesman3 . And
1 OnHermogenes . See Spengel, Artt. Scriptt. pp . 78 , 79 , 80.
9 aq uati
c '
ya‘
p dw aBOa o'
wupopria’
ac Aéfu s 6 I‘op
'
yiac dw afac
éwm'okawr épac 61n£ayy éhhcg « apie ce: Ka i ouo ro'
rchcfirocc
xal éuowxa‘ra
'
pw occ Kahhm izmv 6"do wpoaxo'
pwc'rdv Ao
'
yov.
Sickening his readers with the lavish and continued use of ornamentalfigures of speech,with clauses of exactly the same length, and sentenceswhich rhyme at the end or at the beginning.
”This speech, or what
remains of it, will be found inthe Appendix .
8ynpa
'
a'
xow oc, according to Philos tratus , p . 4 93 , in 4 27.
when he first came to Athens as ambassador from Leontini;and
therefore a very old man at the period when the conversation issupp osed to be held. viz . at or about a s . 405;if we adopt the strict
INTRODUCTION .
intruth, if we examine carefully that part of the dialogue inwhich Gorgias takes a part, and the few incidental remarks
put into his mouth in the course of the conversation withPolus and Callicles , we cannot but feel the jus tice of Mr
Grote’s ob servation that the treatment he receives in this
dialogue is respectful rather thancontumelious . It is true he
is forced into certainadmi ss ions not favourab le to the art he
profess es ;true also that he shows himself no adept inthe artof definition. This art, on which Greek philosophers lay so
much s tress , is mentioned as one of the two philosophical inventions of which Socrates was the undisputed author. It is
not likely that Sophocles would have defined Poetry betterthanGorgias defines Rhetoric l z and we know from Xenophonhow poor a figure Pericles made when his irreverent wardAlcib iades , fresh from a dim -
p436wi th Socrates 2, importunedhim for a Socratic definition of Law. on the
.
whole, if byany perverse fortune this dialogue had b een los t, and the
works of Gorgias had come downto us entire , there is reas onto doub t whether his reputationwould have stood so high as
it does at present. However this may be, enough has beensaid to show that the Gorgias is not a direct attack upon thegreat Rhetor or his Opinions : and it is still more evident thatit is not, like the Phaedrus , a critical treatise on the Art of
Rhetoric. Here, as in that d ialogue, Plato recogniz es , it
mus t be granted, the distinctionb etweena false rhetoric and
a true : but his exposure of the former,instead of being
reasoned out on sound aesthetic and psychological principles,as in the Phaedrus, is conducted in a spirit of mockery and
view of the Platonic chronology advocated by Mr Cope in a note on
p . 4 5 of his Translation.
1 Compare Phaedr. 269 B , 05 xpn‘
xahewa ivew cl 'rw ec mi dr ummip euo: dmhéycadac a
’
déva'ro: éy évov‘ro dp iaaada t 'ri 71-01
"pnr op cmi,
K.T .A. This reads like a good-humoured apology for past severities;
or like a caution to the reader not to exaggerate the intellectualdeficiencies of the Sophists and Rhetoricians who succumb to thedialectical skill of Socrates , as he worries them with inquiries into theart éa'n of the matters onwhich they discourse or the arts and sciencesthey profess .
9 Memorab . i. 2 . 40.
xvi GORGIAs .
caricature, skilfully covered by a show of dialectical precis ion.
He treats Rhetoric in the Gorgias much as he treats So
phistic in the Sophist : and stoops, intentionally or not, to
the artifice of putting the abuse of a thing for its use. But
whatever its philosophical value, this part of the conversation
has not only a high dramatic propriety, but leads , as we shallsee
,by an easy and natural sequence to the later and more
important discus s ions .
In the second Act1, so to speak, of the Gorgias , the partof respondent is undertaken by Polus. Of this Rhetor wehave but few and scanty notices . What little we know leadsus to think that he was no unfit subject for the exercise of
Plato’s comic powers : and if the remark attributed to Gor
gias by Athenaeus , «is Kal i ) : IIAd‘raw iapfiifi w (What a
mas ter inthe art of lampooning is Plato l), was ever mad e, itis certainlymore characteristic of this second portion of the
dialogue than of the firs t. Gorgias himself could not havedes ired a better foil to set off his talents and character
,than
that whi ch is afforded by the presence of his faithful famulus .
The juvenile ardour of Polus 2 appears to have attracted thenotice of others bes ide Socrates ;for Aristotle 3 , in enumerat
ing various punning accusations brought against persons whohad the mi sfortune to bear names sus ceptible of this speciesof wit
,condescends to mention one of which Polus was the
subject . His coltis humour betrays him into many misadventures in the course of the discuss ion. At the outset
hi s indiscreet z eal provokes a most disparaging description of
the art in which he gloried. Rhetoric, he is informed, is no
art, but the counterfeit of an art. It seeks not Good butPleasure : flattering the mental as the confectioner fiatters
the b odily palate . It recks no more of the health of the soul
to which it serves up its highly flavoured compos itions , than
the cook is troub led by the vis ionof the dyspepsy or podagra
1 P . 4 61 seq.
3 Gorg . 4 63 Hdil os 3 66 ue'
oc fow l Ka i 6569 ,“ This colt Polus is
young and hot.3 Rhetoric, b n. c. 2 3 , 2 9 , aid o f: 61,
“ Colt by name andcolt by nature.
INTROD UCTION . X
which lurk beneath his covers . Both alike have attained
their object, so long as the taste of the consumer is gratified.
The sarcasm implied inthis comparisonwas calculated to
touch Polus in a tender part. He had himself composed a
work on Rhetoric, and Socrates l had just read it. To thatwork he had prefixed the very word Te
'
xm;by way of title .
This term, as every reader of the Phaedrus knows , was ap
propriated by the Rhetoricians to Rhetoric as the art xar’
egoxév, or Kahl ua-n;765v r ep ai r, as Polus and Gorgias agree in
calling it. So generally was this sens e recogniz ed , that r;Haihov—r) d axor
—rj Tw iov without the addition of
Myaw,would have conveyed to a Greek the idea of a treatise
onRhetoric, by Polus , Corax, or Tis ias , as the cas e might be.
And as réxmj meant Rhetoric, so rcxvoypd¢or meant a rhetori
cal teacher. Of this réxm;of Polus , there canbe little doubt,
as indeed the Scholias t 2 relates , that Plato has preserved a
characteristic fragment (perhaps the initial sentence) in theopening scene of this Dialogue 3 .This same treatise is the subject of a bantering notice in
the Phaedrus , p. 2 67, where Polus is ridiculed for paradingcertainnovel terms of art
, diplasiology, gnomology, eiconology,and certain others not specified, which b e borrowed from a
b rother rhetoricianLicymnius to help in the constructionof
an elegant style”(dropdrmv Amvp vimv d e
’ka’
mp e’
dwpq’
aaro"pd:71
-
01c a im-
s tar). Polus 4 was by no means the earliest of the
1 P . 4 62 , 6» c vyypdup a‘n 3 67d Euayxoc dvév v, where the
Schol. observes , in: r od-ran dfihov, mix 6 i f a
’
pxfis Il uihou Ao'
yos
a br oaxe’
dw s 17v a’
Aha‘
9 (pac t p 23 £5 a irr oa'
xediov [[6o 'ra i’
rra clari ty, wpoc'
u'y'
ypa ilt d
p ara»
3 P . 4 4 8, woAAa i 'réxvm 6v dudpuiwow s lain ch: 7 13 1: épnrcip téiv
e’
pwelpwc edpnp éva c' épwezp ia p év ya
‘
p wore? 7 6v a ldiya tip d'
w
aropcfieaflac Ka 'ra
'‘réxvnv, dwczp ia 62* a nd r dxnv
' éxa'
c-
rwv 63 T od-nor
p ar akapfldvoucw dhkoc 5AM»: dither», 7 6 v 6% dp im mv o i dpw 'rm.
4 If, as seems not improbable, Polus handled rhetoric rather in an
aesthetics ] than in a practical manner, the comparison of his 1'5v
with that of the fancy -cook will appear more pointed and appropriate .
Plato , though he had deeply studied, systematically depreciates thefine arts : poetry, painting, and music (p . as well as rhetoric, he
reckons among the arts thatminis ter to Pleasure rather than to Good .
x GORGIAS .
r exvo'
ypdcpm—he had beenpreceded by Corax and Tis ias and
probab ly by others . As Polus and his book have b othperished, and as no plea in their favour has been entered byany ancient or modernapologist of departed charlatanism, no
great injus tice will probab ly be done to his memory if weaccept as sufficiently faithful the certainly life - like portrait
with which Plato has presented us, and, as suming that he
was a Euphuist and a coxcomb, res ign ourselves without
misgiving to the amusement which his maladroit proceed ingsare intended to afford . We have indeed the les s compunctionon this head
,as Polus himself is thoroughly unaware of
Socrates’satire. Even when informed (p. 4 63 ) that Rhetoric
is the counterfeit of a branch of the art Politic,
” he asks
with amus ing nai vete, “Very well then, is it a fine thingor the contrary ?” as if Socrates had uttered a truism whichhe had heard a hundred times . Not so Gorgias , who is at
once struck with the s ing ularity of the remark which Polus,
true to his name, doth gambol from,
”and putting his dis
ciple as ide with little ceremony, calls upon Socrates for a
fuller explanation of his meaning1. A very delicate touch
This is undoubtedly one of the shallow places in hi s philosophy. We
may trace in his way of treating such subjects , a vestige of that
Socratic utilitarianism, which, in the hands of the Cynic school,
degenerated into a worship of the physically and morally hideous .
Plato is , however, inconsistent with himself in this disparagement of
the fine in comparison with the useful arts . In the Philebus he
distingui shes between pure and impure pleasure , and censures those
who, like the coarse and really sensual Antisthenes , aflect to condemn
all pleasure as evil. [Compare Phileh. p . 4 4 c, where the speakercondemns the duaxepa
'
o'
p a'ra of those who detest pleasure in all its
forms , xa i ueuopmé'rwv byréc, a pas sage generally allowed to
refer to Antisthenes .] It is indeed not a little remarkab le that Plato ’
s
ownwritings furnish the means of completely refuting those low v iews
of the nature and object of the fine arts which alone could justify his
disparaging treatment of them in this dialogue and in the Republic.
At the same time it is impos sible to deny the force of this portion of
the Gorgias , considered as an argumentum ad hominem in relation to
Polus and hi s much-boasted 'réxvn: for there is no reason to suppose
that Polus was prepared with any aesthetical theory sounder or purer
than that exemplifi ed inthe ebévrera , of which he ofi ers us a specimen
in the passage (p . 4 4 8) quoted above .
1 a’
AAa'
'ro ii‘rou p air 3a , cuo l d'
clwé 7rd}: Aé‘
yetc.
XX GORGIAS .
flaw in the reas oning on which it is built. So much can
hardly be said in favour of the paradox 068d : Bother-m
Kauai}: womb ,or as it is sometimes worded
, 063 619 in) » xaxds .
The distinctionbetweenBadham: and 80e pm, betweenWilland Judgment, is sufficiently ob vious ;but Socrates
’reas oning
is of that d prion'
type which alternately vexes and amuses
in the early dialogues ;and his conclus ion that every s in
is but an error of opinion is one against whi ch the commonsense of mankind rebels . The parad ox is , however, too closelyconnected with the leading principles of the Socratical ethics
,
that Virtue and Knowledge are one, to allow us to doubt thatit was seriously maintained by Socrates , even if we had notthe independent tes timonies of Xenophon and of Aristotle to
appeal to 1.Not indeed that Plato aflirms this dogma, that Virtue is
Knowledge, in the Gorgias . It was one of those Socraticprejudices from which he gradually emancipated hims elf, ashis Ethical views matme d and in the pres ent dialogue heproposes a theory of Virtue sub s tantially the same with thatwhich is more fully developed in the Repub lic. The passagein the Gorgias which contains this newer theory occurs at a
later stage of the dialogue, in that long and animated dis
cus s ion with Callicles in which the exagitator omnium
rhetorum proves hims elf a consummate mas ter of the art
which he has beendisparaging. The Virtue or Excellence, heargues , of any thing which contains a multiplicity of parts ,whether such parts b e vitally or only mechanically con
h ooted—whether the thing spoken of b e characteriz ed as a
on t o : or a «Soy—cons is ts in the Law,order
,or arrangement
proper to the organism in question3 . In living materialorganiz ations this order or harmony of parts is called Health;in the case of the human Soul it is called Temperance,Jus tice or Righteousness , Goodness or Virtue and the regu
lating cause bears the name of Law or Right 3 . This descrip
1 Aristotle , Ethics , b. iii. 6 Ken. Mom. iii . 9 . 4 .
1 P . 503 i ii—507c .
3 504 I) , r ate dd \Iv 59 ‘ra'
fca'l “rs Ka i Koa'mio'
ca't vépmo
'
v 11: rea l
vo'
p oc, 306 1: Kai vo'
pmo ry iy vow a i Ka i adap tor'rufi‘
ra 6'
3w : dmaw c évn
INTR0D U0TI0N X
tion, if we compare it wi th those given in the purely Socraticdialogues , the Laches , for instance, the Charmides , or the
Protagoras , wi ll be seen to mark an epoch in Plato’s mental
growth, or, what is the same thing, in the History of Moral
Science . Order or Harmony is the germinal idea of the
Repub lic, as it gives unity and coherence to the parts,other
wis e ill- connected, of the present dialogue. We shall illustrate this new s tanding- point by a fuller comparison of the
two works and with parts of other dialogues , early and late .
First,then, every reader of the Repub lic knows that the
Platonic durawmim) repres ents not any s ingle feeling or facultyof the soul , but the just proportionof the whole
, as shown inthe correlation of its constituent parts . The same concep
tion is expres sed, as we have s een, though les s completely,in
the Gorgias 1. The readers of the Republic also know how
nearly the descriptions there givenof thes e two virtues am e
c v’
m;and omgbpoo-évq coincide, and we should be at a los s to
account for Plato’s us ing the former rather than the latter
word to des ignate the virtue which is to include all othervirtues
,did we not know that his choice was determined by
his peculiar theory of the exact parallelism between the con
stituent elements of the State and of the individual Man,and
by the consequent neces s ity of denoting the correspondingvirtues of each and every part of each by one and the same
word . Whatever objections may b e raised against the pro
priety of thi s terminology, the fact is so, that inthe Repub licthe descriptiongivenof the particular virtue of Jus tice is ineffect a description of Virtue in general.
’
Apeni in thatdialogue is ducacom im) , and dura i oo
'
tivq is dpc'nj. In the Gorgias
too, p. 506, we find the same thing predicated of ripen;whichwas predicated in p. 504 of c a¢pom$vq, that it cons ists in
Koo-
pas or r65“ , anorder or constitution or right s tate of the
“re Ka i awcpp oo'éun: compared with 506 E , xéa
'
p oc w e a"pa é
'
y'
yeuo'
p euoc
év éxdc 'rcp 6 éxdc r ou o lxe'
i oe n’
yaedv wap éxec gram-
ou 7 6 w du'rwu,
s ank.
1 This definition of Justice was preserved among the traditions ofthe Old Academy. Thus , inthe ao -called
"Opal. Er evc iwwou, we read,
Ama toa éun' Op o'
vom \[q 59 « p69 a il -nit) , Ka i ebr aEia 'rdiu 'r iia
\Iv fiv p apa» « p69 dhhnha.
PL . GOR.
xxii GORGIAS .
soul. As in the former passage Olkd ‘OO tim], s o here ammpomi
w)
is made synonymous with cipe'nj 1.
This , we repeat, is a proof that when Plato wrote the
Gorgias his ethical theory had grown into something differentfrom that of Socrates , who taught that ripen;and e
’
mm '
rq ,
virtue and science, are one : all special virtues being resolvedinto true theories of certain external relations ;courage, for
instance , being but the exact knowledge of what was reallyto be dreaded, temperance the knowledge of what was trulypleasurable, and so on. And to this Socratic theory Platoadheres in his earlier dialogues ;whereas in those of his
maturity e’
m o-rrq is dethroned from the exclus ive supremacy
which Socrates as s igned to her. At the conclus ion of thatabstruse and closely reasoned dialogue, the Philebus (pp. 65
,
a pas sage occurs, containing inbrief language a summaryof the whole intricate argument, and as s igning their relativeprecedence to three principles , pe
’
rpov, c’
m a-nipq, and down,
which had severally claimed to be cons idered the dyadév or
highest Good . The Philebus is indeed anethico-metaphys icalrather than, like the Gorgias , anethico -political dialogue, andtherefore the more ab stract term p e
’
rpov is preferred to xo’
c pos
or The same as sociations , however, are sugges ted by
all three terms : for if Meas ure or Law is the supreme principle of the Universe, co- ordinate with the Creative Reason,it must als o be the ruling principle in the microcosm called
man;cognate but superior to the human intellect 2,whose
nob lest employment is to trace out the Law or Idea inal l its
varied manifestations . This theory of virtue as an Order,
Constitution, or, as it is called in a parallel passage of the
Repub lic (b . iv. 4 4 3 D), a Harmony, was probably sugges ted
to Plato by Pythagorean teaching ;but as Plato handles it,
1 n(i'
pa cw¢pwu \pvxn‘
dy afin'
. A pas sage by the way illus trative ofAris totle
’s drift, whenhe censures 'rovc Maw euwa'
av'rac 'njv up s'nir ,
‘those who unified virtue overmuch.
1 I say the“human intellect
”advisedly : for Plato inmore than
one passage seems to identify the Supreme Good with the divine
intelligence. This s ide of a difi‘icult Platonic question is well argued
by Bonitz ina short treatise De Idea Boni ,’ Dresden, 183 7.
3 The pas sage in the Gorgias bearing on this subject is , however,
xx iii
the theory is neither extravagant nor unfruitful, for both hereand in the Republic he carefully avoids confus ing the s ign
with the thing s ignified, anerror into which the Pythagoreans ,like other “dreamers in the dawn of science,
”s eem to have
beenbetrayed.
Enough has beensaid to show the sub stantial identity of
the notions of Justice or Virtue which are b riefly sketched inthe Gorgias , and thoroughly worked out in the Republic.
We shall now see that there is a corresponding congruityb etween the political ideas , and still more in the tone of
political feeling and sentiment which pervades the larger and
the smaller dialogue.
Plato’s contempt and dislike of the Athenian democracy
are notorious . In the Repub lic1 he represents Democracy asbut one degree better than ab solute government or tyranny,and in a picture, evidently a grotesque likeness of Athensand Athenian society, he gives a description, half humorous ,half contemptuous , of the results of unb ridled liberty. Thisis followed by anequally vivid portrait of one whom he calls
the dqp oxpanxds (i t/6p, the man whose principles and dis
pos ition are framed upon the democratic model. Now of
this ‘democratic man,
’allowing for the personal traits necos
sary for dramatic effect,the Callicles of the Gorgias 2 may be
cons idered a fair specimen. He is a free and enlightenedcitiz enof the freest state in the world ;one to whom his lus tsare law
,keen of wit and ready of speech, without prejudice
and without principle, to whom virtue and its semb lance are
alike contempt ible : he is one who “calls shame s illiness , and
temperance cowardice, and moderation and frugal living theattributes of b inds and mechanics 3 one who yields himselfhardly sumcient to support Schleiermacher’
s inference that the dialogue
cannot have been written until after its author’
s return from hi s
sojourn inMagna Graecia, i .s . 3 881 B. viii . p . 557seq.
3 Compare p . 513 A, v3 » 6% dpa dc? a s air dp o u i'r a ‘r o v
y l‘
yveo'Om “n;d rip s: 7 6 v
’
AOnva iwu, cl uéhhu c r od-rep « pocdnluie
s lum xa l p é'
ya dévaUOac 7 2? 1 6A“ .
3 v ii»newa ided rihcfli d'nrra d Mégour ee—c wdipoc évnv 6% a’
va vdp t’
av
Kakofivr ec dc Ka i xoap a’
av dawa'
vnv «is a'
ypouciav Ita l
duchevflep iav o60 a», Rep . 560 D . Comp . Gorg . 4 3 1 .
X GORGIAS'.
in turn to the instincts of his intellectual and his phys icalnature;whose life is spent in gratifying the des ire that forthe time is uppermost;giving one day to wine and mus ic,
another to idle pas time, a third it may b e to literature and
phi losophy1. Frequently too he engages inpolitics , and ris es
onhis feet in the assemb ly, speaking and acting with equalreckles snes s : Kai mir e fl: 0576 dvdq mirofi '
rq'
i
Big) , (i706 7586» r e 81) not e’
Aw de’
piov Kai paxdpcov t ol d » 76» Bier
m irror, xpij'rat mire? did wands
”.
This description and its impersonation in Callicles are
equally happy specimens of Plato’s talent for the higher
comedy. His tragic powers also are exemplified in pas sagesof both dialogues , remarkab le for their excellence and for
their resemb lance. Those who have once read will not eas ilyforget that opening passage of the second book of the Re
pub lic, inwhich a comparison is instituted b etween the idealJus t Man and the ideal Unjust Man, for the purpose of
ascertaining whether of the two is the happier 3 . The can
didates,like statues at anexhib ition
, are stripped and cleaned
for the inspectionof the judges 4 : the unjus t man is denuded
of all moral scruples , the jus t man of all worldly prudenceand of all the outward advantages whi ch a reputation for
hones ty confers on a man wise in his generation. Each isendued with the intellectual qualities which will make him
perfect inhis own bus iness ;the unjus t man with boundlesscunning and perfect worldly wisdom,
his rival with intelligence enough, and not more than enough, to render him
perfectly jus t ;the unjus t man will consequently,by the
hypothes is , have es tab lished a character for perfect justiceand fair dealing, while the just man, who is to know nothingof the art of s eeming, will seem to the vulgar eye as great a
1 Compare Gorg. 4 84 D .
9 Compare Gorg. 4 91 D , 7 0f»: dhtflc’ovc Aéyecc r obs: «aidipovac : mox,601
‘
6p66‘
i : Btwc‘ép cvov
'ra‘
c p év éw cflvp iac 'ra‘
e a im-
o i; «is
p ay in ac s lum. xal mi xoha'
gew ,trunk.
3 Rep . ii . 3 61 D , txa'
r epov «iia'w'
ep dvdp ta'
v'ra elc ‘njv «p low éxxaea i
pu c T ofu a'
vdpo‘
i v.
INTROD UCTION . X
scoundrel as his rival €8 1. This b eing supposed, it is nolonger dimcult, says Glaucon in the dialogue, to foretell thefortunes of the two. The unjust manis of course promised a
career of uninterrupted enjoyment, victory over his enemies,
wealth,popularity among men, and, if costly sacrifices avail
with heaven, the favour of the gods . Of his opponent martyrdom is the too certain doom : he will b e scourged, tor
mented, cast into prison, and will end a life of misery upon
the cros s . Whether of the two, it is asked,is the happier
man3 .
This,it is clear
,is but a statement in its most abstract
form 3of the ques tion discussed with Polus in the second,
and wi th Callicles in the third act of the Gorgias , and theprophecy in the latter pas sage 4 of the condemnation and
death of Socrates completes the resemb lance . Only, as
Glauconcomplains (Rep . p. 3 58 D), as if with reference to thi s
dialogue, the cas e of the just man is not represented quite so
unfavourab ly as it ought to be, in order to the final and
irrevers ib le decis ion of the suit b etween him and hi s rival.From which it would s eem as if Plato himself had b eendissatisfied with the too has ty decision of the question at
is sue which Socrates in the Gorgias pronounces , and ac
cordingly it is much more elaborately discussed inthe Republic : the arb itrator declining to adjudicate untilmany previousques tions are disposed of;in fact until the definition of
Jus tice,moral and political, is satisfactorily made out, and
the various s tages and modifications of Injustice discriminated.
1#1166» 665a» e
'
xé'rw 'rn
‘
v p e'
ylm nv a’
6m iac, 3 61 C.
1 This pas sage is perhaps glanced at by Arist. Eth. N . i . 3 : r dxa
66 Ka i p dhkov w e ‘rého c woAc‘rtKOG 67r0Aa'
Bo z .
(pa in f u l 66 61ro6eea'
r épa Ka i a il-m. 600cc? '
ya‘
p évdéxeafla i Ka i xadeédewExov
'ra w ir a
’
pe'njv, i? 6ca
‘
Bios , Ka i « p69 7 067 019 xaxowa
xa l a’
r uxei‘
u ‘ra‘
p éyw r a'
7 6v 6’
067m {dim-
u 006eie «Burnoutone», 6 1M'i Oé a'w 6m ¢ vk d 1~r wm
3 P . 4 69 B , :7won 3 y e dwoflmiaxwu a'
6lc éAew dv and (Wh at .
fir m» 6’
6 a’
woxr wm’
m, s a nk. The case of Archelaus follows , pp . 4 70,
4 71;an ins tance of succes sful wickedness to which Polus points with
triumph.
4 P . 52 1 B , c.
X GORGIAS .
In the tenth book, however, Socrates sums up, and deliverssentence according to the evidence. And even here thereis this analogy between the Gorgias and the Repub lic, thatboth end with mythical descriptions of the doom whichawaits the righteous and the unrighteous after the soul shallbe parted from the body. The scenery of the myth in theGorgias is far less elaborate than that in the Republic : butthe inference intended to be drawn is evidently the same in
both cas es .
To b ring the points of resemblance between the two
dialogues into yet clearer light, it may be well to quote infree translation, and with a few unimportant omiss ions
,a
pas sage of some length but great interest from the seventhof the thirteen Epistles attributed to Plato 1. Inthis document, profess ing to be written when its author had reachedan advanced age, Plato (if Plato it is ) prefaces a detailed
his tory of his dealings with Syracuse and her successiverulers , by a b rief summary of his early political experiencesinAthens 3. While young,
”he says , I, like so many others ,
resolved that as soon as I became my ownmaster I would
try my fortune inpub lic life. This resolution of mine coin
cided with certain changes in the state of Athens,which I
shall describe. The thenmuch-abused constitution under
went a radical change;and the government in its altered
form was entrusted to a body of fifty-one magistrates , of
whom eleven administered affairs in the city, and ten in
Peiraeus . Over these twenty-one was set a board of Thirtywith ab solute powers Among the fifty
- one were several ofmy own kindred and acquaintance, who soon invited me totake part in carrying out a policy which they thought would
1 The case for the Platonic Epistles has of late gained greatly from
Mr Grote’
s masterly historical analys is of their contents ;while an
eminent scholar of a totally different type, Gabriel Cob et, has pro .
nounced infavour of their genuinenes s ongrounds purely philological.
This most fastidious of critics declares that no one but Plato could
have writtenthem. But however the questionof‘
authorship is decided ,
the authori ty of the seventh Epistle, of which the eighth is properly apart, has never beenimpugned by any competent scholar.
3 r ed: p . 3 2 4 c to 3 26 B.
xxviii GORGIAS.
ters of the principal pub lic men,and the laws and cus toms
prevalent at the time;the longer I cons idered and the older
I grew, the more difi cult it appeared to me to governAthenson right principles . In the firs t place it was impos s ib le toact without a party;which the universal corr uptionrendered
it difficult to find ready made, and which it was not easy toconstruct anew; in the next place both laws and manners
were degenerating with fearful rapidi ty. The consequencewas that, full as I had once been of political enthusiasm,
the
spectacle of the general disorder and confusion almost turned
my brain: and though I would not desist from looking out
for some Opportunity of mending the pres ent state of thingsand was prepared to hide my time
, I finally arrived at the
clear conviction that all existing forms of government are
radically wrong;and that their reformation will require a
machinery of extraordinary power, working under unusuallyfavourable circumstances .
Thus I was constrained to say, that it is true philosophyalone which can enlighten us to discern the principles of
justice Whether in the State or in the Indiv idual;and thataccordingly the crimes and misery of mankind will neverhave an end
,until either the highest clas s of philosophic
thinkers shall step into the seats of power, or the exis ting
rulers shall by some miracle become imbued with philosophicideas .
”
In this passage there is scarcely an express ion of whichwe do not hear the echo either in the Gorgias or in the
Repub lic. The tone of political despair which pervades theformer dialogue, and the equal scorn poured on the pro
fess ions of the rhetor of the agora and the rhetor of the
schools , as exemplified in Callicles and in Polus ;all the in
tolerance and all the exaggerationwhich mark its polemical
passages , find, if not their complete apology, at leas t theirexplanation and palliation in the sad tale of his political
experiences which Plato unfolds to his correspondents in theletter just quoted. His hopes of serving his country hadtwice beenb lighted. The severity of the firs t disappointmentmay be inferred from the fact that among the Thirty and
INTROD UCTION . XX
their subordinates were men endeared to him by literarysympathies as well as by near relationship. Critias and
Charmides are names that figure inhis earlies t dialogues ;onewas his uncle, the other his cous inby the mother
’s s ide and
of Charmides he himself says that he was duh60 0d)“ Kai min:
mus ic, a description also applicab le to Critias . Glaucon1too , his maternal grandfather, was one of the Piraeic Decem
virate . Add to this,that Plato was an Eupatrid both by
father’s and mother’s s ide;and his aristocratical prejudices ,derived from his ancestors, and fed by a naturally nice and
fas tidious temper, a dvaxépu a (pric es ) : dyew ofic, to use his
ownphras e 3 , would incline him to augur well of any attemptto reform and remodel the state onLacedaemonianprinciples ,evenhad the enterpris e Men confided to persons les s knownand trus ted thanthose friends and patrons of his youth, withwhom he had spent many anhour in the society of the man
who was to him the ideal of all that was wise and good in
humanity. Disappointed in the hopes he had formed of the
aristocratic party, he was the better prepared to take a favourable view of the proceedings of the people
’s friends whentheir
hour of triumph came : and for some time their conduct was
such as to encourage his reviving hopes of operatinga beneficialchange inpublic and private morality by the methods (whichSocrates himself by no means despised) of the rhetor and
legislator. The extens ive knowledge which the author of the
Phaedrus displays of the writings of the leaders of both thegreat schools of oratory, the Attic and the Sicilian, may leadto the conjecture that he had at one period of his life studied
rhetoric with a view to its public practice : and one can
hardly doubt that under modemm favourab le circumstances ,his success as a speaker would have been brilliant. It is
even probab le that the interval which elapsed between the
overthrow of the Thirty and the death of Socrates—an in
terval of from three to four years—was employed by Platoin s tudies preparatory to political life. That he ever ascendedthe bema during this period we do not indeed learn. He
1 So Taylor, Life of Lys ias , p . xlv, note k.3 InPhilebus , 4 4 o.
XXX GORGIAS .
was not more thantwenty- s ix years of age at its commence
ment, and we know that Demosthenes did not begin to speakinpub lic until he had entered onhis thirtieth year. Poss ib ly
,
too, the unsettled state of parties to which he alludes in the
Epistle above quoted, may have contributed to the delay.
He himself says , Bpaddr epov p air, th at: 65’
p t 6pm: 6 « cpl
«prin t er r6 Kowd x01nohcnxc‘
: fmflvp t'a.
But whatever degree of maturity Plato’s purpose may
have attained, it was checked at once and for ever by theunrighteous sentence passed upon his Master and Friend .
It was this that forced uponhim the convictionthat oligarchsand democrats were alike unprincipled , and that the task of
forming a third party, sufliciently honest and sufficientlypowerful to effect a radical reform of Athenian institutions ,was a mere impos s ib ility, and the hopes founded on such a
contingency chimerical. We know from other authorities,
that immediately after the perpetrationof that great judicialcrime, he retired from Athens , and took refuge in the neighbouring city of Megara, where Euclides , a native of thatplace, a friend and admiring disciple of Socrates , and the
founder of the Megarian sect,is said to have received him
under his roof. That res idence, and his sub sequent travels ,may have contributed inmore ways thanone towards matur
ing and enlarging his philosophical views : but we have it onhis own word
,or the word at leas t of the author of that
seventh Epistle, that the two mos t important practical convictions of his life
,— the hopeles snes s of any attempt to amend
the existing laws and practice of the Greek communities byany of the ordinary and constitutional means , and the necos
sity, and under given circumstances the feas ib ility, of an
entire re cons truction of the political fab ric on principles of
pure reasonand philosophy—that these two convictions datefrom the death of Socrates , and were the result of conclusionsdelib erately drawn from that and his former experiences inAthens . Of the first of these convictions, as it seems to me,the Gorgias is the pub lic vindication: of the latter, the
Repub lic. Of the time and place at which these dialog ueswere composed , we have no dis tinct tes timony;but it is
INTRODUCTION . X
difi cult to believe that the Gorgias could have been writtenanywhere but at Athens ;and we cannot but incline to the
conjecture that it was the first or one of the first writtenafter
his return, which according to more than one witness must
have takenplace about four years after the death of Socrates ,that is to say not later than 3 95 B.c.
1 Plato’s deep and
pass ionate disapproval of Athenian institutions does not seemto have deterred him from serving in his country
’s armies ,
and bearing his part in three distinct engagements, at
Tanagra, at Corinth, and at Delium. His performance of themilitary duties of a citizen may have encourap d his friends
inAthens to hope that his quarrel with the Athenianpeoplewas now made up, and that the dispos ition to pub lic li fe ofwhich he had twice before shown indications , would nowripen into act. Regard for his own safety may have b eenone of the cons iderations by which his friends would urge
him to cultivate the power of pub lic or judicial speaking : for,they may have plausibly urged, it was the want of this ac
complishment that sealed the doom of Socrates .
’
Avroxr eve?
(3 Indra) » 6 Bovhdp evos‘, m l eiaaxdric'
u d c ducaa'
rrjptov 67161rd”) p oxdrypoii dvdpairrov Ital (pav
'
hov, by a vulgar leatherseller like Anytus , or a wretched scrib bler for the stage suchas Meletus , may have been among the warnings given bysome friendly Callicles 3. Or, these cons iderations apart, whatnobler end could be pursued by anAthenian of family, thanthe acquisitionof influence and wealth and distinction intheState;or what nob ler art than that of bridling and tamingthe multitude, and riding into power ontheir backs ? Theytoo
, his friends and well-wishers , had philosophized in their1 The fabulous extent and durationassigned to Plato
’
s travels byhis later biographers neednot cause any embarrassment. The accounts
are so discrepant and so ill o supported as to excite our wonder at the
trouble which modern scholars have taken to manufacture them into
his tory. As usual in such cases , the later the narrative, the betterinformed we find the narrator. The doctrine of development
”alone
could give value to the discoveries of Lactantius and other Chris tian
Apologis ts who have favoured us wi th Platonic Itineraries ;but the
PaganApuleius , and, i na les s degree , the more accurate Cicero , have
lent their names to very questionable statements .
3 See Gorg. p . 52 1 B , o.
Xxx ll GORGIAS .
time : for philosophy was doubtles s an elegant amusement1
for a young man of rank and leisure, and an excellent train
ing for the mind, as his fellow-pupil Isocrates , now makinghis fortune by his pen, had substantial reasons for acknow
lodging.
The speech of Callicles is indeed throughout more applicab le to the circums tances of a comparatively young man,who
,like Plato on his firs t return to Athens
,had hi s pro
fes s ion to choose, than to an elderly and inveterate dialectician, such as Socrates mus t have seemed at the time whenthis conversation is supposed to take place. The readers of
Plato will be at no loss for parallel instances of pas sages inwhich his contemporaries would recogniz e the author under
the mask of his hero,or in which the opinions
,the parties,
and the personages of his own time are antedated by some
twenty or thirty years.But the best argument infavour of our hypothes is is , that
it affords a point of view from which the various divis ionsand subdivis ions of the dialogue group themselves into unity.
The Gorgias is in effect an’
Anohoyia t rwvor. It contains
his reas ons for preferring, under existing circumstances,the
contemplative to the active, the philosophic to the rhetoricallife . The philosopher, as Socrates says 3 , is the only truemaster of the science of Politics . The end of that science
and of the art founded upon it is not to pander to the inclinations of a people, but to make them wiser, juster, and by
1 d uhoa'oqfla ydp 7 0‘rit c3 d pa
‘rev xap iev (Iv 'r t9 (167 06
p cr p iws' fidnrra i 6» ijhucigr éa
‘
v 66 wepaw épw 7 06 66 607 09
éu6i a 'rp idty, di acptlopa‘
aw7w a'
vOpuiwwv . éa‘
v '
ya‘
p xa l arduv eb¢mi9 5,xa l 759 ijAcx lac duhoa
'
odi fi, a’
va'
yxnwa'
v‘rwv dweipov y cy ovéua c
émriv, a?
» xp il émremov GIN “ 7dr p éAAow a xaAdv xa’
yado‘
v xal
éc eceac dv6pa, Ka i '
ya‘
p 7 631: 06pm: dw ctpoa'
yi'
yuov'ra r v 6 w
xar a‘
w ill w éhw , Ka l 78 v Aé‘
ywv, 019 6s ? xp aip euov thi cket» év 7 03 9
c onfloha low T 039 a’
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INTRODUCTION . xxxiii
that means happier 1. The only true rhetoric is that of the
philosopher who is ab le to persuade his fellow- citiz ens to cul
tivate these virtues in themselves, and to embody them in
their legis lation. Consequently 2 , the true rhetoricianmus tbe just himself, and acquaia with the principles of justice.
How then is it poss ible that one who holds these principlescan take part in the administration of a s tate like that of
Athens , where the statesman is but the tool,the Buixovos , or
upper servant, of the Demus 3 , hired for the purpose of sup
plying its outward needs , and gratifying its pass ions of vainglory and amb ition? As the
,ends pursued by the ab les t of
the only statesmen pos s ib le in a popular government, are
such as no wise man can es teem ; so the means they are
compelled to employ are such as no hones t mancan stoop to .
The mos t approved of these means is Rhetoric, the Rhetorictaught by Gorgias and practised by Callicles , the wohcr cxijs
pap iov elBo v, or semb lance of that true Rhetoric ‘1 which isauxiliary to the higher and only true art Politic, the art of
producing jus tice in the s ouls of individual citiz ens , and inthat aggregate of souls we call the State.
To complete this statement, it was necessary to des cribethe true nature of Jus tice
,which
, as we have seen, Plato
expres ses interms sub stantially,and as far as they go, literally
the same as those which he employs inthe Republic.
With the same object in view, he seeks to es tab lish theessential difference of Pleasure and Good
,which is done
briefly, but accurately enough for the purpose we as sumed 5.
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’
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«170 606. If we compare this with a pas sage in the Protagoras , we
shall see that Plato’s views onthis subject had undergone an important
change during the interval between the compositionof that dialogue
and the Gorgias . 0! 1m 3xe7c dAAo «pa'
vai. alum 76 n“
rniu
GORGIAS .
The questionis determined on its ownmerits inthe Philebus ,
which contains , as it seems to me, the most satisfactory
analys is of Pleas ure and its ingredients that is to be found inany Greek writer
,and in which the discuss ion is of a more
searching and speculative kind thanthat in the Gorgias . In
the Philebus, there is little doub t that the tenets of the
Cyrenaic school are attacked;but I cannot, with Schleiermacher, detect any such polemical reference in the Gorgias ;where the “hedonistic sentiments put into the mouth of
Callicles are the express ion of mere practical 1ibertinismseeking arguments in defence of its own practice , and are
totally unlike the scientific sensualism attributed to Ari3
Throughout the whole dialogue there reigns a spirit of
pas s ionate vehemence, scarcely reconcilab le with a scientific
or speculative purpose, but thoroughly consistent with thatmore practical object of justifying ab stinence from po liticalactionina depraved commonwealth which I suppose Plato tohave had in view when he wrote. Bitter indeed must havebeen his feelings on revis iting the guilty city for the first
time after his master’s death : deep his abhorrence of that
art whose professors , repres ented by the rhetor Lycon,had
mainly contributed to the perpetration of that crime : not
over- friendly his feelings towards the poets who had con
spired with the rhetoricians in their attack upon the man
whom both hated with nearly equal hatred. His dis like of
pub lic life, at leas t inAthens ,never left him. It is expres sedin the Theaetetus 1, but with more of scorn than of anger :
but there is not one of his dialogues inwhich the pub lic menof the bes t times of the Athenian History, such men as
Pericles and Miltiades and Cimon,are treated with such
indiscriminating severity as in the Gorgias 3 .
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certainly that of hi s later life, it seems irrational to doubt that theProtagoras was the earlier productionof the two.
1 P . 172 c seq.
2 Compare e .g. Protagoras , 819 E , 3 22 A, and still more the
xxxvi GORGIAS .
sentence of the pas sage quoted above from the seventhEpistle : Ac’yew 7e G
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before ob served, the texts on which the Gorgias and the
Repub lic are respectively founded ;and when Plato goes on
to say, that these ideas had been formed in his mind beforehe first vis ited S icily1 it is difi cult to avoid theinference that the Gorgias was writtenand the Repub lic at
least b egunat the period last specified.It is also a general opinion that the idea of a female
commonwealth exhib ited by Aris tophanes in the Eccles iaz ass o was written by the comic poet in ridicule of the
Platonic commonwealth 3 . The Ecclesiaz usae was representedin the year 3 92 ;it seems therefore poss ible that at this datesome part at least of the Repub lic was written, and had beenpub licly read, if we may not say pub lished, inAthens .
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‘1 Meineke has evenpointed out two pas sages , one inthis play, andone inthe Plutus , inwhich, as he supposes , Plato himself is ridiculed
under the name of Aristyllus , the diminutive of Plato’s original name
Aristocles ,which, if he ever bore it, was inherited from his grandfather.
Com. Gr. i . p . 281. I confess , however, that such an allusion seemstoo far-fetched to have been intelligible to anAthenian or any other
audience . The Aristyllus in question was probably some personnotorious for low profiigacy, and quite unconnected with Plato.
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GORGIAs . [4 47B
shall hear him then, whenyou think proper to pay me a vis it atmy house ; for Gorgias is my gues t, and will exhibit to you .’Schleiermacher infers from this , that the scene of the conversationis not the house of Callicles, as commonly supposed, but agymnasium or other place of public resort. The draw ,
whichmarvellously ofi ends Stallbaum , may thus be defended, and
the (30e Myer: t mnc Ow of Socr. explained. I
cannot believe with Ast that firm is here used imperatively, orwith Schleierm. that the and before ér c8el£era¢ is in ap odosi .
Hemsterhuis conjectured 6 for retaining the vulg.fioéw e, but has found no follower among the odd.
Page 2 . a 8mkex01’
ivac] Besigning himself to the loss of theformal mecca , Socr. hopes that Gorgias will not at any rate beindisposed for a conversation. The words 8M »: ét l8e¢£w are
equivalent to ér l8eéw, am,» This use of 6AM : is
familiar to readers of Plato, and will b e found illus trated inthenote onp. 473 o.
'1 otor] Nothing like inquiring athead-quarters .
” Best go to the fountain-head.” “ Il n’
y a
rientel que de parlor a. lui mesme Nichts besser alsihnselbst fragen InDemosth. Mid . 52 9, we find,
0101! dxoéew (181 001 09 véuov, the art. before the infin. being omitted;as it i s likewise inAristoph. Aves 966, 08881 016v €01"1 631 £1 01 . On the other hand 1 6 is inserted both here and below,p. 4 81B, as well as in Xen. Oec . 8 . 14 adduced by Matth. (Gr.
Gr. § 54 1, InLys istr. 185, 78p 01011 6 ¢UmAvam pdn) ,
the inf. , or word answering to the inf., is suppressed. The Schol.on the last passage erroneously explains the phrase by 088421
w er. 8 éxékeue 708v] Comp. Philostratus , Vitt. Soph. p. 4 87,0xe8lov X6701: Pap
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i. d.umOne MS. has dt expwn, anaoris t inadmiss ible in thi s sense ,
inanAttic writer. dr oxpro‘fivat occurs inthe sense of answering ’
inthe 2nd Alcib . 14 9n, and is one among many indications of thespuriousness of that dialogue. as dwoxp we
‘
i] So the Bodl.The other M88. and odd. except Hermann’
s have dr oxplrec.
Chaerephonmeans to say, If such has been your pas t success ,you will have no difficulty in answering any question I may
proposePage 3 .
'1'
Hpbamos]The Schol. cautions us against confoundmg this Herodicus with Herodicus the Selymbrian, also a phy
NOTES .
sician, of whom see anamus ing notice inBepubl. iii . 4 06. The
brother of Aristophon presently mentioned was no less a personthan the famous Polygnotus , who painted the Lesche at Delphi .This is proved by anepigram quoted by the Schol.
7pd¢e IIoM '
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vlés, r epacp évnv’
IMov dxpé r ohrv.
Also by a pas sage in the Ion, p . 53 2 a. 1 t The MSS.
have rim . Olymp. reads which had been conjectured byButtmann, incons iderationof the following 87 6p . 1 9
'
0 Xat
pe¢c2w] This speech of Polus was a part of his réxmj, or treatise onRhetoric, of whi ch we hear below, p . 4 62 0. So the Schol. onHermogenes , p . 18 (Bhetores Graeci Walz . iv. doer m l 110M :
8 I‘
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w éur e cpla : (L. émrelpws)e bpnuévac. Comp. Arist. Metaph. i . l , 1) ne‘v 78p épa '
apla 11‘w
@ 10 1 Iléihos, M70111, _3 6 M AXIM
1 exvé'
w] Compare Philebus , p. 58, 113 11 h ave, a":
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Page 4 . 1 002 Bovkonévq: 801 19 ] Thi s sufi ciently commonidiom is illustrated inall theGrammars , as inDonaldson, 4 58 99 .
It is imitated inLatinby Sallus t and Tacitus . a ma;i d)This construction (for not écm 61 : times) , which is
illus trated by Stallb . is especi afiym e case of thewords 81
’
il\os andM ph Soph. Ant. 4 00, elm 1 678'
M anagua/Zia». taxes, and in its intrans . sense , are
more frequently used with participles , as ih. v. 20, «What: ydp 1"xahxaivow
’
€1 09. Stallb . quotes three instances from Plato inwhich dy a'
yxai'
os is similarly used, among these the passage below,4 4 9 c. 1 4 (500 6p 18 Eur poaaév 00¢ lit erat ure] Chéréphon
t’a mis sur la vole par des examples (Cousin) . is used
s imilarly in Theaet. 179 D, 0xe1r1'éov 85 dpxijs, 60 0 a};
81 01 4281011 0 1. The active is found inlike sense inClitoph. 408 D.It is nearly equivalent to 8¢1rye2000¢ (pm eire, p raemons trare) , asHeindorf remarks . Comp. 4 55 D, c181 8: yap Icahn?” 8¢1ryrj0¢o, ‘haveshownme the way.
’ The allusionhere is to the examples of thephys ician
—
and'painter above proposed by Chaerephon. Observe
the hendiadys , for“
02011-
5p, Kata:
dwexplvw, m l 19v elr é. Comp. 8r e7pd¢ap emTheaet. 171E.
The 089 whi ch used to stand after was , though g enui n e-Am
[4 4 3 p.
Heind ., is now properly omitted by the edd. It is absent fromthe Bod]. ac 0 mm xal m om] Olymp. in 1 a m ., 0,
xapannpcj’
énwr ér m vjpova xal incus'
1'
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Axxtfird8y et'
prrrar. Ad v. dAXovs int.881 0p x. Plene infra 0, 78p 42371 £7 10” i réxvns circ a,
«0 2 8v m l 8AM » Mropa . Conviv . 196 E , 110:t 8 068:
0046 : nin e m l 870 w» (Ast) . 8 2 010' m l 1163M :
fipfaro] such as was'
the exordium of Polus ,’ as if he had said010v dpxijv fipfaro, as in Soph. 2 4 2 B, 1 600. dpxfiv dv dpéan
'
o
X87011 Tim. 3 6 E , 9610 1! dpxijv f} arc .
Page 5 . 1 888’
80 6pm0xve'
i] Sup. 4 47D , elr é ,uor, (8 Panic ,
8A1)”Myer KaN uxMjs 88c, 81"ét a'néxka dr oxplv at 8 89
0e épw'rqi;
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Many . After 81 00810014 some few codd. give vat. Buttmann
would receive this into the text, as the answer of Gorgias to therequest made by Soor. He urges that the general ér dw exm ofGorgias did not imply all that Socr. here requires of him. Toevade the dimculty Ast proposes str ep for 80 6p. It is , I think ,conceivable that Socr. refers to a boas t which he regards as
notorious , and which Gorgias presently repeats , p.178éva. 8v év
fipaxvrépms, L 1 3 8. 811107016? will thus have its natural meaningthe profession you habitually make.
’I hesitate between this
view and the expedient proposed by Buttm. Sext. Empir. (adv.
Matth. ii . 7) gives a well-known anecdote in illustration of thecontrast between dialectical brevi ty and rhetorical fi ifi useness
e rwv 8 Ka ma): épm fiels 811p 8¢a¢épe¢ pyropmfis ,0 ca1pé¢as xei
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’
ovcar.
Bigt as regards the sense. For the use of dvaq i‘
ar comp.Legg. i. 64 3 o;Soph . 24 2 B, and the note on 4 4 8 D above. Tr.,
There are answers , Socr., which cannot choose but be diffuse. JNot but what I will try to be as brief as pos sible.
’ '1 m l 78p
08] This boast was common to Gorgias and his mas ter Tis ias .See Phaedr. 2 67B. O T061011mjv] Olymp . reads uérr
which is perhaps better. 2 3 yé 0011] So Heind. SomeMSS . have ya only, some 00v Only, but both are required by usage.Hirschig in a recent tract insis ts on expelling dr oxptaea ,
reading i yap al 79‘00v 8 ndwoxplvet So Hipp. Maj . 2 91 E,
[4 50n
mixed game of chance and skill, like our backgammon, is to b eunderstood by The ‘
speech cons isted in calling outthe number of each throw of the dice;the actioninmoving thepieces to the best advantage under the cirggms tances . éf (008
6x61 16 1 e épyov x01 18» Myor 78p 81111 0 1! 1 8: 110 2
8118 870110 ! 1 110'
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13 1plex1 0 (so. 1s Aesch . Ag . init.)171 1 1 0106101 . B 11182 3 11: I imagine that he means
gags, for the
draughtmencan ardly have beenmade to serve a oub le purposeeven though they were, as he says , like a split die (81601-11118 1 x85011311 1p163v 1p1
'
ya'
wwr t eptexép eros) . 2 8 08x 81 1]‘not but what ,
taken at your word, you did say as much as that ’ & c. Protag.
3 3 6 D , 08x 81 1 1101 01110 111 émMjwm v 621 01,‘though he does
make believe and protest that he has no memory.’ 8 0 x01
81 0Adfio1 (iv and a captions Opponent, if so di sposed , mightreply, Oh, so it is arithmetic you mean whenyou say8v0 x ep0 £r ew , ¢1Xove1xeiv
Page 8 . 6”101 vvv] Most MSS . have 161 . Bekker reads
081 on the authority of one or two. I have res tored the enclitic,which Dindorf replaces likewise in Sophis t. p. 2 2 4 c , '
101 81) var
0 111078.w 0816 for the vulg . 81) 1161! (Ad Steph. Thes . n. p.So inXen. Hell. v. 1. 3 2 , (1 e WV 110! épw dn . Nonest enim our
poeticum putetur mm encliticum , quod prosec quoque tribuerevidetur Schol. ad Eur. Hoe. 975 Matth.
”(Dind. ibid. tom. v.
p. The temporal adverb is out of place here , and the
reading 089 was probably a gloss on the original mm or The
same account may be given of which is found in another MS.
On the quantity of the enclitic vw see the accurate remarks of
Mr J. Wordsworth in the Philological Museum, i . p. 2 2 6.
1 6 1 11111 1 61] After this word 71 1601: stands in the MSS . Bekkerand all subsequent edd . have b rackewd it. It is so palpably a
gloss that it is better removed. 80’
éxdTepa m xdrm 871 0]800 here and in 4 53 n is used for 1 600 or 81160 0 . Soph . Oed . B.
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Xen. Cyr. v. 2 9, 5707011 aus pdxovs 08x 80 0v: 08 8116100 1
81 600vs €760 r kelw ovs For 1m dvo1 the Bodl. and
others give d m,and so the Ziir . edd. But this could only
mean,‘as many as there may b e of either "sort,’ whereas the
meaning required is , ‘how many either may b e’
;i .a. how manyunits there are, or ‘may be ,
’ in any particular odd or evennumber. The potential m dxm wi ll give this sense
,but we
should have expected to find as in the pas sage of
4 51 3 ] NOTES.
thi s dial. just referred to we have 800 1501 61 and 80011 é01 tv, and in
Theaet. 198 0 01101 1530001 1 600: 1 1: 111110118: 1 v7xdr e 1 One
MS . has 1m dve1, though apparently retaining din—Arithmetic,in its popular acceptation among the Greeks, was limited toNotationor Numeration: speculative or scientifi c Arithmetic tooka much wider range , including the s cience of the forms and
properties of numbers , as developed for instance inthe four booksof Euclid succeeding the sixth. Logistic inlike manner was bothpopular and philosophical, the former being confined to the fourrules and their applications. It is evident that Socr. is herespeaking only of the pop ular Arithmetic and Logistic : Olympiodorus is therefore wide of the mark when he says , 1) 1181 64110
11171 1111) wept 1 8 61801 081 13 11 (so. 108 1101 1 06 1 6p11 1 08) 1) 8%107101 1111;r cpt cans—for his statement, if true, is inapplicableto the passage before us . Those who are interested in the
history of Greek mathematics may consult upon this pointKlugel
’s Mathematisches Wiirterbuch, i. 174 fol., comparing Plat.
Politic. 299 s , and Phileh. 56 o fol. The theorem giveninTheaet.147D is anelegant specimenof the higher Arithmetic. 18 xv
povpévwr]‘which accomplish ’
or‘achieve ’
: nearly : 81ar pa1 1 cpém v, with whi ch it is coupled below (D ) . xvpoflr = to givevalidity to the will or act of another. 1 9 01 £1
‘those who frame amendments in the assembly,’i .s . uponthe p robouleumata brought downfrom the Council. The
force of the following words will be at once evident from an
inscription in Boeckh (No . 18, 61910 1 3flovhjj,dvaypdtllm 8% 4 0 16111111 01 18» Haplavov 1 p8£evov x0 2 ril e/171
51 111! 081 8»
1 08: 81761 001 89 8101117. The honours decreed by theCouncil to this Phanocritus had been more limi ted, and the
orator Cephalus adds this ‘rider.’ In Aesch. c. Ctes. p. 71,
127, we find 01511/paus e used in the corresponding sense of aclause in a bill : 110 2 118811! £1 W¢£0001 1 x0 2
00¢é01 epov x02 1 1xp61 epov 087711011110‘he inserts a much
harsher provision.
’on 1m dre1 —[1 1s] For this 1 1: the Bodl.
and some other MSS. have poss ibly, as Herm. thinks , arelic of Text s », which may have been itself a gloss . I havefollowed hi s example in bracketing whi ch though harmles s isunneces sary.
Page 9 . 4 This second 14 was introduced by R eind.
Some MSS . omit 1 631 wept, which Ast inclines to do. 1 2 ma n
1 8 0 10N611] This ranthus , as edited b yBergh
13 4 0011014 3 . [4 51 1:
87101116 11 811101 01 8118p! 01016;8% «fwd»
18 1p£1 01 8% 112 001 627 “chm ,
1101 18 001 8 1 191’ M 0» .
Auth. Lyr. p. 4 08 .
These Scolia were a kind of lyric composition sung either inconcert or success ively, by all the guests after a banquet : thesubjects of them were either the praises of some Attic Divinity, ormoral precepts , or reflections on life, or gay exhortations to mirthor wine , or to love . There were some scolia of great antiquity;the mos t esteemed were those of Alcaeus , of Praxilla, and of
Anacreon”(T. Gray) . Olympiodorus says that the exam were so
called because the myrtle -branch held by the singer inter can
tandum was not handed to hi s next neighbour, but to the personoppos ite him onthe other side of the table : “ am 1) 11110800 1:
éytvero. This particular scolium is quoted by Athen. (xv . p. 694 )and attributed by Clemens Alex . to Simonides . 19 1101011 01
60] I have followed Hirschig in inserting dv . 1 0p0 01 0‘
1‘
ev
111mm would have been agreeable to usage, but the change in thesubject of the verb requires the repetitionof the particle .
Page 10 . 16 8 0171 08—1101 The same kind of anacoluthiaoccurs inf. 4 54 B, 8 80111? 81
’
)o 6110 1 8718 8'
8110 1161100 13 .
2 8 év 1 001p 11? 80101111] armed with this power you will hold inthraldom both physicianand gymnast, while your great capitalis twill be seen to be heaping up riches for another rather thanhimself, even for you who are able to move the mas ses by youreloquence.
’ For the us e of e» comp. Xen. Cyr. viii . 6 . 20,
1171! 011101 181 by» %v 8 M76 1 01 arc-1 0 011143000001 1 111 1 0 18.
For that of 8M 8 see below, 4 54 c.
Page 11 8 1 610081 8n/11avp'y8s—1) 817101111115] This defini tionwas not invented by Plato for the occas ion. It appears to havebeenanheirloom inthe schools of rhetoric, originating, accordingto the author of the Prolegomena to Hermogenes (p. withCorax and Ti sias , or, according to Quintilian, with Isocrates(Inst . Or. ii . 0. 15, “ Haec opinio originem ab Isocrate , s itamenrevera ars quae circumfertur ejus est , duxit, qui cumlongesit a voluntate infamantium oratoris ofi cia, finem artis temerecomprehendit, dicens es se rhetoricenpersuadendi op iflcem, id est,
1 110081 The circumstance that it proceeds from the
mouth of Socr. rather than of Gorgias , is anintimationthat thedefini tion was current inAthens when this dialogue was written.
GORGIAs . [4 53 n
Page 12 . 7 Socr. objects to the definition that itsterms are ambiguous . For there are two kinds of thatwhich imparts knowledge wi th belief, and that whi ch creates beliefonly. Below, p. 4 55 a. 1 2 Not the negative ofcrew“, but of of:"to“. Nay , he persuades unquestionably. So
inf. 501 c, 7 61 epov m xa1 a1weaatflatma fi dv1 l¢m,° K. h ave,
w e am wpéi .
Page 13 . 1 2 wept 1 061M ! 6 £01 : “and 1 e xal dduca] Thi s
definition applies in strictnes s only to dcxamxol X6701. The province of deliberative oratory (a’
vpfiovkevnmj) is 1d. dyadd xal xaxd.
See Phaedr. 261 c n, and the notes . 18 ans—m pay—em
yep Myra] Sed ut ne mirere soito me interrogare ”& c.
(Heind.) The particle yap is here in apodosi , as frequently aftera parenthesis . See by all means Demosth. de F. L. 107, and
Mr Shilleto’s accurate remarks in the Vv. Ll. The idiom has
escaped Stallb . 8116p AM is explained by 4 53 O, 06 evexa , tru nk.
18 1 06 The order is , épan'
b 83mm 1 06 wepalvea'Oat at»
16701 .
‘I ask in order that the argument may move towards itscompletioninregular order, by due steps .’ wepalveadcu is pass ive,
as below, 4 97D , lva 116v e atMryoc. Stallb . translates as if it
were transitive and governed Myer , which can hardly be the case,though the comp. drawepafvewat is not unfrequently used in themiddle, as Phaedr. 2 63 E, A670» di et epdmwo. 19 63 Wt’va m}waist coat] that we may not contract a habit of forestalling ortaking for granted each other’s s tatements from vague suspicionsof what they are likely to b e;but that you may rather developyour ownviews inyour ownway inaccordance with the premissesassumed .’
Page 14 . O Afikov apex Vulg. 613M » yup
An illative particle being evidently needed here , I have notscrupled to adopt the excellent reading of Olympiodorus , dpa.
The €1 1 6» was suggested by Dr Badham, who had also acutelyconjectured 7
’
dpa. for yap at. Olymp. reads 1az§1d slow ,but
‘the same thing,’ is commonly used in such cases , as in4 62 n. The received yep a6 converts aninference into a reason.
£1 161 is frequently replaced by as inPoliticus 2 63 A, wherethe vulg. has £0 119 for the £01 6» of the Bodl. and other MSS .
2 9 r ew rmos] monitor is the reading of the Bodl. and the majorityof MSS ., the rest giving t a cnxor. Sext. Emp. (adv . Math. ii .2 , 75) seems to have read t emm co: here and wewnxijs for
paul. sup . In the latter case he is doubtless wrong,
4 55 NOTES. 13 7
but both Buttm. and R eind. seem with reason to question the
legitimacy of the form There is the same confus ion inthe readings of Aristot. Bhet. i. 2 . l , where t ewmxfi is nowaccepted by the edd. instead of the old mount.
Page 15 . 8 « cpl tau t?» alpéa’
em] There were publicphysicians elected in most of the Greek cities , who received asalary from the commonwealth , and seem to have takenno fees ofparticular people. Those physicians who exercised this offi cewere said 6.1m m » . See Aristoph. in Avibus 584 , EIO
’5 7
’
’Ar éhkwv la1p6: 7
'
‘3! Mafi a, ” dumps? dez Acharn. 994 ,'
Tr dken/Jorelpfivy as 1 dr¢0akmb 1 ax6. AI .
’
AM’
6 t omjp'
ofr 6111.00016q 1wxd m. But this custom seems to have been laid aside before 01.97. 4 . Arist. Plut. 407, Ti: 6131
'
la1p6s £011 1 61 b rfi 116M : 001 3 yap6 0666 ' éfl’
000'
1) 1 4x1 2) . Gorg. 514 . Politic. 2 59 , e! 1 t:
1 631 dqm tw éw wr ( (11v lxavbs fvufiovkefiew ldtw eéw «W1 69 , dp’
06x
dva'
yxai‘
or c.01 43 wpoaayopefieadm 1 001mm rij: 1 47cm: 1min)» «Swap :5£vufiov7te6 a;
”(T. Gray). Hesych., armoured“ ! 1odup oafg M pe
1e £1 1 m ail. Suid. v. enm tefiw. at 6111100191 xecpow voénevotla1pol xal armad a wpo
'
ixa éOepdwevov. Comp. Hom. 0d. xvn. 3 82 ,
TI: yap 61) $ 6 21 0» mm W as ér ehfldw, 'Altkov 7’
3 1ad;1 6 1 ct
anat o ep y ol ( am;d w ii ln1 ij pa Kent », 7? 1 é x 1 o r a. daupu r,
“H xal Oéa’
t w 6 are» 1 épm w detour . These pas sages explainthe originof the oft-recurring distinctionof amounts and lotu’m p,
equivalent inthe time of Plato to that between professional andunprofes sional, clerk and layman, the learned and the vulgar.4 fi t epl m um s}! 1) wept] Unders tand alpéaem , unles s withHirschig we suppose the prepos itions to have beenimported intothe text. tone: is used as the Lat. natio inGic. pro Murena 3 3
,
tota natio candidatorum.
”So Ast, who refers to Rep. i . 3 51 c
& c. 6 N o 1 t 1 61 6] 80 Bekh. after a few MSS. Vulg. t o T l. 1)
Here dM o 1c is equiv. to dp’
as, nonne as inf. 4 95 c. Itcorresponds to the Germ. m
'
ekt wahr, as As t observes . I do notdeny that there are cases in which is to be retained
,as in
Phaedo 79 , N o 1 : afm'
br 13 16 [Lb admd eon 1o 6% (tux?)to which the answer is , case» «N o.
Page 16 . a HepmMovs—n lxovr] The m pd n ix-
q whichjoined Athens to the Piraeus were begunonthemotionof Pericles ,01. 80. 4 , 4 57. Socr. at that time was about twelve years old .
See Plutarch inVitt. Pcricl. et Cimon. Harpocration tells us thatof the two walls which extended from the city to Piraeus , thesouthernonly, or the innermost , was oa\\ed 1 b bub. atom , oa k jm o,
0012014 3 . [4 55 11:
between the innermost , 16fl6petov , and 1 b <I>altnp¢x6mwhich was athird wall drawnfrom Athens to the Port Phalerum , and he citesthis very passage (T. Gray). This statement is substantiallycorrect, but Gray is mis taken in supposing that the intermediateor southern Peiraic wall was projected at the same time with thetwo mentioned inThuc. i . 107. 108 . It was not built until a laterperiod, when the northern Peiraic and the Phaleric wall werefinished, i.c. after 4 56. We thus get rid of the difi culty, suchas it is , of supposing Soor. a b earer of Pericles at the early age oftwelve. The two Peiraic Long Walls ranparallel to each other,enclosing anoblong space of four or five miles inlength (40 stades )and 550 feet inwidth. That to Phalerum was built at anangle tothe other two. Since the appearance of the work of Ulrichs onthe subject , most topographers have agreed to place Phalerum on
the spot called Trispyrgi , rather thanonthat now appropriated asthe site of Munychia, and distant from the former by the wholeextent of the Phaleric bay. See Leaks (Topog. Ath. i . whodifi ers however in regard of the situation of Phalerum. Thislatter ques tionis probably not yet definitively settled. 4 d»
161 One MS . has 16» 05. The res t omi t 101 . Heind. properlyinsis ts onretaining it. See note to p . 4 62 . 1 2 El 1 cm ;7e
«15¢t well it might, Socr., if you knew all—if you were awarethat Rhetoric includes inher domain—I may say all the faculties ?2 1 6A06w e] Vulg. $ 0611 0 , corr. Dobree . 8 8 ofidauoii div
mvfivaz] Tr. , would be entirely dis tanced,’ as we say of a beatenhorse , ‘he is nowhere. ’ Soph.Ant. 183 , 1 091 01 oédaaofi M701. For
61161 epov as? alpsflfivat h 1p61 , whi ch is the reading of the Bodl. andseveral codd the odd. retain the inferior, é1 61 epov 6e? alpeOijvat,Mrapa 1) la1p6», which destroys the point of the example. The
rhetor will persuade the people to elect him state -physician in
preference to a regularly trained practitioner. See above, 4 55 B,wept Za1p65v alpéa
’
em 5 15 116M : wil l ows .
Page 17. 2 (uwé The Bodl. omits So the Ald .,
which R eind. was disposed to follow. I retainit, with Bekk. and
the majority of MSS. 1 6 [‘CTM TWW TGS] Vern. es umkehrend ,
h. e. umgekeh'rt, i . q. €10.11 l (ut O) Latinor. ex contrario. Polit.
ix . 587 D, My -
yy, 5 1 .x.
”(Ast) . Participles
are frequently used thus adverbially, of which usage"Morey,‘tandem,
’ is a familiar ins tance. See not. on Phaedr. 22 8.
8 1 t‘uflpaxv wrap! 6100 dvfloflmac] Vox Eufipaxv, quam veteres
min d/w : vel tit hes explicant, eodem fore modo, quo formula illa
GORGIAS. [4 573
0 660 009‘ 601 2 76p 1 6 061w? 1161 0 06 6 6 2: ér txwp¢d§60 It
seems also difi cult to explain Lys is 204 n, o f: 70p 1 c 061 00
1009 0110 My ow w , 0A): 61 ¢ 1 01p6061 éwovoudferm—except as an
unqualifi ed negation. The same remark applies to Legg. iv. 704 0,
7611 011 66 116M: dp'
€0 10 ¢ 116150101; K. 0 6 7 09 0 'Kai
to Aristot. Eth. N . x. 5. 4 , xalpovr es 6101061 0¢66p0 00
wd r v 6p¢6067 81 cp” , to Menander, frag. 198 , 00 1101 0 Etw0'
dhn0és
0066 61 70v?) N yeu—and, as Mr Cope seems to admit, to 0666» 1101 0
wheresoever it occurs. InPlat. Rep . 54 9 D, 66 0 151 6
nut-301 0 d1 ¢1u£fov1 0—we should perhaps adopt the variant ofGod . D and two others , 7 01 1 11 d1 ¢pdfov1 0 . If 110 W beretained, the pas sage makes unequivocally in favour of Mr Oope’
s
view, and we shall have to admit that the same negative is sometimes used inthe qualifi ed, and sometimes inthe unqualified senseby the same authors .
Page 19 . 1 1 600i 6’
069 ] 7001 Olymp., and for1 00101 27.
‘And for my ownpart , God forbid that my hands shouldever be so full , that I must abandona discussionso interesting andso ably conducted , in favour of any other employment howeverprofitable. 2 1 Ala 611 After my voluntary challenge to all questioners I cannot for very shame refuse henceforth.’0 61 6» ‘
ultro.
’ After formerly s tood K012 1 0171 0 ,now omittedby the edd. inconformity with the Bodl. and some other MSS .
Page 2 0 . 2 2 0610 063' 10 1113070010 ] Thi s was di stinctlymaintained by Tis ias
, according to Phaedr. 272 D, 611 00661
dkn06 lar m éxew 6éo¢ 1 6v W ow a 1x010»: 6111 00 12 1 6110c.
Presently in p . 4 60, Gorgias seems disposed to qualify this broadstatement of hi s mas ter. His disciple Polus is less scrupulous , aswe shall find below, 4 61 B. 2 6 0016061 r okkb 6001 0
3
1 11]‘And
is it not a great comfort, Socr., to find yourself fully a match forthe profess ors of any other art, without having had the trouble oflearning any but this one ? ’
8 2 1 pc) s 16700] C. F. Herm . pro
poses no.A6701 , onthe ground that «pt: Mvou is found nowhereelse . Phileb . 3 3 c, 1rp6: A0701 T l.
‘5. So 1rp6: ibid. 18 D.But t p6: A0700 is supported by 1 P6: 11261 00, Phaedr. 2 52 D, and
Theophr. Char. xxx . , to which the antitheton is
Comp. 06K 0116 6 fp1)K6v, Theaet. 179 O. Olymp. gives 11p6
16700, which,if not a copyist’s error, has the analogy of 1rp6 0600
and 1 p00pyou inits favour. Tr., If it should answer our purpose ’
;‘if it be inthe interes t of our discuss ion to do so .
’ After 1 0300110in the nex t line Olymp. inserts m t.
4 600] NOTES .
Page 2 1. 18 601 9p dpn eta-
es, dr oxaM x/«ad Above, 4 55 D,d»: 67d, 00: r etpdaomu, 6
'S expan s, cacpé
‘
n d r o x ahml/a c6171 0111103: 2 1
’
AMV £761n61—ua01ia’
c1 ac] Perhaps thecloud of quotations collected by Btallb .may be sufiicient to protectthis reading of the M88 . against Stephen, who alters 100160 2 1011.into I confess that the position of £76: 1161 02m in
the sentence seems to me to distinguish it from cases in whicholym 6é , 601a?! 6é, 60x63 6on? 64! p01, and the like are placed inparenthesi. Heind . reads m0'60 60'0at with Staph. Stallb .
’s argu
ment , quod indicativus longe acoommodatior est SOphistae
confi dentiae quam oratio aliunde suspensa,” is characteristic.2 8
”E70: 616] This phrase occurs again4 90B, h e 61;afnob
‘
, evidentlyin the sense of h inges, ‘hold, ’
a meaning however which it willnot always hear. The grammarians explainit by 1 p60exe, 67¢6pc and the like : but the parallel passage in this dialoguejus tifi es Heind.’a version, “
subsiste,” with which Stallb . quarrels .Compare Proteg. 84 9 D, and Heind.
’s note . The argument which
follows is to our notions sophis tical enough. Not so, however,from the Socratic point of view, according to which every virtue isa form of knowledge, and every vice the result of ignorance.
Comp. Xen. Mem. iii. 9 . 4 , 5. It may seem that Gorgias mighthave turned the tables uponSocr. by s imply substituting for
61m m: in the premisses , as indeed Olymp. remarks (p . (0’
1é01
66 61 1. m l 61: 1 017 611111101 avpr epc’
i vac Kai eta-
ctr'
0
61 0011511011 1 09 d 6lxov° 6 61 101 1511001 6.61m i) 3 066 61 111
: 6M umflouMuew s d6ura 6cor pdn e1m‘ 6 6¢at pan 6ua or d6m z of»: 601 1. 1101 6
6lxaw s° 6 dpa 0666 101 6 6lxa¢6s £0 1 11 .
'
AAM. ¢apé1 , he adds ,61 ¢ 6151a1 ¢u 6M' mp el6é1ac 1 6 6lxa101 06x I10.M ama: dAX l1a
«1616 Kai p i) wep méa'
p. The objection however is fallacious ,for, according to the doctrine of Socr. , the is not 6 1 6
d6é s, but 6 16. “Kara, and (as a consequence) 1 6. d 6uca p i) cl6dn.Page 2 2 . 1 1 061061 dvd7xn] Quintilianadverts to thi s pas
sage in terms which prove that he read it nearly as it now stands ,but in a diflersnt position, at the end , namely, of the argument,after ¢al1 e1 al 7e. “Disputatio illa contra Gorgiam i ta claudi tur
61 6710 ) 161 h 1op¢x61 6lxa¢o1 1 61 66 6lxa¢o1 ficfihwflat 61m m1 pd11m
”(Inst. 11. 15. From thi s it is pretty evident that
the text had been disturbed before his time, and the sequence ofthe reasoning interrupted. The mention of in the
sentence as it stands in our capies is clearly premature, his turncoming after the 61mm has been disposed of. Another ems .
'
xu.‘
GORGIAS . [4 600
that the proposition o66é 1ror eflovhfia'em 6 611mm: is morethan the premise, as it stands , can support. If we insert 6 st,which may easily have been absorbed by the last syllable ofpanacea , the reasoning becomes consequent, as , by expelling theclause I have bracketed, it is made regular in its form .
‘The justmanperforms just actions , does he not ? ‘He does .
’ ‘Infact hewi ll: to do just actions always .
’ ‘Apparently.’ ‘If so , the justmanwill never will to act unjus tly.’ That follows of necessity.
But from the premisses it follows of necessity that the rhetoricalman is just ’ (so. 61 ¢ 16. Nana madam» , sup . A and a) .
‘Y es .
’
If so, the rhetorical man will be incapable of willing to actunjustly.’ [Of these alterations the first was anticipated byProfessor Woolsey of Boston, U.S ., in his edition, p. 14 7. The
second (the insertionof del) occurred to me some years ago . All
three have, I now see, occurred independently to M . Hirschig
(Exploratio Argumentationum Socraticarum, & c., I men.
tion this by way of external evidence infavour of the emendationsproposed, which , however, nwd no recommendation beyond theirintrinsic necessity. Indefence of dd , which Hirschig places beforeficfiheafla , he justly appeals to 4 60 E , 0664 1 01 ”
61 d ay 6mmd6¢xc1 6 7
'
d e l r ep! 6¢xa¢00 61m 1069 M701: 1 01671 0 5 ]611 061 01: 66 06 m] 80 Proteg. 3 51 c, 16 61mph 610 0 61 01: 0 61 10 :
06 «00’
6001 dra pe xaxé .
Page 2 8 . 2 0 p6. 161 x6111] A choice specimenof Neoplatonictrifling is the following scholium of Olympiodorus : m). 1 61 min .
s unflow er 1 0610. 6 16011 afipBoM1 607M }: £1013 1,
elpn1a¢ 61 1a?! woh rela a"€xe¢ 1 ¢ 6 ,miw 1 6
m a. He alludes to Rep . ii . 376 A. The Socratic oaths , nothowever peculiar to Socr., 11, or p d. 161 m
i
n , or 161 303 1 0 , find an
odd counterpart inthe old Engl. “ by cock and pye.
”2 6
ofe¢ Stallb . stops before and after cm, and interprets 61 : bypropterea quod, quoting Theaet. 147 a, of“
,1 ¢ 0111110 !
1 11 0: 61 0m , 1 .x. The 2nd Ziirich ed. agrees with him and withHit achis inplacing the interrog. after M70“. I am not sure thatthis i s any improvement onthe punctuationof the first cd., whi chI have retained. Profes sor Woolsey conceives that the sentenceends abruptly at and that Polus meant to have addedthat therefore his incons is tency is to be charged to rhetoric, ’ or
something to that snoot. And certainly the clause tr am . 1 .r.k.
would be no just apodosis to the causal clause 61 ¢ l‘op71as 1 .r .x.
The passage however seems to me to make sense without resorting
14 4 [4 61n
confi rmed by the corrupt reading «0065111. 2 0 61 0705000 ]Bus . 2 61 01 0705000 : bene (Findeisen). Rather male , for Platowould have written dr oflfixm , an objectionwhich seems to haveescaped Ast. 61 0x63 occurs with the gen. in Isocr. Nicocl . p . 20,
St. , 1 001 101 d1 0xfis . 6M3 611 (0es Thisreading of the Bodl. and many other MSS . was restored by Bekk.
in place of the vulg. 16 or Comp. Soph. El. '2 98, 61W (00¢ 1 0¢
110 0006 7’
6510 1 6111171 , as one ins tance among many of the separation of and and The meaning is, as a set-ofi to this, thinkwhat a hard case mine will b e, if you are to hold forth withoutdeigning to answer my ques tions , while I am not to be at libertyto leave the room , and get out of hearing.’
Page 2 5 . 2 K01 1 61 101 615, it i s scarcely necessary toobserve , has usually the sense of modo ,’ but now,
’a short time
ago 60111100061 , as the grammarians explainit) , and takesan imperf. and sometimes an aorist. It is so used a few lines
above, 101 0 0701 , and in thi s sense is occasionallyopp osed to 161 , as ina pas sage of the Laws (iii . 683 E) , 1 61 61) p.61
[6M7o1 émrpo0061 ] 1 061 06 r ep¢1 0x611 es A6706 061 01 1 001'
1 61 6‘
é1r¢hehfiap efla, whence Cob et ejects the palpable glos s 6M701Magnes Comicus (ap. Meineke ii . p. ehré 1 91
61; (501 0:m) 7e701é10¢, 1 6 1 66 where, as well as in Eurip .
Hipp . 2 3 3 , Gobet reads 101615 (following the analogy of61710 615, Compare by all means his Vv. Lectt. p. 2 3 3 ,
Confirmat hanc ob servationem et varam esse demonstrat quod101615nondirimitur interposita particula, et di citur 10161; non
161 061 617, quod sicubi legitur videb is ad 161 675referendum, et cum
praesenti tempore et futuro conjungi .” In the passage before us ,however, 161 615is used as 161 a 615, at1m 615, each adverb andparticle retaining its ordinary sense. Stallb . has collected instances in his note : which perhaps are hardly called for.
18 d'
yua 6 (In) : 06 wo¢ij00¢ 1 éx1n1] a thing which you say
created Art.’ See the quotationfrom hi s ownbook givenby Polus ,sup. 4 4 8 c, éut u pfa 061 76p 1 0 ¢6 2
‘
161 01010 60631 t opeée000¢ x0 16.
1 éx1nv.
Page 2 6 . 1 2 M1) 67po¢xé1 ep01 5] I fear it may be somewhatuncivil to say the truth;for I shrink from speaking, out of deference to Gorgias , lest he should think that I am caricaturing hisspecial pursuit. 2 1 o e
’
i 1 011 01 ] Thi s entire passage, as far as60 000061171 , 4 66 o, is quoted by Aristides Rhetor inhis spirited butverbose treatise De Rhetorics (p. 6, I have noted many
4 63 a] NOTES.
and adopted some of his various readings . 2 2 Om. A. Rh.
160x133 66 01 ox001 ¢1cfis] Isocr. c. Soph . 2 94 , 1 0 610 66 61 0106 660 1
6660000 410x13: d1 6p¢xfis 110 2 (f. 01 0x00 1 ¢xfis, Hirschig)6p701 sh ag—as here
,an enumeration of the qualities required in
a rhetor. The coincidence between this pas sage and that in thetext cannot be thought fortuitous and as Isocrates wrote thespeech against the Sophists at an early period (see Antid . 7,
p . 2 80, it is probably Plato who is the borrower. There issome malice in the substitution of 01 071001 0071, shrewd , ’ for the603 101 1103 3 of Isocr., who meant to des cri be a person, 60360 00 1 epl
61060100 1171 610600 0 1 08M.” 6016106101 1 661 el6é10¢ 0500 1611 011 , whichhe boasts to have been his own case (Panath. 2 3 4 D). Theseconsiderations should, I think, prevent the acceptance ofHirschig’
s
plausible conjecture noted above. 2 6 1) 63101 00 116] A quali tative adj. derived directly from The art of the fancy- cookor 00111612101 . Stephen injudiciously adopts 60101 0¢n1¢1aj oninferiorMS . authority . InA. Rh. the article 1) is omitted. 6 : 6
’
6] 80 A. Rh . vulg. 611 66 6. 8 2 «1100’
6716] 80 A. Rh. ;vulg.411ml
Page 2 7. 8 6761 A. Rh. ;vulg . 6761 66. 4 611 6 10661
6676‘ 0£0xp61] A. Rh. d 1 e 0(0xp61 6676 5 6 1 ¢ 601 61] A. Rh.
6 601 11 . 0 1 0060004 A. Rh . 1 01061 60000 9 61 610111 0 4A. Rh. 001. With the entire passage which follows , and itstabulationof sciences and pseudo- sciences , the readermay comparea passage inthe Antidosis of Isocrates , possibly sugges ted by thepresent. floéhopm 66 1 6p! 1661 1 0¢6ela: 160 1 0176 1 0 0
6 07061 1 ” 1 9631 01 .600ho7621 0¢ 76p 6116311
61 1 6 1 06 00500 1 0: 0 071062000 ¢ 110 2 tin/xii! ” .061 0 66 1 061 011
6x611w1 696111 69 1 11 6 : 1 cpl 061 1 611 1 6x1 0 : 0 01 601 1111060 9 ,
1 602 66 16 1 111 1110x111 06661 1 01061 01 0011 0107106101 , e6p611 es
61 ¢pehel0 : x01éN1 o1 1 6p!p61 1 6 1111
i s 1) 7001 001 001) p épos 6016, 1 cpl 66 169 6ux6s «[11w 101 ‘l’Gpt 13:
11A M : 1 0162000 ¢ 1 o6s M7001, 6 1 1 ¢0 1 p6¢0 0 1
0¢l0 ¢1 061 02: 6006070011610 3 , Antid . § l 93 , Bekk. Observe theexpressions 0301 640 01761 606070611 6 : and 001070 9, as illustrative ofthose tabular arrangements of which Plato is so fond ; and of
which we have elaborate specimens inthe Sophis tes and Politicus .2 1 H6110: 66 660] Of course a play upon the name Polus . See
Introd. and the passage there quoted from Aristotle’s Rhet. The
660117: of Polus arose from his failing to perceive the importance ofknowing the 1 ! 601 1 of the thing discours ed of . B e ins erts th e.
PL . GOR.\ Q
censu s . [4 63 2
natural order by asking for the before he knows the In
fact he was ignorant of the first elements of the dialectic art .
Gorgias is better instructed , and exclaims , with something ofimpatience, Oh ! never mind him. Tell me what you mean bysaying that Rhetoric is the image or counterfeit of a branch of theart Poli tic. ’Page 2 8 . 8 N 80 A. Rh. vulg. 6M 0:fl. 0 6
-rhv p é1 031 . Bekk. xal
# 1 ,with one MS. 10?before omitted inBodl. 1 2 p.101
# 1 Of this idiomatic use of see on . Phaedr. 2 3 5 o,I cannot invent a s ingle name onthe instant.’ 16 0.11w
157001001ufi] 80 A. Rh. 3 vulg. 0111061 rfirwwm cxfis. The
repeti tionof 011w seems to me more forcible. The word isused with a dative Rep. 1 . 616 3 ;with a gen. Phileb . 40n and
elsewhere, as below, 4 65n. It denotes a relation like that ofstrophe ’
and antistrophe inpoetry;or betweenthe two wingsof a regular facade inarchitecture, or a picture and its pendant,’& c.
'
6txaco001111] I have retained inpreferenceto the rival reading Oman cmjv, whi ch has the support of twoinferior MSS . , and is confirmed by the authors of the Prolegomenato Hermogenes , p. 9 (Rhett. Graced, p. 2 2 . 15, ed . Walz ). ButQuintilian certainly read 64x0t00‘01n1 (Ins t. Or. ii. 0. l 5, duaspartes as sip et, legalem atque justitiamwhich is also found inAristides Eh. , inthe Schol. onthis passage,and inOlympiodorus, who has the gloss , 1 pc: 0111
1001 pb s 6m 0 0 1 uc1j1 . Socr. is entitled to as sume the identity ofjustice and di castic, for he has jus t proved 61 : 0 g enome: 10
61mm 60mm . He who has learnt all about justice is the idealdicast, and it is of his art that Socr. now speaks under the nameof justice. A passage inthe Politicus is illustrative of the presenthell -e000; 6t 10 Kai £0770 6 (1 0M1 Lm
'
js éma'njmjs) , 1 001 0 » 6
’
£0111 00"pawn/(0 m l 6 mi (303 n) . 80 inf. 520B , we read,K0 M¢61 £01; 0041 01 001) pmopucij: 60 1 9p 1000061 0037fi xanmijs, wherehowever we find in the text quomd by Arist. Rh., as here , 00mm06119. The passage of Rep . i . 3 82 n, where s w am"is for thesake of the argument virtually identified with 6¢x001¢mj, is not reallyinpoint
,as the opinionis only advanced for the purpose of being
refuted : nor is it safe to build upon a passage in a doubtfuldialogue like the Clitophon (408 n), where 6¢xaw0011j is identifi edwith both 1 0M1unj and 60 m m ) . But the passage from the Politicusproves that Plato could use ina good sense, as the art of
GORGIAS . [4 65 n
xal (armad a: 1 0pe¢631 Ital xethéwr 00 4ml. The corresponding Latinterms are mango, mangoniz are, as inmm. N. H. xxiii . 1, Succusradicis vitis nigrae cum ervo laetiore quodam colors et cutie
teneritate mangom‘
zat corpora, a passage which illus trates1 110 : inthe text. 1006 1 1 1200060 6 1: would come under the head of07050000 which would not include 600600 Other were thepuddings with which lean persons eked out their figures , and thethick soles with which the dwarfi sh supplied their lack of s tature ,as set forth by Alexis inthe edifying pas sage referred to. This useof 0x15001 0 is analogous to its rhetorical sense. Illustrative of
this analogy of the decorative and rhetorical art is likewise thefollowing passage of Photius quoted by Jacobs (ap. Steph. Lex . ed .
61 01062 My“ : (106’
I00xpd1 00s) 06 06101 604501 01 , 0 M6.102 1 000w1 ¢x6 1 xdltkor. 2 6 61 ep—661 0pes] Thi s passageseems to be correctly explained by Stallb .
, who understands 1 0610
after 64 0 1016, and retains 0o¢¢01 0 2 101 M1 0116 : as absolutelynecessary to the sense, though omitted in one MS . and by Bekkerat Schleiermacher’
s ins tigation. 611 031 refers apparently to rhetoric and s ophistic. Tr However, though as I say, there is thi sessential difference between the arts in question, yet as they arenear neighbours , their professors , the sophi st and the rhetor, areapt to be confounded as occupying commonground and employeduponthe same subject-matter, insomuch that they know not whatto make of each other for as nor indeeddoes the res t of the world know what to make of them.
’ Invectivesagainst Sophists, ’ it may be observed, are as frequent insome ofIsocrates
’s orations as in the P latonic dialogues (see esp . Isocr. c.
Sophis te s , Busiris , Helenes Encomium), and the Eris tics entertained doubtles s an equal contempt for the more popular aecomplishments of the professed rhetor, while both were in disreputewith the s imple citiz ens , the of the day.
Page 3 0 . a 16 1 06'
A10£076p00 1 010) Late pateret acfrequens esset illud Anaxagorae dictum The dictum”
occurred at the commencement of his celebrated treatise. See the
authorities inRitt. and Preller, Hist. Ph. 5 61. Anaxagoras wasthe fi rs t to give to 1 06: orW 6 the pre -eminence of which Socr.
has jus t spoken.'1 «in 61 621 0 61 i .a.
‘6 61001 04 0d11 101po¢61 601 i pmopurfi 61 003001 0 Rhetoric is a spiritualcookery, as cookery is a corporeal rhetoric. Each is the pendantor counterpart of the other. 2 0 KoM xelas 061 061—6p00 ers]‘No ! I called it a branch of Flattery. Is your memory failing,
466 3 ] NOTES. 14 9
Polus , and you so young What will you do presently ? ’ He had
unders tood Socr. to identify Rhetoric with Flattery, as if they hadbeen cc - extens ive terms . 76160510: formerly s tood inthe edd. after 6p60m , but some of the bes t MSS . , including theBodl . , omit the words . That they are a gloss appears fromanother v. 1 160: 031 1 p60001
'
qs 7e160e1or—an interpretation ofm 0010s as well as 10x0. There is certainly some diffi cultyabout the use of 10x0 , but perhaps Stallb .
’s defence is satisfactory,
16x0 nunc facets et jocose de longiore temporis spatio dicitur.
”
Comp . Ar. Ran. 528 , 00 1dx’
0M: #61)Page 8 1 . a N9;1 61 x010 ] I swear to you, Polus , that I am
really indoubt, each time you speak, whether you are stating yourownviews , or asking my opinion.
’10 01 00606 0 ] So Protag.
3 3 6 D , 1171 60 01 007103 001 01 0410616000: ih. 3 4 0B . Stallb . , followingBehk. places a colon after 1 61 1010 , thus making Socr. answerPolus
’
s question in the afii rmative, though he M mediately afterwards declines to reply to it, as involving two ques tions instead ofone . It seems to me that the positionof inthe sentence issufliciently justifi ed by the pas sages adduced by Ast, viz . Gorg.4 81B, 1 003 0000s 00X Arist. Nub . 652 , 11) 161 Al
’
dkk’
0160 . Clearly 0611 0: could not precede as and could nothave followed it. I do not therefore perceive the force of Stallb .
’
s
objection. 2 6 O0Ko01 1 001 6 1 6 0670 Inillustration of this use of the article in the predicate, compare Mr
Shilleto’
s note on Dem . F. L . 130, 1 001 0 70'
p 601 : 1 6 M 01 p61 ,
where he refers to the expression of Callicles (4 92 c) , 16. 66 61101 001
'
6012 1 0 xakkw1 10001 0 , 1 6. 1 0p6. 0 010000 10. Tr. , Is not
thi s what I called (above, a) having great power 2 e’
E7c‘o
06‘I say no ? I tell you I say yes ! 2 9 M6. 1 61 ]
Olymp., 006 9 (ii! 662 606315000: kpar si‘
1 1 631 6pxw1 . A s imilarpious motive is as signed by the Greek interpreters for Socr.’s habitof swearing by the dog and ‘by the goose .
’ Thi s however, it i sto be feared , arose as much from whim as from piety, for in thi sdialogue (4 4 9 n) we find him swearing 19,1
"Hp01 , and adjuring
1 p6: A169 , in cases which hardly require the interposition of adeity. As to the 00 1 61 , we find a like aposiopesis inAris t. Ban.
13 74 , 06. 1 61 , 676: 061 006’
x. 1 .k , where no such motive canbe as s igned. See however the Schol. onthat passage and Routh’slearned note on this place. Compare also the sixth PlatonicEpistle, ad 100 , where the writer’
s friends are b id to swear at oncewith scholarly seriousness , and with that sportiveness , at senses
GORGIAS . [4 66 n
seriousness is twin-sis ter —no inept description, by the way, ofthe true Socratic temperament. 8 0 00s] Vulg. 6W , corr.Baiter.
Page 3 2 . a 1101110001101] will have hereinno advantagenothing to congratulate themselves on a future distinguishedfrom 111000001 as 1161110001 to have from 111 63001 to acquire.
’
1 6 001 0: d100 Schol., 610011166 676 1 , 6 61011101 0: 0610: 1 ! 1 daxe1Socr. finishes the sentence for him . Comp. Rep . 506 n, 016
’6716, 2 0 [1 001 00 1 1160061] There can be no
doubt that these word s are a mere interpretation of 601 1, as Bekk.
perceived. Stallb . defends them on the remarkable ground thatthey are agreeable to the genius of the man,” namely of Polus .
See the note on161 60, 4 62 A, and the pas sage there quoted fromthe Laws . 2 6 2 x6161071 Vulg. 0x61 610 The
76 is added from Olymp . , as freq. in quasi exclamatory passageslike the present. So , from Stobaeus , Heind. also ;who refers top . 473 , 61 01 0 667611 . 2 8 13 61301 6 U166 6] Ajingle of sounds , such as Polus had prescribed in his art of
Rhetoric. So in the Symp . (p. 110000 1600 66 1 000006100
(61600 110001 70p 06 (00 6676 11 of and Hipparch. p . 2 2 5, 110 1x1600 1101 1000 (T. Gray). So also Olymp. p. 70, and Philostr.
Vitt. Soph. 13 , who observe the same jingle in the fol]. 210
1 1100611 10 11016. 0 6. Here again poss ibly Plato casts a s ideglance at Isocrates , who , as a pupil of Gorgias, frequently sins inthis way.
Page 3 3 . 1 1161 61201 o01—1 p611 00011] He is proving thatfundamental principle of his doctrine, viz . that the wicked man isdoing he knows not what, and sins only through ignorance : andthat the end of his actions, like that of all other men, is good , buthe mistakes the nature of it, and uses wrong means to attain it(T. Gray) . Compare Arist. Eth. Nic. iii . 6, 0 66 006600 1: 61 1 061
1 00 16600: 601 11 , elp01 01, 6cm 66 061 070000 1110 1, 66 1 00
40011 006100 070000. 0000011 11 66 1029 061 1 6 00060161 1070061
6670001 00 6110 1 000601 61 6 0006 6101 6 00 01p000e10: (cl 76p601 01 000601 61 , 110 2 070061 , 01 at 061109 61 0xe, 6
’
00 1 6
02011601101 070061 1 6 000601 61 6670001 00 61101 ¢ll¢¢t 00060161 , 066'
611001 19 16 6011001' 0660 6
’
066 1p 0001111 01, 1101at 061 10: 61 0xe,Also Mono, pp. 77, 78 ;Proteg. 3 570. Gray refers his readers
also to Locke’s celebrated chapter on Power (Essay onHuman
Understanding, b. ii . c. xxi. 4 1 which is interesting fromits coincidence with the Socratic vi ew. 8 A0601 611
GORGIAS . [4 69 n
6 0x1 01 . The 66x10: may have beena bright thought of his own,to account for the burning of the arsenal, for which purpose adagger would be an unsuitable implement. Or he may havereally found the words in his copy. That 0116 needs not tobe interpreted literally here, we see from the following passage ofthe Laws (vii. 789 c), where, speaking of the mania for cook or
quail fighting prevalent inAthens, Plato says , r pcs 1 001 01: 60061 1 6:01 6 6kao1 o:, 1 00: 061 66011 010 : 61: 10: x61p0 :, 6
’
0116 1171 071106171 1 096001 1 0 1 1160 1101 0011 6 : 01 06100: 1 001 66600:
61 6110 1 13: 606510 : 00 1 1 109 1 101 001 101 0 10001 101 0660 1 001 101 1 101
00 0001 101 ,where Ast observes justly, 01 6 00617: 60061 1 6: generaleest—dc omnibus usurpatur quae occultantur et omnino teguntur,
ne cadent vel efiugiant , vel omnino conspiciantur.
” Aris t. Lys.985, 1101 6 11 0 6600 600
'
0116 15116 1: 6x101 , where the literal senseis equally excluded.
Page 3 7. 8 K6¢06fi:—1101 607é10 1] A sumciently familiaruse of the gen. of the part or place . Arist. Acharn. 1180, 113:
11016076 116p1 61001 1 60 161 : ih. Vesp. 14 2 8. Herodianap .
Dind. ad Staph. Lex ., 1101 60710: 116410610, 00 0111 1 0001 11j1
1161606151 , 0660 06po: 11 E01 060 . O0 70p 11010561:
116010613 : 10 600001 0 . But 1101 607610 1 1 111 1164106151 is equally goodAttic : Lys ias , p. 99 . 4 3 . So 10 1010 110 1 60761 101 , inf. 515 E . Heretr.
, If I resolve that any one of them should have hi s headbroken, brokenit shall be ,’ dzo. 2 8 0011001 , 13 00 0000 16] The
frequent repetitionof 60100001 is at least unpleas ing. In Olympiodorus ’
s copy, the sentence plainly ended with 001111161 (Comm. p . 78,
Jahn) , and I cannot but think that the first 1 6 0670 601 0 0 00 1was added inthe margin by an interpreter who did not perceivethat the subject of 61101 is the clause 601 0611170011 611. The student will observe that 601 061 is followed inapodosi by 61 66 015, not by 601 66 015. This usage is universal ,where no second verb follows , £166‘015having the force of 066 10: 66,01100111. See Sympos. 185n, 601 061 001 60661;110060001 1560723,6166 016, 0601 1 010x07x06100 01 (for 601 66 01)
Page 3 8 . 19 10700 6x06: K011 111601 ]‘yesterday or the day
before—the other day.
’ Hom., x0101 1 6 1102 111101111: Thuc. iii. 113 ,
006611 600x60600 x06: 0660 «M 1 . As the time of this dialogueplainly appears (from that passage in p. 473 , 1102 000660611
6axé 1 , whi ch is takennotice of by Athenaeus , v. 2 17) to be 01. 93 .4 the year after the sea-fight at Arginusae , these wordsmust be takenin a larger sense, as we say of a thing long pas t, It
4 70 3 ] NOTES . I
happened but the other day,’ when we compare it with moreancient times : for Archelaus had now reigned at least nine years ”
(say eight years—see Clinton, F. E . ii . an. 4 14 . 2 , ih. p.and continued on the throne about six years longer. So inp.503 inthes e words , H6p111660 1 001011 1 61 1 6 10011 1 61 666 01171161 0 , we
must understand 1 6 100 11inthe same manner, for Pericles had beendead twenty- three years , but the time is there compared with thatof Cimon, Themis tocles , & c., who di ed many years before . Socr.
indeed might have seenand remembered Cimon, the other two hecould not. These particulars of Archelaus’sTiis tory are curiousand not to be met with elsewhere. Athenaeus (x i . 506) is absurdenough to ques tion the truth of these particulars , or, supposingthem to be true, he says that they are instances of Plato’
s ingratitude
,who was much in favour with Archelaus . The passage
which he cites immediately after from Carystius of Pergamusdisproves all this , for it shows Plato’
s connexion to have beenwith Perdiccas the Third , who began to reign thi rty -fi ve years
after Archelaus’s death , and was elder brother to the famousPhilip of Macedon. We have an epistle of Plato to that princes till remaining. At the time of Archelaus ’
s death, Plato wasunder thirty years of age (T. Gray). The blunder of Athenaeusis almost incredible . It may serve as a criterion of the value ofother malignant accusations of Plato and his school which wehave no direct means of refuting. Archelaus is the king whoentertained Euripides , and at whose court the poet died. His
talent as a ruler is highly extolled by Thucydides (ii .According to As lian (V. H. 1111. 600617: 0163 Ecp ixm.
The author of the Second Alcib . alludes to his death and its circum.
stances as x04 0 1 6 1101 111110110. 7676 11131161 0 (14 1 D). This anachronism hardly needs the elaborate apology of Mr Clinton p . 2 2 4 ,not. k) , for the dialogue inwhi ch it occurs is the work of a laterand probably an ignorant imitator. Anachroni sms differ inkindand degree, and it is hardly poss ible to conceive that Plato orXenophon (to whom the Alcib . ii.
' is by some attributed) wouldhave represented Al cibiades , who died at amature age in4 04 , asstill young .in 3 99 ;s till less would either of these authorshave introduced Socr. convers ing with his young friend at leas t twoyears after his owndeath. Ibid. 11, and Buttmann’
s note. The handof an imitator is betrayed by the x01§0 1 6 1101117110130, as comparedwith the 6x06: 1102 wpa’mv of the pas sage before us . 8 1 0016061
007171 160 116 13] don’t you know already,’ i. e. from the facts men
GORGIAS . [470 x
tioned ;as if he had said é£ 061 00 100 0px611 06161 M0 1166o110 :.
Arist. Eq. 3 30, 66566: 60111 0016061 . The passage from 0611 0160 to
061110: is thus rendered by Cicero Haud scio, nunquam enim
cum eo collocutus sum.-Ain’
tn‘1‘an aliter id scire nonpotes
Nullo modo. —Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidam regs magno potesdicere, beatusne sit —An ego possim, qaum ignorem,
quam sit
doctus , quam vir bonus r—a-Quid ? tu in so s itam vi tam beatam
putas —Ita prorsus exis timo : bonos beatos , improbos miseros .
M iser ergo Archelaus —Ocrte, si injustas (Tusc. Quaest. v. 12The object of the chapter i s to claim for Plato the credit of
a sentiment afterwards maintained by Zeno of Citium, who iscalled advena quidam et ignob ilis verborum artifex .
” Ciceroproceeds to translate a kindred passage from the Menexenus ,
p . 2 4 8 , 70p 016111,
Page 8 9 . 2 9 Vulg. I have res tored theundoubtedly Attic form. Comp . Arist. Ran. 4 2 1, 6: 161 0011
( 41006 ¢pd1 op0 :. So éfé‘fflin Nub . 862 ; 611161 11 , Theam. 4 80.
The genuine form is preserved by the transcribers in Aleib. i.p. 12 1 E, 61161601 6111 61 6 1: 761 101 1 01 01110166 3 , and in whereverit occurs inthe text of Plato. Onthe other hand the vicious form66 11061 17110: occurs Legg. 772 B, where 661 61600: is found inone MS .
and is probably the true reading. See Lobeck on Phrynichus ,
4p . 06 foll. , whose authority, supported by the unvarying practice
of the Attic poets as well as by the testimony of the grammarians ,outweighs that of Bremias on Aeschines ,” to which Stallb .
appeals in defence of the vulgate reading.Page 4 0 . 6 0116 000 0p£0116 10:]
“ nec ts excepto (Ast)tuque imprimis s . interque eos tu primus (Heind.
,who
compares Rep. ii . 3 3 6 D ;ih. vi . 4 98 0, Tr ‘And I dare say
there are those in Athens who, with you at thei r head (followingyour lead) , would rather change places with any Macedonianyoucould name thanwith King Archelaus .
’9 We should
rather have expected 6661160 , which at any rate is better thanHeind.
’e conj . He alludes to p. 4 4 8 n, 6560: 700 1101
.61 1 1106001161111 6111011111161 1106601 [16116661 111161 610
66760001, a remark here ironically called a compliment. 2 8 610
1 110 11176610] Xen. Cyr. v. 5 . 4 5, 1 001 101 66‘1 1211 1 6016010161 101 1}
1 110 27"
006610 0160 . Pers . Sat. i. init. , “vel duo vel nemo.
2 6 60110011 101 61101 1 1] Equivalent of course to 666011111101 . 80
Euthyd . 3 03 c, 1161 0 6111011 1101 60110011 101 1 1 611 0 1. Sometimes the611011 1 is omitted, as inEur. Hoe. 2 94 , 6670: 70p 611 1
'
06090
11 101
GORGIAS . [472 1
restoring the popular party to power : a pas sage in which theorator commi ts the singular blunder of identifying the destructionof the power of the Four Hundred with that of the Thirty Tyrants .See Grote, H. G. viii. p. 93 , note 2 .
Page ‘I' 61 [10001 One MS . gives 61 1100100, 1.e.
meaning the sanctuary of Apollo Pythius , called 1 6 1100101 , whichwas adjacent to the celebrated Olympicum, in the southernquarter of Athens . This , I confess , appears to me the moreprobable reading, for several reasons . In the fi rst place it ismore probable that Aris tocrates should have made the dedicationinquestion at home, and in a place which we know from Suidae(v. [100101 ) was appropriated to the reception of the tripodsconsecrated by 011 13 x6p1p 11110001 1 6 : 10 9 01170610 , than thathe should have presented at Delphi an ofi ering so di stinguishedamong the splendours of that sanctuary , as to have wonfor hima Hellenic reputation (1 001 0 1 6 110661 0100 pulcrum illud
donarium quod satis notum et celebratum est”[Stallb .J). Secondly,
H000? rather than61 H0002 is the stereotyped form in such cases .
Plat. Lys . 205 0, H0001 1101100101 1101 N61160 : Axioch. 3 67c, 1 6
110001 Aris t. Lys . 113 1,'
0601111100 11 , 61 H0606 , 110001,
Lysias de Bonis Arist. 63 , 61111170 61’
I001102‘
1102
1061160. Thirdly, as Pytho was a shrine better known than thePythium, 110002 is more likely to have been substituted for H00100than vice versa, not to mention the elliptical construction 61
1100100, which might puz z le an ignorant scribe. 4 00700
01) 01 0711016 6 ] I am not compelled by any argument of yours , ’00
being emphatic. Olymp. , 1606 M 10 11 .1616: 1171
11101 11 . 6 611 1 15: 00010 : 110110006170003 ]‘W
the l ruth.
’If 1101 is to be retained it must be understood as
e x etic. I much doubt the double reference in 00010 : whichStallb . suggests : Ludit in amb iguitate voeis 00010 : quae et de
bonis ac facultatibus dicitur, et 116 so quod re vera est.” Comparethe boast of Polus , p. 4 66 c, 01 0111 1110001 0
'
61 01 0006 1011 0 1 1101
0160 111001101 ”115001 0 1101 610066000 11 611 1 101 1166 6101 61 01 60115.9 00661 011101] Between these two words Hirschig inserts 01 , ea:conj . , so that the sense shall b e , ‘I conceive nothirig w i ll havebeenaccomplished, unles s I can secure your testimony and youras sent in the course of our subsequent di scussion.
’ I doubt,however, the admiss ibility of this construction here. The
irregularity is in the use of 011101, for which we should expectM 0 01 0 1. I shallnot think that any thing has beendone.
’ But
473 0] N OTES .
the text as it s tands is defensible. An analogous case is Isocr.
Evag. 5 3 6, 111063 1 1161 061 , gt 1101 111160 6: 06600 1113291411 , 066’
611 0000 1 01 06 611 01111 1 61 66701 , 1366101 61: 1 001 101 611 01 71 13 1 0 1 1111
1111 11300761100, for 117110 0111111 14 61 0001110 1]Supply 6611 , as below, p. 4 74 , 1 06 66677100 0101 67121 011101 6621 6110 1.
6021 is not unfrequently omitted after as in Xen. Hell. iv. 7.
4 , q3'
01 1 0 01 16101, and afterM 001 0 in Protag. 3 4 6 B. 2 0 001111011‘for instance.
’See Buhnk. in Tim. Lex. Plat. v. 0011110. Hirschig
brackets 1 111231 01 , as an interpretamentum.
”But see inf. 474 n,
0101 11111131 01 , a phrase exactly equivalent. 0611 6 1—00 3 1 ]Y ou say that a wrongdoer may be happy : good—but I want toknow whether he will be so if he obtains his deserts and is
punished.’ Something like thi s is implied by the pos itionof apa.in the w e of the sentence. It occurs in a s imilar posit1on,
p. 476 A, 1 6 061110011 0 616610 1 6111111 0110 1167101 01 1 101 11011101 601 11
And so perhaps we ought to read Hipp. ii. 3 66 n, 6010161 6’
601 11
61100 1 01'
611'
6: 61 1 011? 1 610 6 61 5006711 01, 61 0 1 5006711 01, for thevulg. 6110 01 0: 0110 .
Page 4 2 . 8 1 01 1 0 1—061 1 01] These two words are suppliedfrom Stobaeus in place of the old readings of the MSS . ,
1161 1011 01 (ed . Gaisf. vol. iii . p. 1161 1 01 in apodos i to 1161 isnoted by the grammarians as a peculiarly Attic usage. The
emendation 1 01 1 10: had been anticipated by Stephen.
Page 4 3 . 1 6111 6111171 01] 6111 6111 611 , absolute positum , es t
Latinorum exsecare, h. e . cas trarc. Euthyphr. 6 A, 11111102161 yes 161
001 06 110 1 6110 6111 6111521 61'
61 1110 1 010610 . Xen. Cyrop . v. 2 . 2 8 ;vii .
5. 62 a1. Unde 6111 01101 Conviv. 195 o”(Ast, who quotes in
illustration of 611111111101 Herod . vii. 18 , 061011020 1 0 1611111010 1 6111101611
1 00: 0 61 16101] having lived to see.
’ 80 used,whether the spectacle is gratifying , or , as here, distressing. Horn.
11. xxii . 61, 110110 1 666’61 16611 0 , This 1
’
666 0116100: 6610106200: 1 1:
00701110 9. But Xen.‘Cyr. viii . 7. 7, #6 00: 61 6 26 01 61
'
61106
6060111010 : 76 101161001, where the dying Cyrus speaks : Thuc. vi i .77, 1 cuf611e1 o1 1111 61 100116 11 6 61 16 6 11 : Aristoph. Acharn. 1156 ,
61 61 61 16011 1 1 600160: 6661161 01 : Soph. Traoh. 1027, 101 106
61 16 011 1 1 10060 01 . After 1 0260: 1 1: 110 27010 1110 we may understand1 0010 1 00x01 1 0 9, whi ch however is elegantly omitted. 4 1101 0
1 11 1 1005] The usual euphemism for burning alive , as appearsfrom a pas sage of Heraclides Ponticus (ap. Athen. 1111. 52 4 ) quotedby Gray : 1 017010101 1 06 11 01 116000 101 11110 100011 61 [1 06
131 11011101 110 1601 110 01 116 10 1 1211 1 6111 101 110 1 6 1 11 1 100 0 0 , dw
110 101161 10 1 4000 21 666 0 1 6 110660 76 160001 1 6110 1 0 1101 66010 1 161161
001 01101171 01011013101. Every one remembers the lines of Juvenal,“
W t «to. (Sat. 1.Many ot er parallel passages are accumulated by the comm.
8 01 6 1 101 1106 11 101 110 2 1 101 066101 561 101 ] by citiz ens and
foreigners as well, ’ a well - known idiom : 4 80 D, 00100 1101 1 101
066 101 011161101 : Isocr. de Permut. 103 , 611 1 6 1 1131 61 111 66 0101 101
110 2 1 101 666 101 0 01000 1101 10 Mop1106011 61 00]Now you are trying to fri ghten, instead of refuting me.
’ Olymp . ,1 00 10: 1 016101 ¢ofieir. Crit. 4 6 0, 1 0760 9 11110:
1101111111 or 110p11060116'
1‘
01 answers to our bugbear or
hobgoblin.
’2 4 {1 62 6200]
‘If you doubt me, ask one of the
company present,’ or you have only to ask,’& c. This rhetorical
use of 61161 with the immrative or with an interrogation is
common. Soph. El . 3 52 , 61 616160501 13 1100'
65 61106, 11 K6p60!
761011"01 , 1011 66 6175001776101;cf. Aristoph. Veep . 519 .
“ Elliptice
61 61 ponitur cum Imperative cum res videtur certa et minime
dubia, adeo ut tuto adversarius ad objiciendum provocari posait(G. Hermann). 2 6 11
'6p001 5006 606 11 6axé 1] Las t year when I
was drawn for the Council, and when my tribe succeeded to thePrytany and it became my duty (as their or chairmanXen. Mem. iv . 4 . 2 ) to take the votes of the assembly, I exposedmyself to ridicule, becaus e I knew not how to collect thesuflrages —eu ironical description, more 8110, of one of the noblestacts of his life, his refusing to put to the vote the illegalproposition of Callixenus against the generals who had fought atArginusae . Compare Xen. Hellen. i. 7. 14 , 15 with Momor. i . l .
18 61 761 6116101, 61 10011000 1 1 0: 1 00’
601100 1 0116.
1 00: 161100: 61160 0 111010700: 111 0111 6210 1 0011
6111111190100 1, and both passages with Plat. Apol.p. 3 2
, 6710 066 111 dpxi w 006611101 1 161 01 6 13115061 11? 1 66 61, 60006 6000 66 '
1101 61 0x61 130101 11 10061)’
A11 1oxls
1 1101 01 600000 , 61 6 1 009 6610 1 00: 0011 111 6601161001
611 100110x10 : 6po06e00e 0011600: 1111116 11 , 1 0110 1611109, 10: 61 1 1p“
00 1611111 xp61 1p 6608 . 161’
67121 116109 1 1131 r pm-01 6101
711011 1160191 0113 1 1117661 1101621 1 0116 1 00: 1 016101110 60119010011111 ,The author of the Ax iochus (3 68n) tell s the tale diflerently,
and with embellishments . Mr Grote, in the course of his ableand searching discussion of this event and its circumstances ,takes occasion (H .G. viii. p . 271, note) to question the accuracyof Xenophon’
3 statement in the first book of the Memorabilia,
160 [474 n
locus class icus concerning the relation of 1106 61 and 110 1161
and 01074 161 , in the Fifth Book of the Republic, p. 4 52 . In the
las t clause of the passage referred to , an obvious but necessaryemendation has escaped the edd . 1161 010: 6: 7660201 0660 1 1
67621 01 13 1 6 110 1161 , 110 ! 6 766 101 01 01661 61 1x61p1’
61 066111 1 11'
01 00661 101 10: 7660100 13 1 00 1 6 1101 110 1100, 110 2 1 060000
1 116 3 06601 1 116. 0101 61 0 1 1 0 0116 1 0 : 13 161 1 00 070000
(ib . Who ever said 1 116: 0 1101 61 0115000001 or how can
01 13000001mean se convertere,”as Ast renders it ? Dale 1 p é s ,
and compare Critias , Eleg. i . 2 (ap . 61 0 110 1 61 61: 6010
7101 1 6130 110 010 1 6 116 00 . The sense will thus be , ‘He is a foolwho in his serious compositions proposes to himself any other .
s tandard of beauty than that of Good .
’ The is a mere
repetition of the whi ch s tands before 066171 in the clausepreceding.
Page 4 5 . 1 6 00 6161 00—1060] The 10. before 1 060 is omittedin one MS. Though defensible , it seems better absent. Lawsand Institutions surely are not beautiful irrespectively of theirutility, or pleasantness , or both or , if we retain1 0, The beautywhich resides inlaws , & c. , is not independent of utility,’ & c.;or,
more literally, The instances in laws and institutions—o fbeauty, I mean,’ so that 1 6. 1 060 shall b e explanatory of 16 11016.
2 . K01 61 01—601 01] This propo sitionought evidently to correspond to the foregoing, substituting01073 161 , and 110 1113 for their antitheta. Hence it seems
impos sible to dispense with dW épOtS, which Hirschig secordingly would insert after 1101113 . 8 0 601 0 61 61101166 011] Theparticiple is of course causal. If the doing injustice is more uglyor ofi ensive thanthe sufi ering it, either it is more painful, and itis because it exceeds inpain that it is more ugly, or (because itexceeds) inevil, or inbo th, ’ i .s . it owes its greater uglines s ei therto its exceeding inpainor to its exceeding inevil , & c.
Page 4 7. 8 1 13 66719 60 1 6p 101m? 1 0p6x101] submitting tothe argument as a patient to the surgeon.
’1 0p6x611 copiam
facere.
’ See above, 4 56 B, 1) 1100001 1 0p00x6'
1‘
1 1 13 1011113 and
4 80c. If any thing is to b e unders tood it is probably 16 01300 ,
which is expres sed inArist. Nub . 4 4 0, 1 00111 6 7’
0100’
001 02011
1 0p6x10 101 1 611 1 6 11 13 1 6111661 , Similarly Aesch. Pers . 2 10,
1 1 13150 3 1 0p6‘
1‘
x6, and with 110x01 Protag. 3 12 0. On the
other hand we have 61100161 1 . in Phaedr. 2 28 11, a combinationvery frequently followed by anadjective as secondary predicate, as
4770] NOTES .
Euthyph . 3 D, 01 01101 0 60 0161 1 0péx611 , raris sime tui
copiam facis and by an adverb,as here and inAr ist. Lys. 162 ,
2 27. Similar is the use of 1 0p0 606101 in Phaedr. 2 50 E, 11601131 01106009. 8 16 13 p.910. 61110101] Say yes or no (M111or 001pm“) to my questions .
’14 6011161 ] Intell., 6 66m m
1 153 66 67x111 (Ast). The context proves that thi s is the rightinterpretation, and that Heind. is mi staken in supplying 611 01 as
if 00661 meant res nihili .”
19 Thi s formalternates in the M8 8 . wi th 1311111100. The second augment is inprinciple indefens ible, implying as it does that the word iscompounded of and 08171 113. Augmentummire interpositum,
quod cadentis jam linguae vitic s imilius et recentioribus , quorumin libris apparet relinquendum (L. Dindorf) . In this passagethe Bodl . and all the bes t codd. seem to have 191105608. 8 0
1 6 1] The tenses of this verb used by Attic writers 86m trans i tive
are the following : 0 1101 0, 0 101 001101, 601161 001 , 60 1101 0011111 , 0116
001101, 60116004 1171 , 60 116111101. They never say 0 1161 1 01101 (far les s01101 1500110 1 or 60 101 10011171 (Elmsl. onEur . B eracl. 14 8,
who adds , 1 p060 1< 61 10 pro res tituendum Thucydidi
vii i . 66 One exception is found ina genuine dialogue of Plato,the Laches , 185 B , 0006 60611600 1102 01 6 1 1 611600 , and another inthespurious Second Alcib . 140A, 0 1161 1 01161 10. In the former passagethe last two words , 11010 1161 1611600 , are unneces sary and inelegant(comp . ih. 185 A) , and have the air of a gloss . With the latterdial. it is not necessary to take any trouble , as this is not the onlyins tance of vicious phraseology which it contains . See note 4 47D.
Page 4 9 . maj/1.01 101 1101 00 116 013 010p161 00] Inthe frameor fabric of a man’
s fortune. So 61 0 161101011 110100 116 03 presentlyinhis bodi ly frame or constitution.
’
W TM s teps of the argument arethe following
1. That which exceeds in ugliness always does so , because itis either the most painful or the most hurtful or both (bythe 61106071110 4 75 B) .
2 . But Injustice exceeds inuglines s (ea: concess is ) .Therefore Injustice is either the most painful or the mosthurtful , or both .
6 61means , inany lis t of uglinesses , whatever theymay be : themajorpropos ition is universal, the minor and conclusionparticular. In
comparing any set of ugly things , if there be one uglier than therest, it is always because it is either the mos t painful at m e at .
PL. GOR.
GORGIAS . [477c
harmful of the set, or both. But Injustice is ugliest of a certain
set of ugly things . Therefore, it is so because of that set it iseither most painful or most harmful. From thi s , I think, it willappear that Hirschig is mis taken in propos ing the expuls ion of
7067101 in the last It had also ofi ended Heind., who
proposed 7017011 ins tead. But this would make the conclus iona non sequitur.
’ It has only been granted that 061100 is
uglier than 0 6110 and 160 0: (7 0 67 011 76 1 11’
01 17p16‘
11,paul.
0016091 '13 011011670761 6071—11114507611019] This sentence is framedon the same model as that in 4 75 s ,
humpénpév 6071. Mi
r o ur epfidhhw 010x101 d1'
13 K0 103 fi0114 107611013 ; Inthe present passage 611195676110 s tands inthe MSS . ,
though dwo‘répocs ur epfidXXew i s the unvarying construction
elsewhere , as and ib . A. I believe that the dpwrepa (wapéxw )of the last propos itionbut one mi sled the scribe, and therefore donot hesitate to accept Hirschig’
s emendation,though the quasi
adverbial ducfiof epa is common enough elsewhere.
Page 5 1. 1"l‘r eptpve
‘
i—M ‘
yos] If, as you say, it is not painwhich causes the vice or badness of the soul to be of all thingsfoules t, how extraordinarily great mus t be the hurtfulnes s , howastonishing the evil enacts—far beyond those of aught besideswhich entitle it to thi s bad eminence. Such is the meaning ofthis very closely packed sentence, which without some suchdilutionwould perhaps be s carcely intelligible inEnglish. It is a
Q
necessary conclus ion from the alternatives accepted by Polus , 7;
M s 1?fN fiv ii duw épow
Page 5 2 . 16 66601001607070s] Is this then the highes tphysical happiness of which a man is capable, to be under medicaltreatment, or never to have been s ick at all The reasonof the
preference of 111166 to 0666 here is evident, if we resolve the
participles into their equivalents , el l07p66017o , 13 61 0776’
61pxijv
Kduvoc. A few lines farther on we have 7911 dpxi w 111756 KT‘
fiO‘
tS ,
which may be s imilarly analysed . As regards the latter, observethe absence of the article, which is usually prefixed in such casesAr. Eccles . 115, 6
’
60721 1d ]’
mreipla : but omi tted inEur,Baoch. 4 55, whéxapds 76 70p 0011 70106: 06 00 0, a line whichPorsonwas the fi rst to explain (06 0 0M: = u
'
m'
In
the present pas sage symmetry requires its omiss ion. Tr Forthis was not happiness—the getting rid of a malady—but the nothaving caught it originally.’ fi1 =
‘in the case supposed above.
’
0px1§1 or a’
px61 are used indiscriminately in the sense , from
GOR s . [4 80 3
seems indifierent whether 761 06706 #101 or 76 0161161700 706 06706
411101 be regarded as the object of the action here , as the middleform is applicable in either case. For Olymp. reads11600170 : but the vulg. is preferable. He adds the explanation,
110 6pw0 1 7 61: 7611101701—as patients are now blindfolded onthe
Operating- table. For 717x61 1) the Bodl. gives 717x61“ ,
which Heind. quod mireris endeavours to defend . The
formula 6 1 6171: p . supr., of which there are many instances ,may support the Bodl. reading of Phaedrus 279 , 6 17 6 6 106745p i;67 0711115001 70670 , where perhaps I ought not to have bracketed thefollowing 66.
Page 5 6 . 1 1 T0610 17101 ,“ This
,says Gray, “ is
a conclusion so extravagant,that it seems to be only a way of
triumphing over Polus after his defeat, or perhaps in order toirritate Callicles , who had heard with great impatience the
concess ions which Polus had beenforced to make , and now breaksout with warmth, and enters into the dispute .
” The dramaticintention is not to b e mistaken, still the ex travagance is not so
great as Gray supposed. He did not sufli cisntly attend to theimportant condition, 6 10110 661
‘
711 6. 160 1663: 0 01611 . If it is our dutyto do evil to our enemy,’ as written in the popular Greek code ,Socr.
’s conclusion is perfectly sound. We cannot really hurt a
man more than by promoting his growth in wickedness . If
revenge is lawful , this i s its most perfect form. But inassumingthat ‘it is our duty to do harm to any body, so long as we can doit without being injured ourselves , ’ Socr. is obvious ly ironical, asone wonders that so acute a critic as Gray did not perceive. Socr.
is assuming the premi sses of his opponents inorder to lead themto a conclus ion from which their common sense will revolt.2 0 111 0110 160] Codd. and edd. 11101101611701. A similar solecism of
the kind known to grammarians by the word Datismus ,’has
hi therto held its ground inRep . viii . 563 D, 6710171 6011610 : 71:
17110 001611177 0 1 (so. where read of course «1100 4161117.
2 2 11061 070: 60701 7701 111169 151] Live through an immortality ofwickedness . Hyperides pro Lycoph. c. 3 , 611m 61 50 1160411117179 : Shekep. Othello, iv. 2 , I will be hanged if someeternal villain,
” & c. Observe the variety in the constructionswith 60 609—61760: 1111 613—67m : 61 610 41671) 1601111) 613 (V. an in
admissible form for v. Lobeck ad Phryn. p. 3 4 5)6117061619 dxx—d1aM0 16'n—617m 111) d7 0001 62701—dAX —6rm
8 2 06661—6p10761] See note onp. 4 4 7o.
4 81n] NOTES .
Page 57. 4 6110 71 Bekk. omits the 11, though found inall the MSS. I think rightly, if only on the ground of euphony.
$ 10 71, as a formula of interrogation, needs no defence. '7 61'
117571] Were it not that mankind had feelings in common,’ someb eing the subjects of one kind of emotion, others of another, i .e.some sharing the pass ionof love , others that of ambition, & c. 61
111571 731 =‘nisi forte accidis set ut 61 71 being taken together,
as one particle, like 61 1115 701 , or as 61 71 1116 is sometimes used.
vi. 509 0, K011171601116: “111, 170601) 61 111? 71, 6AM. 7711 176112
761 131101 6110167777'
06 61651661 . 80 inf. 513 c, 61 71 06 61710 M71613 ,‘nisi forte,’ (to. In the sequel 16101 is constructed with 11as if
6761101 had beenused. So paulo sup . Were oneor other of us capable of any feeling inwhich the res t of mankindhad no part, it would inthat case have b een diflicul t to make ourown experiences intelligible to our neighbours .’ Bouth thinksthat Socr. alludes to the Protagorean doctrine 669 16101 0100150 616
71710170 1 (Theaet. 166 but thi s seems questionable,though the sugges tion is ingenious . Before 76 0676 all the codd.without exception interpolate thus inverting the meaning.14 1601 706 11111116117019] Sc. 13 131101 , the son of Pyrilampes beingso called. It is pos sible too that there may be a secret allus ionto the Equites of Aris tophanes , where the Athenian people isintroduced as a person, under the name of Demus ,” & c. (T.Gray) .This seems a needles s refinement. Demus was inhis bloom whenthe Vespae was acted ‘
K01 1111 A1’
131 161; 76 7 011
76711011116101 T61 11111110117 01: 61 A131” 160 k61 (v. wherethe Schol. remarks , ‘31 66 1601 6610p“: 6 Afipos 61 67p0¢01 66 01’
A0711 0'
1‘
o1 76. 7161 1601161 61611070 067103 ' A6110: KOAO'
S. Demus wasalso mentioned by Eupolis in his play named ndh tt : 1601
11111116117 01: 611’
61 160116111116111, as Meineke corrects the line quotedby the Schol. 161 1116111 61 61101, sordes in ant ibus ,’ was a figu
rative expression for dulns ss (compare the purgatas sures ofPersius v. 63 , and Bekk. Anecd. p. 4 25) whi ch agrees well enoughwith the description of the character of Demus inthe text. He
is also noted as efi eminate (0711161110 6) by Libanius (Pro Salt. xix.
p. 500 D) , and by Athen. (ix . 3 97 0) he is said to have keptpeacocks , inheriting thi s taste from hi s father Pyrilampes ,
according to Plutarch (Per. 0. who speaks of the 6p11007po¢101700 Iv 1M 11
‘r ovs 6: 670 2pos 131 IIepudtéovs. Gray adds , Demus is
mentioned as a Trierarch in the expedition to Cyprus (as I
imagine) about 01. 98. 1, under Ohab r'
ias (Lam as B e au .
GORGIAs . [4 81n
Aristoph. p. 84 0 If we as sume 405 as the date of thi sdialogue , Demus is too old to be the 1701611611 of Callicles . Comp.Proteg . init. It is curious that the clauses relating to Demus andAlcibiades are entirely pas sed over inthe vers ionof Ficinus , whichin other points also disagrees with the received text.
.
In 513 B
the clause, 1601 101 110 A10 713 Iv Mdmrovs 76 is translatedthus “
as per Jovem insuper Pyrilampi ,” this being the onlypassage inwhich the name of Pyrilampes occurs inthis vers ion.
15 0 100010110 1—001—671—06 6110116101] The blending of two constructions—(l ) 010061101101 0011 06 6110116101 , (2 ) 0100111 0110 1 671 06
661 0 0 01— is sufii ciently jus tifi ed by the pas sage quoted by Heind .
from Thuc . iv. 3 7, 66 6 61 1601 61700 01061 1161101
616160 010 1, 6 10 4100 11110 01161 01 : 0117066. 1 6 671 60 60'
415]Some MSS . give 67m , others Here 617600 refers to thenumber, 61710: 6x611 to the nature of his as sertions . ‘Let him say
a thousand things in a day and all difi erent.’ I once suspectedthat the original reading was 61701: 6 1 1113 76. 770 161166. 160167m 61
1116 6516 11 , comparing E, 6 cpff 067w: 6x6 11 . In the
next sentence 61 76 7611, 76p is not found in the Bodl . norinmany other codd. The asyndetonmight, I think, b e tolerated.2 8 80116 610 0 1] 801161100 1 is also found, and agrees better with theforegoing 6 61662106 80616701. It is inAld . and Steph. and perhapsought not to have beenaltered, evenindeference to overwhelmingMS . authority. The words in question are perpetually interchanged in the codd. , as few can fail to have observed.
Page 5 8 . 1 17016 137701 6117 11716706] she is far less fi ighty and
fickle than her rival inmy afiections .
’61617706 , mentioned as a
v. 1. by Olymp. , is pos sibly a corruption of 616717116706 , with which611171711670: is perpetually confounded. Comp. Hesych. , éfl‘fl'hfiKT OU!1161 3 1670 9, 6 6116 7 0 067 0 1 6 : Soph. Ai. 13 58 , 7010166 1161701 961676 :
611 171 11167 0 1 81107161 , where the Schol. int. 16064101 : Eur. Tro. 1205 , 01
76x0 1,”Euwknxr o s 1117 61011017 07, 61101
" 111766301, 1606661:
6671x6'
1‘
17076 : Plat. Lys. 2 14 D , 60 171 1616 70 1 9 76 1601
607001 73701 : (speaking of fi cklenes s in friendship) : Thuc. iii . 82has 76 6111711516761: 681, where see Arnold, who compares Aeschines ,F. L. p. 3 27B. where 1701176161: 61117111510 means little morethan ‘political incons istency .
’InHom. Od. xx . 13 2 , 6111711576111 ,
which is commonly interpreted ‘insanely,’ will better bear themeaning capriciously. ’ Later writers use these compounds todenote madnes s or folly in general, except in a few pas sageswri tten in imitationof Atticmodels . 6—K1611161os] Alci
GORGIAs . [4 82 n
7111 71111 17011161 fi161ro170 66501 .'1 6 61) 110106 701770] Verba
70670 76 epexegeseos .instar praegres si 6 interposita sunt usu
satis Ant. 4 04,T067111 7
’
16611 0111 701001 , 61 0 6 761
1 611p61 1 1761703 : ub i Schol 761 1 e1rp61 61 0 1) 00177611
067106 66 711113 170 1 01 p 0 711 07,"0117611 761
16701 616111001161” To the numerous examples he gives
from Rep. 579 o, 583 11,
may be added Hyperides pro
Euxenippo , Col. 19, 161 06661110 61)1rov 71111 0171101 7067101 06661
11011101 61763 61007761711113 1 611110. For 1101101111761: 6. 7. 16701: compareinf. 4 89 B, 0. 61;1101 6710 110 1101p71
’
6 61 701: Routh hasseiz ed the point of the clause , 70670 76 00061 110701 61 07116 1, whichcontains an allusion to Socr.
’s early training under the Ionic
philosopher Archelaus,to whom was as signed the credit of
having invented the antithesis between 70 1611111 11010 and 70
4160 61. The pas sage Routh quotes from Aristotle is highlyillus trative of this portionof the dialogue : 171610709 66 76170: 6072700 « 01611 170pd6o£0 167611 , 1301761) 1101 6 K011111113: 61 T011710
767110 17701 167101 , 1101010px010176 170176: 160170 0115011 611 , 1rap0 76
11070 ¢6011 1101 11070 761 161101 . 6101710 70p 61101 ¢6011 110 2 161101 ,
110 2 61110 10061111 11070 161101 1161 61101 110161 11070 11160 11 6’
06
110161 . 6611 061 17116: 761 61176170 11070 1116011 11070 161101 01701701 ,
1rp6s 66 761 11070 161101 671 7111 4160 11 07611' 0100761110: 70p 61101
167611 1 01106050 . 131 66 76 11070 ¢6011 06701: 76 76 66
11070 76 701: 701101: 6011061 13076 613101 671 1101161101, 110001761)
1101011 61 , 13 616750 1 13 167611 761 070111116061 01 6176x61pov1
1701621 (Soph. Elench. c. 12 , Comp. Biog. Laert. ii . 4 ,’
Apxm os,'
A10£076pov, 61600 110109 66 1101
0670: 03600001 7136 130111136. 1101 7011 7 6p! 1611101 1101
1101661 1101611101101 '17011
’06 105101 2 10111111711: 0681300 1 0676: 6 611611
617611301011. 61676 61110 101 611 0 1 1101 76 01011161 06 ¢60 61, 0110
1611111. In the sequel 6176p1071’
01 is explained by Ast, interrogansita ut aliud quid subjiciat”;but probably 676 has the same forceas in 6170100611, so that 61761110710 shall b e equivalent to 617010510161110761. The sense will thus be meeting your opponent with aquestionframed in accordance with the natural sense of the termsemployed,’ he having employed the same or s imilar terms , 76
010-x1161, 76 110161 , 76 61110 101 , in their conventional sense . The
word 67 60076 1 is not found in any other class ical writer.
18 66111111006 3 ] urgebas”(Ast in Lex. V. But 6611611006 3
is anaorist,not animperfect, nor is there such a word as 6110110010.Thi s p oint seems to be proved by Elmsley (Annot. inEurip . Med .
4 83 NOTES .
p. 113 , not. y) : “ Rectius 01111 00611 , 61101100611 , 611100611 , 61p700611 ,
ut 0707611”
cet. Dind. as sents (H. S teph. Lex. Gr. in v.Tr., when Polus meant that which was legally or
conventionally fouler, you dealt with his conventionalism as if hehad been speaking the language of nature ,’ i .e. you madeconventional to include a natural deformity. 14 060 61 1161
70p 76 06111610001] Dobres proposes the ejection of 76 061116100011tn1g 66 76 06111611 . As a milder remedy Stallb . suggests 76011 for
Steph. would have read 0101 76 06111610001, which does notmuch mend the matter. I had bracketed the clause , but am now
disposed to leave it untouched, not because I think Dobree ’s
conjecture inane,” but because the context seems to require
either these or other equivalent words. Olympiodorus remarks onthis passage , 61 66 0611161701 71: 176pl 70 61176: 5 76 0 111110 , 0611 6071
1101161 . 0666 70p 0 11 676 1 16001 61 13076 70 641'
111111
0170116176 : 0611 611161101 61 0x06000 1'
61 66 061110170 '6 511x15, 1101110701‘
1101 661 7676 00 666611 070110713101 713: ¢po1710101161
061 706 0 10013101 7111 M , 616676 : 16: 70 M 11070 1101 76 016110 06661
0111001101701. 1701750 101161 061 6 61176 1 01162709. A67 61 11 61 11’
60 0100 0 '
7 1 11 0 1 1161 6 1;00 7 1: 6116 11 17’Efifié r w . The words
quoted are from Archilochus , and are generally cited thus : 06761
6 656411701 0010701 00 111: 61161111’
16p 6£0 671s 11713100110 1 06
110 11110. But in Ar istOph. Pao. 12 67, the former line begins , 1111x1116
’
65600100 0 . It would therefore seem that there were severalreadings of this celebrated Elegy. Possibly the Aristophanicincluded the 717101 11616 1 of Olymp.
Page 8 0 . 1 01ro¢0 11 61 06] Restored by Bekk. from one MS .
in place of 0676, which Stallb .
’
defends . Vulg. a» 11mm;
which he rejects as lenius ac modestius quam pro Calliclis
superbia et confidentia. 8 This verb may be in con.
struction with but it is better to regard it as intransitive,
either in construction with 70670 , or, better still, as immrsonal;
That such is the case may be seen in a variety of instances ;bothamong the inferior animals , and inthe great civic communities ofthe humanrace, as well as inCallicles , though difi ering somewhat in terms , are subs tantiallythe same with the doctrine attribuwd to Thrasymachus in thefi rst book of the Republic, p. 3 3 8 o fol., 76 61110101 0611 0110 71 611 01
13 76 706 11p6177010: {1114161101 . 7 61161] what right for instancehad Xerxes to invade Greece? 61761 is frequently thus used withthe
170 GORGIAS . [4 83 n
x . mp. 473 E , évrel épofi f wd r ovrwvt, where see the note.
9 00 m. uvpl'
dv] Bouth quotes Apol. 4 1 B , 13‘
dxkov: uvpiovs i v 1 1:
d r ot xal dvdpas xal 7w a2‘
xas. 1 1 [rip dwalov] Schleierm.
fi rst cast suspicionon these words , which have evidently crept infrom the margin. 18 n0ém0a. «M n-
ow es] Explained as equiv.to flfiép ewoc r kdr rouev, the laws we model in our legislation.
’
«Adv-rem is joined with vouos. Also in Legg. 712 B, wa pé p efla,«addr ep r afda r peo
'flfirat , «Adm-
cw A679: rm) : vbpovs . So with
« 6M», Rep . 374 , inthe sense of shaping anideal commonwealth.
The word , of course , originally meant to mould inwax or clay , as
the sculptor his models , but in its metaphorical sense it is far
more frequently applied to persons or parts of persons , as «and
or t/mxviv , than to inanimate things , as indeed appears from the
pas sage quoted from the Laws. On this account, I know not
whether Ast’s punctuation is not better than that in the text
floép eOa . wkd‘r
‘row es r obs Bexr la
'
rovs Ital éfifiwp evea'
rdr ovs 1‘)v
afm’
év , éx véwv Xapfldvovr er (i .e. oflaw ep éx véwv l aq ropev) , rank.
The asyndetonmay be compared with that in Proteg. 3 2 5 c, éx
« 016w? a‘
wxpéiv dpfduevoc, ra nk , and the pas sage may be thus
translated : ‘inbringing into shape (educating) the best and mostvigorous of our youth, we take them inhand at anearly age, andtame them as men tame lions, plying them with spells and
sorceries , and telling them,
’(20. The art of beast-taming was
brought to great perfection at Athens , according to Isocrates ,
Antid . 2 2 8 : a’
Exm ov 76v évmvrdv Oewpoiivres év 0:16a ;
newMow e r «pgér epov ataxemévovs «p6: rm) : Oepawefiow as‘35
drfipu’
mwv {mac «pd: e?) wowfivrar, rd: 6’
dv ovs Ka dov/i évas
xal t abul ations Kai nmowévas rd: ime'répas (Erma-find s. Juvenal toospeaks of a tame lion as one of the domestic pets of a Roman
gentleman (vii . Aesch. Ag . 696 , €0pe¢ev dé Mom-
cs'
v 66pm :
dd m ov, trunk. 18 édv dé ye] Ay, but if there come athoroughly strong-minded man, he , methinks , will shake ofi from
him and tear asunder and escape from these trammels he will
tread under foot our prescriptions, our witcheries and spells , in a
word , every ordinance that is at variance with nature ; until,
rising inopenrebellion, he, the sometime slave , appears in a new
character as our master;and herein does Nature’s Justice shine
forth in full lustre .
’2 1 paw aveépara] Legg. 93 3 a, p ay .
y av eé p aa’
c xal M um s : Arist. Plut. 809, obxofiv as Klpxnr 79r iw ¢dpuax
’
dramxé aav Kai ua ‘
y‘
yav e é o va av powvova'dv r e
ro t}! e‘ralpow. Hesych., nd‘
y‘
yava, M pmxa , 61mm , yomeduam .
GORGIAS . [4 3 4 n
he seiz ed without money paid or leave asked , the cows of
Geryones , and drove them from the far-west away to the palace of
Eurystheus , at Argos .’ The same thought is expres sed in
homelier language by Wordsworth, in hi s poem on Bob Boy’s
For why ? because the good old rule,
Sufliceth them ;the simple plan,That they should take who have the power,And they should keep who can.
The phrase 96pm r a’
vrwv eam ets , detached from the context, verysoon became proverbial ;and was used by Herodotus and manyafter him , to s ignify the tyranny of custom,
’a sense nearly the
reverse of that in which Pindar uses it. See Herod. iii . 3 8 , m i
no: doxée: Illvdapos r adium, v bp ov r dvr wvflan ked «Mad :
elvac. When Boeckh speaks of a law of fate ,“ fetalis lex,
” he
introduces an idea equally foreign to’
Pindar’s drift. The Law
spoken of is that which the Greeks understood by xeqoéiv minor(Aeschines 0. Tim. the Germans by Faust-recht,’ and we byClub- law,
’or the law of the stronger,
’as I have paraphrased it.
Thi s sense alone agrees with the context in Plato , who in the
Leg . (690 c) contrasts , with a reference to this passage , rip: r06
rduov éx6vrwv dpxfiv with Bimov. Ast takes rd fl:a:6rarov ad
verb ially, translating dye: Emma» rapit ex suo jure agens but
I cannot agree with him. The Schol . onAristides has by way ofinterpretationrd dlxawv ér la-xvpordrp xepl dvdea Did he read due:
for dye: inPindar’s text 3 0 ex tarapm] This verb is frequently
used in the sense of knowing by rote, as in Phaedo 61 B , at):
r poxelpovs elxov Kai fir w r c’
mnv rods Alaéw'
ov, and other
passages quoted by Ast. It i s als o used to denote personal
acquaintance : as by Aristoph. Equit. 1278 , WV 6’ '
Apfv rov ydp
oddels da mmix ér far a r au
Page 6 1. 6 ydp ro:] This view of the use and
abuse of philosophy was doubtless very generally adapted by menof quality and education, inAthens as elsewhere, and it is a proofof Plato
’s dramatic impartiality, distinguishing him favourably
from mos t writers of dialogues , that he should have put wordsinto the mouth of Callicles which to the majority of his con
temporaries would seem the perfectionof good sense and poli tical
wisdom. Isocrates , a much more decorous character than
Callicles , indeed a model of conventional propriety, speaksp recisely to the same effect inmore than one of his orations .
4 84 0] NOTES .1
For instance, inthe Panathenaicus (p . 2 3 8 n) he observes , per
059 r mdela: ‘
rfi: dirt rdw wpoyduwv roaodrov as»
Karatppovel‘
v, :b'
are Ital 1"l 颒
fili al! xarm aOei‘
c'
av érrawé , keys: dd
re yewp erplav xal r'ljv dcrpokoy lav Ital rod: alaMyov: rob:
épw‘
rucob: xakovp évcvs, of: of per reu’
rrepo: d ov xalpow : r00 deovros,
r6 9 dé r pecflvrépwv oddel: dar t, 60m : dv dvexrod: at’
zrov) : elm :
«priva cy. a’
NV61m : (yd: rot: dippmlévou ér l rafira r apaxekel
'toua:
were?» m l r poo'éxew rdv v00? dr am. r odrou , Mylar (it: s l Ital myde
‘
v
N o ddvara: rd. M armara rafira t ale?» dyado'
v, (DOV05v dr orpér e:
ye rob: vewrépov: wo‘
w d v dpaprrmdrm . r02: ab
rnkucodr ow cddéwor’
dv efrpeOijva: vault?» dmrptfid: é ¢ekmurrépasr oirrwv oddé “6AM ? wperroto
'
as. ro2s 5: wpeafivrépow xal rol‘
: el:
drape : dedoxmao'
p évow mi
xer : 4:17p) rd: (u l tra: raéra: dppuir r ew .
dpd‘
: ydp érlcv: r é‘
w er'l roi‘
: momma“: odrw: dmpxpfi wuévwv
(dar e m l rm): dM ov: 6:6do'xew , oOr’
el’
malpw: ref: em o'
rvjudu at:
txovd : xpwp évovs, £1! re rat: wpaypa r elm: rat: r epl rdv ploy
d¢povec r épovs darn: rd‘
mmonrdir , ydp clr el’
v ré‘
Wolxer é‘
w. The
appositeness of thi s quotationmust excuse its length. More to
the same eflect will be found inAntid. 2 80 fol. (Bekker) , in theHelenes Encom. init. and other speeches : some of which contain
obvious polemical insinuations aimed at Plato and hi s schooL
The Xenophontic Socrates will be found also to agree with
Callicles in his sentiments on thi s subject, better at least than
with his Platonic self. Comp . Mem. iv. 7. 2 fol.—Socr. , as a
philosopher, argues Callicles , might naturally doubt the truth of
these doctrines : but let him take part in the seri ous anaire of life,and hi s doubts will disappear. ‘For Philosophy is doubtles s a
pretty thing—anice amusement—if studied inyouth, and within
reasonable bounds : but it is absolute ruinto those who remainat
their studies too long : infact, let a manbe ever so highly gifted,if he philosophiz e to an advanced period of life, it is imposs iblehe canb e versed inthose accomplishments which everygentleman,every man of consideration, should possess .
’er means
,
strictly speaking, at the proper age,’according to the original
sense of the word mixes. It may therefore denote youth, or
manhood, or mature life, according to circumstances. InCharm.
154 3 , er r5 em it is applied to boys who are old enough and not
too old to have lovers , and so means in early youth,’ as it doeshere. But «we r13: maria: does not necessarily mean ultra
juventutem, as Stallb . translates : but rather far into life, as in
such phrases as flipper cod a: ékad nw (inf. 4 86 A), t bddu dd“ te d.
174 GORGIAS . [4 84 o
roO ptov (Apol. 3 8 c) , which is in fact the more idiomatic use of
«we with the genitive. Comp . Xen. Apol. Soc . 3 0, wpoflrjo eada:wdppw mxdnplas : Arist. Veep . 192 , wovnpd: el it'd/Spa) r éxvm.
1 1 m l ydp r631: vdpwv] The ignorance of pedants like these extendsnot merely to the laws of their country, and to those principleswhich enter into all covenants betweenmanand man, or betweenone country and another;they are equally ignorant of human
pleasures and pas sions ; in short, of human character in the
aggregate . rd‘
m Mywv, the arguments and considerations .
dudteiv is to b e constructed with ro3s d po’
nrou , as if he had said,
of: de? xpr’
joda: d9 r45 dud e?» ro2s d1 0p. c vpfidkam is explained bythe Schol ., all da
'
qtdkem: xal o vyypa¢al xal c vvdr’
jxa: wdhewv, Kad'
a:
rd dismal: dkkrjkau {venom 1O d'
m rep ye, 01pm] as I suppose
men of the world are when they are admitted to your reunions
and the discussions that take place there. ammo: is either the
place inwhich, or the matter about which dmrplfle: Of the
former we have an example inCharm. 153 A, ex : rd: fwfioeu‘I was proceeding to my accustomed haunts ’
of the
latter passim. am plpaz m l h iya: are found together Apol. 3 7c .
am ple:is used for‘ludus ,
’a school of rhetoric or philosophy, by
socr. anat 3 A,r od: éoxnxdra: rt): So by later
writers in such phrases as a;IIM rwvos, r) e vwvo: dlarplfirj. A.
Gel] . xviii. 13 , Sophisma a quodam dialectico ex Platonis
diatribe propositum.
”Ibid. xv n. 20 a1. 2 1 rd r 08 Ez
’
zpurldov]These lines, and those which follow presently, are quoted from the
Antiopa of Euripides , a drama, which, if we may judge from the
m of fragments preserved by Clemens , Stobaeus , and others,
was a favourite inthe schools . Zethus and Amphionwere twins ,born to Zeus by the beautiful Antiopa, and whom she was con
s trained to leave onMount Cithaeron, under the care of a faithfulshepherd . In this seclusion Amphion, to whom Hermes had
given the lyre, devoted himself to music and other liberal pursuits ,while the ruder Zethus led the life of a shepherd and huntsman.
Inthe animated dialogue , of which these lines form a part, and of
which some eighty or ninety survive, each brother extols his ownpursuits;Zethus twitting his brotherwith efleminacy, unbus inesslike habits , & c. , while Amphion dilates on the superiority ofintelligence to brute force , and s imilar topics . The three verses
in the text are said by the Scholiast to have formed part of thefi n: of Zethus : but from their tenour they seem more appro
priate to the character of the gentler and more reasonable
GORGIAS . [4 3 5 A
tincture of philosophy as may serve the ends of a liberal trainingand it is therefore no discredit to a mere lad to philosophi z e .
This comparative liberality is more inharmony with the notionsprevalent inthe fourth thaninthe fifth century, Aristophanes
at least makes no such conces sions . Isocrates , onthe other hand ,
though he had no head for abstruse philosophy, and indeed
thoroughly hated it, acknowledges very freely its educational uses .After informing us that mathematics and such- like sciences are of
no value whatever to those who profess them , except as a means
of getting their bread, he admits that they are exceedinglyvaluable to the pupils of such persons : rod: 5:”M omm y came :
r epl ydp r iju r epcrrokoy fcw xal n)» dxplfiem rfi: dcrpokoyla: xal
y ewp erpla: Kal ducxarap adrjrow r pdypao'
w drayxafd
new : «poc éxew rdv vofiv , er : a: avredd’dpevo: Ny eu xal woretv ér l
ro’
i: Aeyop évou Kal deucvvp évou , m l [It «a dorn/d eny Exes : r'hy
dldromv, é» rodro:: yvp raadéw es xal r apo£vv0érres {3609 m l Barr owrd cwovdmdrepa xal «M oro: dfuz rc
'
dv r payudrwv dr odéxecda: Kai
muddvew ddvavra: (Antid. 3 , 2 83 , We seem to hear some
modern apologist for Univers ity studies .
Page 8 3 . 1 dpehe'
is, cd Ed’
mpares] Critics cannot be said to
have succeeded in integrating the text of Euripides sati sfactori ly.lfiauck gives the following
dnehei‘
: :3 9 [we ¢porrl§ew éxpfiv]’v fis [5X0 3 (566 yew alcw «Maw
[yvvalxop l/up] dlar péw'
els noptpé par:xodr
’
by dowtdo: mire:
dmkrjc elas , oOr’
d v darep
VGGWJCOPflodltevyaflovkeéa'aw[n]. (Frag. Eur.
Of these the second line is poor, though not unmetrical , as
Valckenaer’s Alaxpid: r e dwxij: dde yew ala. The fi rst m y
probably have begunwith the voo.
"AM uov. Nauck
’s ¢porr l§ew is
perhaps better than the more prosaic air emp exel‘
ch l c c del‘
of
other edd ., nor is it unlike Plato to change a word ina quotation.
For yw aucoldmp we have the authority of Philostratus : yvm xop l’
mpdd p opqto
'
mar: xard rdu Edpurldnv alcxpéis dun-
perm: (Vit. Apoll. iv.
Olymp . by a slip of memory, aided by ignorance of metre,says that Euripides wrote ywmxctdea He adds , x a l odr
'
dc dlxa l :
(sic) fio vka i c u d Edpur. elrre Ital adr’
dv dar ldo: Kitre: r poa'
oudtfic el s.
’ We arenot therefore to force the former words into the tar t,as Hartung and former critics have done;reading, odr
’
a dim) :
ficvkai‘
aw d O: 69 Myov Hpofiei‘
c mdavdr. The vicious paus e con
4 86 0] N OTES . 177
demns the former line : we must therefore presume that Callicles
paraphrases Euripides here , as subsequently he puts r payp drwv
for r ake/rim . It is difiicult to account for the apparent cons truction
of Maw with dmr pér ew in Plato ’s text, but it appears from the
pas sage of Philostr. that Eurip ides did not intend his words to be
so taken, and that ¢6¢m depends onsome participle, exwr , rpé¢wv ,
mac-
rd»: or the like , which Cal licles or the copyists have omitted.
O wdfidw del—éhadvovras] The phrase recurs in Crat. 4 10E ;
Euthyph . 4 ;Plut. de Invid. 53 8 A (el: ( cxaror r ovnpia: éMAa
xdras). Comp . Euthyd. 2 94 E , «we cocpla: fixes , and tr who
are never satisfi ed with the progres s they havemade inphilosophy,’but wade deeper and deeper into its mysteries . 1 6 xarnydpovr vxdwr d w:puukau] Alluding probably to Melitus . See Apol. 3 6 A B.
Anytus , though poxonpés, would not have been called «l imos.1O Oavdrov—rmEJ Oad Apol. 3 6 B, r lpdra: 6
'
no: d drijp Gavdrov.
The formula is well known. xalro: 1rd): 0'0w We havehere at least two lines from the drama xal 1rd}: act/2dr roi
‘
rr’
Ecrm,
cl’
r :: edtpvé‘
: Aafiofiaa réxm;¢Or’
50mmxelpova . Some add a third
p rjr’
adrdv :1e dvvduevov [wpoaapxécal]. With Bekk. I have givenaloud, as the Attic form , for ed¢vfi, which is found in the Bodl.
and several other MSS . 2 2 drexvc’
d: a: drmov] Ina state of
virtual drqda or dis franchisement : to all intents and purposes an”outcast.
’2 4 earl xOfipm] The blow upon the face with the
openhand , opposed to xovdéxol s , Dem . Mid . p . 537. See infra on
p . 527, note. 2 6 dKX :3'
yadé, euol weldov] Here Stob. andOlymp . together enable us to restore the text of Euripides with
tolerable confidence . Bead with Nauck
ép ol 111006
r aile d : Dl eq é‘
w wokeldwv 6’
eduovc lav
da'xe:°
romfir’
delde xal 665a : ¢pove2r
o xdrrrwv , dpé‘
w y ijr , womviou Law, Stob.] e’
rrwrar é‘
m,
dM ou rd xowpd rafir’
d¢el: d own/are ,62$ xero
’
icw éyxaromrjc eu
Nauck gets hi s “was”, whether fairly or not, from Aris t. Av.
13 82 , and Com . inc. ap . Mein. iv. p . 659 . Olymp . tells us that
«new »,not r payndrwv, was in the original , meaning evidently
rodents»: (Hesych. woheulww wokemxc’
dv) . For relafir’
da de Kai
Hartung proposes rmafir’
dad'
ddev 6. :pp. as nearer to Plato’s text.
But m l is found in Stob. , who quotes from ro:a6r’
to coplcuara.
(Anthol. 56 . Those who would know all that is to be learnt
of the Antiope, and a little more , are referred to Hm‘mncgs
PL . GOR.
GORGIAS. [4 86 c
Euripides Restitutus u . 4 15. 8 2 El xpvm’
jv gxwv] Ari st. Rhet.
Quatuorv . 174 . 15, el xpvcr’
jv er tiyxarev ( xwv r7)? div adrq?
a Mw fida'avov wpocrjveyxer : where the Schol ., r ot:
r apadelypac : r06 d rwro: d ydp m drwv rod: dyadod: xpvod:
Exew My e: rd: Made. The a Mw of Arist. illustrates r ip: a’
p lcrny
inthe text .
Page 6 4 . 11 E6 018’
6r :]‘Sure I am that if I get you to
assent to any opinions of which my judgment approves , such
opinions may pass henceforth as absolutely true . For I remarkthat before any one can adequately try a human soul as to its
right or wrong living, he requires some three qualifi cations , all ofwhich exist in you—knowledge, goodwill , and moral courage .
’
For rpla. dpa I should propose rpt’
drr a.
’
Arr a is very commonlyused with numerals , and the force of dpa is but slight in the
present context. The interpreters give tria poti ssimum, a
rendering which answers to b u t , but not to dpa. Bop . iv . 4 4 5 c,
rérrapa 6’
er aérai’
s drr a. :5» m l emum ijval ;ib . iii . 4 00A,
8r: ,uér ydp rpt’
drra. éor lr el’
dn r efleauévo: dv elrromr. So in
Arist. Eth. N. x. 10. 9, for the unmeaning adrd the context
suggests drra. 2 2 alcxw r'
qporépw pdhhov ro8 déovr os] So
presently (D) , r eps . r017déovro: ao¢drrepo:.Page 6 5 . 1
'
Ardpwva rdu'
Avdpor lwvos] He is named amongthe capo! assembled in the house of Callias , Proteg. 3 15 0. Of
Tisander nothing seems to be known. The deme of Naus icydes
was not xoxapyecs, as the Schol. gives it, but Xoxapyels. He mayhave been the same person as the Nausicydes mentioned Xen.
Mem. ii . 7. 6 , and Aristoph. Eccles . 4 2 6, as a wealthy mealmerchant 2 émjxovc
‘
a] SO the
Bodl. and Bekk. Vulg. drrrjxovd a , which Heind. , strange to say,
prefers . The confus ionis of commonoccurrence inMSS . Thus
inArist. Nub . 2 63 , e6¢nueiv xp'l) rdv wpecfiurnv xal rfi: edxr’
j: erra
x 06ew , the old reading, corrected from the Revenue ,was drraxodew .
l b . Vesp . 3 18, (paw , rrjxolla : p.37 r dhal , d:d rfi: dm’
js'
Tuc’
dv drra x o fiwv
(Meineke , éwa r’
o dwv) . ew es » is ‘to lend an ear,’ ‘to Listen,
’
‘to attend to,’drraxofiew ,
‘to answerm ‘to obey ’: the
former always takes the genitivm erafly the dative.
InTheaet. 162 D, we have, r 13: dmunyopla: dféw: dr axodew «at weld“,
no MS . giving ér axovm , which seems however preferable, if onlyto avoid tautology. lb . 2 55,
'
Adpe: 6h r epwxomdv , lira mi r:: r l’
dv
dumjrwv er axodp, the MSS. are unanimous, yet Heind . says ,
“Malui dr axoéy,”adducing the present pas sage. Comp . however
GORGIAS. [4 88 3
These maxime are therefore beautiful by nature ,’ and not by lawor conventiononly, and law and nature are not contrary the one
to the other, as Callicles had maintained nor had Socr. been
guilty of sophistry inignoring the distinction. A similar dialectical
artifice is inthe Theaetetus employed against a paradox of Prota
goras (Theaet. p . 4 m l an) xal noaapos] Above, 4 84 B.
14 dxpoda'0a1] Used, as more frequently dxoaew , in the sense o f
ar axoaew , chedire. as earl ro’
i évt] As a check uponthe one .
So Legg. 853 a, quoted by Heind. , rodrwv a’
r arpom’
i: re Even Kai
yevopévwv xoltdaew: r :0éva: err'
av’
rol’
: vdaova
Page 6 7. 8’
Ap’
adv mix] Bekk. retains this old reading. But
the mix is not found intheBodl. nor inthe majority of MSS., and is
omitted by the Ziir. and Stallb . WithHirschig I prefer to retainit.Is it not true—as in fact you yourself recently maintained—thatthe majority hold the opinion,
’(to. 16 ,Bepawmwpa: #61) r ape.
cat] that I may henceforth make sure of it on your authority,’
d art , unders tood from rofiro, being the object of the verb . flepauwcause : is a middle transitive, as Baind. remarks , and :
‘mihi
confirmare.
’
Compare Esp . 4 61 n, to: dé éwapévn r e rfi m u
waklrela xal m pg? fiehrld rn, 6e? 6rj rd ,uerd r ofiro fi efi au ba a a Oa :
r apd r08 Myov. 2 O dvdp ara. 0npe6wv] The aucupari verb s.
of Cicero . To give chase to words—to lie inwait for verbal inaccuracies , as a fowler for game. Socr., says Callicles , reckoned aslip of the tongue a very god- send , and of thi s , at his time of life,he ought to be ashamed.
Page 6 8 . 1 :3 ate: )ue N yem—vdmp a]‘Or think you I mean
that if a rabble b e got together ,—of slaves and all sorts of wretches ,good for nothing unless , perhaps , for feats of physical strength,and these people say this or that,—that these their mere dicta areto have the force of law? The interpp. differ in the sense theyattach to lcxvptcacOm. Heind corporis viribus fidere”
;Ast,
corporis viribus pollere. The verb has both senses , but the
latter suits the context better. Prof. Woolsey quotes Dio Cas s .p . 406 xakerrdv lcxvpd
'
dpevdv r : r45 aéuar : ¢pov¢m6
rarav
expfival . The same sense is evident inArist. Eth. N. iv . 3 . 2 6, el:
rad: dadevei‘
: laxaplfeada: ¢Opr :x6v. The article evidently belongsto cabana ,
not, as Ast supposes , to laxvplcaaOm, whi ch depends on
dw arol, or some equivalent antitheton to odbeud: —a verycommon form of the axijua xard rd armaw6p evav. (pc
’
da'
w standing
without a case has scandali z ed many of the oomm., but the
remedies proposed are not happy. The best, perhaps , is av
4 90A] NOTES .
odra: ¢Galv , afrrd raiir'
elva: vdp lua. Ficinus , hos , praeterquam
fartas se corporis viribus , esse potentiores : et quae hi statuant,es se jura.
” From this Van Heusde extracts the followinglaxaplaaaOm, radrov: e a: rod: xpelrrov:, xal d
“
dv ¢Oa:v, a i’
rrd,
But probably Fic. was merely translating hi s own con
jectural text, as we frequently find him doing. Ast inhis larger
comm . approves the conj . of Heind. , xal odra: Wow drra, rafir’
e a: vdmpa , to which, neat as it is, I prefer the received text.
14 r padr epdv {Le wpodldaaxe—aofi] Instruct me with more gentle
nes s , last I leave your school’
and seek another master . «pose d
a'
Kew is said by the Schol. to be equiv. to the simple d:ddaxe:v,1rep:rrede: wpddeaw
'
Arrucéis . Soph. Phil. 1015, ed wpavdldasev e'
v
Kaxo’
i: elva: ao¢6v where Ellendt observes , Praepositio nonalii
rei constitute est, nis i ut monita tempore priora esse quam quad
inde redundet indicet.” But 1rpod:6da
'
xe:v and r pouavddvelv are
correlative terms , denoting the relation betweenmaster and pupil .Arist. Nub . 966 , eIr
'
a6 wp oua de i‘
v dam/3 édldaaxev : Legg. 64 3 0,
def ex uaonp drwv dad dvayxal‘
a wpap ep a drj xé va :
« poua vOd v e : v. Md rdv ZijOov] of: is absent inall the codd. ,
but is added from Hermogenes and the margin of a Florentine
cod . by Stallb . , who remarks , aut diserte addenda est nagendi
particula, aut, si es omittitur, formula referri debet vel ad
praecedsntem aliquam interrogationem cumnegations conjunctam ,
vel ad sententiam subsequentem , quae aut particulam adversantem
habes t, aut negandi vi praedi ta sit.” But the usage in Alcib . i .
109 D is exactly inpoint : O'Ku’nrra s, :3 Za’mpares—Md rdv «pimovrdv
éudv r e Kal adv, dv dyda fixwr’
dv éwwpxfiaaml‘ dXX efrrep Excl s , clrré,
r t: Ear : The following pas sage would fall under Stallb .
’s rule
Phileb . 3 6 A, 1rdrepov dhyofivd’
6M ): :3 xalpavra;—Md Al’
, dkhd
dmkfi r lv: M 1 17hurrofijua ov. But that inthe Alcibiades would needalteration as well as the present. It is to be observed that
Hermogenes quotes from memory, as appears from his substitutingrdv Zr
’
jva. for rdv Zijdav (Rhet. Gr . ed. Walz . iii. p . 4 2 5;Aldus ,
p .
Page’
Akkd rafir’
Earw d My lo] Callicles , seeing the
absurdity of making physical strength the criterion of justice ,declares tW W It
is these who, according to natural jus tice, ought to govern and
have more ’than their inferiors . The analogies which Socr.
suggests , go to prove that the wise manis entitled to more power,but not to a larger share of property thanhis
'
m‘iefxoxs . Q'
s thi s
GORGIAS. [4 90A
prinaiple the ruling body in the Republic is cons tituted. The
instances adduced are takenas usual from common life, and are
not the les s apposite for their studied grotesqueness . 11 dM o
r: ofiros] I have followed Bekk. in omi tting 11, which the codd.
insert after rt. 2 2 [IIepl] Eu la The propositionis
interpolated. Plato would have writtenr epl alr lwv I havetherefore followed Hirschig in bracketing it. So 4 91 A, for r epl
rlvwv d ::pelrrwv re Kal «Mat: Exwv ducalw: r heavexrel‘
it is clear that Plato wrote (xwv, i.s . if not luar lwv
or drradmuirwv. In thi s latter instance we must have had trepl
r lva, inregard of what ?’Inone cod. :1 is writtenover mv, and
Heind. remarks , Barius loquendi hoc genus «heavexreiv wept
r :vo: pro r ep! r : cujus exemplum nonest in promptu.
”In both
cases the prepositionmars the idiom of the language ;and in
the second instance it seems to have come down from the
preceding line. Of aninterpolated r ep! I see an instance also in
Theaet. 179 E, xal ydp, :3 Edmpar es, [r epl] roérwv r :’
3v'
Hpaxltewelwv,
r) :i’
m rep o1) héyel:'
Omjpefwv xal fr : wahawrépwv , adrol: adv rot: r epl
rljv”Ecpea
'
av, r poc'wowuvra: ép r elpo: elva:, oddev udhkov 016v re
dlakexofiva: 5 ml: alarpfdaw : Of these Heracleiteans , those
at head- quarters (atrols) who live at or near Ephesus ,”as dis
tinguished, for example, from the Heracleiteans at Athens . This
seems better than the awkward rendering, quad attinet ad,”or
even, as it seems to me, thanthe more ingenious supposition that'
Hpaxkecrelwv is the epithet of dayudrwv understood, not p f dvdpfdv,as the words
'
Bpaxkelrov eral‘
po: occurring a few lines before wouldlead us to suppose. A clear instance, noted by the comm ., occurs
ibid. 181 D r'ljv ntv dhholwc'w , r
'ljv dd [r epl] ¢opdv .
Page 70 . 6 Halo. 157 067)e gtkvape‘
i: l‘xwv]‘What shoes are
you prating about ? ’ Comp . Phaedr. 2 3 6 E, rt cr3 n excel: orpécpe:Ar. Ecol. 1151, r l 65rd dw rplfieu éxwv Such phrases as Anpei
‘
:
(xwv, ¢Mapels éxwv are common in Plato and Aristophanes . The
force of r ole: in such cases i s familiar. 12 «m e xal r epl rev
away] See a similar retort in Xen. Mem. iv . 4 . 6, m l 6'
Ir r la:
dxofiaa: rafira, fiar ep éma'
xo’
nrrwv adrdv,”Er: ydp :3
Zé xpares, éxe’
iva rd adrd Mya s, d eyd r dka: «are c onfixova‘
a xal
d 2 wxpdm:,
‘
0 de‘ ye rourov de:v6repov, :3'
Imrta, ad p.6vov del rd
adrd Mym, :D‘Xd Ital « cpl rOv afm’
dv '
ad 6'
law: d:d rd
elva: r epl rd‘
madrfdv addlrrare rd adrd Myeu . Callicles here afi ects
not to see the point of the remark , which is really lost uponH ipp ie s (1. who answers in apparent good faith, were ,
1 [4 91 1:
Bocr.;for how can a man poss ib ly be happy so lang as he is in
bondage ? hims elf or
to another. Far an instance of this rather rare us e of r d w ye
a contradiction) , compare Demosth. de Fals e Legat. p . 3 95 , 191
Bekk.,of: ydp Eyary
'
06m : i v wh o: ode $ wy ly veada . xal a¢66pa ye, :3 b dpe:
'
Aorp ai oc. A difierent turnis
given to the passage , by the reading found in the Bodl . , and at
least two others . 2 0 . ydp all; 015662: at}: i t yvolrj 6r:
can» “ya . KAA. [Ib o ye a¢6dpa, x.r .k. This is adopted byStallb .
, who gets over the M oulty of making Socr. identify the
cancedit, ideoque respondet s ic : Quidm’
aera 3 quil ibet enim
intelligat in me sentirc.
” This urbani ty ” I cannot but thinkmisplaced;and therefore, though not without reluctance , havepreferred in this instance the vulgate to the Bodleian reading.
of Socr. with Thrasymachus , Bepub l. 3 4 8 a, adroop r ip p ep
du alocmv dper ip [raked ] r'lyv 6
’
ddudav ::axlav. Elxd: y’
, an, :3
fidwr e, et eld'l) xal kéyw dduciav [adv Avalr ehefv , dlxawafivnv 6'
ad.'
AM d rtmjv Todvavrlov ,'3 6
’ '
H r'
hv 6:1:v m aria:
N d t dvv yevvalav efnjdelav. With which comp . Thuc. iii . 83, teal
rd 661703 , at rd y evvai’
av t hefarav ueréxea xarayeltaa'oev fi¢avla0m
2 6 en : dv] Comp . Lysis 207D, 60e Of 00: eddalpwv elva:
dvdpm o: dovkedwv r e, xal :3 under éfdflr ale’
fv :3v endlmai’
;Md Al’
dp olye, 2m. Schol. , frr efiOev d r epl rfi: reh xfi: atr ia: r :3v
Ml xé v kdyas. for : de xard adv w pdr'rjv r dyadd , xard dd
Kakkmkéa alaxpd fidavfi. 2 2 dr amas-Adm : :3v dv del f) ér lomla
ylyvnraq to glut each success ive appetite with its appropriate
food .
’Of this , says Callicles , the vulgar are incapable : and
hence they condemn the abler few, being ashamed of their own
incapacity, and wishing to hide it : i.s . they divert attention fromtheir owndefects by abusing others .
Page 72 . O are: ye ols] Suppose , for ins tance , a man is a
king's son to beginwith, or is able by his ownnatural genius toget himself appointed to a high ofiice , or to make himself a tyrantor member of an absolute government , what were in truth moredisgraceful or more injurious than temperance to persons likethese ? who, instead of taking their fi ll of good things without let
or hindrance, should voluntarily invite the law to be lord over
4 92 NOTES. 1
them, with the idle talk and ia atured censure of the mumCum verbis va
'
uov , Myov, tll dyav : conf. Agathonis illud Conviv.
197D, c'
v wdvqr, év :pdficp, év dv kq r”(Ast). 1 2 r l—eln]
The omi s s ion of dv seems justified by Soph. Antig. 604 , rear, Zeb‘
,
ddvacw r l: dvdpfdv dr epfiaala Icardaxa: Aesch. Choeph. 3 14 , dM’
drréprohpov dvdpd: :ppdvrma r1: Xéya: yet the cases are not preciselyin point—see Ellendt, Lex . Soph. p. 125 ; and dv may have
dropt out here, as r l itself is wanting in tenMSS both beingabsorbed , so to speak, by the two last syllables of dvvaarelav
(Woolsey) . 1 2 al: e£dv dr akadelv] For alr lves', é£dv adral‘
:
dr oXaae-w . Compare , for sense as well as construction, Rep . 4 65n,ald
’
drav hdya: ripl’
v exams» dr : r od: ¢3ltaxas adk eddalpava:
ol: é£dv wdvra Exec: rd r idv r oh rOv addev €x0:ev. Presentlyfor elncav Hirschig gives elev, onno authority. The shorter form
is preferred by Plato ineluev, elrnv, elre. 2 2 édv émxavplav 8x17]Schol ., 13 r ip: ex wkodr ou xal 73 rbv e
'
x‘n
’
j: wapd r43Kahlaxkei xahovpevn: ¢povrjaeo
$
s re xal dvdpfas. The latter is
perhaps the more correct view : sup. A, m am : d’
:3 : ney laral s060m: lxavdv elva: drrnper el
‘
v dl’
dvdpefav Kal :ppdvna’w . The end is
pleasure , to which valour and prudence are means . In other
words , they are the aux iliary forces , the ér fxovpo: of luxury, & c.But he may have meant édv r02: éxrd: dyado
’
i: lxavfd: xexapnyml évov
5 (Arist. Ethic. i . 10. 2 3 rd dd dM a radr’
Most
comm . understand rd xahkwr lapara to be the subject of am.
‘As
for those other matters—the fopperies , the unnatural conven
tionalities—they are the mere cant of men, and nothing worth.
’
But I am disposed, with Mr Shi lleto , to make rd w i ll . the
predicate : As for those other matters (justice and temperance
and their like), they are the mere fopperies , the unnatural
conventions of society, the prattle of men, ’& c. For the sentiment,
compare Eur. Cycl. 3 17,d r kodras , dvdponrlaxe, rafs Beds '
1rd d’
dltlta ltd/.170: xal hdywv edpopcplat.
Ibid. 3 3 9,
01 dd rad: va'
nousddevra, r curlkhcvr e: dvdpu
’
nm v filav,xhalew d ya .
ewefépxe: r 43 Myw] Legg. u . 672 A, erreféltda: Xéywv explicet
orations .
’Socr. applauds the courageous franknes s with which
his opponent avows sentiments which the majority of mankindsecretly entertain, but are loth to express .
[4 92 n
Page 73 ' 1'W ther.
’
Restored by Bekk. for 6111006 yer odev found inall the M88 . The
confusion is very common, as the forms deco, duddev, dpfi, dud}:had ceased to exist inthe later dialect. See Cobet, Vv. p . 2 55.
and Schol. in Plat. Sophist. 2 59 n. In the Attic dialect these
words are aspirated . a dpa apes : Xéyovrm] Xen. Mem .
1. 6. 10, :3 rdv eddamovlav 010/l ever rpmp'lw xal
t ohvréltemv elval , fydvdd voplg'
w r d ::e‘vmydevd: deladu: delov elva:, rd
d’
:3: eXaxlarwv eyyvrdrw r06 delov. xal rd pdv defer Kpdrw'
rov, rd
de éyyw drw rod delov eyyvrdrw r 00 xpar farov. Hence correct
Olymp . in Gorg. comm. p . 12 1 (3 58 Jahn), d of” rMpnexam
(cc. rdv r ldav) 060i} filov for the corrupt dead by which the
edi tor is bamed . C cdv ye adMyeu] Vulg. :3: y e adMym , corr.
Badh. Thi s againis a frequent error of copyi sts . Aesoh. Prom.
629 , m) p ov :rpoxfidov p daaav :3: dpwl yl wxd. Hermann di
v—whichis much better thanElmsley’s m o tive : d
’
uol p m . InLys iasvii. 3 1, r poduudrepov :3 : fivayxafdunv, read :3 v dvayxag
'
dmyv . The
use of :3: for after a comparative is a barbarism , though intro
duced by Prof. Sauppe into the text of the Ep itaphius of Hyperides , Col. 14 , l. 2 2 . Here :31: ye cd keys” is in antithes is to
ol M00: xal al vexpol. 11 rt: d’
oldev , cl rd fr’
jv] This passage
appears to have come from the Polyidus ;and is thus completedby the Schol.,
ri: d'
oldev el rd {fir :lev ear : Kardave‘
iv,
rd xardave’
iv dd fi v xdrw vanlferauHe is apparently inerror when he says , a: rod <I>pl£ov r06 dpduaro:
Edp mldov. The lines in the Phrixus ran thus , according to
Stobaeus (Anth . 120. 18)78 8
’
aldev cl r080'
11 Kéxlmra: devel‘
v,
rd fijv dd dvrja'
xelv éc'
rl; «Mp: duo) : fiporédv
voo'
odaw ol fil érrovres, al d’
dke e:
adder voa'
odc lv oddé ::éxrnvra: kard .
The sentiment is parodied by Aris toph. (Ban. TI: older , el
rd 553v [rev ear : xardavel’
v, Tdm elv dd deurvei‘
v rd dd xadeddew
From ih. 1082 , ::al :paaxodaa: fi r rd fi r, we may infer that
a woman was the speaker in one at least of the Euripidean
passages . The idea, though not the precise words , was borrowedfrom Heraclitus (Philo , Alleg. Leg. 1, uavovad m l 0
'
dKhelra: ::ard rodro Mwiiaéw: dxoM udfiaa: r45 ddy juarf, qbwr Zé
‘
mev
r dv é x e lvwv (se. deé v) ddva r ov , r e dvfixauev dd r dv éx elv tav
[War :3: rdv ,udv dre évIOp ev redv'qxvla: rd: \lwxfi:, m l :3: av ev
GORGIAs . [4 92
character. In suggesting the name of Philolaus , I rest upon the
slender data that some rude partition of the soul is attributedto him on reasonable and good authority (see Zeller, Phil. derGriechen, i . p . 3 2 5 , 2 te Clemens Alex . quotes a fragment
purporting to b e his , but which may be only Plato in a Doric
dress : :3: dui rwa: dpaprla: d glwxd r41~aé p ar : m éfevxrag (cal
a dr -
ep a d dm r: rédarrra: (Strom. iii . 4 3 3 A, ap . Lobeck, Agla0ph.
p . A better critic than Clemens, Athenaeus , gives thefollowing important notice, on the authority of Clearchus thePeripatetic : EdElOeo: d IIvOa
'
ydpews, :3 N(may , @ 101 KAéapxo: d
I'
Iepurarnrmd: év devr épcp Blow, they“: évdedéada: ads/um m l r93
rfide 5q rd: drrdvrwv I/mxd: rumpus xdpw'
Ital d:elrra00:u rdv
:3 : el,uevoddw enz r oérow, ea) : :iv éxdw al
’rrd: A6017, «M oo : xal
pelfoaw émreoodvra: rdre Myan'
rrdvra: edxafiovuévov: r ip r631:
xvpiwv dvdraow r od {flu éxdvra: éxfiiiw u, pdvov r e rdv e» ré3
wipe advarov do r aatw: wpoau‘odcu, wer ewp évov: r 9)» dr dkva
'w riis
il/vxr’
i: nerd rfi: r é‘
wxvptwv‘
yl'
yveada: yru’
mns, iv. p . 1570. ComparePlat. Phaedo , 61 n, where Phi lolaus and ‘
certain others
appealed to by Cebes as affi rming t e .unlawfulness of suicide.
This evidence in favour of the Pythagorean origin of the specu
lationin the text seems to me unexceptionable, and we canafi ordto give up the suspicious fragment of Clemens . Add Cicero deSenect. c. 20,
“ Vetat Pythagoras injus su imperatoris , id est Dei ,
de praesidio et vitae stations discedere. 18 dt ep ndw;rov
éyw'
ye] The Bodl. omits drrep with several other M88. The
original reading may therefore have been i r ev ye.
xal rodro dpa r :: p vdoko'
yé‘
w]‘And it was thi s part of the soul ,
we may suppose, that an ingenious person, a Sicilianmayhap or
Italian, allegorically styled a jar, in consideration of its per
suadab le and credulous nature, by a change in the word mam
which he made into The Euce edocles
as Olympiodorus and the Schol. as sert. To this Karsten, the
editor of Empedocles , as sents.“ Probabile mihi videtur Empe
doclem , ut religiosum hominem et mysteriorum patronum , 6mm)rov: vocas se dementes et mi seros . cosque ut est in Danaidum
fabulafinxisse velut aquam fundentes indolium perforatum («mayr erprmévov) quod insatiab ilem libidinum cupiditatem s ignificat.
Haec fi ctio ab ingenio poetae (qualia fuit Empedocles) fabulasallegorice interpretantis hand aliena, neque vero e veterum judicioabhorret a fabulae sensu. Similiter in celebri Polygnoti picturdp raeter malts alia pictae crant daae mulieres , ¢epovr cu tidwp év
4 93 a] NOTES .
rar e-
c.7600: d0rpdxou, quibus erat inscriptio el m: 0¢d: rd»: of:
penunpévwv . Paus . x . c. 3 1. Caeterum qnam mi sera haberetur ininferis ré
‘
wduvfirw sors , declarant nota Platoni s dicta inPhaedon.
p . 69”
(Empedocl. ed. Karsten, p. Here however we are
not to suppose that Empedocles is serious ly credi ted with the
authorship of the psychological doctrine implied inthe words rii:\l/vxfi: r odro év q? :11 érr:0vp.l:u e101. The particle m frequentlydenotes an inference false but specious . Theaet. 171 o, elxd: 7
’
i pa éxe‘
ivov (sc. Hparra'
yopdv) wpe0fldrepov dw a. 0o¢drrepov r1116»: elem.
Rep . 3 58 c, arch ) 7dp duelvwv d’
pa. 6 rod ddlxov 13 6 rod ducalov
:3: Myow w . Inf. ia, r d dd 1:601:o a'
pa My ra, :3 : {dry 6 1rpd: due
Mywv, r931: M 1)» az'
mfiv. 18 EmeM : Whyrather than racemes, which was read by Olymp . and Stobaeus ,
and is found in some codd. ? The answer to thi s was given byButtmann, who calls attention to a love- song of Timocreon
Bhodius , beginning with the lines , Zucehd: Icombd: dwbp IIorZ rdvnarep
’
( eta , ap . Hephaest. p . 4 0. Eence Encekd: meg/3‘
: dwfie Ibecame proverbial. 19 51d rd ca daver] Of award: used passively we have aninstance inAesch. Ag. 4 85, «ward: dyav 6 O13M :
dpos . 2 1 r631: 6’
dpdfirwv] Socrates makes damjr ov: synonymous with ad 0r e'yavods,
‘the contrary of watertight,’ deriving theword from new ‘
claudo ,’ instead of mew ‘initio.
’ For this ety
mology hi s‘learned friend
’is made responsible. Tr.
‘But that
portion of the uninitiate soul in which the appetites reside, its
incontinent and irretentive part, he represented as a leaky jar,figuring thereby its insatiate nature ,
’—literally, using that
similitude in consequence of the impos sibility of filling it.’
an enzym e] Compare with thi s Repub. ix. p . 586 B, Eire odxl
rot: 060w 066% rd 8? odderd 0 r é '
yo v éavré‘
wmar-M yra 2 8 :3 :
r erpmuévo: ctr) flaw] Shakspeare, Cymb. i . Sc. 7,“The cloyed
wi ll , That satiate yet unsatisfi ed desire, That tub both fi lled and
running.
”2 4 rodvavr lov d'b odro:
‘Thus does my friend
set forth to us , in direct oppos ition to you, Callicles , that of all
the dwellers inHades these , the uninitiated, must be the most
wretched, being ever employed in lading water into the leaky jarwith anequally leaky s ieve.
’ér épq: ratodrqr r erprmé vw]
The repetition of rerpnp érqo, though suspicious , seems to be
supported by Phaedo , 80D, dpa, rd du des , ro el: rowdrov
rdrrov Ere-pow olxdp evov, yew a'
iov xal xadapdv xal d a dd, el:"A:dov :3:
dMOé s, a passage which also illustrates the foregoing év”Acdou, ro
‘
du de: Aéywv. The image is also found in Shakspeare ,
190 GORGIAs . [4 93 3
Y et in thi s captious and intenible sieve
I still pour in the waters of my love,And lack not to lose still .
”
All’s Well that ends Well , I . iii . 193 .
8 1 61’
dmar lav r e Kal Mom] ‘by reason of its fickle and forgetful
naturs .
’ Legg. iv. 705 A, 1191) r aM/lfloka Ital drrwra. Ih. vi . 775 D,dvdmaka Ital drrwra. 3 2 r : drorra] Satis
subabsurda,’the only rendering of which these words will admit,
is more than somewhat absurd .
’ There seems to be no authorityfor the meaning of en emas , assumed by Ast and Stallb . ,
‘freilich,
’
Eng.
‘it must be confes sed ,
’which is rather the force of the
particle w , nor is_the rendering‘sane given in hi s Lexicon
justifi ed by the passage of the Phaedon there adduced . em ecxc’
dr
can here only mean ‘satis ,
’ ‘admodum ’—as we say ,
‘absurd
enough’: so supr. 4 85, r pd: 0d em eucé
‘
n éxw One might
conjecture, adv d0ru 13 37rd r : drowra, but this would
perhaps b e subffi gid . And yet few would consent, except inthe
last resort, to omit en emas, as Hirsch. following Gobet has done.
If either must b e sacrificed, it is better to omit 3 1rd r :, for which
one MS . gives elr évn, if I understand Bekker aright. If thi s was
not originally intended to supplement am a s s , it may represent a
difi erent reading from the received. What Olympiodorus foundis also doubtful, as hi s glos s hardly corresponds to the text as wehave it. He says , rod: dd ro wdrov: 06 rrdvv drdrrov: rul e? :3:
rrpd: rod: rromrmod: rrapafldhkwv , érretd'b éxe‘
ivo: p dv fixdrrrovm,Ol.
Schol . p . 120. Perhaps he only meant to paraphras e 3 11-6 r : byad rrdvv inthe sense ,
‘not altogether ,’ ‘not quits .
’ Meanwhile we
may translate the passage thus : ‘These details , it is true, are
more or less absurd;yet there is no doubt as to the point, byproving which I mean, if possible , to induce you to retract yourformer preferencs ,— in lieu, that is , of the life of unsated in
dulgence, to elect that rival life which is characteriz ed by modera
tionand contentment.’8 depends uponévdezfdaevos ,
‘what having
proved , I wish,
’and, as Stallb . observes , there is no necessity for
admitting the inferior reading evaetgaaoae It is nearly indifi erentwhether we take anxozas impersonal patet,
’liquet or construct
it as a transitive with radra. The «at, which inone MS . follows
nera0é00a: and is admi tted by Bekk. and Hirsch., is not needed , as
éMaaa: is either epexegetic or may be understood to depend upon
)uera0é00al . Stallb . prefers the latter view;to me the former seems
the s imp ler of the two , and inaccordance with Plato’s usage.
3 . [4 94 n
r ovra l‘
xa l drroxpdrrrow w adrdv ol 1r:rrpd0xovr e:, lva at) rrpol‘
xa
ol d vovr es .
m l aw m l érrrec. p.6 1: xapadpldv wepvds;
The xapadpw: is mentioned by Aris t. Av. 114 1,
among the rrordma dpvea, in accordance with the apparent s ty
mology of his name, trapd rd dv ra'
i: xapddpal s dlarplflew , as the
Schol. on Aristoph . observes . With him Aristotle agrees , H. A.
ix . 0. 11, adding, tn : 6'
d m l rip: xpdar m l r'hv ¢wvi7v
¢alvera¢ dd vdxrwp, imépa: dd dwodtdpdnxet. He is therefore
not the ‘lapwing,’as Lidd. and Scott suggest : nor does the
¢avl 6rns of his colour agree with the ‘curlew.
’Nor is he the
same as a l’
dvla, as Timaeus in Lex . supposes , for the birds are
mentioned as di stinct by Arist. H. A. viii . 3 . Some species of
plover is probably meant; charadriadae’ being the name givenby
modernom ithologists to the plover- tribe. Many of these , e.g. the
dotterels and golden plovers , are said to be night- feeders, as
Aristotle reports of his‘charadrius .
’According to Plut. Sympos .
p . 681 c , the xap. cures the jaundice by catching it himself
through the eyes : hence dwo0 rpé¢eral rod: lxrepu'
drras, Kal rd
dapara 007K)\el0a: dyed—from which we may conjecture that theexperiment had never been fairly tried. The xapadp:6: , whi ch is
the subject of one of Bab rius’
s fables , is a crested bird , xopvddM q:
rrpd: rdv dpdpov dvrédwv. rw’
ad 015] Y ou said the life I
approved was no life, but the state of a lifeles s body or a stone :
and now you in your turn are depicting a life like that of an
obscene and ravenous bird. 1 3 dw dp evov «xnpoew aj If we
are not to adopt Stephen’s correction «Amway , we must suppose
that infinitive unders tood in connexion with duvdp evov . The
concourse of participles is difi cult to render inanother language ,
but it is much in Plato’s manner
,and here
, in particular, is not
without force .
‘I do acknowledge the exis tence of the appetites
you mention,’
says Call . : ‘I speak of a mandrinking whenhe isthirsty, and eating when he is hungry;and not only so , but alsoof one who pos ses ses all the other natural appetites , with the
means of gratifying them, and who does gratify them and enjoysit,—and that man, I say, leads a happy life.
’ As Stallb . observes ,Callicles cuts Socrates short in his tedious enumeration of
appetites , any or all of which he is prepared to recogniz e;and
then, with characteristic 08px , adds unasked his Opinion that hewho indulges them all to the t0p of his bent is the happy man.
NOTES . 193
18 efrrd el xal wwpfi vra] Tell me whether one enlisted with theitch.who has a perpetual desire to scratch, and who can scratch
to his heart’s content, and spends hi s life inscratching, whether
it canbe said that such apersonlives happily? ’Obs . :m
'
ioda: not
is the Attic form, analogous to may , vfiv for
vfidew. See Gobet, N . Lectt. p . 160. So (bwpfdvra: is better thanwomen-
e :, the common form, and found here in the old edd .
Phot. , rpl0vhkdfim , of; d‘
wras. mm » :a'
Ndum
(p. 916 xal fipa‘
yxdv dw vl ltdflw: héyovm. So dayd rdv ,
not davar tdv, damovdv not damomdv. Lob . Phryn. p. 80 fol. In
xvnmdv the belongs to the root, and is to be retained. Presentlyfor (or perhaps xmjmqin) the codd. give ” final. The
phenomena of pruriency are described with grotesque accuracy inthe Phi lebus , p . 4 6 n, a pas sage illustrative of the present inmorethan one respect. Compare also Democritus , Frag. Mor. 4 9 , ed.
Mullach, Evdp evc: dram a: fidorra: m l 0¢ w viveral d'
r-
ep r030 :
2 1'
0: dror o: el, :3 m l,drexvé : drmmvdpor]
‘How absurd you are ! what a thorough mob -orator i’i.s . how
thoroughly unscrupulous as to the nature of the arguments you
use, stooping, as you do , to the lowes t kind of clap-trap . Olymp. ,
cl ‘r d rot: rrokkol: dpé0xovra M
'
yen'
odro: ydp b y
elrro:ev r od: r olodrov: eddalpovaa 2 5 0 1) dd 03 nipdxwka'
yfifl‘I
have no fear of your being shocked or put to shame.
’ Inf. 520 D,odddv dewdvmja'
ore ddcmdfi. Phaedr. 84 13 , odddv dewdv uh (1503 1705.Page 76 . 2 m l roi
'
rm r rclodrwv d'
e xe¢d7ta¢ov] and,—to
mention the crowning instance of all such—is not, ac.
’ The
object of Socr. in introducing a coarse topic like this , is , as hepresently says , to prove that there are pleasant things which are
not good .
” Callicles was proof against the last instance, but
recoils before this, which Socr. calls the xe¢dltatov, that inwhich
the argument is brought to a head,’or
‘reaches its climax .
’In
Theaet. 190 13 , rd r dvrwv xe¢dxa¢ov denotes the most general form
in which a number of particular ins tances can be summed up .
This can hardly b e said of the present question, except in a
rhetorical sense. 0 61 ¢n co m] Broadly, without limitationor exception.
’
Inf. 509, :3 : dv ddfel ev odrw t,‘at fi rs t srfi f
’
MAri st. Ban. 62 5, odrw dd Bad en!
"dwayaywv,
‘wi thout more ado .
’
Soph. Antig. 3 15, elrre’
iv r : ii 0rpa¢els affirm‘without a
hearing.
’ Above, p. 4 64 B, riyv d'
dr l r43 0 :3;lar: pl ay ndw odrw:
ovoud0a: odx dxw,‘I cannot give it one single name.
’ Also
p . 503 D , ofrrw lr drpéaa 0Korrodplev0t. 1‘"XM L Eh pm. \fi x
194 canons .
dvonoxnoduevo: 5] Just that I may not contradict myself, as Imust if I say that the pleasant and the good are distinct, I say
that they are the same .
’
To which Socr. replies , that by such an
answer Callicles destroys the force of hi s first speech (in which
he had censured Gorgias and Polus for answering against their
conviction), and that if he too says one thing while he means
another there is an end of their joint investigation of the truth.
dvouoxoyodpevo: has the force of an adj . as inArist. Anal. 1. 3 4 ,quoted by Heind ., dvop oltoy oduevov r02: «poelpnuévou . So Plat.
Leg . 74 1 A, rd duoxoyoduevov‘honouring cons istency. ’
2 2 radrd r e 7dp—dhka 1
'
03 d‘For if thi s is ao—if Good is
always Pleasure, and Pleasure Good—there will plainly followmany other disgusting conclusions besides those at which I have
just now darkly hinted .
’
Page 77. 1'
10: d oc] The last elenchus cons isted in an
appeal to the moral sense. The position of Callicles had been
shownto involve consequences revolting to hi s natural tas te and
feeling : this he had virtually acknowledged, owning that it wasmerely for consistency’s sake that he still clung to his thes is , «in
rd‘
yaOdv m l rd 363 m ore . The argument which follows i s dialec
tical, as the former was popular. Olymp. , r06 dxrov d‘n'lxetpfic
p ara: d¢ar r6p e0a 6 dlrrdv d0r1,, rd adv xar'
edd1i, rd dd d:d rij:
el: dddvarov dr a’
yw'
yfir. He means that there is direct proof of the
impossibility of good and evil , which are contraries , existing andending simultaneously inthe same individual. The dam -
yew?) el:
dddvarov consists in showing the incompatibili ty of this principlewith the proposition8r : rd i7di) xal rd
‘
yaddv radrdv ,which is efi ected
by producing instances inwhich pleasure and paindo co - exis t and
end together. b ra d-l;odrw dcxc’
i ] Stephenfollowed by Hirsch.
gives co m co: doxel‘
from one MS . But is better absent;‘seeing
that it is so ruled ,’ Lat. s ic placet,
’viz ., dmxetpefv r45 :3 :
01rcvddj’
cvro:. Parmen. 137B, 50153 450015, dr a dfirrep 50e «pay
pareldadnrra:dlav walfew , dua l/rod dpaopa: Ital r ij: d/Lavrod brro
0é0ew: In the next but one :3 : drepov rdv dvdpelav r 13:
Heind . and Bkk. insert dv after drepov. So also Hirsch .
The ins tances quoted by Stallb . (though not all inpoint) establishthe legitimacy of the omi ssion even in absolute clauses . Y et I
incline with Heind. to suppose that in the present case dv has
beenaccidentally absorbed by the preceding word. rdde.
dmarrjunv rrov mkel‘
: r: Resolve me thi s . I presume you call
s om ething Science,’ i .s. you recogniz e the existence of a thing
GORGIAS . [4 96 n
xalpew Myra;“ it is inrespect of his
‘drinking ’
you mean that
the drinker feels delight ? ”
Page 8 0. 2 Hirsch. d¢ry00'
elvat. Phrynichus’
Edm ( o r : udv r apd rol: dpxaloc:, a»: dM'
yov rd dd whe‘
lc rov
(M ada : where Lobs ck observes “"Em: tam paucahabet idoneas
auctoritatis exempla (Plat. Gorg. 4 66 n, 4 96 A, Xen. Cyr. iv. 1. 2 3 ,
Isocr. Ensir. 3 . ut Phrynichi mirer verecundiam, praesertim
cum amni quod nihilo melius est, tam grave sub ierit judicium.
”
The followingMp1! inclines me to substitute here , as in 4 66 a,and inEuthyd. 29 3 o. The passage from the Bus iris has beencorrected from the MSS. I agree with Baiter in thinkinginadmis sible inPlato. 1O old
’
d'
rra 00¢li’
el , :3 2 :3xpar e:]Though he has as sented to all the premisses , Callicles is unable orunwilling to accept the apparently inevitable conclusion. Eventhe Platonist Olympiodorus finds a diffi culty. Health and sickness , he says , cannot co-exist, because they are contraries : so of
well-being and ill -being generally. How then can pleasure and
painco -exist ? Are not they contraries also My“ : m) elva:
dvavrlav rdv fidovr‘
yv xal r izv Amrfiv Of this drropIa he Offers a
characteristic solution. But the true key to the dimculty is
furnished inthe Philebus , where Socr. argues ongrounds physicalrather than dialectical. The good state of a thing, it is there
argued, is its healthynormal state, free alike from Evdela and from
r knoaomj, either Of which constitutes disease. The perceptionof
new is painful, the process Of its removal causes pleasure . So
long as the process continues , paindoes not cease , though pleasure
may predominate. When the want is removed, and the normalstate of the body is re- established, pleasure and pain cease to
gether. But the normal is the good state , and as it is that in
which pleasure ceases to be perceptible, the good and the pleasantcannot b e convertible terms . It is conceivable that the subtlespeculations of the Philebus , in which, though there may be
occasional defects of analys is , there is no taint of logomachy,mayhave beensuggested by objections raised to the reasoning inthis
part of the Gorgias : reasoning which is rather unconvincing than
illogical . The student needs reminding that the proposition
against which Socr. is arguing, is not that Pleasure is or mayb e good, but that Good cons ists in Pleasure that the two words
good and pleasant are convertible ;that all which is pleasant
is good, and all which is good is pleasant. Thi s was the doctrine
of Aris tippus, of which Callicles is a popular, perhaps an un
4 97A] NOTES. 1
conscious exponent. 1 1 01003 , dv’du ng The verb cin d
( ease. and its derivative olxxw p d: are used to denote any kind ofmock modesty or prudery, especially, though not exclusively, onthe part of women. Phi lippides , Com. ap . A
’
then. p . 3 84 E, rd ,adv
adv 715mm . rdM’
fixlclg’
ero , pretended to be shocked.
’ Philemon,ib . 569 D , dor
’oddé el:
’
Axmopd: odddAfipos ,‘there is no coynes s
or nonsense here.
’ Hence the glosses , dpvr rdnevcs ,The grammarians derive the word from a female
appellative’
Axxcb, and add biographical particulars of the lady.These are doubtless apocryphal, for we find from Plutarch that’
Axxa’
: was used as a name of fear to terrify children, like Mopmd,xapka
'
: & c. Plut. de Stoicorum repugnantiis , p . 104 0n,where Chrys ippus is said to have derided Plato ’
s doctrine of divine
retribution, :3: odddv d1a¢épovra rfi:’Axxoi}: m l rds dc
’cdv
r d 1ra:ddp:a rod Kaxw xoltei‘
v al '
yvval‘
xe: dvelpyow w . Hence the
word dxxlg’
w da:may originally have denoted chimerical or feignedalarm , the trans ition from which meaning to that of afi ected
modesty or niceness is not diffi cult. The word first occurs in
Pindar Frag. inc. 2 17,'
Avdpe: r lvd: a'
xxtj'
dp evo: Nexpdv lmrov
0rv'yé010 lv Hence the proverb, d Zxddn: rdv lrrrrov , said of
those who affect dis like of what they secretly hanker after. Here
the sense is obvious : Y ou know, though you make believe thatyou don
’t know. Y ou know perfectly well whi ther my arguments
are leading you, but it does not suit your purpose to acknowledge
it. Inthe sequel the words dr: éxwv Mpe‘
fs seem to have strayedfrom elsewhere. Heind. thinks they stood in the place of 119-ya :
inthe next reply of Callicles . Others divide the Mam as follows
giving 2 0 . 01000 , 1913’
dxxlfea :3 KaM lxhew. KAA. Kal rrpdwl'
y’
Er: el: rodmrpo00ev, dr: dxwv Kaposi‘
s , t'
v’eldfi: :3: 00¢d: :dv as vovdere
'
l:.
EC. 037;d'
pa 0’dKa0ro: imam Even so the clause dr :
d‘xwv Mpe’
l: is in the way : nor is there much point in the next
clause, lv’
& c. , as coming from Gallicles . In the mouth of
Soor. it is anapt retort to old’
a'
lrra 0o¢lfe:, as if he had said,
Y ou blame me d:d rd answer a few more ques tions , andyou will di scover that you are no 0o¢6:. Comp . :3 0o¢:3rare 0 15
supr. 4 95 D. Moreover, the succeeding questionof Socr., 03x duo
comes inabruptly. We should have expected d em:
or some such prefatory formula. However the 6130a : be divided, one thing seems clear, that dr: éxwv Mpe
‘
i: comes more
naturally from Callicles , and that, if retained, it ought to be
transposed as Heindorf suggests . KAA. 03 1: 016‘ ‘
6: n he.» N ana‘s
GORGIAS . [4 9711
POP. Mndam’
dr, :3 Kahltlxkew 18 xal dufi v dvem ] i . e.
not merely to please Socr.;but to save us from the tedium of
a protracted discussion. 2 2 wdvrw: cd 09) adrr) A
proverbial express ion, doubtless : but whether r 111i;is put for
r lpnpa , multa,’ damnum,
’is not so certain. The sense required
is , That is not your affair —not your reputation, but that of
Soor. , is at s take in consequence of his Objectionable practiceof testing your assertions by s imple instances . So Olymp ., el
'
r e
mm}: épwrd. et'
r e d :, odde‘
v rrpd: c d. We have here a touch of the
elpwvela ,for which, according to Aristotle, Gorgias was remarkable .
Presently dwd0xe:= permit’as frequently. as
’
Epcdra dd) «3]Proceed thenyou, sir, with your little cramped questions . ’ Thi s ,
says the Schol. , was a standing scofi onthe part of the rhetoricians
against dialectical arguments . Hi ppies , for instance , called them
r epmujpara , shreds or parings . rd p eydha p endu0a: 11'prd 011:1:d supp . uvndfivat. The Schol. explains rd 011:1:pd of the
p v0r 1§p1a dv d0re1, the p eydka as rd dv’Ehew l
‘
va It was necessary,he says , to b e initiated inthe former before witnes s ing the latter.
The lesser Eleusinia were celebrated at the temple in the suburbAgra : the greater both at Athens in the Eleusinium, and at
Eleusis itself. See the testimonies in Leake’s Athens , p. 2 50.
Symp . 2 10 A, rodra rd épwrucd xdv 0 d nwdelm, rd dd réhea
m l dr owrucd, :dv dvem. m l radr’d0 r lv, odx old
’el old: r
’dv elm.
Synesius (Dion. 52 c) seems to understand rd 1::kpd of the pre
liminary rites del‘
rd luxpd érrorrred0 01 «pd r :’
3v m l xoped0a:
rrplv dadovxr'
j0a:, m l dadovxr’
j0a: rrplv lepo¢avr ij0aa But there is no
discrepancy between hi s view and that of the Schol. if we are to
believe Plutarch, vit. Demetr u, c. 2 6 (900 D) , r6r e d’adv dvafev
'
yvdwv 151: rd:'
Adfivm, (wad/15v dr:flodkera: wapa‘
yevdp evo: e3 03 :
nwdfivm, m l r'bv r eherdv dr a0av drrd r :
’
3v 11:1:v dxp: r :’
3v dr o
rrapaltaflei‘v , rodro dd 03 Gem-
r dv i v oddd7e70vd: wpdrepov.
d r d 1::xpd rod'
Av0e0r 17p16‘
1vo: dr ehodvro, rd dd ::e'
ydha r od
Boydpopmivor ’ dr é r '
revov dd r odltdxw rov dt d rc’
dv p eydkwv dv:avrdv
Hence from the mxpd to the state of a complete
epopt eighteen months would intervene. See, however, Lobeck,
Aglaoph. p. 3 6.
Page 8 1 . 4 d odv m l r :’
3v lsmré‘
yv] To prove that during theact of drinking the thirsty man is the subject both of pain and
pleasure, Olymp iod . suggests the experiment of s lowing short
(dvaxa:r l0a: davrdv) before the thirst is slaked : under these cir
cums tances , he says , al00av61u da rfi: Mm'
i: r dhw. el dddp grkrjo ouev
200 GORGIAS . [4 99 n
Noted by Hesych. as a 0xerlt:a0r :xdv dt lfidmaa :3: rd qbed. Arist.
Plut. 477, 015 def m l fiodv wplv dv uddm.—Kal r l: ddvmr ’
dv fiodv lad lad Tmadr’ dxoacov Both intragedy and comedy lad
lad denote pain, sorrow, or indignation;but incomedy sometim«agreeable surprise. Arist. Equi t. 1091, lot lad. 15v dp
’
otdel:
r od I‘Mmdo: Here the interj . has its ordinary sense ;
Socr. protesting, or affecting to protest, against the ill -usage he
has received from Call. This seems obvious , but Heind . says ,Mirantis magis sunt vocules quam indignantis .” e 1 rord
adv rudra ¢d0re v] The Bodl. with others gives rord adv ad :pdaxwv.
If this is not a mere blunder, probably :13 has been transposed,
and we should read rord (5’ad dre‘pws. The Ziir. edd. with Stallb .
follow the Bodl but the meaning given by Stallb . is somewhat
forced “ Bespicit enim Socrates ad ea quae supra cap . xlvi. in.
Callicli dixerat, oddér‘
ore radrd ltd-ya : r epl r:'
3v adrédv.” Others give
rord adv rd adrd or radrd ¢d0 1c13 v.
Page 8 5 . 6 rd rrapdv ed wore'
iv] I must do the best I can.
’
Generally ed rlde00a1, as in Lucian, Necyom. 2 1, rd r apdv ed
But Legg. 959 rd dd rrapdv delv ed Olymp. , d:d
r odrov dd 81 1, rd d1: r13: rdxr) : d:d61.:eva addwra
dd radro Myer-
a: 31rd (leg. drrl) r :’
3v xvfievdvrwv. ddv vd)a :ip10ad:
l nnjpw: rré0y, el'
ndd m l r exvlrn: d Kufiedwv, 0avpa0r :’
3: vam'
i el dd
rdxq adv r apéxo: rd def d dd dexdp eva: dr exva: :dv p i) eldelr)
W w dal , odddv xpy0rdv dr oflalvel . In the first part of the
scholium he alludes to the well- known ream , a ux“ , new
x60ael . el dpa—r
'
owdmv] The old reading was r alodaaa
r awdow was adopted by Bekk. from four MSS. 8 1 re
ml Hai
da] See p. 4 68 B, dvex’dpa rad dyadod d
'
rravra radra
ol r o:oi1‘
vre: We must know, says Olymp. , that good is not
a means but anend l0 réov dr: rd dyaddv cdx d0r:v d’vexa’
. r ov
ad dvem d‘vem adv 7d,) r or1 e'
0rlv r} ddd: ri d'
yovaa dr l rd rédor 03 dd
dvexa adrd rd ‘rdhos. The episodical fight with Call. is now at an
end, and Socr. brings the discussion round again to the topics
previously under consideration.
Page 8 6 . 8 d1c rplrwv]‘in the third place ,
’ ‘Of the third
part.’The same periphrasis occurs
,Eur. Crest 1178, owmplav
0cl rc'
idd 1"d1: rplrwv r
’
dual. Also Symp. 2 13 B. InTimaeus 54 A,we have d1: rplrov inthe same sense. 1‘ 6r: elev rrapaaxeval]qu’il y a certaines industries,
” Cousin. trapa0xemj is a general
term,including true réxvm, and those emr>irical contrivances
which p retend to be r éxva: but are not. The definition of a
500 D] NOTES .
réxvr) is, a process or industry which aims at good. So
Aristotle : 1 600 réxvn dyadcd r :vo: d¢le00¢u doxel‘
. The false
rdxvat , onthe contrary, limit their aim to pleasure. 2 0 'Irpd:
4117113 3 ] so. Acts. Phaedr. 2 3 4 Frequent in comedy; as
Diodorus ap . Athen. vi . 2 3 9 B, d Zed: d # 3 103 ,'
O rdv Oediv Myw ro:
duodo‘
yovud a Call. had profes sed a friendship for Socr. r pd:
0d dm euré‘
ndxe 411N 116”, 4 85 I . 2 8 dpé: ydp 5n] The subjectof our discus sion, you perceive, is one which cannot fai l to be
most interesting to a man of even ord inary intelligence , thequestion being, after what manner we ought to live : whether inthat to which you invite me, in doing man’
s work, as you call it,
speaking inthe assemb ly, and practis ing rhetoric, and playing a
part inpolitics onthe principles now invogue with you politicians;or,
’& c. ar ovddam is opposed to the foregoing t alg
'
era. In the
next clause dr i, which Hirsch. brackets , is found in all the MSS.
It is evidently better absent—r drepov rodrov or ma» rdv filav
dv 0d r apaxalteis dud (de‘
i fi v) fi rdvde rdv dv ¢1lto0 0¢la. If retained,
we can only suppose a confusion of thought produced by theforegoing r apaxaltels, from which r apaxq éov may be under
stood .
” But this would surely be bad rather than colloquialwriting;and it is equally easy to presume a confusiononthe part
of the copyis t. In rd. rod dvdpd: dd radra lies an allus ionto the
invective of Callicles , p . 4 85 ; d1), as usual, denoting that the
sentiment is not that of Socr. but of his opponent. SO the
Schol., 6 di) 0 vvde0pd: dwpavrucd: elpwvela: d0rl.
Page 8 7. 1 el d0r: rodrw d:rr :3 r :3 film] An instance of theSchema Pindaricum of the grammarians , the dual however takingthe place of the plural. This construction, we are told , i s in
Attic admissible only whena sub stantive verb, as (o r: or 717116 11111,stands at the beginning of a clause. Euthyd. 302 0, am
duovye xal Soph. Trach. 520, riv d'
dawn-dem o: xM uaKe s.
Aristoph. Vesp. 58, imi‘
v 7dp d0 r'
odre xdpv’
d1: ¢op11ldos Aodha
diapdurrodvre rot: dewpévow. In these cases ( or : answers to the
Germ. es giebt or Fr. i l y a or i l eat with plur. Here however amis apparently the copula, of which r :3 is the subj . and d:rr :3the predicate , and this seems to di stinguish the case from those
quoted inthe ordinary grammars . If these lives are really two,’i. s . diverse and opposite. Stephen, following the Aldine , omitted
the article rd: in his text. If we could adopt this reading in
defiance of the MSS ., the passage would fall under ordinary rules ,and we might translate : If there really exists such a.we : c\ \
‘
v uss
GORGIAS . [500 D
as that supposed, let us see how they difi er,’:3 0. I dxarépoo
dd adrol‘
v] and that a certain study and preparation go to theacquisition of either.
’ The next clause , r ijv adv—rod dyadad, is
bracketed by Hirsch. as suspicious . But there is dramatic
propriety in the iteration. 1 1 a‘
i 061103 0: 1) 1115'06m :
Formerly the edd . gave 3 0611¢a01 ii 0 11M » Heind. first
pointed out the solecism—a'hprohib . with the sub j . present. It is
a questionwhether thi s 0 3 114 123: was not originally an interpre
tamentum.
’ Heind. quotes Charm. 2 9 , drepdv d0r: rd papd re m l
rd 1106111011 r13: 0rar1xfi: adri‘
p‘
£vyxwpel‘
: But we nowhere meet
with such interrogative clause after the formula we. say
yes or no,’of which the present is a variety. 1o ddeycv dé
r an]‘1 said , I believe, that cookery is inmy view no art, but an
expertnes s—unlike medicine, which an art—arguing that the
latter has explored the nature of the subject she has to.
treat, as
well as the causes of the treatment she adopts , and that she,
medicine, can give a reasonab le account of both : whereas her
rival, even in regard of that pleasure which she exclusivelycultivates , goes to work in a thoroughly inartistic manner, havingnever studied either the nature of pleasure or its cause, and
without a pretence of reason, without any attempt, one may say,at class ification—the creature of routine and practice—she is
content with keeping record of what usually comes to pas s
whereby in fact she is enabled to provide her various pleasures .
The sentence is irregularly constructed. Inthe clause, 1) d’
drdpa
r1): hdovfis, the genitive is out of construction, its connexion with4160 13 being interrupted by the words xomdfi—l‘pxeral . This two
codd. seek to rectify by repeating 91, d’
drépa , ri r ii: waves,but we thus lose the correspondence with the antithetic clause, 1)
adv roarov, which is important, rhetorically speaking. In the
sequel 710113 51 m l dfil ‘r elpla are inthe nature of epithets rather than
of predicates , depending with the participles axe/1. dlap wp . uponthe finite verb dpxeral . on the other hand, belongsrather to rp181
‘
7 m l dat apla, as if he had said rpqd'l) odoa m l
dmra pla, dire ::vrjmyv 1:6vov awfoaévn, & c. :3 d1) refers to rev"
elwddro: 7(7ve00a1, odddv dlap10pn0apdvnin the next clause beingonly a development of dddyws. Rational sciences count and
clas s ify their subject-matter, as medicine counts and clas sifies the
diseases of the body. Inthe Phaedrus, Socr. proposes a scheme
of rational rhetoric, which shall undertake dune/1: 23 0:11 (Lat.dinamerare) rd: ¢110e:: r6311 dxcw caévwv . .m l m r
’
cldnd:ape200a:,
GORGIAS . [501n
are emphatic, as the Schol. has correctly ob served : atM-nm
‘
p in?»
rad ar éxfidhhet ré‘
w dp06‘
w r oN r eu’
dv, mOapwrmizv dd all «a n» , dkkd
rip év rots dyc’
dcn ndvnv 'aide ydp d v c é fetv rds r oktreias
vevbprxev. He refers to Rep. M pa 61$ c or. xal xtedpa M ir e-rat ,
m l Kurd. 1 67w M ama. In fact all the fine arts , rhetoric
included, are allowed in the Platonic state, but in subordinationto the educational purposes for which civil society is supposed toexist. The citharistic practised in the musical contests seemed
to Plato an aimles s exhibition of manual skill, and therefore an
dhcyos rpcfifi, rd flim vov dpndrrovca. ed p érpcp dhhd uekérmaroxaapé
‘” by rule of thumb ,”as we should say (Phileh.
8 1 m rlav rdv MéMros] Cines ias is merciless ly ridiculed byAristophanes for the wildness and incoherency of his dithyrambicefiusions : Ban. 153 , where see Schol., ih. 3 66. Nub . 3 3 3 . Av.
1379 , ac. The hearty assent of Callicles to the censure in the
text seems to prove that Plato and Aristophanes represented the
general Opinioninregard of this poet.
Page 8 9 . 6 Ti 5e6 r arhp ai ms MéMs] Pherecrates , Com. ap.
Schol. Arist. Av. 858, Qép'
( 5w, xtdapcpdds r t: Kdmc ros é'yévero'
0
IIew lov MeMs. nerd. dé Mékm-a. rts;
'
Ex’
drpép’
, éyqi da, Xaipu .
Presently éxetvos= this last, as inPhaedr. 2 3 1 0, «iv fiarepov
épacdc’
da’w, éx e i r o v s adré v « cpl «hetero: r oufia’
ovrat, where see the
note . r pds rd fiéhrw ror ,6t ] One MS . omits filter-
(av, which
Hirsch. brackets . Though notneeded, the participle seems to me
innocuous . 1 3 Ti 6% 69) i) cepw'b—écp
’
q'
: e‘c r oddaxe] The order is
rt 64% 61$ (éa'
rw éxei‘
vo) 颒
(I: écrroédaxev asmiy m l 0. What ofthat gri ve and august personage , Tragedy—what, I say , is the
object of her ambition? ’ The repetition of i;is thus illustrated
by Stallb . : E vulgari ratione dicendum erat : rt 5e
aim;Kai Oavuao'
r'
b r olmm , riis rpa‘
ycpdlas so. r olmm . Sed
eodem modo Herod. vii . 196 : d vaurmds d r 63»flapfidpwv a'
rparés.
Plat. Symp . 2 13 E,r ip! roérov raurnrl r9)» Oavuaarhv & c.
The censure which follows is too sweeping even from Plato’s point
of view,for Euripides at any rate aimed at a moral purpose of one
sort or other, and sacrificed to his z eal as an instructor much of
the popularity and much also of the poetical beauty of his plays .As a criticism on Sophocles and Aeschylus it is , to modernapprehension, still more deplorable. Compare, or rather contrast,Phaedrus 2 68 c, a passage which proves that Plato had a thoroughp erception of poetic excellence , whenever it suited him to forget
his p olitical theories. El dé ‘l'
l.d vet—thqi éh uovl Onthe
503 A] NOTES .
omis sionof the participle see note to Phaedrus 2 63 n. Hirsch., as
usual, inserts afterW h iter . 1 8 KatMi a Ital dc erac] hewill introduce both indialogue and in song.
’
at n:
r epcékowo]‘if we strip any kind of poetry of melody, rhythm , and
metre , the residue consists of speeches , does it not 2 —where‘
yl'
yrovraz agrees with the predicate, as freq. in Plato. All the
MSS . but one have MM 1 1 f}, but thi s is a case inwhich the
conjunction is better omitted. This follows from the answer of
Gallicles—not adder 6AM , but drdqxn. For weprékocro the Schol.
gives wepzékoz, and so Ar. Rhet. in a passage copied from thi s : 6!
r 4 : rijs r oujaew: r eptéhoz rd Mrpov Kat rdv pvdudv, drmmofla. db rd
keuréucvév éc-
ruv, 0r. Plat. ii . p . 278. But Ast quotes Xen. Cyr.
viii. 1. 4 7, rdm r eptekéo‘Oac adrd
‘
w rd div-ha xal dr okép ovs r ou'
jcat
dr edoxluac e.
Page 9 0 . 4 13 edWepedew doxofitn] Probably this was moretrue of the tragic poets of the fourth than of the fifth century.But the rhetorical tendency of Euripides is proverbial , and eveninSophocles there is much which seems to us to need apology on
thi s score. But Socr. means the propos ition to be ab solute , in
which case it becomes untrue;for persuasion is not the end of
tragic poetry as of rhetoric. Nor indeed is ‘pleasure the end ,
but rather a condition of its excellence. Inthe Laws the ‘truest
tragedy is said to be the imi tation of the nob lest and best life(817
'7 Newdpa. bas i s] So now betweenus we have discovered a species of rhetoric which addresses itself to a concourse
of people comprising men, women, and children, both bond and
free, and it is one we are far from admiring.
’ It follows from thi s
that there was no restriction of age or sex in the admiss ion to
tragic spectacles. From the Laws , p. 658 n, we should infer that
b ig boys were allowed to witness comedies ; but that women
were excluded seems to follow from the clas sification of the
audience inArist. Pax 50,which includes onlymales. 10 xoka
KtK'bV 7dp at
’
m jv ¢auev circa] Tragedy, says the Schol. , is a xohaxeia,
because it utters moral sentiments , and talks largely of justice ,beauty, and goodness . Stript of its metres , it is a d'qmryopla, forboth are
‘
provocative of violent emotions (r acer fan-
epfianérm v
a rural dp cpdrepat) . Comp . Isocr. Evag. p. 191, fir 7d,) r t: r6 »
r omp drwv rid» 6660::t e rd 1d r dvduara Ital rds dtavolarKarahhm,
rd dd [serpent dcaM o'
y, (pac erat a'o xaradeéarepa rfis 17v r9?
(xoyev r ep! adrfi r . 8 4 06x dr hofiv En retire épwrds] To
this question the answer is not s ingle as hitherto than axe.
206 censu s . [503 A
speakers who in what they say have a due regard to the good
of their fellow- citi z ens ;and there are also speakers such as you
describe .
’ Early edd. have rafiro 6 épwrds, which Bekk. following
Heind. corrected from two MSS. The abbreviated constructionisneater, and of constant occurrence. Phileb . 2 9 c, Toe
-re m 066
’
dwoxptaews dtfwv épwrds. 3 7 ct7dp Kat rotird eor t durhofiv] If
eventhis is double i .e. if rhetoric also has two aspects , like that
of which it is a part. Beer. is thinking of his own frequentdichotomies ,
”especially of that which occurs in thi s dialogue,
4 64 n, where sophistic and rhetoric divide between them the
psychical branch of xokammfi. He does not absolutely deny thatthere is a sound and good rhetoric, but leaves the onus probandito Callicles, who owns that he knows not where to look for such a
rhetoric among the politicians of the day, but reminds Soor. of the
four great statesmen of the past. Thi s gives occasion to Plato ’s
celebrated attack on the Quatuorviri ,’which called forth the
elaborate apology of Aristides Rhetor.
Page 9 1. 2 rt cdxl—t‘mmcas] Equiv. to ¢pdcov 8 r4 rdxta
'
ra
—onix riv ¢0dro¢s ¢pd§wv Menex . 2 3 6 o, rt of)» oz} dn’
jkdcs;Eur.Beracl. 804 , d a r
’these», (3 crparrj
'
y’
, d:'
Apyddev"e ts, rt rwjvde
7a?” s td c auev where see Elmsley’s note. Here transl.
‘Pray lose no time in telling his name.
’a t ép ot,
‘that I mayknow as well as you.
’ Lat. Quinmihi etiam qui s sit indicas ? ’
a’AM d ad At
’
mix 3'
w Aristophanes makes a similar complaint'
H dnp a‘
yw‘
yta 7dp on} 1rpdsflavoured '
Er’éarlv dvdpds ov
’
dé xpnaroi}r ods rpdrrovs ,
’
Akh’ct: duadij Kat fidehvpdr , Eq. 191. Comp. Fax
680. e Tt 6e rev wadmc’
dv m a .) Well, and of the s tatesmen
of the old time, is there one you canname , bywhom the Athenians
are alleged to have been made better ;the improvement datingfrom his firs t appearance on the bema, before which they wereworse thanthey afterwards became 18 m vewarl r erexev
rnxdra] Athenaeus pounces upon this as a gro ss anachronism.
He argues (v. 2 17D) that if Archelaus is reigning at this time
(supra, 470 D) , Pericles has beenlong dead ;and vice verse, that if
Pericles is but recently dead, Archelaus is not yet seated on the
throne. Casaubonattempts to get out of the dilemma by ins isting(valeat quantum) that the death of Pericles was comparativelyrecent respectu superiorum.
’But two times are pretty di stinctly
indicated in the dialogue (compare sup . 4 73 E), and the libertytaken is by no means so great as in the Menexenus , where ane vent is al luded to which notoriously occurred thirteenyears after
208 GORGIAS . [503
otr oazv éxewoatv and their cases ending in9. See the red . to the
Greek Grammarians in Steph. Lex . iii . p . 4 08 D , ed . Dind. , com
paring ibid. v. pp . 2 4 3 2 , 2 4 3 5. The idiom oer-we ir drpéua has been
illustrated in the note to 4 94 In. Here tr. quite at our ease.
’
2 0 d dyaOdr dvdp Kat ér l rd fiékr tcr ov Mye r] A true political
rhetoric, it is urged , must follow the analogy of other arts . It
must have a definite object, and select its means and instruments
intelligently and with an eye to that object. The craftsman,whether painter, architect, or shipwright, seeks to fashion his
materials according to a particular type or form ;and his work isdone whenhe has so marshalled the parts that they constitute anorderly and consistent whole. In this order, when realiz ed, con
s ists the excellence of the work. In the humanbody such order
or excellence is called health;in the soul it is virtue . But the
soul i s the matter on which the rhetorical statesman operates
for rhetoric, as defined inthe Phaedrus , is a tpvxa'
yw'
yta 64d Mye r ,
and the art Politic has already been pronounced to be a eepar etawxijs, sup . 4 64 B. It is therefore the business of theW ar
s tatesman (for present purposes the two being identical) to makehis hearers sober, just, and general ly virtuous ;and that not onlyby direct encouragement, but by the restraints of law. With thisentire passage compare Sophist. p . 2 2 8.
Page 9 2 . 8 9 eta-
ctr (30 1e éxetmp rd drap e ] Crat. 3 85 D,Kahet
‘
v éxdcrq: (from,where see the instances quoted by Heind.
More freq . is érrt rm .
Page 9 3 . 1 rat‘
snewr08 adhe res rdé’
eaw] The appliances for
producing order in the body are called salutary or “sani tary, ”
and the result of such means and appliances is health, and the
general virtue or excellence of the body. So inthe soul, right and
law are the means , moral virtue the result. xoemjam and reset:
are here synonymous , and mean processes which produce order,’
arrangements ,‘ ‘
ordinances .’
8 rafira d’
tart] Not rd
vdmp dv r e Kat vdpes, which are causes , but rd rdmpev xal Kdeyu ev
‘
ye'
ye vé va t , the result of law and regular government, is the samething as temperance and justice. 14 copay My 7" This
may have special reference to the well -knownliberality of Cimonor perhaps to the theoric allowances made to the Atheniandemus
by Pericles , who might very fairly have argued that the Athenianswere , or ought to have been, made better by listening to the playsof Sophocles and his brother-tragedians . as Tt yap detaches]The meaning seems to be : ‘What is the use of admini stering to a
505 5 ] NOTES . 2
di seased body a variety of dishes , or the most delicious of drinksor other compounds, when these wi ll frequently be of no more
service to it than abstinence and mortification (reevavrtov r ehhc’
dv
atrtwv nay, rightly considered, will do it even less goodthanabstinence? But there remains a seeming asyndetonin thelast clause , which Heind. proposes to remove by reading 13 xard yerdv dtxatev Abyor Kat Eharrev : but Stallb . is poss ibly right indefending the received text by the analogy of such phrases as
dkty ov Kat eddév.
Page 9 4 . 14 d efiv rd etpyew] The order is , rd
etpyew d¢’
a’
w émdwu‘
t‘
Kehdg'
ew écrtv;‘to restrain a man from
gratifying his appetites is to chastenhim , is itnot?’The seeming
play uponthe words xoM g'eeOat and dxokac ta in the next questionmay be represented inEnglish by chastisement and unchas te
nes s , though the latter word denotes only one form of dxoxae ta.
Punishment is treated by Plato as either exemplary or corrective,never as s imply retributive, a view which he distinctly deprecates .
See Legg. 93 4 A, edx t-‘vexa. r e i? xaxevpyr
’
jcat (dtddrw) rd)» dtxnv , ed ydprd yey ovds dyévrrrev term r eré, r09 d
’
at: rdv adder (were. xpdvov rd
r epé r e r utm'
ja'
at r9)? ddtxtav adrdv r e Kat reds tddvras adrdv amateu
uevov,'8 hwcpija
'
at utp'
a r ekkd r ijs r etaérns £vp¢epda Comp . ibid .
p . 854 B, and see note inf. p . 52 5 A 2 1 Odros dmjp]“ Behold
amanwho cannot hear to be improved , or to submit inhi s ownpersonto that chastisement ’
which is the subject of our conver
sation. See above, 4 89 B, edroc lv M p ed r e dd ere : ¢hvapéim
as perafd rdv M yer xeraM ep ev]‘Do we break ofi ,
’or
‘are we to
break 03 the discuss ion? Some MSS. have xaraltewpev, but the
pres . indie. is idiomatic, as in such phrases as rt;m5: M yopcv
Sup . 504 , duehoyofiuev 001-w r ofir’
Exec»; inf. 513 c, Myeuév r t r pdr
raera; 2 8 Aerds yvoi
o'
et]‘Y ou will judge for yourself, ’ i .e.
‘that is your afiair, not mine.’
So Phileh. 12 A, adv wdrrw!
mxdr iydoyij dexe’
t «at 665a , at) d’
, d:I'
Ipdvr apxe , nerds yvdre'
et. Olymp .,
ct T t Oéhets r ota , duet ydp ed péhet. 2 9’
AM’
oddd rods p éoevr]‘Nay, they tell us we ought not to leave eventales half told, butought first to fit them with a head , that our story may not walkabroad headless .’ mum #6003 , a story ‘without head or tail,
’
is a proverbial expression. So in the Laws , 752 A, quoted byBouth , edxew r ev héywr ye dv p 900? dxé¢ahev éxdwKaraht'n'etp t
t humb/sever ydp air dr drm retefiror air dpnpgtos ¢atVOtTO. Compare
Phaedr. 2 64 , r dvra Myer dic rrep {430v en’v
’
dxétpalxev d ual. mjrc dr ew Phileb . 6% b , obbkv \ our‘
ov when»
PL. GOR.V “
GORGIAS . [505 n
a'
io'rrep xetpakbv dr ododvat rots etpmte‘vou . p er dEd—xarahetr etv]Ieeor. varies the phrase , Panath. 27, daeMcam-
t redraw «at
ne r aéd x a r aflahdvr t .
Page 9 5 . 9 rd r 06'm dpuev] We have the line in full,
Athen. vii . 3 08 c, éy t‘
c défxard rdv c e¢dv'
Errtxapuovlunder dr oxp wa
“( you rei) Kurds, Td t pd r06 65’
dvdpes {Myer et: éydw dr oxpéw
where it may be well to mention that we » is not a quadrupedbrought on the stage by Epicharmus , but the Cynic Cynulcus , whois one of Athenaeus
’Deipnosophi sts. Of the original purport of
the line the account given by the Schol. is palpably an improvisation. The comedies attributed to Epicharmus contained philoSophical dialogues , specimens of which have beenpreserved to us ;and the line in question was possibly the first of a soliloquyimmediately succeeding one of such discussions . The change of
dr oxpéw into anAttic equivalent is agreeable to Plato’s frequent
practice , as remarked on supra, 4 85 a. 2 0 dv rt ¢at71rratl If
there be anything in the objections of his opponent, says Socr.he will be the first to concede the point in dispute . For, as he
has already informed the company, he i s one of those revw e :
pe‘
v d» éheyxdévrwv cl r t p i) dhnoes Myoc, p . 4 58. 8 1 r ijv r e i?’
A/upteves] The speech of Zethus ’is of course the plea for public
and active as distinguished from the contemplative life- e e»
¢txoco¢tg ptos, sup . 4 85 B. Socr. has already in some measure
answered the arguments of Callicles , but his answer is not yet
complete. He has still much to explain: inparticular the causes
which make it impossible for a righteous man to take part intheadmini stration of an unrighteous polity, such as he considers the
Athenian to be. Here cr eam a has its preper sense of paying adebt;giving an equivalent for value received. Presently v
’
irtsendow dr oeéeorau
‘which is the due of each,’ inother words that
which is appropriate, or suitable to the nature of any givensubject.Page 9 6 . 8 etc: dxdécop at] The MSS followed by all the
edd. except Hirschig, give the form d eo'Orjcoaau, which is else
where substituted by copyis ts for the Attic axoeaopat. So inRep.
1 . 603 B, where dxdéa'
opat is now universally adopted.
'
Ahkd
m ii ye dper rj] This pas sage , most important as determiningthe scope of the entire dialogue, has already been illustrated inthe Introduction, p. xx . Those who delight in parallelisms of
ancient and modern authors , will do well to compare Bp Butler’s
justly celebrated Preface to his Sermons. The “ground- idea of
his ethical sys tem will be seen to be rather Platonic than, as he
2 12 GORGIAS . [507x
the virtues , and was feeling his way to some more satis factorytheory : a state of mind of which , in my opinion, there are
indications in the Protagoras , at the end of which dialogue
Socrates stands self-convicted of incons istency.Page 9 7. 1 cl 1) cé¢pwv dyaOfi]
‘If the temperate soul is
(so nomine) good , the soul which is ina conditiondirectly opposedto temperance is evil. But this, as we have seen, is none other
than the insensate and dis solute sonl.’ We cannot inEng. give
the antithes is between c é ¢pwv and d¢pwv, which even inGreek isa false one, for the true antitheta are i ¢pm and Emppwv. The
force of the imp . fir is nearly the same as inthe familiar formula
rd 6’
spa, but it retains more of its past signification. Inlater
writers the past sense seems to disappear, and 5» is used for écrtin general propositions . Hence we may explain the Aristotelianformula rd rtfir elven. 8 Kat p r)» 6 ye c m ] This introduces an idea quite foreign to our notionof temperance. The
e tb¢pwv, the man of orderly well -regulated mind, will not becontent with abstaining from evil : he will be inclined to the
performance of all positive duties both towards menand towards
gods . ew¢pom5vnis thus seen to include conscientiousness , an
idea which associates itself much more naturally with dtxtuocuvn.
The theory of Duties , it may be ob served , which fi lls so large a
proportion of our modern treatises , is very s lightly touched byPlato and Aristotle. The scholion of Olympiodorus on thi s
passage, though evidently much blundered by the student who
took it down, is curious and worth quoting : d c t6¢pm xal etxatér
ée rt xal dvdpe‘
t‘
er d ydp dr ordrrwr rd xetpeva. rots e trroc'
t Katm)rdr hdyov turd r ed 00pm? (read rr
'
js ewwvhtas , coll. Rep .
iv . 4 30 E) , 0610: dvdpe'
t‘
ds ée rw . i) dd dtxatem’
mn{xet Ital rd de ter ,
Beg? ydp dpécxet d retoeros. “Thus ,”he continues,
“ the different
virtues are concurrent (ew rpéxovow d jMus), and we are enabledto solve the well-known dr eptu. with regard to divine providence :viz . that if virtue is sumcient for happ iness (for ch em : 1) edem
aorta. «pd: dpervjv read adrdpxmri dperr‘
) wpds eddamevtav) , virtuouspeople ought not to ofier prayers and supplications to heaven, butrather to acquiesce in their lot. To this we reply, that thee tbtppwv, as before remarked, desires to acquaint himself with thehigher powers and to give them pro- eminence : for this is a dutyof piety , and hence we are bound to pray. For prayer is a s ign
that we know the higher powers and invoke their aid. So that
p ray er, through its being pious, is included even in the list of
5070] NOTES . 2
moral virtues . de ter it will be remembered , is added byProtagoras to the received li st of cardinal virtues , Protag. p . 3 2 9 c.
5 ed yap a,» ew¢povot1fl‘He would not deserve to b e called
temperate if he did what he had no business to do.
’This is , to
say the least, a very popular kind of reasoning, and scarcely equalto sustain the conclus ion that the ewtppwv, qua. c uicppwv, will
perform all his duties—all the things that concernhim. If Socr.
had saidm) r d r pomjxevra r pdr rwv, the syllogism would have beengood, though the premise might seem doubtful. But the paral
loliem between the c ctnpp. of this passage and the 55 mm of the
Republic is kept up. For the dtxates also is one 6: rd adred
r pdrr et, Rep. p . 4 3 3 B. In the immediate sequel all the special
virtues are subordinated to ew¢pee ém, as inthe Rep. to dtxatoc'um.
Plato must have felt that none of the popular terms were quiteadequate to expres s his ownmore comprehens ive idea of Virtue asa state or cons titution of the inner man. For it must be owned
that some of the functions of dtxatea'dm, as described inthe larger
dialogue, are more appropriate to the s is ter virtue;and the truthmay be that ineach case he has selected the one which best servedhis immediate purpose. This union of eexepeta in the use of
terms with elaborate clearness in the elucidation of ideas is
characteristic of the author. See Theaet. 184 B, re 5’
edxepes rs»
drap drwr r e xal pry/s tirrer Kat m) dc’
dxptfietas ei eragup erov rd [adv
a'o of”: dyew és, dhhd “(SW rd redroe évarrter dvehewepev.
There is a palpable sneer at Plato in Isocrates , Eucom . Helenaeinit., as one who xarayeyrjpaxe dteiu
‘cr tbs dvdpta Kat c o¢ta Kat
dtxatoa'
tivn radrdv am , ér w rrjm) a’
dr dvrwr early .
11 ed ydp d1) e td¢poves—¢el’ryew d M) wpearjxet] Hence the detM r is
one 63 rd m) r pearjxevra. ¢efiyet r e Kat datum. The old Socratic
definitionwould rather be, 63 older 000'
a‘
dt réov éc rtv 060’
d
¢evxréom Plato’
s includes both the knowledge and the dispos ition(the 2300: as well as the mommy) , and is therefore more true
to nature. 18 rdv d'
ed r pdrrorra m dpter] This, whichseems a sophism founded onthe double sense of cd r pdrr ew , is in
fact a cherished paradox. It was a point of honour with the
Platonists to preface their letters with the salutation cd r pdrr ew
instead of the more usual xatpew. Ep . iii . init., Il kdr uw
At ovuattp xa tpa s er teretdas a’
p’
dp0t’
ds dv ruyxdvouu rr’
js fiehrtm s
r peepvjc em;13 )0:d xard riv énijr cvmjdetav ypdtpew ed r pdr r ew
Comp . Charm. p. 172 A, dp06rnros dd '
byevpévns er « denrpdEet dvayxaiov m l at r pdrr etv r obs oth er drummer s“ ,
« cha t?
2 14 GORGIAS . [5070
e5 r pdrrevras eddatuovas‘etvat. So Alc. i . 116 B , dar ts xahc
'
ds wpdrret
em rat e5 r pdrret; We find a s imilar ambiguity inArist. Eth.
N . vi . 2 . 5. 8 1 odres damye]‘This , as I think , is the mark
onwhich we should fix our gaz e through life;to that we should
bend all our powers and all the powers of the state , and so act
that Justice and Temperance shall be our portion, as they mus tbe if we would be truly blest.’ The etru r pdr
-
rew is illustrated by
Phaedr. 2 53 B, dhh’
e2: dyetdrvrra adrets Kat r93 deg? dv dv rmfie t ,r de‘
av r dw ws 5 re adh ere r etpu'
mevm dyew o dr w r e t e dc t v (equiv.to edrw r etedcw were dyew) . Phaedo 67E , yeko
’
iov dv eh;dvdpa.
wapaoxevdfovd'
davrdv dv re'
i Ste: éyyvrdrw dvru rot} redwdvat
e dr u {fir (= ottrw {fir (dare etvat) . Presently dmjvvrev xaxdv (an
evil of which there is no end—a sort of ‘vicious circle
’
) is intended
to recall the simile Of the Danaids with their sieve , p . 4 93 . Ast
quotes Legg. iv . 714 A, dzvxbr dxevca fidem’
dv Kat émdvi udiv 6peyeaé
my» real whypodedat r edr awdeep évnv , c rey eueav dd eddév, l d arn» firmKat dr hrja
’
rq: x a x qi u fi vuexop émv. The ‘brigand’
s life’ is explained
in the immediate sequel as that of one who by his excesses cuts
himself off from communion with gods and men, as an outlaw
does . Olymp . , hyarod ddfltov dhhorptwv épd'
ér e‘pxerat 069 m l yvvatfl Kat xpoj/Aao'
t , M fipa dd re tire. were? (dam p
hpe rrjs .
Page 9 8 . 8 ct e o¢ot] According to Olymp . the Pythagoreans ,and Empedocles , who said r 1)» (ptxtav évofiv rdv c¢a2pov. Comp .
Emped. v. 94 , Karst. , ”Adher e [Adv cpthdmr t a
'
vvepxduev’
ets 8»
dr aura ,"AM ore d
’
ad dix’
dxae’
ra. cpopeup eva retirees Exdet, with ibid .
v. 59, 06mmdpuevtns r vq'
i ”we dcrvjptxrat ZM pes xvxherepi):
uovty r epuryéi'
yalur. In the semi -Pythagorean system of Empe
docles , thud , moms,'
A¢pedtrn represented the conservativeprinciple of the universe (rd dkov, as Neixos stood for the
principle of change and dis solution. See Cic. de Amie. vii . The
Pythagoreans , according to ancient tradition, first called the
universe Kbcaos, and the word in that sense occurs in a frag.
attributed to Philolaus ap. Stob . Ecl. Phys . p . 4 20, dde 6 c p os
d£ att’
dvos. 15 7) b drm i) yewuerptmj] Thi s‘geometric,
’as
distinguished from mere arithmetical equality (a. p) , is what wecallM d Ratio or Proportion (a p y d). Aristotle , in
a well -known pas sage of the N ic.‘ Ethics , defines “ di stributivejustice”
as the rendering to each citiz enaccording to his merits ,adding , (arty dpa. rd dtxatev drdheydv dd r r)r remain)»
dradoylar yewp erptmjv Oi padnuar txot, dv ydp rfiy emuer ptxfi couBatvet
2 16 GORGIAS . [508 n
which may imply either praise or censure;and on that account
commends itself to an etpwv such as Socr. was . 2 0 r afz‘
ra
fin?» du e] These statements , which were before shown in the
course of our past discus sion to b e as I say , are, however uncouth
the expres sion may sound (however harsh the metaphor), held
firmly and tied fast by a chain of argument strong as iron or as
adamant.’ The express ion dyw éxc‘
c‘
could not have been intro
duced by way of glos s upon the more usual év r ef: «payee M yers,
as Hirsch. ,who brackets them, would seem to imagine . The
conclusion Socr. has jus t drawn (évOdde) had been shown in
another place, farther back in the discussion, to follow from the
premisses . It is conceivable that dv r . «p. A. may have beenadded
as a marginal explanation of time de‘
, as dar poadev occasionallyappears after VB) ! 61) when it is not wanted : but on thi s I do not
insist, as the redundancy is not without its rhetorical effect in thepresent instance. «peace for the vulg. occurs in the
Bodl ., and is retained by Bekk. and Hirsch. , though condemned
as un-Attic by Lobeck, Phryn. p . 2 84 . The constant occurrence
of 1rp60'0e' in the comic poets , in places where the metre forbids
1rp60‘06v , makes it unlikely that it would grate on Athenian ears
whenoccurring inpress . as you?» a» 665m » ez'
rrwa'iv]
‘as
would seem , at any rate on a primd [acie view’: that is, unles s
proved to b e otherwise .
Page 100 . 4 «ohm;dvdymj raérmr] ‘It cannot fail but that
this is the power it is most shameful to be without—the power of
rendering aid’& c. ram» T i)? ataxia. 50750. is put by ‘
at
traction’ for 70070 strut ataxw’
rov, pr);dévad da: 80170629 . Properly itis not the fiewjaa a but its absence which is disgraceful alaxternddw aala. ref? as Heind. puts it. The most disgraceful
form of helplessness is , not to be able, after wrong done , to render
oneself up to justice : the second , not to be able to preserveoneself from doing wrong : the thi rd , to be unable to defend self
or friends from wrong done by others . This paradox of course
must rest on the principle that punishment, and nothing besidespunishment, has a medicinal eflect upon the ofi ender : which
being granted , it follows that it is , if pos sible , worse for a man to‘continue in sin’ by escaping punishment, than to s in in the first
instance;and that if worse, it is more disgraceful. The fallacyseems to lie in the as sumption that a manhas no other means of
purifying hi s soul from the taint of wickedness than that impliedin the words dtdému For though dcddva: dlxnv might admit
510A] NOTES .
the mi lder meaning of ‘making amends ’to the person injured ,
that is not Plato’s meaning here . Again, it canby no means he
conceded that the shame of not performing anact of heroic virtue
is proportional to the glory of performing it, as the sequel wouldseem to imply. Shame and glory are rather in inverse thandirectproportion in such case s : for it is never glorious to perform an
act which it is very disgraceful to omit. No one , for instance,ever thought himself a hero for supporting his wife and family , oragain, for abstaining from murder or theft. Nor does any stain
rest onthe Romanname , because Curtius alone dared to leap intothe gulf. But the words Kaxdv and dyaoev, as used in this
argument, referred to the efi ect of a man’
s conduct on his
spiritual nature , and thi s is a matter to which the consideration
of judicial penalties is in reality irrelevant. Plato’s reasoning
involves the principle of punishment pro salute animae ,’which
he avows in more places than one, but nowhere perhaps so
distinctly as in the Laws , viii . 862 n, n. The ‘medicinal ’ nature
of punishment is recogni z ed also by Arist. Eth. N . ii . 3 . 4 , (al
xohda'
ers) larpci‘
af rcvé: claw . 15 r l edv dv r apae xevaa'daevos]A
new ques tion is here started : wrong-doing and wrong- sufi ering
bemg evils , and wrong-doing a greater evil thanwrong- snfiering,
how is a man to procure himself the advantage of exemption fromeither ? As regards the former it is argued that, inasmuch as no
man does wrong willingly, his wrong-doing must be due to want
of power, not to want of will to avoid it. He must therefore
procure this power or art by instruction and exercise—by such
discipline, we may suppose, as we find prescribed in the Republic.But to avoid sufi ering wrong there are but two methods possibleeither a manmus t make himself absolute ruler in the state , or
else he must make friends with those inpower (inf. and that
canonly be done by making himself like them (ibid . E) . He who
succeeds indoing this is safe;he who refuses is injeopardy everyhour. 3 0 pndéva.flovhduevov dducei‘v] Olymp ., dvradOa dva
¢alverai Ilharwvrxdv rd hé‘yov 5r: wdvra rd. daaprfiaara
dKoée'
cd dor:v . . .xal dar t r apddofov. The dr ople t suggested by thi sparadox are discussed at length Legg. ix. 861 sqq.
Page 101. a draw-
spam] The Bodl. and one other have
dmrrepavij. Edd. drar epavys. The middle aor. is sumcientlycommon, and here , perhaps , better thanthe active. 8 Kat
dirt rodre—d'r w: ,ui) ddmrja'
eaev] Codd. ddcmja'wnev, corr. Heind .
The correction was indispensable. Such verb s as sea» cm : a»
2 18 GORGIAS . [510A
rrapaa'
xevdferv, anxavde‘Oat , are followed by drrw: with the fut.,
not with the conj . The reasonis obvious : drm s in such a context
retains its original sense quomodo .
’So inf. n, r apae
'
xevdg‘
ecv
61m : 8 r : adh e re dame: dare : dxelvrp. 513 A, at)
F etadflGOG , where t he codd. give the solecistic form «amu se (for01 r ahacol r e Ital ae¢ofl So inthe Lysis this
trite proverb is said to b e found “ in the writings of the very wise ,”who it would seem are oi ire-pl
"Op/apev. 0d . xvii . 218, add rdv
duowv 0eds id: rdv duorov. Aristotle gives a list of proverbswith this meaning. Rhet. i . 11. 25 , d) : 1) t fihcx a r épr e t, rat
a le l r dv dae cov , xal d'v dd 091p Ofipa , m l x eho rd: r apd
xaraw . But ‘birds ’of this ‘feather ’
are heard inall languages .
2 0 d edv drrov repam s] These words have been supposed to
containa covert allusionto a passage in Plato’s private history ;
his sojourn at the court of Dionysius I., and its disastrous
termination. If this is so, this dialogue must have been com
posed after 3 88 . But the epithet drraldevro: is hardlyapplicable to a man of such literary accomplishments as the
elder Dionysius , who is moreover credi ted with e ecpta. by Platohimself , and contrasted inthat respect with his successor , Ep . vii.
3 3 2 o, D. And in any case the supposition is gratuitous : for
Plato had enjoyed ample opportunities of acquainting himself
wi th the characteristics of the rfipavvo: evenbefore he left Athens .
See the same Epistle , p . 3 2 4 n. 2 2 m l ne w£5 And to
him, the tyrant, he, the virtuous man,could never inhis heart of
hearts be a friend .
’ That there is this change of subject in thesentence appears from the next pfim of Socr., where the implied
predicate to edr e: is 63v dévatro 76v. Parallel ins tances are
accumulated by Heind . and Stallb . , the latter referring to Liv . i.
50,“ Ne id quidem ab Turno tulisse tacitum ferunt [sc. Tar
quinium] ; dixi s se enim [b .e. Turnum] Nullam breviorem es se
cognitionem”& c., where the student will find the notes in
Drakenborch’s ed. worth attention. In Greek a good instance is
that inRep . ii . p . 3 59 E, roérov dd '
yeveaévov d¢avij adrdv yevéa'dat
(se . rdv Phnv) ref: r apaxafi'
qaévem Kai dtahéyeafla: d) : 1repl
olxoaévov (se . rod: wapaxadnp évovs) . 2 8 (d: 1rpd: ¢D\ov
ow ovddacrev] As arrovdrj denotes warmth, earnestness , ar evdd
few «p6: rrva (comp . Lat. studere alicui ’
) s ignifies esteem,
adection, or attachment. In Rep . iii . 4 03 a, we find 1rpd: dv
r:: ar evddg‘
or said of the attachment of an épaarrjs . The tyrant
might amuse himself in the society of a man worse than
2 20 GORGIAS . [511n
ebendas das Emporende And is not this the very thing thatmakes one so indignant ? viz . that a ::ex0np6: should take thelife of a xahd: Thi s is the sense required in order to
give point to Socr.’
s reply. The irrisio which As t and Stallb .
discover is out of place here, for Callicles was quite earnest inthewarning he addressed to Socr. Comp . 4 86 B, xanryépev rvxc
‘
ov
r dvv (bathe!) xal aox0nped, drr00dve:: dv , cl fiodhone 0avdrou a'
o:
5 13 etc: dc’
iv red-re] Socr. proceeds to show, with an
afi ectationof inductive reasoning, that if forensic rhetoric has the
life-preserving power claimed for it, it does not therefore follow
that it is a liberal or dignified art. Exaggerated as thi s may seem.
Plato’s deliberate convictions pointed this way. Thus in the
Laws , his latest work, he says , The union of soul and body isinno wise a better thing than their dis solution, as I should say,
and that with perfect seriousness .
”And accordingly he enjoins
that public honours b e paid to Pluto every twelfth month, adding,
«at 00 dve’
xepavr éov wohemxoi‘
: dvfipo’
nrou rdv retodrov 066V, d
d»: dvra r éiv d pu'
nrwv ‘
yéve: dpw‘
rov, 82 8 C, D.
18 00 ::6vov rd: i/«uxd: advfer] Olymp ., i/wxd: vdv rake? rd: {coda
True, no doubt ;but what becomes of the antithesis aw : m l rd.
0 :6,uara This refers to the bodies of other members of the
pas senger’
s family—«aide : xal yuvai‘
xa: named presently after.
The pilot’s art saves not only the lives of passengers , but the
persons and chattels belonging to them. 2 0 wpoaearahp évn]Said properly of a close-fi tting dress—vestis Oppres sa corpori—or
of skin or other integument which adheres tightly to the body.Galen, wpecaréhhcra: r 43 xpwrl rd dép/ra. Aris t. Hist. An. 9 , 0pi£wpeaec rahaévr) . Hence in its applied sense r poe
'
ec r .=plain,humble, modest. e vvee raxpéve: is used in nearly the same
manner, as Isocr. p . 2 80 D, e’
vvcc ralmévnv dxwv rr‘
yv drdvomv , di'
e'
rrep
xpi;rod: ed ¢povoi3vra:. Oppo sed to dyxé dn: or dwaxOrjs. 2 1 of:
ceavévera: da'
xmmrwuévn] She does not plume herself on her
performance , making believe that it is some daz z ling achievement.’Tim. GL, wpecrrewép cvos. Phaedr. 255 A, 00x
01rd cxnp ard’
onévou rod dpfdvro: 6N ? dhn0é}: r odre 1rerrov06ros. Ach.
Tat. p . 14 8 , dxxlfp xal cxnparlfy «pd: dr dvmav.
‘Your mincingand aflectationare intolerable. 2 4 60
’
epoxoes] This verymodes t fare had been greatly increased inLucian’
s time. Navig.
15,d: Al'ywav dirt rdv r73:
’
Evedla: and 01who:r e r r dpwv dxa c r o : dfi ehé v dcer hcéa
'
ancv . Here, onthe contrary,the two oboli are paid for the entire party. See Boeckh, Staatsh.
512 0] NOTES .
i . p . 166 , 2 te Aneg. 2 6 ddv wdur ahv raarn: rr3r #67defiep
‘
yea‘las] Supply r pdrrnrat, and comp . Eriphus , Com. ap . Athen.
84 B , rafirwv [Adv dfiahdv , cl « OX6, r l0mu . Al so Apol . 26 D, dfee'
rw ,
cl wdvv wal ked, dpaxm’
i: «ptap évatr x .r .h. The utmost she ever
asks for this great service is two drachms , for saving the goodman, his children, his money, and his womankind. dv ::erplrp
axfiaara with unas suming carriage,’without pomp or parade.
ax'fiaa , as Stallb . points out, is not
‘vestitus ,
’but habitus ’
‘
port,’ ‘bearing,’ ‘
general aspect.’ So Soph. Ant. 1169 , m l
rapavvav axfip’
dxwv . Lucian, Timon, c. 54 , adre: d rd e'
xfipa
cdarahfia m l xdama: rd fiddle r/4 :, xal aw¢pev:xd: rdv dvafla .
Page 104 . 8 hog/(feral. adv 6r: at’
/x] The negative belongsproperly to the second limb of the sentence, ne w dd prwréov
dart. The medi tative skipper cannot tolerate the inconsistency ofsupposing that if a man labouring under an incurable bodilydisease had better perish at sea and have done with it, one whosesoul is amass of vice and corruptionought to live on, and will be
greatly the better for his preserver’s exertions . Hirsch. unac
countably brackets ads , but Stallb . properly compares 516 n,
adxe vv 02 1's dyadal fivlaxo: xar’
dpxd: [Adv adk éxrrlrrroua'w dx r c'
dv
{’
6v , dwa ddv dd dcpaweae’wa: red: im rav: ror
’
dxr lrrr evm .
We cannot suppose that skilful drivers,who are not thrown
out when their team is raw, will be unable to keep their footingwhen driving well-broken steeds .
’In ne w ddfluer éev for ! «at
redrav dvfiaeuv , there is apparently a change from direct to oh
lique, as Tim. 18 c, anxavé /Aeva: dma: undel: rd yeycv'
qp évav
7va’
mo :r o, vanw da : dd wdvre: x.r .h. Conversely Menez . 2 4 0 D,
dr : 00x daaxa: IIcpe'Gv driven“, d
r dv dwe lx c a So Stallb ., but he translates
dvfia’
cusv as if it were potential, javari posse .
’ Inwhich case we
must read dvrjaerev dv, or av dvfiam v, as Heind . suggests . I am
not aware of any certain instance inAttic press of the omis sion
of av, where the ao -called optative is evidently potential . That
quoted inHeind.
’s note is not inpoint, being an ordinary case of
oratio obliqua. Rep. 3 52 c,quoted by Kiihner (Jelf, Gr. Gr.
4 2 6 , Obs . l ) , is equally wide of the mark , for there the at ismerely not repeated . 18 p.13 00: dos e? Kurd. rdv ducavmdv
etvar]‘Y ou would not think of bringing him , the engineer,
downto the level of a mere advocate ?’Symp . 2 11 D , 6 (so. card
rd Kahdv) ddv «ar e (dw, L a r d xpae'iav r s Ital xal rod:
xahod: r aider: Kai veavla'
xav: ddi e : 00: clv a a 2 2 hands « (a s
GORGIAS . [512 c
adrq'
i d Myos] Germ. Tr. “ denn an Grundenwurde es ihm nicht
fehlen.
” Better than Stallb .
’s Nam larga ei dicendi cap ia.
”
is the theme or argument taken up by the supposed
engineer, who will find plenty to say about it. We might say“ his theme is a fruitful one.
” Inthe previous clause there is an
apparent pleonasm ,dr l rd defv ytyve00a: for drrl rd ytyvea0aa Tr.
arguing and preaching up the duty of becoming engineers—noother profess ionbeing worth anything.
’2 4 ct: dv 6velde:
dr exahéaau dv] The camp . drrexahefv generally implies the :6: dv
6vclde:, as Theaet. 168 D, xap wvrw’
udv dr exahfdv . Demos th. F. L.p . 4 17, ho
‘
ya'
ypddmv: ralvvv xal 0 o¢ta’
rds drraxahc'
dv r od: aM av: Kat
dflplg‘ew rretpé /Levas, adrd: éseheyx01fia’
era: r06r 0:: cdv dvoxos. So in
Xenophon, Sophocles, Euripides . But in the spurious Sisyphuswe have drrexahedmv edfloéhovs , and it may b e observed that inlater Greek generally, drrax. i s used in a neutral or laudatory, aswell as in the vituperative s ense, which is the only one noticed byDr Donaldson, N . Crat. 184 , who accounts in an ingenious
manner for the bad sense of the compound .
Page 105 . 1 xarayéhaard: 00: d :pdyoflCallicles seems
from the context to have been a man of rank. A citiz enof the
middle class would scarcely have disdained to ally himself wi th a
physician, whatever he might think of aflflXavorro:6: . InGreece
the medical profession was esteemed ‘liberal.’ See Bekker’s
Charicles , p . 2 81, Transl . 6 p i)'
ydp radra ,uév , rd {73v
drraa’
avd'b xpdvov]‘For the questionof li ving a few years more or
less is one, I apprehend, which he who is really and not innameonly a man, will do well to dismi ss from hi s thoughts .
’An
objectionwas taken by Buttmann to the construction ah—e‘
art,
following It'd 13. He accordingly proposed xal '
ydp redre p év, but
afterwards recanted . The use of p 13 interrogative or dub itative
with the indic. is recogniz ed by grammarians . Alc. ii . 13 9 n, dpa:
p i) cdx afirw radr’
Exa . Soph. Trach. 551, rafir’
adv 960606714 : at)
adv'
Hpaxhfi:'
Ead: xahe‘
irm, r ij: vcwrépa: d’
dvrjp. Thuc. iii.
53 , vdv dd (MSW/Adda p i) darper épwv imaprfixap ev. Isocr. ad Phi l.
p . 85 E,dgerrhd
'
y'
qe‘
av p i) d:d. rd yfipa: éféarnxa r06 ¢pevefv (Bekk.
dfiecrnxia: Theaet. 196 B , d U/AOB r : r6re ylyver a: dhha,
where see Heind . In all these cases denotes doubt or misgiving concerning the present rather than fear for the future.
Hence the frequent use of pfirrore inAristotle, where andr eplc: issuggested. Eth. N . x . 1. 3
,M6 wer e dd06 M M ): r efiroMyer
-
cu. From
this the trans itionto the latermeaning perhaps is very easy. For
GORGIAS . [513
x a0é >meu° drrl r c
’
dv daw ei‘
: Kaxd dmar waévwv. al 7dp rdv aehfiv'
qv
xa0ehx060'
a: GerraMde: M -
yavru: r idv 6¢0aha€1v xal rc'
dv wadc’
dv
areplaxe0'0u:. For the idiom adv r02: comp . Xen. Cyr.
iii. 1. 3 4 , adv r é3 d7a0¢§ rd: Stallb . quotesHorn. 11. iv. 161, 06v re ae
‘
ydhq: dr érw av , 2 dv a¢fimv xerpahfiaa
yvvaé l r e xal r ed eem. 2 8 06 ydp a:a17r1‘
7v de’
i elven] It w ill
not do ,’says Socr merely to copy the ways , whether of the
Athenian Demus , or the Demus of Pyrilampes ; you must be
radically like them if you would make any real progres s in the
affections either of the former, or, by heaven, of the latter either.
’
rear ew refers to the Athenians : the Demus of Pyrilampes’ being
an after- thought. But it is diffi cult to render the pas sage
intelligibly without some such prolep s is as that adopted in the
translation. 8 2 Aéyaaév r:] The more usual héywaev is
found in five codd. named by Bekk. But the best give M -
yeaev,
which, as Heind . remarks , is justified by the common formula
i 6 : Xéyeaev
Page 106 . 2 rd r0v r ahhc’
dv 1rd00:] Anexample of thi s «600:
is found inthe admiss ion of Meno , a l'rrd: drrep cl wakhel w'érrovda.
r 6re adv ao: dex060 :, rord dd 06, Men. 95 0. Compare the wellknown passage inCicero , Tusc. Disp . i . 11. 2 4 , dum lego assen
tior;qaum pasui librum assensio omnis illa elab itur”
the‘liber being the Phaedo of Plate . 6 ddv « oxi de : tows] In
Cod. Beg. a manu recente superscriptum laev.
” Heind . This
seems to have been done on the supposition that ddv r ad c:
was used in the sense si forte,
’and that few: xaz ,Béhrrev equally
well or better went together. But it is b etter with Heind . to
regard few: as transposed, as if we had found a»: (can, ddv r eh
hdzm Kai r ewOfiaeu For d:a0 x01r:6ae0a
some codd. have the nu-Attic '7 d60 drpaaev
e a: rd: uapaaxevds] See p . 4 64 B foil . 2 1 du'
:xe:p11réav
0epa1re6erv] literally : ought we not so to set to work upon the
city and its citiz ens in order to their tendance , as to try to makethem as good as they can be made Here the inf. 0epawe6ew is
epexegetic, as in the pas sage quoted by Stallb . from Rep . iii. 4 16 ,
r ei: r pafidrou xaxovp'
ye’
iv. Comp . Phaedr. 24 2 B , Ital vdv
a?! daKei‘
: afr:6: a0 : yeyevfiada: X676: r :vl pnOfivaa 8 1 wpfi evras]I have given this on the authority of a few codd. The best seemto give r pdéavres . So Bodl but according to Gaisford , 0 supra
scriptum a manu recente .
”wpdfevra: is equiv. to cd: wpdffevras , as
52 1 B, xahaxetiaavra dpu. ae wapaxaheis. Stallb . defends wpdfavr e:
515 5 ] NOTES .
because it is equiv . to dr :xe:p130avr e: r pdfm. This I am unable tounderstand. Buttm . r pdfevres . For the genitive r ehm xfdv wpa
‘
y
adrwv, comp . Rep . iv . 4 4 5 D, K:v130'e:ev dv r c’
dv dftwv X6700 vdawv 713:
r dhews .
Page 107. 1 2 r ahhd dd Ital tdw. daidv]“ Dictum ut fiaér epa
adr c’
dv ,” Heind . Bekk.
, Stallb . , and Hirsch. have (dig: d¢’
daidv,the prepos itionoccurring inbut one MS. (did , though better supported, is inappropriate here. It is properly opposed to dnaeo'ta‘ina private as distinguished from a public or offi cial capacity.But a work done under the eye of a master (aerd may
be done Idle, though it is not fd:ov r ed aa017red, as an independent
performance is . 1 4 edru adv d:axe:aévwv] If we had fulfi lled
these conditions , we might with prudence venture on the publicworks , otherwise it were absurd to attempt them.
’ After dvdnrev
13v the div is omitted . Soph. Oed. T. 2 55, odd cl 7dp 13v rd «pd-
yaa.
m3 0e13har ov ,'
Axd0apr ev dad: el : 13v o ilrw: ddv. With this idiomthe Latin coincides : Ovid , Am. i . 6. 3 4 , Solus eram, si non
saevus adesset Amor. Virg. Georg. ii . 13 2 ,“ Et, si non alium
longe jactaret odorem, Laurus erat.” See instances from Plato in
Ast, Lex . P . , p . 13 6. 2 8 See the note onp . 4 55 B.
Before we set up for state -phys icians ,’ says Socr. , we ought to
have had cons iderable and succes sful private practice , otherwisewe shall b e acting like a potter
’s apprentice , who should try his
unpractised hand ona wine - jar, instead of some smaller and less
costly vessel—we shall begin in fact where we ought to have
ended .
’2 9 ndpla
'
xaaev] The rare augmented form has beenreplaced by Bekk., following the Bodl. See L. Dindori in Steph.
Lex . iii . col . 2 4 20, who defends the augment by reference to an
inscription dating from the 95th Olymp . Comp. Elmsley on
Heracl. 305 , and see inf. 515 n.
Page 108 . 4 e'
v r43 r‘bv Kepaaelav] This proverb ineflect
answers to the adage, Fiat experimentam in corpora vili ,” and
to the Greek dv r43 Kapl d xivduve:. See Laches 187B. So takenby most writers . See Paroemiogr. Gr. i . p. 73 , Leutsch, where an
alternative explanation is cited from Dicaearchus : r ijv aexémv dv
rai‘
: 6aofe:: wa:e200a:, xvflepvfirn: dr i r13: vfio: Ital 13vlaxa: dr i e
fr r wv. An instance of this application is given in the note
2 7 (true: 6'
r: fiéhrw'
ra: ai wakira: :daev] That we the citiz ens may
be as good as possible ’
: unless the of be a careles s repetitionof the
last two letters of fie'hrw rau
Page 109 . 14 061: face: d1i] So Legg . 966 0 , mm w a s 6R 1
PL . GOR.
2 2 6 GORGIAS . [515n
dvrw:. Bekk. retains f, the reading of the best MSS ., which
may perhaps b e defended by Theaetet. 184 A, def dd eddér epa , dndeealrnrav :dv xvei
‘
wept dww rfian: rfi aa:evr :x13 r éxvydr ehdaaa But and 613 are not unfrequently confounded , asPhaedr. 2 61 A, ro6rwv def rc
'
dv h67wv, vulg. radrwv d1). In either
case we may translate :“ There is no room for a
‘
perhaps’
;it
follows neces sarily from the premis ses ,”& c. 2 1 Mixers] In
the Ranae of Aristophanes , Euripides claims the credit of having
made the Athenians garrulous :'
Errewa revrava'l hahefv ddldafa .
Ate-x.<l>nal x670
5
. How Pericles can have made the Athenians‘cowardly,’ it is not easy to unders tand . Aristides is justly indignant at the imputation, and asks with great force , rt M755 ;de:l\ad: :3 deal, 6: m l dnamapc
’
dv ed0ds év0évde
fip£ar e, T13: adv 7vc6a'
qs, d920, adrfis, w A017val‘
e:, del dxoam, a1)
el'
xew Il ekawavv‘nalou , 6 r l: r c’
dv cl: éxelvnv rdv fiaépav elaa’
rraé elrrefv
dddpp'
qa'
ev De Quatuorv . p . 13 6 , Jebb . cl:maOogtoplav—xara
arfiaavra] Pericles introduced the practice of paying dicas ts .
Arist. Polit. ii . ad fin., rd ataOo¢6pa Karéa’
rna’
e Hepuchfis.
It was he also who persuaded the Athenians to pay their soldiers ,who had previously served at their own expense (Boeckh, Staatsh .
i. 377, 2 te The theoricondoes not so properly come underthe head of but Plato may have had it inview whenheadded dpyta to the vices which he supposes Pericles to havefostered . 2 8 Tc
'
dv rd rim: xar ea76rwv] Y ou hear this from
the men of bruised ears ,’ i. s . from those who are addicted to
pugilistic exercises , a sign of Laconism.’Proteg . 3 4 2 B, dfmramfi
m a: red: dv rat: «dkea: Aaxwvlg'
evras, xal oi adv rd (drai r e xare’
:7vvvra:
a:a0 6aeva: abrads, Ital ladvra: Kai xal
,Bpaxela: dvafiahd: ¢epeda:v, :11: di) redraw xparodvra: rdiv'
Ehhfivwv
red: Aaxeda:aevlav:. Theocr. xxii . 4 5, de:vd: lde‘
fv,e xhnpai
‘
e'
: r e0ha7
adva: aOara The afi ectation of Laconianmanners , ridi .culed inthe Protag.
, is however attributed to Socrates himself byAristoph. Av . 12 81
,
'
Ehaxwveadvavv dwavre: dv0pwr a: r6re'
Ex6awv,
dr eivwv, dpparrwv , dewxpdrwv . Laconism was affected by the oli
garche, whose prejudices Callicles accuses Soor. of having adop
ted. 2 8 176d0xlae:] So the Bodi . and Vat. 1. Vulg . eddoxlaea
2 9 é7e76vea'
av] Found inthe Bodl. & c. 7e76vea’
av Behk .} HeindStallb . , from inferior MSS. But in Symp . 173 B all give wapaye7dve:. 8 O xhorriyv mired Kareipmplaavra] Thucydi des mentionsonly the fine, without specifying the pretext under which it wasinflicted, ii . 65, or} aévro: r pdrepdv 7e ol £6arravre: drrmia'
avra dv 6p7fi
2 2 8 GORGIAS . [516 A
daoha70£17xaxd: fiodxaha: elvm , d’
r : dd 0avaaar6repev, e! wpaardrrp:
7ev6aeva: Ital weui‘
w rad: r ahlra: dddrrav: Kai xelpevs , ad)
alaxzfivera: and’elem : xurds elva: r poardrry: r 13 : r dhews. This is said
inreference to the administrationof the XXX.—After Aaxr lg
'
evra:
several MSS. insert davr6v, in which there is obviously an error.
See later, p . 519 0. Others give mir eris, which is more tolerable,and Aristides Rhet. adr6v . 2 2 fiaepe: 62: dd»;
“
Oanpe:] No such
words of Homer are extant in our capies . The nearest approach
to the sentiment is inthe lines quoted by Bouth from 0d. vi . 12 0;
ix . 175,”H p
’
017'
dflpwral re Kal d7p:a:, addd dlxa:e: ,'
Hd
m i a¢:v vda: dar t 2 8 cf: d dr 6v , dv fixwr’
d'
v dfiaéher e]For ei: dv fixwr
’dv d8. This ellipse Heind. justifies by p . 4 53 E
,
drrl r idv adré v rexvdrv hé'
yeaev :dvrrep vfiv Phaed . 76 D , dv raér rp
tir dhhvaev (da ep Ital huafldvaaev, where however the best MSS. give
dv gim p. More to the purpose is Lys ias adv.Andoc., p . 2 55 , Beish. ,
'
e'
duaev dad1 6v 801a :dv a1’
/x d513v adrq'
i.
Page 111 8 06K dfwarpdxw av adrdv] Cimon’s ostracism took
place B .c. 4 61. He was recalled at the instance of his rival
Pericles , 4 56, more than five years before the completion of
his term of exile : addéma r évre dré v r apehnhvddrwv, as we learnfrom a fragment of Theopompus . Both his banishment and recallwere owing to political causes ;and Plato ought to havementionedthe reparation as well as the supposed injury, as Aristides has
justly remarked, Quatuorv. p . 158. Comp. Grate , H. G. v. p . 4 4 3 .
8 Oeawraxhéa—rpvyfi apaaeg
‘nalwaav] This statement is quitecorrect, as the final sentence was passed during the astracism
of Themi stocles. Thuc. i . 13 5, r ei} dd Mndwaaii rad Havaavlav
Aaxeda:a6v:a: apéafiew r éaill avre: r apd rad: A01pvafav: £w er pr:& vra
Kal rdv Oea:ar exMa, :5: edaaxav d1: réiv wept Havaavfav dhé‘
yx
r3£leav re rai‘
: aural: xahdg’
ea0a: adr6v. 01 dd ire:a0évre: (dr vx e 7dp:da r paxw aéva: Kal dxwv diam z v adv dv
'
Ap7e:, dd Kai d:
rdv dhhnv Heharr6vvnaav) aéarrava: aerd ré v Aaxeda:aovl:av drolawv
dvrwv Evvdudxew dvdpa: at: elpm'
a dyew d'
rrav dv Thneydides adds , a. 13 8 , that he could not be publicly buried inAttica,
:3: dark r pedeatq: ¢e67wv. With Plato , he omits to mention the
heavier penalty of confi scationto whi ch Themi stocles as a traitor
was subject, Plut. Them. c. 2 5 . The language of Thucydidesedp wxov does not prove either his belief or disbelief in
the truth of the charges alleged by the Lacedaemonians ;but theflight of Themistocles and his friendly reception at the Persian
court could not fail to convince the Athenian people of his guilt,
515 NOTES . 2
O
and ought to b e taken in justification of the second sentence .
10 rdv [dv] Mapafic’
dvd I have bracketed the preposition, not
being satisfied of its admis sibility. The stereotyped formula is
rdv Mapa0c’
dv:, as may be seen from the following passages of
Ari stophanes , in some of which dv is excluded by the metre , whilein not one is it required. Arist. Eq. 781, ad 7dp d: Mfidew : d:e£:
:plaw 1repl r 13: xcbpa: where the Ravenna Cod . inserts dv
in violation of the metre . Ibid. 13 3 4 , Kai r06 Mapa06‘
1v: rparralav
(a1. radaaapaOfdvd. Ach. 696, 697. Vesp . 711. Thesm . 806 , 1rpd:
dxelv‘nv rav Mapa0c’
dv:. And such in the majority of cases is
Plato’s usage, according to the codd. Comp. Arist. Rh.
p . 196, p rov Mapudidvg Ital Havaavla: dar epav mare :
whence we see that Mapa0:’
dv: is in efi ect an adverb of place.
Onthe other hand, no doubt rests on the reading rrjv dv Z ahaafv:
inArist. Eq. 785. And in Iscar. Philipp. p. 112 , we find d1: dd rii:
Mapa06‘
2v: adxn: m 2 r13: dv Zahaa’
fv: vavaaxla:. But we sometimes
find Zahaai‘
v: alone, as inMenex . 2 4 5,rd rpdrrauz rd. r e Mapa0e
'
dv:
Kai Zakaa’
iv: Kai .Hharatfi s—though more frequently dv 2 . or wept
Zahaafva , where the battle is spoken of. So 13 dv'
Apr eatalqa, or
r epl’
Aprealawv vavaaxta—never 13
’
Apreata’lrp, for an obvious
reason. It would therefore b e wrong to banish the preposition
from all such formulae, as Cobet seems to recommend, Vv. Ll.
p. 204 . Hirschig has not scrupled in the present instance to cut
the knot by proposing to expunge rdv dv Mapa06‘
1v: as a glas s .
But the words have cons iderable rhetorical force as augentia
invidiam .
’el: rd fidpaOpav dafiahel
‘
v] The crime imputed to
Miltiades was , that he had deceived and injured the Athenianpeople by employing the forces entrusted to him inprosecuting a
private quarrel. We find from Xen. Hell. i . 7. 20, that there was¢6¢waa Kavva
’
wav laxvpdrarav, d Kehedea ddv r :: rdv r idv’
A017valwv
dfiaav dducfi, dedeaévav drradmei‘
v dv r :: drfiatp‘Ital édv xarav adfi
ddme’
iv, drr00av6vru. d: rd ,d a0pev dafihn013vat. The psephism of
Cannonus was passed, no doubt, later thanthe time of Miltiades ,but it refers to an existing punishment. There i s , therefore, no
antecedent improbability in the account given by Plato, thoughconfirmed only by the Scholiast onAristid. Rhet. p . 2 3 2 , who says ,130éhnaav adrdv xaraxpnavlaaa d dd 1rp6rav:: eZaeM Cav dfyrfiaara
adrdv. According to Herod . vi . 13 6, the charge against Miltiades
was capital : 0avdrav daa7a7:bv drrd rdv d13aav M:7\r :ddea
ddiwxe r13:’
A0nvalwv cirrdrn: d‘vexa , a statement which by no means
excludes the former. The Prytani s mentioned‘03 mass and. h e
2 3 0 GORGIAS . [516 n
Schol. was doubtles s the Epistates or Chairman for the day, whohad the power of refus ing to put an objectionable motion to thevote . Herodotus, it is true , gives the people the credit of refus ingto allow Miltiades to be punished capitally. But their wishes may
have been carried out by the Prytanis in the exercise of his lawfulpower;and Plate may be guilty of unfairnes s in imputing to theAthenians at large a sanguinary proposal emanating from a
personal enemy of the accused . But more probably he onlyrepeats a tradition of the anti -democratic clique inwhich he wasbrought up . The fidpa0pov is explained as and
’
pv7ac: (Tim . Lex .
in or xdaaa: (Schol. Arist. Plut. into which
condemned malefactors , or more probably their bodies after
execution, were thrown. The proposal would therefore , in the
cas e of Miltiades , amount to a denial of the rites of sepulture.
The Lacedaemonians , as we read in Thucydides i . 13 5,had
des igned to throw the dead body of Pausanias into the Caeadas (apit or chasm corresponding to the fidpa0pov at Athens ), but after
wards relented and gave it burial. The Schol. onAristides appears
however to have thought that the Athenians , but for the Prytanis ,would have had the victor of Marathon throwndownthe pit alive(xaraxpnavlaad, and such may have beenthe practice inearly andbarbarous times . We are told by Pausanias
,iv. 18 . 4 , that the
Lacedaemonians thus punished their captives taken in one of the
Mes senian wars , and this sanguinary view of the uses of the
barathrum seems to have found favour with scholias ts generally.Comp . Schol. Arist. Plut. 4 3 1, dv dd rai xdaaar: retire: drrfipxav
57K:va:, cl ,adv du e 01 dd mind . So the Schol . Arist. Eccles . 1089 ,
in giving his vers ion of the psephism of Cannonus , alters the
words of Xenophon from drr00av6vra. el: rd fidpaOpav dafllwfi fiva: toel: rd fidpaO/av daBAnOévra dr adavefv. But from a well -knownpassage inPlato
’s Republic (iv. 4 3 9 it appears to have beenthe
practice to expose the bodies of criminals for some time after theirexecution. The executioner would afterwards probably throw theremains into the fidpa0pov, if, as I suppose, that is the same thingwith the dpa7aa, from which the functionary in question derivedhis euphemistic name of ‘the man at the pit
’
(d da l r45by which he is known to the craters . The Schol. on Plutus
even states that the original barathr um was fi lled up by theAthenians inmythical times . This amounts to saying that thepunishment of uaraxpfiak had long been obsolete at Athens .
18 od’
xovv 0!7e d7u0al 55 :0o The force of the negative in this
2 3 2 GORGIAS . [517B
Themistacles . In fact of all the four Cimonalone seems to have
beenopen to the imputationof undulyflattering and cajoling the
populace . Pericles and Themi stocles led quite as much as they
followed the tendencies of the public mind. a IIpd7aa adv
r owdaev] Socr. here reminds Callicles that he had as
sented to premisses of which he rejects the logical conclus ion: thepremisses being contained in the original dichotomy of 0epa1reta.and xehaxm j (4 64 o, and note) , and the assumption that states
manshi p as vulgarly practised fall s under the psychical branch dthe latter. This admiss ion Callicles wilfully forgets , perpetuallycoming round again to hi s own point of view, that of common
sense and the received opinion. In this passage Kahaxela. i s
softened down, or rather generali z ed, into dtaxovta—ministration—a somewhat less invidious word
, but equally available for
Plato’s purpose. Comp . inf. 52 1 A
,where is made
equivalent to «pd: xdpw daLXeiv, and thento Kahaxeiiew . 18 ddv
dd Moeris (corrected by Buttmann) ,p:7aiiv
'
Arrucc'
ds,'
Ehhnvm’
da This precept of
the grammarians is frequently but not always confi rmed by thecodd. Its meaning is that p:7da makes d:7:
’
dr ins tead of in
the infin., and for in the conj . the opt. being
formed after the analogy of o ther verbs in Comp. Arist. Vesp.
4 4 6,:iiar e ai) 6:7:dv dm
'
a rar’
. Av . 93 5, dhhd a0: p:7:'
dv doxeis. But
the common form occurs in Phaedo 85 A, and p:7odv in
Rep. 4 40 0. These ought probably to be corrected , as well as
Arist. Nub . 4 4 2 , where the codd. have p:7odv, Meineke p17c’
dv.
The form in cav is Doric, and analogous to wewflv, du/«fiv , & c.
2 4 axvrddeil/av] Schol . Olymp . p. 171, drrmu’
nepev rd axvhddedzav,b ra d?) rd axdha, d dar : rd vexpd au
'
raara m l de‘paara, diadivra:
(s ic) . The forms and axvhoddwn: are more common,
but rdv axuxddedxov occurs in Demosth. c . Aristog. p . 781. In the
two best MSS. axarddegtov is accented as in the text; all the
others , followed by the edd .,make the word oxytone . The
reasoning in the pas sage is explained by reference to the earlier
portion of the dialogue, 4 64 seq. , in which the 0epa1reio : of the
body and of the soul are classified, and distingui shed from the
xaxaxe’
ia: which simulate them. But the argument is vitiated bythe confus ion of arts which minister to utility, such as those of
the denim : or dar Opes, with those of which more sensual in
dulgence is the object. Statesinanship implies the power of
making provis ion for the phys ical well -being, as well as for the
513 5 ] NOTES . 2
mental culture of the people; but this is quite another thingfrom pandering to licentious appetite, whether mental or car
poreal. But Socrates is made to identify d:d :cavla wi th xehaxela,
wherein he is by no means justifi ed even on his own premisses .
It is , bes ides , very perverse to represent Pericles , who reorgani z ed
the Atheniancommonwealth , as a mere d:dxevos, even if we takethat word in its least contemptuous sense . He was at any rate a
veao0ér17: on a large scale, and therefore, from Plato’s point of
view , a r mdarplfin: or larpd: of the 8001, however b ad hi s therapeutic may have appeared to critics of aristocratic leanings .
Page 113 . 1 4 Geaplwv d dproxd‘u
'
as] Athens was famous
for the excellence of its bread. Archestratus ap. Athen. p . 112 B,rdv d el: 6.7epdv r a:e6aevev dprcv A! ::hewal r apéxova: Bperal
‘
:
m rov’
Aafivaa The baker Thearicn is mentioned by twocomic poets , Antiphanes and Aristophanes. Athen. ih. n, a
,
dv Pnpvrddy m l Alahaalxwv: d:d r edrwv"Hm: Oeaplwva:
dprarru'
ihwv Aun‘
av l'v'
do r l ::pq vwv dda'
JNa . So Antiph. inOmphaledprovs
—all: dnadrcm Geaplwv dde:fs , whence we conclude that
Thearicnwas anAtheniancitiz en. The form dpr oxdrro: is recog
niz ed as more Attic than dprorra:6:, Lob eck on Phryn. p . 2 2 2 .
M idamo: d rdv dwar odav Siculae dapes were
proverbial . Rep . iii . 4 04 D, Evpaxaalav dd :3 cplhe rpdrreg'
av m l
Emehmhv aivei‘
a In Epist. vii . 3 2 6 B , Platospeaks of the exces sive luxury at the court of Dionysius : filo:’
Irahm rmc'
dv m l Eupaxaalwv rparrej'
fdv wh im”. Comp . Athen. p .
2 5 B , Eutehucd: m l Evflapl rucd: Kat’
Irahucd: rparrég'
a:, 13d17 dd m l
Xlas . Mithaecus , according to Maximus Tyrius , Dis s . vii . , was a
Syracusan, as great indibar-
ode: as Phidias in sculpture. He was
expelled from Sparta, where he had begun to exercise his skill,
but welcomed by all other cities that he vi sited . Pos sibly his wasthe first cookery-book. It does not however seem to have survivedto the time of Athenaeus, who would not have failed to quote ,had he knownit. Of Sarambus , as the copies have it, or Sarahna,as the name ought to be written and pronounced (Zapaficxc
’
dv
Korrldwv avvaaov ae, Achaeus ap . Athen. p . 173 B) , we learn fromanother comic poet that he was a Plataean, and his reputation
one of the very few things onwhich that small city could plumeitself. Pcsidippus , Fr. inc. iii Meineke iv . p. 52 5. Jul . Poll .,
vii . 193 , explains the bus ines s of the «mm to have included themixing of wines for the table : minke: 06 a6vov cl aerafiahefa:3:t m l cl rdv av av xepavviivrev 60ev m l 2 .6.90.c b “\ bm aw
GORGIAS . [518
m'
mjhav :dvdaaaev, drraw é‘
w adrdv d1"olvavp
'
yla (for the vulg. Eapdflame ) . The true form d afio: also lurks in a MS . reading
of Athen. 112 E , m l adpaafio: d xdpaflo : 6 mm ” : doubtles s a
duplex lectio—Edpaafia: (13 Edpaflas). From the 7e76vaa: which
follows , we may infer that these three worthies were dead when
the Gorgias was written. 19”
l aw: dv adv fnavdlcrets] Now,
I dare say you would have been indignant if I had said, Friend,
you know nothing of Gymnastic;you tell me of fellows who are
mere ministers and caterers to the desires , destitute of all sound
and right views concerning them,
’i .s . concerning the des ires , and
their fi tness or unfitness to be gratified. Comp . p . 501 B , 13m dd
13 fiehrlwv 13 xelpwv e ddavfdv adre axerrodaeva: adre aékav adral‘
:
dhhc 13 xapli‘
eada: advov. 2 6 rrpaaarrahodaw adr fdv m l rd:
dpxala: 0 6pm :] These quacks will not only add no newflesh tothe bodies they cram and pamper, but will eventually cause themto lose theflesh they had . They may grow fat for a time, but
repletion will bring in its train di sease and ultimate emaciation,
having beeneflected without regard to sanitary rules .
Page 114 . G Ital ¢aacae7dh17v r ijv t erramxéva: adraiis]Comp. Thuc. n. 65,
'
d7éverc d1!"dxelvov ae7£arn. People pretend
that the statesmenof old have made Athens great, not perceivingthat she is tumid from disease , and rotten at the core—all in
consequence of those menand their measures . They have gluttedthe city with all the appliances of material prosperity, withoutteaching her to use them temperately and righteously and hence ,
whenthe disease shall come to a head , blame will b e thrown on
whoever shall happen to be her advisers , instead of on the true
authors of her woe. f) m raflaMp adrn is the r hnaaavi) v6aev
:pépevaa just mentioned. m rafieM is a medical term for the‘access of a periodic or intermitting fever, which leaves thepatient apparently well in the interval. The metaphor is not
uncommon. Thus Demosth. Philipp . iii. p . 118 , in speaking of
the insidious approaches of the Macedonian power, says , dr : 7::l'
m rep r eplade: 13 m rafiaM) t apered 1;r :vo: dhhav m xad m l udva
r dppw doxaiivr : vdv d¢eardvcu wpaaépxer aa addel: dyvael‘
. Comp .
Hipp . Min. 372 E, vvvl d’
dv rq'
i a apdvr : an: aiarrep rarefied?) 1rep:el\13haOe ad adv xdpwm, m l ad) ¢00v13ap: ldaaa0cu rdv :lmxfiv aov.
Socrates having said that he was liable to vacillation—to hot andcold fits of opinion—ona certaindoubtful question. 16 m l
r ed daed dr alpav’
Aq ewidoo] This part of the prophecy wasfulfilled, for the fall of Athens was v ery generally attributed to
GORGIAS . [519
wronging themselves ,’ ‘ipsi se injuria afli ciunt.’ The following
r06: eas ily explains the origin of the error. See above 506 A;
also 520B , d : r ovnpdv dar :v el: acpds. A similar error has beencorrected in Xen. Hell. iii . 2 . 6 , dd a¢la:v [adra
’
k] rod:
dcpdpovs .
Page 115 . 8 dduce‘
iv rodrq: 93 dxovaw] In Socratic lan
guage , dduciq: cl dduco iivr e: ddmadaw .'7
'
0: dhndé : d17a1770pei‘
v]Callicles had said ,
'
9 2 :6xpar e:, dexe‘
f: veav:e6ea0a: dv fat: X670“ :5:
dna1176pe : :d'
v. Socrates quotes his words , and tells himthat his declamatory style is thi s time compulsory . Callicles had
the remedy inhis ownhands ;he had but to answer the questionsproposed to him, and the long harangue would b e exchanged for
dialogue. 1 1 vdv 7edv Heind. quotes Protag. 3 2 9 A,
m l of pfirope: adrw aau:pd dpwrndévr e: del uxdv m rarelvava: rodM700.
But inhis note onthat passage, he alleges that the cases are not
parallel. However this may be, the phrase aaxvod: r elvw r idv
is scarcely to be distingui shed from the ordinary avxvod: retvw r od:
M yers . It would seem,
’says Socr.,
‘that I can get onwithout
such as sistance—for now, at any rate, the speeches I make are
prolix enough.
’ In sequentibus dr a r a 1rov17p6: danv , positum
( r em : pro dams, usu frequentis simo. Heind. 2 O dv0po’
nrwv
adp: oddevd: tiam This is a good dramatic touch. Callicles , an
admirer of the pure rhetoricians , adapts their tone of contempt for
the sophists, who professed to teach virtue. See inparticular the
curious fragment of Isocrates , m rd r c’
dv in which he
describes those who make such profes sions as N ew dr epw xérrrw:
dhag’
ovevdaevac—advev d0avdrav: innaxvodaeva: rad: avvdvra:
1 0:13am , 1, 4 . In thi s Isocrates follows the traditions of his ‘
master Gorgias , as appears from Menon, p . 95 o. Socrates
presentlymaintains that if a comparisonb e made betweenrhetoricand sophis tic, the latter must b e preferred : just as legislationis ahigher art thandicastic, and the art which keeps the body inhealthsuperior to that which removes sicknes s . But here again the
analogy fails ;for the poli tical rhetor (dnanydpos) is on occasiona
veao0érns, and is not s o nomine a pleader inthe courtsAs a public speaker, it is true , he may have to rebuke as well as toexhort ; but to make that his principal or only duty is surelyperverse. 2 4 arav raxwaw]
‘when occas ion serves , ’
as when
they are unjustly punished, ostraciz ed , or the like.Page 116 . 2 rat
’mp rd3 «pd-man] Not exclusively the
p eop le,’as Ast puts it, but the people in the case of the orators ,
52 1 A] NOTES . 2
their pupils inthat of the Sophists . «pa-ma and xpw
‘
iua are not nu.
frequently applied to persons . Aristoph. Eccles. 4 4 1, wratxa 6'
el m: wpd‘
yn.’m vouflwnxbr. Eubulus , fr. Chrys . ii . 8p. Mein. iii .
2 60, Kari) 7w ?) Mfida a, lInveM r ew. 6% Mé‘
ya . «pay/m. With a
genitive , Criton 53 o, of»: ole: daxmsov M eio'Oat 706 w pdrovs
'1 Kat wpoéaflac7: th an] Sophists and public men,
if their professions had beenworth anything, could alone afford
to trust those whom they benefit. A trainer would have less
reason to complain if his pupil , whenhe had learnt to run fast ,
should refuse to pay him—supposing he had left the question of
payment open, instead of stipulating for a fee to be paid downas
nearly as possible at the time of imparting the desired accomplishment. wpoéadac
—to trust a customer, to leave the time or amountof payment to his honour—occurs inmuch the same sense , Legg.
84 9 E, 6 as r poénevos tbs r m eéwr , édv r e xoulmrrar édv 76 mi, arep‘
yé‘rw (b: ot
’
mén din) : 066 11: 113 9 rocov'
rwr r épc ow akhdéewv. Xen.
Anab. vii . 7. 47, mow-eds: c c dvéEeaoat 706: am r poeuérovs
efiepyealav dpé‘
arrd 00¢ é‘yxakofivras (sc. of": dr édwxas) . Our
modern honoraria answer in theory to the suggestion in the
text. Ofixofiv d 'm ] Whoever then can remove injusticefrom the soul, need b e under no apprehension of ever beingwronged : for him alone it is safe to bestow this boon uncon
ditionally.’ For new it would have been more correct to say
p bvnv. Inthe next clause Socrates intimates' scepticism as to the
reality of such pretensions . If indeed there were any one capableof making men good .
’ The Comm . speak of the sophists Pt o
tagoras and Prodicus as the objects of these satirical remarks .
But it is to b e ob served that P lato ’s contemporaries the Cynics
made the same profession, and to them the descriptioninIsocrates ,xa
'
rd raw 4 seq., is applicable in all its features .
Doubtles s also there were sophists unattached to any sect who
followed the example. The rhetors , who did not teach virtue,consistently demanded payment in advance. This we gather
from Demosth. c. Lacritum , p . 93 8, together with the informa
tion that the amount of the fee was ten minae. Evenus theParian, an educator of the ethical school, was content with fi ve,
Apol. 20 B. The formula otaév aw ay p.13 occurs Apol. 28 B , owe»6. M) éuol d ry.
Pag e 117. 12 dlxatos 7dp c2, 6 6 e npé‘
w]‘As you spoke
your mind freely from the fi rst, I have a right to expect you to be
consistent and to tell me now what you really think:in th e.
GORGIAs . [52 1 A
next speech of Socrates the construction xokaxeti
a'
ovra r apaxaketv
is rare, and many edd. prefer a»: o axe-éa'ovra , which has no MS .
authority. But the sense is the same whether we prefix d) : or not.
We may say, for instance, indiflerently, r apaxake‘
iv els xokdxevaw ,
and r apaxakefr cl: xokdxew w , and so too , I conceive , where the
participle is used. See above, 514 A. 18 E! a'
oc M vaov 7e
m i ce ] The Comm. have given themselves much needles strouble wi th this passage , which is perfectly clear when seen bythe light of the context. Socrates had asked Callicles whether hewould have him come forward as the larpes or as the dtdxovos of
the Athenian people. As the 6¢dxovos certainly. In other
words, as its fiatterer .
’ Y es ,’answers Callicles ,
‘its fiatterer,
if you prefer to use the most opprobrious word you canthink of.If you are too proud to fiatter you must take the consequences .The prov. Mvadv xake
’
c‘
v hangs togetherwith Mw é‘
w taxaras, Mvaé‘
w
Reta. The Mys ians , like the Carians , were regarded as the refuse
of mankind. Hence Moody «aketv z to call names . This the Greekinterpreter Olympiodorus has unders tood , but it was hiddenfrom
all the edd . preceding Bekker. It should be ob served that theword Kong (later r apdmros) is much more invidious than our
‘fiatterer.
’ Toad -eater,’or even ‘
pander ,’would better convey
its force to an English reader. (See Plaut. Amphitr. i. 3 .
Compare also the description of the K6ha£ in Eupoli s (nam es ,
Fr. i .) with that of‘
the r apdmros inDiodorus Com. (’
Errlxkqpos,
Mein. iv . Another comic poet records of Socrates that
starved as he was he never stooped to b e a x6ka5—ofiros pévr ot.
wewé‘
w 007w: at’
rn'cbrror’
er ) » xohaxefia'
at, Ameipsias , Connus , Fr. i .
8 2 « amps: 7e div dyaddv For the full force of these words in
the mouth of Socrates , compare Apol. 30 D.
"0 sme some]
How confident you seem that nothing of this kind will everhappen to you—as if you dwelt apart and were not liable to bedragged into court—it may b e by some wretch of the vilest
character.
’Possibly Plato aimed this at Meletus , who seems to
have beena bad manas well as an indifferent poet. Mein. Com.
Gr. ii . p . 112 6.
Page 118 . 2 r ep! roérwv rwos Kcvdvveéwv]“ Videlicet de
cap i te et bonis : quae ante commemoraverat Callicles .
”Stallb .
18 rd row/«d rafira] We must suppose this a quotation. Callicles
had adjured Socrates to abandon philosophy—6M 0“ rd xompdrafir
’
(totals—and Socrates retorts by calling the arts of the rhetor
rd min/«d ram-
a. Sup. 4 86 c. The next sentence is an amplifi
GORGIAs . [52 2 c
omis sion of a is suggested by Heind . Stallb . defends the prep .
onthe insuflicient plea that dr dpxoc has the force of c an. The
phrase t'
nrdpxew rwl seems invariable .
“ I think it would b e we llwith him if he stood on that vantage -ground which you have
frequently acknowledged inthe course of our argument. I mean
if he had ‘helped himself by abstinence from injustice to menand gods , whether in word or deed. For this is a kind of
self help which we have more than once allowed to be of all the
b est.” With M deta éavrq)
“
comp. Apol. 3 0 A, r ijv éphv rq: 06 9:
vrrnpeolav. Ih. D, r epl rd)» r ou 0eov 660w war . 2 4 (h ave,
xrolmz av] In the Apology, after his condemnation, he says , rd # 1!
m) dyavaxr ei‘
v,cd dvdpe:
'
Aomai‘
oc, m roérq: r 13 7e‘
yov6r t, 6r : prov
Kar em fa'aade, d'
a re M t r o feufidM erac, m l dvékr wrdv
no: '
yé'
yove rd yeyovds rofiro, 3 5 E . adrd pep 7dp rd dr o
Owjaxew] Apol. 2 8 B , of;trade}: Xéy ecs, cl ole: defy xivdw ov dr oko'ylg‘
e
6 0m ro9 fi r r'
i re0vdvac dvdpa drou rc Ital amxpdr 5¢ekos
Page 12 0 . 8'
Axove (par t, Mka x akofi Myov] Here, as inthe Republic, after he has proved that, irrespectively of conse
quences , Justice is better thanInjustice, Socrates adds a mythicalaccount of the rewards of the righteous
‘
and the punishments of
the wicked after death. This in the Republic he prefaces by theapologetic remark , that to dwell on the subject of rewards is free(dver l¢90vov) only to those who have shown on independent
grounds the superiority of suffering virtue to prosperous wicked .
nes s , the thesis which it was the professed object of that dialogueto defend, x . 612 . In the Gorgias he has a different audience to
deal with, and therefore makes no apology for thus shifting his
ground. S till it is surprising to find him express ing his belief inthe myths he is about to relate : 7dp dvra cm M ia: 6
peace My er». What however Plato meant to convey,we may see
inPhaedo 114 D, where, after a recital difi ering from that of the
Gorgias in its scenery and accessories , he adds , rd pay at» n e w
dt vpfaaa'dac 067w: e!e tbs €780 dtekfid a, on} wpér ec vofiu (xovr l.
dvdpl, 3n névrm 13 rafir’
£0e rocafir'
drra wept rds fiué‘
w Kat
rd: olmja'
ecs, ér el r ep dddvardv 7e 4;ll/UXi) ¢a£vera¢ ofma , rofiro xal
r pérrew M t doket Kai dam! xwdvvefia'cu olopévq: odrws exec». And with
this pas sage agree others , in which Plato gives us hints of what
he intends by his mythical narrations . It may be observed thatof the three myths referred to , that in the present dialogue is
much the s implest, and leas t removed from the accepted popular
mythology . This difi erence may be due to cons iderations of
52 3 p ] NOTES .
dramatic propriety;but it is not easy to believe that Plato wouldhave written the recital in the Gorgias after those inthe Phaedo
and Repub lic were before the world. The passage from‘
Axoue 677to dr
’
(me ow,52 4 B, is quoted by Plutarch inthe Consolatio ad
Apollonium, c. 3 6;the entire myth by Eusebius inthe PraeparatioEvang. xii . p . 577, and by Theodoret, Graee. Afi ect. Cur. For
w t Plut. has me t. But ¢aal refers to the conventional be .
ginning’
Axove which recurs in Tim . 20 D. So Arist. Equit.
1014 ,'
Axove 61) m7v Kai wpda'
exe rdu 900v éuol. The words followingare given by Plut. in a slightly di fferent order : 6» on) per h am,
£3 4 2: 02pm , p.000» . h elium, for the vulg. é'ydv otuac, is restored
from Ensch. and Theodor. O'
Qa'
rrep 7dp'
Opnpo: Myer] Inthe 15th Book of the Iliad, 186 fol ., Tpe
’
c‘
: 7dp r’
( x Kpdvov elpév
ddeh¢eol réxer o'
Péa, Zed: Ital é'ydv rplraro: 6' ’
Atdm érépoww
dwdaawv, Tpcxdd dd r drra. dédaarac, exad ro: 6’
éfiuope rcptfis.
15 r osrwv dé dcxaarai] These,inthe reignof Cronus and evenin
the early days of Zeus , were tried while yet alive by living judges ,who judged them the very day onwhich it was their fate to die.
’
Plutarch has at atltm at, which is clearly wrong. For xaxéi: adv
he gives fir ecra al dim : mo: of;m ild}: explvovro.“ InAegypto ,
referente Diodoro, i . c. 92 , judicia de mortuis ad sepulturae diem
haberi solita sunt. Et multa Orpheus , si modo verum narra
verint Aegyptii , ex hac regions transtulit in Graecorum fabulas .
Hinc igitur originem suam traxis se poterat commentum istud .
”
Routh. Without putting faith in the veracity of the Aegyptians ,we may think it probable that Plato was indebted for this and
other features of his story to the Orphic poets . 19 at emp e
krrral of ex ,2 . v.) The second at is supplied from Plutarch.
Without it Pluto would be represented as coming from the same
regionas the overseers of the Is les of the Blest.’Presently for
(porrq'
iév a¢w Plut. has c¢law, which is much more usual in
prose . But in mythical narrative we sometimes find these semi
poetical forms . exarépwo'
e means , of course ,‘to either place ,
’to
that of reward and to that of punishment. 8 2 er lr poo'Oev]
Plut. em s-
ph one s ,a word found in Aristotle , but unknown to
P lato. enem as» has nearly the sense of ép r oddw, as Legg. i .
64 8 D, rd r6: d ioxin): ér ir poodev Irocoép evoa
Page 12 1. 8 m l et'
pnrcu r43 IIpopnOet—a drt'
dv]‘This
power orders have already beengiven to Prometheus that he causeto cease in them this power of theirs he has had orders to
suppress .
’ Prometheus as the giver of foresight come. th e \ sk e‘
e .
PL . GOR.3 3 >
2 4 2 GORGIAS. [52 3 n
away, according to a received principle inGreek theology. Plato
may also have remembered the line inthe Prometheus 2 4 8, Gym-
06:
1’
ér aw a m) r podépxed dlu Mpor , i .e. as he explains , by makingthem hope against hope : rwpxd: eu adrots A r lee : xarqfxwa. For
the reading of the best codd., some give adv-dv, others adv-d
afm’
b, whence Steph. cord adv-er . But the construction of the
genitive is usual enough, though it seems to have perplexed
12 Mo new i t: rv3s’
Aalas] Both Minos and
Bhadamanthys were born in Crete, which we must therefore
understand Plato to class with the Asiatic islands . .According to
the perhaps interpolated passage in the Iliad, xiv. 82 2 , they weresons of Jupiter and Europa, the daughter of Phoenix. Plato
’s
contemporaries seem to have recogni z ed only two capital divisionsof the earth
’s surface. Isocr. Paneg. p. 78, rfi: dr am) : r13: fnrd
r ef:Kdo‘
pup «emery: dlxa rernmlévm, Ital new’
Aala: rfi: 6’
Edpc’
rrn:
xakovpéms. Aegypt and Libya were according to thi s divis ionparts of Asia;but I know no passage except that in the text
where Crete is so represented. Olympiodorus indeed says , cir cled,xard. r00: yewpd¢ovs r00: dcmpoiirra: els 6150 r ip xa0
’
find: 021( 00vel:
'
Ao'lav Ital Edptbrnv, ml 13 1198617 m l 13 Kpfirn r 3}:’
Ao‘la:
edplaxero, but he gives no authority for this statement, nor for thestranger one that Rhadamanthys Alfiv: i v. 15 a rq
’
i Ad am ,
3» rii Tp¢6d¢p] The topography of the corresponding scene in the
Republic is slightly difierent. The ghosts are there brought el:
r61rov rwd dambm v, 47 re 66'
em xda'
para éxouévw
dddrjkow, Ital ro0 odpavoil a?) év r 43 du o dhka xaravr lxpé . The
keipé v is inthe spurious Axiochus converted into wedlow dMOelas,concerning which see note to Phaedrus a s B. For rpzédcp comp.
18 M imp dé wpeafle‘
ia 6160‘s,] Mines enjoysthis precedence as Aid: m dxcv dapum js, 0d. xix . 179. See the
Minos , p . 3 19 seq. 0f Rhadamanthys it is said,'
Paddp avevs dd
dyadd: ,uév dmjp, ér erraldeuro mm cdx 5A1)» rip Sad d am»
réxmv, fmnpea'lar rfi fiamkexfi, door h m arelv e» r02: dcxaa'
rrj
plans. 500 m l dlxaar r) : d‘
yaBd:fléxdnclmu ‘vop ocpi
’
zxaxl 7dp (:eéxpfiro 6 Mine: Kurd rd dar e. Ih. 3 20 B. Minos is accordinglymade a
‘judge of appeal’ in doubtful cases . Inthe Apol. 4 1 A,
Socrates adds to the three the name of anAttic hero Triptolemus ,
whose duty it would b e to try departed Athenians . er elddv
dd dcakvdfirov dpa] And when accordingly they are s eparated the
one from the other, each retains with little alteration the
condi tion it had while the person lived;the body preserving its
2 4 4 GORGIAS . [525 A
frequently topics ] , as Thuc. vi . 96, rfi: mikes»: eddd:
Kemerov, where cadd would have been incorrect. On the other
hand, most of the passages inwhich e606: is put for e506 either
have been or may easily be corrected. Perhaps the only certaininstance of this kind is the well -known line, Eur. Hipp. 1197, r i p
e601): Ap-
yov: xdmdavpla: dddr. ¢povpd for deomnm jpl ov or dum m
rfiptor occurs Phaedr. 62 B. 8 2 I'
Ipomjxel dd wavr l r43 év rm.
dv—n] Plato recogniz es no other uses of punishment than the
corrective and the exemplary. See note to 505 B, and compare
Critias init., dim dd dpo'l) rdv wknpuekodvra éfifleh‘fi «met». The
same was the opinionof Protagoras , if we may draw that inference
from its occurrence inthe speech, Protag. 3 2 4 A, el wa s“ é wofiaau
rd xokdj'
ew, cd Eldxparer, rod: ddmodrra: r l wore ddvaral , as
dldd£el , 6r : 0! 7e dvdpmroc inodvra: r apaaxevaardr elm : dperrjv .
oddel: 7dp xoM j’
el rod: dducoiivra: «pd: rodr lp rdv roily lxwr xal
rod-roe Gretta, 5r: fidlxna'
er, p i) cb'
a'
r ep dnplov dko‘
yla'
rw:
rcpwpel‘
ral' d ddnerd.X6700 émxelpl
'
dv Kohdg'
ew cd r od r apeknkvddros‘
l-‘vexo. ddmvjnaro: rmwpel‘
raz—od 7dp dv ré 7e r paxdér dyévnrov 0d r)—0iM d r00 uddkovro: xdp w, two. My d dd:: ddlmja
‘n”fire adrd: odro:
mir e dddo: d rodrov lddav xokaodévra. And this is the view whichseems to have commended itself to the civiliz ed Greek mindgenerally. The notionof satis faction shows itself however insome of the details of the myths at the end of the Republic,615 B .
Page 12 8 . O dpdprumr] Three codd ., according to Bekk.,
give the solec. duaprrja’w w. 8 od 7dp 016v re N ews] This
and s imilar pas sages inPlato doubtless laid the foundationof the
theological idea of a purgatory, which seems to have been alien
from the native Heb rew mind. 1 6 dr exm‘
bs] As usual , the
particle apologiz es for a strong expres sion. Literally hung up
as warnings in that dungeon down in Hades .’ Olympiodorus
refuses to take rdv del xp6vov literally, and understands by thewords thema: sm arts, or period in which the heavenly bodiesrecover their relative pos ition: roaadra Em xokdferal dad dpxel
‘
r pd: rr‘
jr Comp . Phaedr. 256 E. 18’
Apxé
M ow] So in the similar myths, Rep. x., 6 M70 : is
mentioned by name as one of the hopelessly lost, 615 0. Kings
and potentates , temporal and spiritual, occupy prominent placesinthe Judgmento pieces of the Catholic painters , as particularly inthose of Fra Angelico . 2 9 ad 7dp
—ee3r am?) We must
unders tand,ue'ydkc duapnjpara dpaprdvew . Whatever may have
526 NOTES.2
beenthe animus of Thers ites , his power , fortunately for himself,was limited by reasonof his low estate .
Page 12 4 . 10’
Apla'
r eldn: d Avamdxov] On this passage
Olymp . makes the following curious remark : 6n 52 m l card: (6’
p reldm) 0dr: :7» els dxpov r okl rucd: diidow, 5r : xal xaxc’
d: (wade, m l
“i1 xww dla (final r epl adrod, 5r: ér l’
Apla'
reldov d l xa l o v o ddév
o ddauod ‘
yéy ove r edr r l ov. The comic line is omitted inMeineke’s
collection. The poet seems to have meant that, righteous as
Aristides may have been, his example was not followed by theyouth of his generation. ér rannnrdpevas, edv re]
‘denoting
by a mark whether he may think him curable or incurable ’
;i. e.
distinguishing the curable from the hopeless cases by separatemarks . A s imilar detail occurs in the Rep . 1. l. p . 614 0, rod:
uév ducalov: Kekedew «Opedea’da l r iju el:
r epldx/Iarra: r6) » deducaouévwv ér r 03 r pdodev‘r od: dd ddlxov: rr
‘
jr el:
xal rodrov: 57 rd? dmodev 01’/Lela. r a’
vrwv u'
m
€1rpa£am 2 O ldl é r ov—r d adrod wpdfarr os] Readers of the
Republic are aware that a special meaning is there givento thephrase
‘to mind one’s ownbusiness .
’B. iv. p . 4 3 3 A, ar e ye rd rd
abrod wpdrr ew Ital My wokvr pa‘
yp ovei‘
v dlxatomivn 6071, m l r odro
dkkwv r e wohké‘
w dxnxdapev Kal adrol r o xl : elpfixauev. The
righteous man acts always in conformity with the law of his
nature, which subordinates appetite and pas s ion to reas on. He
therefore in the truest sense rd abrod wpdrr el . But here Plato
may use the phrase to denote the s ingle-minded devotion to his
calling which distinguished Socrates . Comp. Apol . 3 1 B , where ,
after pointing out the causes which made it impos sible for him to
take part in public afi airs, he adds , dvayxafdr éa'
r l rdv up"
naxodp evov fme‘p r od ducalov Kal cl (redder dM
‘
yov xpdvov audwja'
eoda l ,
l dcwr edew dkkd pi ?) dnpomedew . 2 5 éxdrepo:
Thi s pas sage Ast and Heind . agree in thinking an interpolation,but, as it seems to me, onquite insuffi cient grounds . The quotation is from the Odys sey, xi. 569. 8 1 awar d: d1m s dr o
¢avoena¢] I study how I shall present my soul to the judge’s eye
inthe healthiest poss ible condition.
’dump. as a middle transitive
is extremely common;not so as a middle neuter. Hence thefolly of the old interpolationrxw , inserted before n)» as if
dr odavodpm were used for ¢avofiflauPage 12 5 . 6 dvr l z -
apaxakc’
d] Callicles had exhorted Socratesto the rhetorico -political life , p . 52 1 A. Socrates replies by aninvitation to a life of selfo culture in preparati on i ts: a. mum‘sx
2 4 6 GORGIAS . [526n—527n
which , as he amrms , outweighs in importance all the contests of
the dicastery. 1 1 xaa'mja'
el xal lhw cda'eu] Before that tribunalyou shall gasp and be ready to swoon. even as I might before a
humancourt.’ Inthe next clause Heind. suspects ér l xbppm, and
Gobet m l and drill ers.Vv. Ll. p . 3 4 1. It is true that a blow ér l
xdppm of itself implies dr fuwau , but to object to so slight a
redundancy seems to me hypercritical. The rat is supplied from
the best MSS . It would in strictness have come before rm vjael ,but the transposition is . far from unprecedented. Socrates here
retorts uponCalli cles his own words , A lyyuém dv xal xaap q’
io 06x
l-‘xwv d r: el'
rrou , 4 86 B . rdv dd rowdrov , el r: and d‘
ypourdrepov
elpfiada l , éfeorw anxdppn: rdr rovra p i) dcddvat dlxnv, ih. 0. Withthe entire pas sage compare Theaet. 175 n, where the rhetorician is
represented as sufiering in a similar manner in presence of the
philosopher. 2 2 éxe‘
c‘
ae] in the other world , whenwe get
there. Presently fipep ei stands its ground,’ ‘remains unshaken.
’
rjpep el‘
v is inother dialogues opposed to pee or Kare-209m , and equiv.to éordval . Soph. 2 4 8 n, rrjv d:d rd r do’
xew , d dri«we» dv 769 60904 trepl rd rjpepodv.
Page 12 6 . 3 dxokoédna’
ov err Go with me in pursuit
of that which when attained will secure your well- being ineither
state of existence.’évradda with verbs implying motion is very
commoninPlato , e.g. évraWa éknkddapev, Rep. iv. 4 4 5 B. 7 xal
val pd Ala. 06 7e] Nay, fear not to let him inflict uponyou that
last indignity, the blow with the openpalm.
’ éao'ov must of course
b e supplied before r ardéar. The proposed r drafau,‘let yourself
b e struck ,’ is amere barbarism introduced by Stephen onnext to
no authority, and was properly expelled from the text by Routh,
though afterwards patroni z ed by VanHeusde. The latter quotes ,in illustration of rr)r ci r-mar ram/6v , LucianNecyom. p . 4 81, Kurdd pn: r alduevos, (307 6p r63» dvdparrddwv r d. drmdr ar a : with
which we may compare Plato’s language in p . 508 o, elpl anré3floukonémp, (dowep c l r e rdr r ew xdppm.
Readers of the Midias will remember the blow anxdppns whichAlcibiades inflicted upon Taureas , Demosth. p . 562 . Add Chry.sostom on S . Matth. v. 3 9 , m l évradda r ip; p dhw r a do x odo a v
elva l rr lhry'bv é rrov e ldl a
'
r ov, rijv érrl mayo’
vos, xal « 0AM»; 5x000”
r9)» 68pm rédeuce.
APPENDIX.
ré u aocbw'
ra'
iv, hiya) rdw r epl Holiday xal l‘op‘
yiav
xal M e'
rawa and. (« cpl id. Onthis his annotator Planudesremarks Acovdtno : e
’
v rq'
i devre’
pcp r epl xapaxrrjpcw wept I‘opyc
'
ov
rdde time ly, 5r : ri) s lde’
a: rc'
iv adroii kdyaw rowdros d xaparr rjpe’
yxwp ldfi l de‘
rod: e’
v woke’
pa‘a dpw redaaura: rdir’
Adqval'
aw.
“Ti
ydp a’
rrijv r07: dvdpcim rodrm: adv de'
i dvdpdo'
l wpoc elval;r l'
de‘
0 h a I 0
m l «poo-m! air 01} de l 1rp00
'
ewal eirrew dw alpqv a Boddoml ,
Bovdolpnv de‘
5 def, Xaoa‘
w p e‘
v my delay ve’
p eo w, (buys-iv de‘
r dvQ a
dvdpairrwov ¢06vov. Our o l ydp e’
xe’
xrrjvro'
e'
voeov p e‘
v aper pjv,“ dropcim vov de
‘
rd dinje «and p e‘
v rd fnapovl ‘l' e
’
m el xe‘
:
I 2 I I I 2 Irov avoadov : duracce wpoxplvovres, wokda de vap ov akptBGLGS’
ddyaw dpddr'
qra, rodro vop i§ovr es Geldrarov Ital Kowdrarov minor,“rd de
’
ov e’
v rq'
i de’
ovr : Ital Ae’
yew xal mydv xal r arely”, xal dm'
o'd
domjaavres Wil m a div def,
‘
yvaipnv *Kal fiaipqv
'x‘s, rdu p e
‘
v
I
a) 2
Ah
oI A ’
8!
Bovhevow es rdv arrore ouvres , eparrom'
e: p er row a are) :
I h 2 I 2 I 2 Idvo r vxovvrmv, Kohao ra l de raw aduao: evrvxovvraav, avdade l :
apds rd trumpe'
pov, eddpyqrm rrpd: rd 1rpe'
n'
ov, rq'
i (ppom'
p cp rfi:I I q I c I * 4 c 9 C I
wanna: wavovre: r0 adapov rq: pram: v l a-ra l a : v l O
'
rac,2“
adap tor el: rod: Koap l'
ov s, a¢ofio l a : rod: d¢6Bov: , dewol e’
v
r03: dewo'
is. paprvp l’
a: de‘
rowirc w rpdmua e’
arvjaavro ra'
ir
AI
A2 2 I
A 5 I8
‘ 2
0I 2
rtc qua» , to: p en aya para rovraw e ava npara , am:a U U 3 I 1 U I 3 I u 9 I
arrelpoc ovre endavrov Apeos, ovre vop cpaav epaarcav, ovr e euorrklovI I
8I
AI
x9 I s
0a
epc cure (I) : am on e lpqmj s , o ep vor p er rrpo: rov: e00: r epI h
durac'
da ta: 88' n d: rod: roxea: de arre l'
a dlxaw l 1r 0: rod:‘1” . I P
1 wapdv obviously is corrupt. The easiest remedy, so far as the
letters go , would b e to substitute arpdav, and this was suggested bySpengel and adopted by the Ztirich edd . rightly, as I think. Mullach
adopts the ingenious conjecture of Foss ,wapcév indulgent,’
whiéh gives anapt sense , though I should like to see another example
of this adjective] use of the active participle. The perf. wapezp évou
would give nearly the same sense , and is more accordant with usage .
9 Here, inorder to create a second antithesis , Sauppe has introducedinto the text the words xa l ed», and that, or something equivalent,seems to be required. Perhaps Ital r '
oce x a l p oi « on l y.8 m l paipnu. These words do not occur in the codd., but were
introduced , not without necess ity , by Foss . The antithes is of yum’
nnand papa occurs Aristoph. Av . 637.
r ficfluipns‘, introduced into the text by Sauppe.
5 Aid: p d» a’
yé dp ar a . Comp. Eurip . Phoen. 14 73 , «is d'
dumd‘
meyua
'
xy, Oi p év Aid: r pdwawu lc r am v Spir e s . Heraclid . 93 6 , fipér a:Aid? r p owa lov xadd lmxov lar ao'au.
THE FRAGMENTS OF GORGIAs . 2
“darod: r45 imp, etia eBe'
i: dd «pd: rod: (pidov : rfi « la-r ev
roryapoiiv mired» ¢i«00avdvraav d «600: 013 o vva« e'
davev, ddd’
“( idlivaros e
’
u f ork -t dowmir ou l {5} 06 (aivrwv.
”Zepvd:
ydp e’
vradda c vp¢0prj¢ra: M5“ : 6 e’
w oia :
égayye'
kkel, r03: re «ap ic al : xal dpowreketirm: Kal dpowxardpxroc:
Kahli l-w ife) » dlddov «poa'
acdpaa:2rdu kdyov.
In reading this fragment of the Epitaphius (probab ly itsperoration), we are disposed to concur on the whole in the
censure of the Scholias t, echoing that of Hermogenes . The
ideas are , with some exceptions, superficial,
’ the as sonances
tedious,and the sacrifice of sense to sound, perspicuity to
point, manifes t throughout. Y et there runs through the
whole a certain loftines s of sentiment which seems to take
Gorgias out of the category of gingerbread Sophists 3 ” towhich Hermogenes condemns him. Some of the antitheses ,as those of e
’
m enre'
: and dixa lov, wipe : and A670“ are true,and
were poss ib ly new : and though others are little more thanverbal, the same may be sai d of many of the antitheticclaus es which s tud the earlier speeches in Thucydides . We
canwell understand that the historian should have incurredthe b lame of Gorgiasm
’at the hands of the ancient critics :
and it seems probab le that the flmeral orationwhich he putsinthe mouth of Pericles
,admirab le as it is
,may have owed
some part of its spirit, as well as its style, to the earlier efi'
ort
of Gorgias ‘. And though there canbe no comparisonbetween
1 So 3 codd . Al. 6 9 . o f»: ar
davé r ow. Ald . of»: i v c’
amp u'
r on. If
we read as in the text, the o f»: a’
o-uip ar a o
-w'
p ar a must refer to the
a’
ya'
dp ar a named above . Walz prefers d . dv o f»: deavdrm: « d inne r»,the meaning of which escapes me. é» o
-uip aaw was pro
posed by Hermann, which, though enigmatical, is perhaps best of all .I should refer it to their bodiles s forms ”
s till haunting the minds of
the survivors .
9 So Walz . Al . « pd: xdpov. But the adverb is found inHermogenes , who also frequently us es « poc xoptjc, as does Aris totle in the
Rhet.3 dr ofuikocc. Hermog. ub i supra. Literally plated as opposed
to solid metal;“ tinsel,
”or, more exactly, “Brummagem,
”would be
the English equivalent.See Dionys . Halic. de Lysis , p . 4 58, Reiske. Philos tratus , Epist
18 , Kp l r l’
a: dd xal Oouxudl’
dn: o f»: dy voofivr m'rd p euudx
'
oq vm‘m» no) .
2 50 APPENDIX.
the sparkling ingenuity of the S icilian rhetorician, and thevivid and penetrating intellect of the historian—that philosopher not of the schools —it is something to have aided in
the formation of a style like that of Thucydides , which wasitself the model of that of the first of Attic orators . In
general there canbe little doubt that the exces ses of the earlyrhetoricians , like those of the euphuistic writers of the time
of Eliz abeth, tended both to refine and invigorate the languageof prose, and to render it a more adequate vehicle of thoughtthan it had hitherto been1.It should further be ob served that this fragment enab les
us without hes itationto condemnas spurious the two entire,or nearly entire speeches which under the name of Gorgiasused to stand in editions of the Oratores Attici, beginningwith the Aldine 9, under the titles Hakaprjdov : dr okoyfa, and‘
Eke’
ms e’
yxaip lo v. Of these the former has none of the
peculiarities of Gorgias ’style 3 : the second, though abounding
inalliterations , verbal antitheses , and other characteristics of
the Sicilian school,has little or nothing of the pomp and
splendour of the author of the fragment. Neither is mentionedas a work of Gorgias by any ancient writer, and the ab sence
of such notice in the Helenae Encomium of Isocrates 4 has
b een taken as evidence that there was no work of Gorgiasbearing that title .
Another fragment of the Epitaphius is preserved by
r tju 6 (1)d « ap'
a br od x exrnp éum , p er awocodvr e: dd adr d cl: r d olxe'
l‘
ov
d )uév dw’
ed'ykwr r l’
a s , d dd dard paint".1 See onthis subject some judicious remarks of Marc , CriticalHis t.
iv . p . 121.
9 They are given in the Z iirich edition, p . 13 2 , not however as
genuine .
3 Nor even of his dialect, for it is written in new Attic, the Eu
comium Helenae aflecting the old forms .
4 Isocrates refers to a declaimer on the subject, whom he does not
name;but it has been sagaciously inferred from the tone of the
passage that it refers to a thenliving writer, who cannot however have
been the author of the declamation attributed to Gorgias , which iswritteninold Attic. It is curious that in the same speech Gorgias is
referred to by name as the author of the well-knownwork « cpl +05midw oc, and this is a proof that Isocrates would not have scrupled to
name the author of the speech, had he b eenGorgias .
2 52 APPENDIX.
ra'
i: m ovda'
i: e’
xxpodew,”and it is to thi s doub tles s that
Aristotle refers in the Rhetoric, iii. 18. 7, de'
iv 3d»;I‘opyla: r rju
p e‘
v m ovdrjv The remark is one which could not havebeenmade by anordinaryman, and the sentence is too nicelybalanced for a mere colloquial dictum.
The definition of rhetoric given by a Scholias t on the
Sni
d er: of Hermogenesl,under the title
"opo: pqropurij: Kurd
l‘opylav, is evidently only a compilation from the Platonic
dialogue (comp. 4 50 E, though it is given by the Zuricheditors as anextract from Gorgias
’re
’
xvq.
The remaining fragments it is imposs ib le with certaintyto refer to any one speech or treatise in particular. Some of
them were doubtless takenfrom his writings , but others , andthose not the least characteristic of the man
, seem to havebeenorally delivered, probab ly inconversation. Of the former
clas s one has already beenquoted : 1. 761m Epwvxoa rdcpo la metaphor which shocked the tas te of Hermogenes , and drew
forth, as we have seen, a maledictionupon its author.
2 . Longinus , or whoever was the writer of the well -knowntreatise onthe Sub lime, quotes a s imilar metaphor of Gorgias :Ee
'
p511: d rd v Hepaa’
iv Zak. This does not appear to our
modern tas te either very ridiculous ,’or particularly revolt
ing : though we may accede to the remark that it and the
foregoing are rather high-flownthanlofty3 . Other more or les s violently metaphorical phrases are
quoted by Aris totle, Rhetoric iii. 3 . 4 , Olav Pop-
yin: xdmp d
xa l dua l p ai’
r d « pd‘
yp a r a‘ de
‘
r udr a a laxpa'
i : p e‘
v
r and) : de‘ These he condemns be
cause they are too grand and tragic,”the former also because
obscure and far-fetched.
”To us the metaphor of reaping
and sowing is a mere common-place, and it is used by Plato
in the Phaedrus without offence. But pallid and bloodles s
1 Rhet. Gr., ed.Walz , t. vn. p . 3 3 .
9 liq/00: , 0. iii . 2 , r d r odAeovr lvou I‘opy io v y ekc
‘
i r a l , 7pa'
tpovr 0: ,E épEn: d r d w II ep o di v Z e fn, Ital, 76 1 1 : dp dt uxmdv‘ra 00x 64!a ddka
‘
p er e’
wpa .
3 Vulg. and Bkk. luama. But drama is well supported, and cannot
but be right.
THE FRAGMENTS 0F GORGIAS. 2
affairs is a phrase which would need apology even from a
modern.
4 . In the same chapter of the Rhetoric,Gorgias is
censured for us ing extraordinary compounds : rd de‘
p é .
y l'
yveral Kurd rdv hef ty dmdo'
i: I‘opy t
'
a:
airdpa{e, xdkafi,”
x a l
Kar e v o p xfia a vr a a”
5. In the Conv iv ium of Xenophon (c. 2 . 2 6 ) we are
presented with what Socrates calls a l‘
opy iecov papa—av de‘
rjp lv oi « aide: pu pal: xtid lfl « 0d where thelas t word, or poss ib ly the las t two
,may be ass igned to
Gorgias .
On the whole, the charges of tumour, afi‘
ectation,and
“ frigidi ty”may b e taken as
‘proven’agains t the Sicilian
rhetor; though the less fastidious tas te of the modem s,
accus tomed to use unconscious ly phras es which to anAttic
ear would have appeared startling metaphors , may sometimes
disagree with that of the ancient critics . There is , however,a passage of Aris totle in which he seems to compare the
grandiloquence of Gorgias with that of Plato in the more
poetical parts of the Phaedrus,defending b oth as ironical
We can discover no trace of irony in the inflated pas sagerecorded by the Scholias t : and we should be at some loss to
account for Aristotle’s phrase, but for an amus ing ins tance
which he has happily preserved for us inthe same chapter of
his Rhetoric in which he censures the tragic pomp of the
Sicilian school and its founder.
1 This canhardly mean am an dichterischer Begabung,’ as Bostand Palm explain. Liddell and Scott give with greater probability“ living (or rather starving) by his wits . It might al so mean, one
whom poverty inspires (cui ingeni largitor Venter). Wit and povertyare the hackneyed attributes of the Greek parasi te , and ina comic pos t
the epithet would probably have been thought happy. A similar
compound, « r wxakdraw, is quoted from Phrynichus Com. (Meineke ,C. G. ii . p . Fos s , not too happily, changes xdkaf into xo
’
paf .
De Gorg . p . 53 .
9 Rhet. iii. 7. 11. After observing that poetical language is ad
miss ible in oratory when the speaker has succeeded in raising his
audience to the proper pitch of pass ion or enthusiasm, he adds : 1? dpiodr w del , 13 p e r
’
e lp wv e i a c, dwep I‘op
'
yia: é« 0 le¢ xa l r a‘
e'
v r d;
(b a idp tp.
6 . To86‘
l‘opyc
'
ov ( is xel uddva, 31rd xa‘r'
013706 werop e’
vq a’
cfifixc
rd m pc'
rrmpa, dpm a réiv rpa'
ytxéiv’
cine ydp“A i a'
xp dv y es, 6
d nho p riha1.
” 3pm6¢ p e‘
v ydp , cl 013x aia'
xpdv, impai r?83 aio '
xpdv. «3adv c
’
hocddpqo'w dual» 3 a
’
XX’
mi
x 5 c’
a’
rw z.
That Gorgias had a sens e of humour appears evenfrom Plato,
and will appear in sayings hereafter to be quoted ;but wemay conclude from the Aristotelian pas sage that whate vergift of pleasantry he may have possessed, whether ironical orotherwise, he reserved for conversational use.
7. I‘op
'
yc'
as pc‘
v adv 6 Aeow’
ivo s, rd p8» 70 0 9 a’
1ropéiv rd 8’
elpmvcvdp wos, Kaadrrep 3hp ovs‘( frat rods {mo r cfw dkp on
‘
ooéiv
«m ompévovs‘, 0570 Kai Aapw aiovs 611-6 dqp codp'
ywv
newcmne’
vovc'
cilia: ydp rwas Aapw'
orrowds. Arist. Pol. ili . c. 1.
This saying has been understood as a reflection on the
undue facility with whi ch strangers obtained the franchise at
Larisa. Whether inits original form it was spokenor written
we have no means of determining;but it seems to have b eencalled forth by some political arrangement whi ch fell underits author’
s notice during his long sojourn inThes saly 3 .8. Bes ides his rhetorical course of instruction, Gorgias
1 What poet first transposed the names of Procne and Philomela is
not quite certain. Inall Greek authors , so far as I know, Philomel ’
is the name of the swallow, and Procne of the nightingale (Arist. AvesThe Latins generally reverse this : but Varro dc L. L . and Virg .
Ecl . vi. 81 adhere to the Greek vers ionof the story.9 The same story is told , but less neatly, by Plutarch, Sympos . viii .
7. 4 .
3 The conjecture suggests its elf, that more may have beenmeant byGorgias . From the passages presently to be quoted it is clear that
he shrunk from, or was incapable of, wide ethical generaliz ations .
This dictum about Larisa and its institutions may have been intendedas a scoflingly evas ive answer to a ques tion inpolitical science ,Whatconstitutes a citiz en—a questionwhich Aristotle takes so much painsto answer. The conjecture that there may be a play on the two wordsa
'
apw owméc and Aapw owméc is not improbable;inmy op inion, les s
so thanthe notion propounded by Schneider, that the ambiguity liesinthe twofold sense of Aapw atoc, which may meaneither a Larisaean
man or Larisaean kettle, in which case it would be necessary tosubstitute Aapw a towow a
’
nin the text of Aristotle . See Anthol. Pal .
vi . 305, Aapw a iwc xw oya'
ar opac étpn-n‘
ipac. But it seems unlikelythat Aapw a
‘
i oc without a substantive would have suggested any other
notionthanthat of amanof Larisa.
2 56 APPEND IX.
apprehending the nature of Definitionwhich Plato elsewhereattributes to many of his speakers , and here in particular toMeno. However this may b e, Virtue, according to Gorgias ,amounts to much the same thing as Efi ciency—a defens ib le
and not un-Socratic view of the matter. Inwhat work thesespeculations were contained is a question we have no meansof determining : but whatever may have been its title, to itprobably belonged the two apophthegms which follow .
9 .
'
liv de‘
p89 6 (baiwrat, xehcdaw
p r) r d e ido : dhhd rdv 865ml t h a t nokho i : ‘
yvaip tp o v r fi:
y v vam é s. Plutarch, Mulierum Virtutea,c. l ; Moralia
,
p. 2 4 2 E.
10. 06 ydp dhqde‘
: o kéya l‘opyia:
° my. r d
p e‘
v e iva c d¢a v3 : pa} r vxdv r o ii danc ing r d 6 % dc x c'
i v
du de v e‘
: I") r vxdv r o i} e iva t. Proclus , Schol. in Hes iodi
Opp. l. 758 (Gaisford, Poet. Min. iii. p.
This is probably a literal quotation, and may have b eena
continuation of the foregoing. To the same treatise we maynot improbab ly refer
15.
'
0 p8» 7dp (MAO: cu’
x, dimrep a'
a'
cdmim o l‘opyia: ,
adr q’
i adv rd diku ta r du du'
ho v drro vpy c i v,
e’
x e ivcp d’
adr d: drrqp enio'
u wohkd Ka l r 03 » pd duuu'
aw .
Plutarch,Mor. p. 64 c.
This maxim,more generous than just, may have occurred
in the description of The Virtue of a Friend”;but thoughin substance doubtless a true quotation, the phraseology hasprobab ly
.
b een altered. It is far less easy to admit the
treatise of his contained a proof of the thes is 3 1 1 ad dtdaxr dv ti a’
pc—mi,
and as part of that proof he may have insis ted that there is no general
conceptionanswering to the word , but that there are as many separatev irtues as there are classes of humanbeings and departments of humanactivity.
1 ‘Finer,’that is to say , thananOp inionof Thucydides just referred
to by Plutarch : 6 p t» if: d» dha'
xw r o: fi wapa‘
r ot: don-d: 41670»« 6p; 6 dwa ivov Adj /0: , a
’
p im u KaOa'
r ep r d Gama Ka i
r odvop a r 6: a’
yaOfi: yw amd: oldpw o: de‘
iv xar a'
xhew r ov «Iva: xa i
a’
uéfodov. The words of Thucydides , ii . 4 5, are not repeated , but hismeaning is fairly given. 80 probably in regard of the citation from
Gorgias .
THE FRAGMENTS 014'
GORGIAS . 2
genuinenes s of the following fragment, omitted , whether byovers ight or des ign, inMullach
’s Fragmenta
16 . I‘
opy c'
a : d p'
q'
rwp any: rod: (bcltoaodn'
a: p e‘
v dp ekofm'
ra:
nepi 85‘
rd 371( 6k padripara '
ywop c'
vov : dp o c’
o v : t h a t r 0 2:
p vqo r fip a w , o i rdv 11 :7” d a e’
aéko vr e : r a'
i : Oepawa t
V ie w adr fi: e’
p iy vv vr o . d adrd: r od: p'
rir o p a : 34mdao t'
o u:
r iva l Bar p dxm r r od: p e‘
v ydp c’
v dda r t x ehade i v, r od:
de‘
8» r i;75. (In Spengel’s Artt. Scriptores , p. 70note, from
aninedited Munich MS .) The former of thes e dicta,if not
too witty,is too wise for its reputed author
, being rather inthe manner of Plato than of Gorgias , to whom it seems an
anachronism to attribute the dis tinction of supreme and
ancillary sciences . The word e’
yxv’
xh os, in the sense heregivento it, is als o of later date l ;and it is diffi cult to believethat the author of the sceptical or rather nihilistic treatisem pi rod p !) din
-
o: canhave thought thus highly of philosophy.
Still les s canwe believe that he would have disparaged thepractitioners of his ownart, as he is made to do inthe second
17.
"Er : ro ivvv l‘opyc
’
a: p ?» d Acovr ivd: r dv K ip a war d xp rip a r a "3 0 6a . p e
‘
v oi : q i r o, xpfio oa t 83 ad:
r ap éi r o. Plut. Cim. c. 10. This fragment, which has everynote of genuineness , may possib ly have come from the
Epitaphius , as Mullach supposes .
The dicta which follow,though not fragments from his
writings , illustrate the personal character of Gorgias in-an
interes ting manner.
18. Four sayings are preserved, which, whether written
1 First so used by Aristotle , as Eth. N . i . 5 where Michelet
observes : PhilosophiaAr istotelia temporibus reliqui s a scientiis non
dum distinguebatur ;quamobrem ii ipsi , qui pr0prie philosophi neque
orant neque fi eri cupiebant, philosophicas materias docebantur, sed
aliter ac philosophantes ,nempe cc modo , quo vulgi anrihua et intellectui
accommodates erant. Illae scientis e quibus omnes Graeci imbuebantur,qui r ewardevaéuo: esse vellent, nominabantur Ad‘
yoa éfw r ep txo l,
é'ym'
mluoc, év xowéd yevdp evm, éxdedouéuoc, r a‘
35w naOn'
p ar a , quibuscpponuntur X670 : xar a
‘
d uhoa'
ocplav.
”e'
y xdxh. nadn’
p ar a were there
fore those sciences or parts of sciences which entered into the ordinarycurriculum of liberal instruction popular as opposed to ex am:
\‘l
2 58 APPENDIX.
or only spoken, are not improbab ly authentic1. Gorgias issaid to have beenthe author of a phras e adopted by Aris tophanes : 3 v r ef w (Adrxdhov ) dp a p drmv p e a r dv
q'Ap em: eivat,
r od: e'
vrr d e’
nl e fiBa a Plut. Sympos. v11. 10. 2 . In a
s imilar vein is the following : l‘opyc'
a : r dv r p a'
ycpd t'
a v ( drew
dwdr qv. i n 5 r e dwa r rjo a : duca cdr ep o : r o d in) (in-a r rio a vr o :, Ka i o (i rrar qde i : d o¢air cp o : r o d In) dwa r qaévr o suIh. de Audiendis Poetis , c. 1.
f I I I C O t C
D amp rovraw Bd rm » I‘opyca: o Aeovrwo: wep t o v (Imam o
9 o 9 A a I A r Iavro: Kheapxo: en rtp oydoq) raw Bus », or : di d ro d m¢povco:
( fi r axeddv dydofixow a rag;(ppovciu o w eBima-
c. Kai 37rd r c:
adrdv fipero r im duu'
ry xpaip evo: odra) : Kai p crd
aid drjo'
ea) : roo'
o iirov xpdvov (do z i er, O dde‘
v naino r e, cine»,I" Q l I C I 9 I
c ve x e v npaéaa q qrpco : de a Bu§avr to : cu r erap rcp
wept (find-iv
,d Aeour
'
ivo: e’
pq dei: r i adréi
ye’
yovev ai’
rwv rod fité a'
a t «Ad d: rdir c'
xardv End», T d pnde‘
v
Wain-
o r e e'
r e'
p o v gr a t e r newcmx éva c.” Ih. de Gloria Athen.
c. 5.
Of these sayings the firs t three need no comment, but thefourth is more ob scure. The French trans lation, Jamais j e
n’ai rienfait par complaisance pour autrui (contre ma
is countenanced by a pas sage of Lucianwhich seems a para
phrase rather than a quotation dv (sc. I‘opyiav)
c’
pm‘l’fldévra rdv airfav rod paxpo i} Kai dytewod e
’
v «dam:
rai: aiaaria'
corw, eizre'
iv dtd r d p qdérro r c a'
v p rrcp t e vcxofiva c
r ai : 5AM ) » e dmxta cs . Macrob . c. 2 3 . Meineke howevertakes the words e
'
r e’
pov é’
vexev in their most general sens e, asanavowal of mere selfis hness , which he thinks it incredib lethat Gorgias should have made . He therefore (Philologusxiii. p. 2 4 2 ) proposes to read, dad rd pqde
‘
v wairror c e’
vr ép ou
grater wrencmxému er habe nie der sinnlichenLust gedient.”
The word é’
vr epov is once used byArchilochus 2 inanindelicatesense, but the emendation is not jus tified by the pas sage
1 It is quite possible that they may have formed part of the
celebrated Epitaphius , in which they might have found a place as
eas ily as inPlutarch's treatise de Gloria Atheniensium . The words
I‘opy ia: «pac t», in the latter passage, rather imply that the dictum
came from a writtenwork.2 Frag. Lyr. 14 1Bergh.
2 60 APPENDIX.
epitome. For that reason,and becaus e it throws no light
onthe personal or purely literary characteris tics of its author,and is therefore of no direct us e to a student of this dialogue,I have thought better to omit it. The best edition of the
Aristotelian critique is , so far as I know,that of Mullach in
the first volume of his “Fragmenta Philosophorum”inDidot’s
senes.
INDEX I.
[Notes are referred to by the paging of the tex t]
d‘
ya06v dwéhtp or , 4 4103
dyaaOac, construction, 5
d‘
yye’
t‘
a r erpmz éva Kai d adpd , 74d‘
yopd. r hvjdova'
a, 3 6
ddcd¢0pa , theory of, 3 3dduce
'
iv rail 98
dducei‘
r [Aéywror r c’
dr randy, 3 6ddtx
gi‘
a'dat aiper a
’
n'
eporfldducefr ,3
ddcmjaop ev, not ddtx'
éowp ev, 101dduclar 115
dducos—dmuos, 3 9dd , insertion of, 2 2
del, force of, 50
dddvaro: {arm wovnpd: (511, 56aladdvopa t—d ow—dn—cd dura
nérov, 57alaxlm floi a a, 100
daxlfeadat, dxxw'
p bs, 80
80
dxpaala. unplatonic, 12 2dxparela preferred to dxpar la,12 2
dxpgdadat used as dr axodew ,
6
dhho 15, 3 7, 4 0, 4 6 , 57, 69,
77
dM o 1 1. 91
a’
iM os, idiomatic use of, 2 , 4 3’
ANptrd’, 80duddev
‘
yé # 006? for dM oOeP 7.
a n, 73
dflfi, aspi
rated in Attic, 73
dudnr os, 73’
Amplovo: Mica , 95
dp¢wfinreim 54
dacpér epa, adverbial use of, 50,121
ducpdi
-
cpov, Homeric usage of,12
dv,omis sion of, 72
dv not omitted with potential,104
a» omitted after fir , 107dva'
yxdg'
ew,4 1
dva'
yxai‘
os , construction of, 5
dwadécdat , 2 4
dralrm'
os , 60
dwakafiei‘
r rdv 96
dPad y, not drakicmrrat , 56duap/Aoar ei
‘
v , 58
dvaaravpofiaOat, 4 3dvéd'qv od'rw, 76dw u for dyer? 60dre
’
im , 72
draWivecOat, 60dmjvvrov xaxbv , 97dvbnr ov r péi
'
yna , 114
b
ggom‘
yodaevo: incons istent,
dwr thaufidrea'dat, 95
dvr tr apaxahé‘
, 12 5
dvrw’
rarei‘
v 106drr la'
rpocpos, 2 8dvr tr tdévcu ,
2 4
dr ayw'
riy cl: ddt’
marw , 77dr ahhdrrnrac pas sive, 93dr édwxa, sense of, 95ammo”inadmis s ible inAttic, 2dm ar la , 73
dr hc'
d: 3 4
d‘Ird dpEd/Aevos , 4 0dr odeucvdvat , 110
dwodethtav, 55
dr odldoarda t, 96
dr oxahe'
iv generally impliesreproach , but. not sav ag e
‘
m .
later Greek ,
2 62
dr oxpdr r ed dat , transitive, 55dr ohaflu’w used adverbially , 77dr ohelr eada‘, 118
dr ohhda , dr éhhmn, 78
dr omu‘lrhdvac, 71
dr ovetw dat , 60
dr or etvetv , 3 0
dr ocpalveadat ,12 4
dr oqtocrdv , 68
dr oxpéw, 95
dpa , 73 , 105 , 114
dpa, for 7dp ad, reading fromOlympiodorus , 14
dpa placed late in sentence ,114
dpa . 7
dpa in the middle of the
sentence , 4 1, 4 89 9
ap adv cdx, 67
dperfi according to Gallicles ,72 , 73
apm;defined 96
@ 679) dmuorum, 96
dper'
b ro9 adiaar os, 53 , 93
dptdun‘
rmfi, 8, 12'
p r oxpdr'
q: d EKGXMOU, 4 0
dprox61ro: more Attic than dprancids, 113
dpxeaOaz with accus . of cognates ignification, 4
dv jv=“ in the first instance ,
and with neg.,not at all,
52
dpxovra. éavr ofi, 71
dd xér rw: éxwv, 88
drafla , 92dr éw s, 70, 87
drexvc’
ds, 70, 12 3
dr exvc’
d: dr inov, 63dr exvc
’
d: dnpmépos , 75drum: «Am , 12 6
drmrov ép'
ydg'
ovrat 114
d'
r ra , 64 , 80
drvxfid ats , not dr or vxvjcaw,2 4
01712d with genitive , 2 4
adhn‘ nmj, 88ae m j in Philebus , not tobe altered , 88
m’
rrlxa, for ins tance, 4 1
ai r/Ira rpc’
drov , 4 1
trans itive, 3 1,
INDEX I .
adroi‘
: for dhhrjkms , 2 9adr6v= ultro , 19
adrd: ‘
yva’
met, 94
adv-ads interpolated, 114
adrocpvc’
d: ductov , 105
adr c’
dv, 71
afmfiv, construction of, 12 1
dxdéaouat , not dxdeadwjaopa t ,96
fiahhdvr tov , 99fldpadpov , 111
fiaaavlfetv , 64
fida'
avos, 65
fiefiacé awpac Irapd 6 09, 67
fiAdEd1rd mkaxoi}, 65fiofideca éavréi, 119Bovhedetv , 4 3
ficvhedaaa’
t and Bovkfiuaa'
t interchanged in cddd . , 57
fiodhnm: rod r éhovs, 3 3
poti on“ , distinction of fromdare? xx
, 3 1flovhojuévq: col éar lv , 4
7dp in apodosi after parenthes is , 13
‘
yé in exclamation, 3 2
y lyveadat , 109
7i‘
yverac c v/Aflalva , 78
7v1'
7atov T l. dr epydj'
eadat cl:105
‘
yom'
edetv, 60
I‘omletov dijaa , 2 53
yup vdmov z school of philoso
74
29
y vvacxouiaos , 63
{pa/wxm 2 47, 2 52
damovdv, not damovtdv, 75déder at atdnpo
’
i: xal ddauavr l
vat: A6706 , 99
6e? and confounded, 109de
'
iv , ellipse of,4 1
dciv , pleonasm of, 104
da v6rus attributed to Socrates ,119
675 used ironically, 86617102, 60, 74
d’
fikov 61 1, 65 , 109dfikcs , constructi on at , 4
INDEX I .
év , use of, 10
év, omis s ionof,119
év p erplq: axfiaar t , 103
év Huolou preferred to év Hvdo'
t‘
,
4 1
év rai Atovvattp distinguished
from r43 év Atovdaov Oedrptp, 4 0év T457109: rdv Kepatt elav, 108
81m. ,tmdéva , 4 0
évdetxvdvat , 65
évdtddvat , 84
évradfla with verbs of motion,12 6
éEdr avro: r09 v00, 101éEottOtt
'
dv adrdv rfi r ohtr ela, 105
éa'
rpaIdj’
etv , 111
éZ-m eptxol Ad7ot , 2 57
é‘r axodetv—d1raxodetv—1rapaxod
ctv di stinguished, 65
érravlaraadat, 60
not érravopfit’
dre, 2 4
éaret, rhetorical use of with im
perative or an interrogation,4 3 , 60
( t etr a for duces, 115
ér efépxet r tp"M79) , 72
ét épxea'dat, 62
émjxovaa , not dr fixova'
a, 65
hr! after a e‘
t‘
v omitted , 92
£e x6661”,63 , 99 , 12 5, 12 6
ézrl rodvavr lov , 55
hr! r 93 fiovhoaéva’, 99ézrt ré3 évl r ldea
'dat v6p.ov: , 66
ér tdetxvdvat and ém delxvvadat
distinguished, 1
ér ldetEts , 1ér tda
’
tv, 4 3
ém etxt’
ds , meaning of, 73érrtetxt
'
d: lxw ¢t7ttxt3 :, 62 j’
tfid , 11
h teévra: Ke¢ah1jv, 94ét tderéov dtsnv , 97 13
'
after évavr lov , 57ér tOvutfdv r apaaxevaa
'
r at, 113 15after tdtov, 57ézrtKoupta , 72 repetitionof
,89
ér thafioi}, 3 0'7) for 17v, 66
érrtkattfidvecdat , 114 c) év'
Apr emalq: or wept
ém kaafidvov, 3 6 [.tlartov pdxn, never '5émuehe
’
t‘
adat, 110 utattp, 111
émaéheadat, 110 4) p i)'
mretpta, 52érrtaelmri): 5vwv, 110 flfor 15677, 73ézrlrrpw
'Oev = étt1rodu’
yv , 20 ddovfi r apadods, 47
érrtfijdet‘
v, 75 ddovh Kat émarfian, 77(mayp alvea
'flat, 12 4 i165 tr ader , 80
ézrlarraaat used for knowing byrote , also to denote personalacquaintance , 60
ém ardms, 4 3
érrtarfi/A'n and « tar t: di s tin
guished , 14
ém arwjmj , its identity with d7a06v, 77
érrtarop tg’
eadat, 58
érrtrrjdevaets Irapaaxeval, 87érrtxetpnréov".rf) 1r6)\et Kat rat:
r oMra t: Oepa‘n'edetv , 106
h tyl/axdg’
a v,2 53
h tgbmpfj’
etv,4 3
ét oxer edetv , 74
ér r érns, not ér raérm,3 9
épltat‘
ov, 64
éadfia'
tv for aladfiaet , 2 9toowns , a word of doubtful note,2 9
dim-dv and éar lv confused inMSS . , l 4
éaxmtar ta'
tt t‘vos , 103
Erepov, 77
ér épov Evexev , 2 58
65 ( 00’
(in, 11
ed r pdrr etv, double sense of, 97£5 r pdrretv instead of xatpetv, 97eddatp ovla wept aid/ta , 52
eddoxt/t e tv , 109
edemérn: dva7ptt¢600at, 96eddv and 6600: di stinguished , 12 2
edxr txd dvr l dr oraxr txwv , 2 4
é‘tpnada, not films , 80( x6 2 1
éxdé: Ital r ptdnv, 3 8( x0: m8: d arts , 91
INDEX I .
500: of a polity, 102fihtxla, intros , 61dwwfimtaanev, 47fiv, use of, 52
13v used for éar l in general
propos itions , 97
fivtaxela , 111
fipem'
t‘
v, 125
for 13060. inadmiss ible, 80ndpta
'
xattev, 107
Gavardv, not Oavar tdv , 75Oavdrav 63
depar ela acbuara:, divisionof, 28
Oer rahtde: aeMvnv xa0atpodaat,105
larpedea'dat , 52
t'
arptxrj, 2 8tdta fittt
’
dv , 107ldtwredetv , 15
ldttbrm, 15
lévat 107
1mm) : 6 X6709, 104
t ‘
yytdv , 63
Iva inlocal and final sense , 62
£00) 106, 84
(0 6m: 7ewperptmj, 98t’
o'
xvplj'
eaoat ct: rod: dodeveis, 68
laxvplaaada t r 93 aa’
mar t , 68
xadépsys , not KaOetfi ys, 2 4xadauohwe
'
t‘
v , 84
Ital navdd corrected , 79
rat r od interpolated , 114 9
xaxtav , not ddtx lav , 53
xaxdv Bhafiep6v, 4 4Kaxovp76
'
t‘
: év r at: X6706 , 59
Kahku'
m'
tap a , 72
Ka , r 6, 4 5
Kdm jhos, bus iness of, 113xapxt6= Mapp e
d
, 80
Kard r tva elvat, 104
Kar a and Kdrretra for eIra and
( r etra, 17
xarafloM , a medical term,114
Karadedvxtds , 62
xara0é00at= 0vvatvé0at , 88
Karaxpmtvtaat, 111xaraxpfittvtc ts, punishment of,111
65
xaraAdo/t ev , not xaraAdwaev, 94xaram rrafiadat, 4 3
Kararrovroiiadat , 104
Karaaxevi) atbuaras , 4 9xaraaxeui) m pdrwv, 4 9Karaxa
i
a'
etev av r06 A6706 , 104
Karea7évat with genitive , 37Karea7évat rdv xe¢aA7jv , 37Kar ea7évat rd. (Bra , 109Kar errtidetv , 60
Kar61rtv éoprij: nxaaev, 1Kexnja
'
a/t at and xrvjarttat distin
guished , 3 2
xecpaAa’
t‘
av, 76
xtdaptar tm‘
) év ra'
t‘
: d7t’
datv, 88
Ktvatdtov Bio:, 75Ktvdvvedetv, 114
a m‘
yv Karat/Imptg'
eadat, 109Kvija
’dat, not xvdadat , 75Kvnatdv, 75xvnatq
’
i or «matqin,not 0 170 103,75o dg
'
ea'Oat duetvav dxaAaala , 94
xaAaxeta , 29, 89, 90, 106
o axela softened into dtaxavla,112
KaAaKedaavra r apaKaAe'
t‘
v , 117
o axevr tmj, 2 8o axm j applied to tragedy, 90K6Aa£, 117Kappadv, etymology of, 2 9
2 9
Kauawr tmj, 2 9KO/tflw‘
rtxdv d Ao: applied to
Isocrates , 2 9
Kappwrpla , 2 9Ka
'
axtvov, 73
Koo/Mats, 93
xvfiepvnr tmj, 103xvptr retv, 110
Kvpavttévtov= dtar parr ottévwv , 8
xvpavv and xvpofiadat dis tin
guished, 8
xdptoats , 7xvi/4A1) év did , 57
AdAas, 109
Aattr'
pd
s, 61
Aaptaazrat6s, 2 54
Aé7auev, no t Aé7wjuev , 105
Aetdr'
qs, 2 9
Anprjuar a, 63Afice
‘
re
INDEX I .
Apar oO 98
AtOt'
dvra s , not At0tt'
dvras, 75Amratro Ada s s , 74
Awfidada t rnv 102Atpa
'
re Ht’
dAe , 3 2
p. and ,8 , interchange of, 65
[.Ld , or ad ad, 68
[Ad 76v , 3 1
ad. rdv Kdva , 2 3
ad rdv K6va rdu Al7v1rrlwv 066v,58
#a77aveta, aa77avedtta , ,ttd‘
y‘
ya
vov, 60
padrja'
er at , or uadfiaeadat , 2 1
#axpd. r elxn, 16#4797used in s ingular only, 3 6Mapadt
'
dvt , 111
[.taar t7las , 12 2
[167a ddvaa'dat , 102 , 105
no put absolutely, 88fléVTOt, 1[.tévrat, pos itionof, 3 1
pévrot in apodosi to uév, anAttic usage , 4 2
w aif!) KaraAetrretv, 9417
aerar tdévat , 74
uéxpt dr at , 65
In) prohib . with subj . present, 87[Niinterrogative , 104
m) interrogative or dubitativewith indicative, 105
mi 00with conjunctive, 76pndé preferred to 0666, 52
pndé «17306 , 52
mydets in interrogation, 102undérepa , 3 3
min-or e, use of inAristotle , 105
pnxavar'
at6s, 104
[Alav affirms, 28
Midatxo: d rdv dt/Iarrodav 00776
7pa¢t6:, 113
napaoAdrr eaOat, 4 3nopflcb. 4 3 . 80M vadv xaAei
‘
v, 117
M vat’
dv saxaros, 117Muac
‘
dv As ia , 117
I'd/ad , 74
” amev'
ea'flat, 58
veavtxdv BadAevtta, 63veavtK6s , 99v1) rdv Kdva
,3 1
vijv, 75Ntxta: d Ntmpa
'
rav, 4 0
vanader txfi, 2 8va
’
aos d r dvrwv BaatAetis, 60vdttty— tpdo
'
et , antithesi s attributed to Archelaus , 59
vafis, 30
vvv , enclitic used inprose, 8vfiv 85
rdv 16 , 74
vvvdtj , 25
d dei xpdvas, 12 3d éOév , 996 6112 111
d dttato: ré3 dttaltp, 1016 2 x601) : rdv
'
t'
r r av, 80
d rpa’
ma: Kat ldaerat , 1
0i doxadvr es, 4 0
at daxaiivre : elval r t, 4 0
at 0 0¢0l, who ? 98oldeiv, 114
aluat for fivéa’
onat , 4 16Al7tara, 101
damjdns , 101dttaAayfittara ab et , 55
0M 9 r dvra xprjttara, 306v , omiss ion of
, 77
6v1ja'
etev, or 6v1jaetev dv, 104d'
vapta éxelvtp ctr-
6 3v , 92
6v6ptara. Oppedwv, 67.
6v6ptara A6766 ,68
dr aaavd'
oj , 10561r6r epa , adverbial use of, 12 1d1m : wi th future, 77, 101, 102 ,115
67 w: 105
67 01: mi with future, 67, 75d: £06A6 t= dar t006v, 11160a for 1r60'
a or 67 60a, 8
dat6rn:, 97drt followed by infinitive , doubtful construction, 91
6 r t éxwv Anpeis, 8006 81m mr ivova'
tv interpolated , 3 3
06 with conj .= 066b detvdv
M. 75
06 r dAm 61m , 52
of) « two , 196
2 68 INDEX 1.
r poaea‘
raAp évos , 103
r poaj'
muofiv , 1111rp6006 for r p6006v, 991rpoa
'
x0p1js , 2 4 9r poaxéptas, 2 4 9
r podaxer r o pro r podaxérrrero
res ti tuendum Thucydidi ,”4 7
r rwxdttavaos K6Aa£, 2 53110002 rather than év 1111002, 4 1
r t’
t
‘
ma preferred to t énu, 1181nd: 76p 00, 4 3
Maura dupedw, 68
Maar t daapr dvetv, 67parapedetv, 90
Ar oma 2 8
dnr optmj, definition of, 25
Mraptmj, limi ts of, 19
dqrapuc’l) dvr la
'
rpatpo: dynamic s, 30
dmapucr) o aKeta: p.6ptov , 30
Woptk'i] r etdoi}: 6171110141763 , 11
dmoptx i) r aAtr txij s p aptav el’
dw
AW , 27
WOW ?) sli vxarw la. 11
duraptxdv 677m Kat
émarfiuava r t’
dv ducalwv, 98
daraptxds— dlxatas, 2 2
61765,’
Arr txt'
ds, pt7a'
t‘
,
‘
EAAnvtxt’
ds,112
6t706v, t vt'
ds ,112
Zaxaa‘
t‘
m alone, or with év, 111
Edpafias d Kd1r17Aas, 113
Ewe-Ads rather thanEtKeAtxds, 73
EtxeAd: dvfip, 73a
'
tr01r0tds , 112
Uxé‘trroaat, axér rw, barbarisms ,4 7
« (car r iawa occurs in text of
Laches , 4 7axa rra/Aévw occurs in Alcibi
ades II, 4 7
d KoAtdv, 9
a‘
xar dv Ka0fara00at, 4 4
axor dv arvjaaadat , not t pd:axa1rdv arfiaaadat, 4 4
axor t’
b, tenses of, used by Atticwrite rs , 47
axvradéxlms—av adéwns, 112axvrédeufior—aq ddeV/as , 112
I owan): xal 613e radrdv, 115
ao¢tar tx1j, 2 8“ dam pnraptm
’
j: d Atav, 115Emiprav €Aaxe:, radrav xda/Aet, 85a zravddg
'
etv «p6: r tva, 101
ar e7av6:— ar é76 tv , 73
a'
raxaa'
rucds— dafaar txds, 2 6vh ‘
rpauua. 8
0077pa<p61tevat , 8awxarartdep at , usage of, 88
avafiatvet Kax6v without dv , 54avpfidAata , 61
avpfiavAevr tKfi, l 3a
'
vttr'
epttpépeadat, 2 5986
adv ra’
t‘
: ¢tAr drats aipea'
t:, 105O
'
vvalr to:, 114
avvearaAptéva: opposed to d7u }:dr): or é«ax01j: = «paaearaA
Mva:, 103
avvla'
raa'fiat, 92
passive, 53avp¢er6: , 68avxvad: relvw r t
’
dv A67t0v, 115agb lv for a
'
tpta'
tv,120
axeddv 7dp «av, 53
ax'
rma, 103axfip a xard rd 017/t aw6uevav , 68
axmtara, various kinds of, 2 9a
'
tbfetv r e Kat a'
tdj’
eadat,105
afipa , afip a , fi rst said by Heraclitus
, 73
admaro: Oepamsta , divisionof, 2 8atbttaros ,ttaxdnpta , 93
awtppoa'
vvnand nearlycoincide ln the Republic, xxi
dwtppaa’
vv'
q identifi ed with 0611.«aaa dper 1
’
7, 96
aw¢p00 6vm its wide sense inGorgias , 97
atbtppwv and d¢pwv, a false
antithes is , 97awtppwv and dtxatos, parallelismbetween, 97
rd. adrav «pdrr etv, meaning ofin Republic and inGorgias,12 4
rd raAd , 84
rd Ira/1.306 ratrra , 118
INDEX I . 2
rd «pd r06 66'
dvdpe: €Ae70v 61:
£76 » d1r0xpét0, 95r656 , 93
radrd for rafira , 4 0
rd¢0s {p t/10x6 , 2 47, 252
rdxa , 3 0
rdx'
d a'
op at, 7
r dx'
é« etddv , 7’
rei‘
xas, rd dtd Maw , 16
r éAa: 85a rijs dAnOela:, 65r erpmtévc: 73
r éxvn, technical sense o f, xvn
réxv'
q é1rl rfi 60x5, 2 8réxvn admar t , 28r exvtKal «pa7ptar et
‘
at , 87r exv07pd<p0:, xviir
'iyv év ZaAatt'
t‘
vt , 111
rijv dpx'
q'
v :‘in the first in
s tance,’and with neg. ,
‘not
at all ,’
52
rt 1'
7v d vat, 97
rt odxl 91
maj, whether put for rim/t a, 80rd é« l radr tp, rd é‘fl't 74366 , adverb ial, 105
rd tté7a ddvaadat , 3 5, 37rd p.670. ddvaadat interpolated,3 7
rd « apdv ed « atet‘
v , 85
rd r t’
dv « 0AAt’
dv 106
ratxwpvxe'
t‘
v , 99
rdv Mapadt'
dvt , not rdv év Mapu
0t’
dvt , 111
radrov «péadev interpolated , 3 2
rpa7tpdt'
a: «01110 6 ,89
rpl’
arra for rpta dpa , 64
refit. 87rptadas, 12 1
W ¢At3 $ {xetm 53
rai 6vr t , use of, 65
t'
mdpxctv , 62
t'
mdpxetv r tvl, not ( v r . , 119
6« édv, 2 8
dmq bvet (98 [1.67d fiAdfip, 51fir-
epwr t'
dv , 59
d«d 3 6
61rd r t draw 73
70
6« 0666 t dr'
odéxet inXenophon,28
28
6« 0x6200at , 2 9
72 47
80
Wor etveadat , 4
6« 00A0:, 55 , 114
d¢'
eipdrwv , 3 6
m0, verbs in, whetherAttic writers
, 78
¢tAla , ¢tA6r11:,'
Atppadtrn, Ne’
t‘
lcas,
meaning of inEmpedocles , 98
¢tA6vetxo: at, 108
tpAvape'
t‘
: Exwv, 70(popr txds , 59
¢p0vpd for dea/Atarfiptav , 12 2
xapadptds, 75
xapadptti: in Bebrina a s ingingbird , 75
xapadptafi 75
xaaptda'dat, 63
xetpoypvw a. 7
xetpwv vdjuas, 60
Kat di c t/1.0. rd. «pdwt ara ,
A
m an: applied to persons , 116
m par ta'
rtx'tj camp . with dim)
and larptxfi, 52
xp va'ijv tl wxfiv , 63
¢eAAl§600at, 62
303v, 75II/fidmv Oéadat ,not Kara0é00at , 88
¢wpdv , 75
¢wpdivras better than s/mptwvras, 75
cd ¢lA17Ke¢aA1j , 105tdr for 73
t5: for 17after comparative , a
barbarism , 73
tbs—dv with optative , 11
t5: dv 6656 t adrwatv, 99t5: eivat , 111
7'
éptal doxe’
t'
v , 58
7e dtaxdvav: elvat, 111
ch: €« o: el« e’
iv , 6 , 7, 87, 112
do: éxet «066v , 97thaat
’
ma: 061w, 2 2
650 1e dv cf, 53
tiian p adr txa , 59
INDEX 11.
[Notes are referred to by the p aging 0f the tex t]
Aegina, fare to Athens from,
103
Alcibiades , 114year of hi s death, 58
Alcibiades II, the, spuriousnessof
,2 , 3 8 , 47
by some falsely attributedto Xenophon, 3 8
Alex is , comic poet, cited , 29Alliteration, 72Anachronisms inGorgias , 58 , 91Anachronisms inPlato , 3 8, 114Anacoluthia, 10, 11Analogy, false, inGorgias , 115Anaxagoras , 30Andron, 65Antisthenes characteriz ed, xviiiAnytus, though poxonpbs not
«padAos, 63Aorist, force of, 91
Apollo Pythius , sanctuary of, 4 1Apo logia, the, 119 , 12 4
Apos iopesis , 3 1Apuleius , xxxi
Archelaus, 91, 12 3
reignof, 3 8
1110: Etutkng 3 8entertained Eurip ides , 3 8his talent extolled byThucydides , 3 8
his history, particulars of,found only inPlato, 3 8
Archelaus , Ionic philosopher,Socrates’early trainingunder,59
Archilochus, fragment of, varionely cited, 59
Aristides , 12 4
Aristides Rhetor, 90cited, 26, 2 8 , 29 , 98, 111, 112
Aristophanes , Eccles iaz usae ,said to ridicule the PlatonicCommonwealth, xxxvi
Aristotle cited , 3 3
on the unity of virtue , x xuSoph. Elench 59Ethics , 64
Arithmetic among the Greeks ,8
specimenof, inTheaetetus ,8
Arithmetical equality dis tin
guished from geometric , 98
Arnold onThucydides cited , 4 0Arsenius cited, 2 59Ar;decorative and rhetorical
,
9
Arts and sciences , subordination of to an ethical law,
peculiar to Gorgias, 87Arts , useful, confused with
those which aim at plea
sure only, 112higher and lower, 112
Article omitted , 83Ast corrected , 59
cited , 12 2Asyndeton, 4 0, 57, 60Athenaeus cited, 73
refuted, 3 8, 91value of his accusations ofPlato , 3 8, 91
emended , 113Athenian people , justificationof, 111
Ath
l
ens famous for good bread,1 3
Attraction 100Augment, doubtful, 47Auletic disliked by Plato
, 88
272 INDEX II.
Eleus inia, les ser and greater,80
Ellipse of prepos ition, 110
Ellipse of dci‘
v , 4 1
Elms ley inMed . cited, 59
onEur. Heracl . cited, 47Empedocles cited, 98
anEclectic, 74borrowed from Pythago
reans , 74sem i -Pythagorean systemof
, 98
Epicharmus cited , 95Epistle in the Phaedrus , a
genuine wo1k of Lys ias , x ivEpistles , P latonic, genuinenessof, maintained by Grate andCobet, xxvi
Epitaphius , the, of Gorgias , 2 4 9
Equality , s imple and propor
tional , 98Ethics , Christian, likenes s of toPlatonic , x ix
Etymology, false, 73Euclides , the host of Plato, xxxEucrates , brother of Nicias , 4 0Euripides ,Antiopa of described,
61
Hippolytus of cited, 12 2Eusebius cited, 120Euxitheus , the Pythagorean,condemned suicide , 73
Exagitator omnium Rhe
torum ,
”said of Plato, xx
Fine arts allowed in the Pla
tonic state under certainconditions , 88
Future optative in obliquaoratio , 58
Galatians, St Paul’s Epistle to,
cited , 4 0
Genitive , use of, 106
Geographical divis ions , accord
ing to Plato’s contemporaries ,
121
Good and pleasure , identifiedin Protagoras , contrasted in
Gorgias , xxxiii
Good, how far synonymous withuseful inGorgias, 4 4
Good , standard of beauty inPlato
,4 4
not identical with pleasure ,nor painwith evi l, 81
Gorgias ,his first v isit to Athens ,xm
hi s funeral oration, xivditto characteri z ed , 2 4 9
ethical dogma of, mentioned by Aris totle,handled in the Menon,
x iii
treatment of, in dialogue,
his age, x iv
omniscience of, 2
s icelisms of, 7irony of, 80, 2 54fragments of, 2 47spurious speeche s , 2 50
his Olympicus , 2 51his Pythiens , 2 51
his éyxtoittav e6 HAetovs , 251his oration “ in praise of
Achilles ,”2 51
written work of, on Rhetoric , 2 51
that Pericles was his disciple a late fab le , 2 51
metaphors of, 252
Ejeasantry of
,2 54
s éEapldunat: r t’
dv dper t’
dv,2 55
ridiculed Sophists who profes sed to teach virtue,2 55
ethics of, commended byAristotle , 2 55
regards virtue as equivalentto effi ciency, 256
four sayings of, 2 57, 2 58phrase of, adopted by Aristcphanes , 2 58
his description of tragedy,2 58
dictum of, explained, 2 58longevity of, attributed byhimself to hi s temperance, 2 58
last saying of, 2 59
and Tisias, their brachyloss.5
INDEX II .
Gorgias , the , date of the dia
logue , xxx i , xxxv , 114
date of, according to Gray,3 8
of later date than the
Lysis , 3 3scenes of the conversation,
1
aim of, xiii , xiv
anethico - politicaldialogue ,x ix , xx ii
not a treatise on Rhetoric,xv
marks an epoch in the
growth of Platonic sys
tem and ofmoral s cience ,xxi
Order or Harmony the
germinal idea of,xxi
analogy between it and
the Republic, xxv , xxviidentity of nations inGorgias and Republic, xxiii
an'
Ar '
aAa'yta IIAdrwvos ,xxxn
not anti-Cyrenaic, xxxivtone of political despair in,
xxviii
undiscriminating severityof, xxxiv
reasoning in,
sometimes
unconvincing, 80exaggerations in, 103
prophecy of Socrates ’death
1n, xxv
anachronism s in, 58 , 91
Gray cited , 9 , 15 , 16 , 3 3 , 3 8,
Grate , History of Greece cited ,4 0, 109 , 111; controverted ,4 3
Happines s , bodi ly and mental,52
Harmony the germinal idea of
the Republic, xx iand of the Gorgias , xxi
Hartung, Euripides Re stitutus ,referred to , 63
Heindorf cited, 119 , 12 1controverted , 12 5
HelenaeEncomium of Is ocrates ,250
PL . GOR.
Hendiadys , 4Heraclides Ponticus quoted, 4 3Heraclitus , anecdotonfrom , 4 3
cited , 73
explained, 73
Hermann, C. F., curious emendationby, 105Hermann, G .
, cited, 4 3
Hermogenes cited , 2 4 7Herodicus the brother of Gor
gias , 3
Herodicus the Selymbrian, 3Hesychius cited, 58, 60, 84Hippias inXenophon, 7O
Hippias II , emendationof, 4 1Hirschig cited , 9 , 15 , 2 2 , 2 9 , 4 1,4 5, 50, 65, 72 , 78 , 89, 96 , 99 ,104 , 111
Hommoteleuton, 2 4Hyperides pro Euxenippo cited ,
59
pro Lycoph. cited, 56
Indifferent things defined, 3 3Induction, imperfect, 77Infinitive, epexegetic, 106Interpolations ln text , 83 , 88Interrogation, oblique fd r di
rect, instances of in Platodoubted , 118
Irony, Socratic, ins tances of,
‘Irris io ,’out of place, 103
Isocrates , 3 2
cited , 60, 61, 62 , 12 1(card. r t
'
dv 00¢ta'
r t’
dv cited ,115
Evag. cited , 4 1, 9O
Helenae Encomium of, 2 50wrote speech Against So
phi sts early, 2 6his ins inuations against
glato and hi s school, 61,7
hated phi losophy, 61acknowledges its educational uses , 61
an apologist for“Univer
sity Studies ,”61
follows the traditions ofGorgias , 115
Itacism, 61
INDEX II .
Julius Pollux cited, 113
Justice, according to Plato , a
harmony or proportion,xxi
inthe Republic, equivalentto virtue ingeneral, xxi
defined by Gallicles, 69
Laches , the, emended, 47Laconism attributed to So
crates by Aristophanes ,109
afi ected by the oligarchs ,109
Lactantius , xxxiLaws , the , referred to , 3 6Leaks cited , 16, 40, 80
Labeck cited, 75 , 113 , 12 2onPhrynichus cited , 3 9 , 80Aglaoph . cited, 80
Locke cited , 3 3
Logistic, 8LongWalls , the , 16Lucancited, 105Lycurgus , 98Lys ias , epistle in Phaedrus , a
genuine work of, xiv
Mango , mangoniz are , 2 9Medical profes sion liberal inGreece , 105
Meineke , emendationofGorgiasby, 2 58
Melee ridiculed by comic posts,88
Melotue, allusion to , 63 , 117Menexenus , the , anachronismin, 91
Meno, di sciple of Gorgias , 2 55
Meno, the , referred to , 3 3quoted , 2 55
Miltiades , 91, 109crime imputed to, 111
saved by the Prytanis or
Epis tates , 111
Minos , 12 1Mithaecus , a Syracusan, great
in 6¢o«0tta , 113
his the first cookery-book,113
MSS .,authority of, set as ide,
3 6
Mys ians , the , regarded as therefuse of mankind , 117
Myths , the , inGorgias and Republic compared, x vi ,120
in Phaedo and Republic,later than that in Gor
gias , 120
Mythi cal account of rewards
and puni shments after death ,
120
cited, 6, 20, 2 1, 3 2 , 37 4 3 ,59 , 63 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 77, 80,81, 85, 97, 98 , 100, 12 1,12 2 , 12 4
emended, 73Neo -
platonic trifling of, 2 3readings from , 1, 3 , 14
Optative for conjunctive , 2 4after indicative present, 58
Oration of Gorgias“ in praise
of Achilles,”2 51
Order the germinal idea of the
Republic , xxi
Pain not identical with evil ,81
Paradoxes inGorgias , 100, 114Participle , causal , 4 5
omis sionof, afterm xdm ,
& c., 89Participles used adverbially, 17
concourse of, inPlato , 75
Nausicydes mentioned by Xenophonand Ar istophanes , 65
Negative constr. with a sub
stantive , with and without
article , 52
Neo -
platonic trifling of Olympiodorus , 2 3
Nicias built a temple within
the peribolus of Bacchus , 4 0
Oaths used by Socrates , motiveof, 3 1
recommended in
Epistle , 3 1
Odyssey, the , quoted, 110, 12 4
Olympicus of Gorgias , 251
Olympiodorus characteri z ed ,
276 INDEX 11.
Plato takes refuge in Megara,xxx
his travels , fabulous extentand durationass igned to ,by hi s biographers , xxxi
his service in the army atTanagra, Corinth, andDelium, xxxi
his efixépeta. in the choiceof terms , 97
his attack on the Quatuorviri, 90
P latonic Dialogues , on what
principles named, xiearlier and later, contrastbetween, xxi i
doctrine of tri partition ofthe soul
, 73
Ep istles , genuineness of,maintained by Grote andGobet, xxvi
Pleasure and Good, identifiedinthe Protagoras , contrastedinthe Gorgias , xxxiii
Pleasure the final cause of lyricand dithyrambic poetry, andof Tragedy, 89
Pleasures, impure , preceded anda
zcompanied by uneasiness ,
7Pleonasm of 104
inpronouns , 59P lutarch cited , 40, 55, 80, 120Pluto , in the Laws , public honours to be pa1d to , 103
Poetry a kind of popular ontory, 90
Politic a Oepa‘r eia. tlwxfis, 91
Politicus , the, 2 8Polus , character of, xvi
a Euphuist and coxcomb ,xvi i i
puns onhis name, xvi , 27banter of, inPhaedrus , xviie l
’
rér eta of, xviihis 3
ditto,a fragment of india
logue, xvii
handled rhetoric mstheti
Polygnotus , 3Polyidus ofEuripides cited , 73
Personcited, 2 4 , 3 6, 52 , 61, 78 ,
118
Prayer, Nee -platonic theory o f,97
Proclus characteriz ed , xi 11Procne and Philomela trans
po sed , 2 54
Prodicus , apologue of, 1
Protagoras , discourse of, characteriz ed , xiv
his 4371661156 , xiv
paradox of, inTheaetetus ,
65
Protagoras , the, earlier than theGorgias , xxx iv
eloquence of Pericles epokenof in
,xxxv
referred to, 3 3
a transitional dialogue , 96cited, 60, 12 2
Proverbs , l , 4 3 , 57, 60, 73 , 80,84 , 85, 95, 101, 105 , 108 , 117
Provincialisms inPlato, 7Public mensucceeding Pericles ,inferiority of, 111
Punishment remedial , according to Plato, 4 9, 52
treated by Plato as exem
platy or corrective ,neveras retributive, 94 , 12 2medicinal,
’recogniz ed by
Aristotle, 100“pro salute animae , a
principleavowed byPlato ,100
regarded as satisfactory,’12 2
Purgatory, theological idea of,had its foundation in Plato ,12 8
Pyrilampes , Demus of, 57 105Pythagoras quoted by Cicero
against suicide, 73Theory of Virtue as anOrder or Harmony, probably suggested by,
first call ed the universemm , 98
Pythiens of Gorgias , 2 51
Quatuorviri , the, 90, 109Quintiliancited , 11, 2 2 , 98
INDEX II .
Redundancy justifi able, 99Republic, the , date of, xxxvi
Order or Harmony the
germ inal idea of, xxi
picture of ideal Just andUnjust Men in, xxiv
cited , 4 4 , 12 2 , 12 4
emended, 4 4 , 56Rhadamanthys , 12 1, 12 2Rhetoric, false and true, in
Phaedrus , xv
the true, xxxiiidefinitionof, 11
d itto inPhaedrus , 11
a spiritual cookery, 3 0its uselessness , 55, 56rational, scheme of inPhaedrus , 87
treated formally in Phaedrus , ethically in Gor
gias , 87true political , must followthe analogy of other arts ,91
true and false distinguished , 111
Rhetorician, the true, must be
just and acquainted with
justice , xxxiiiRhetoricians , early, efi ect of
their writings , 2 50Routh cited, 3 1, 57, 59 , 83 , 120
St Paul cited, 40
Sarahnanot Sarambus , 113a Plataean, 113
Saving life not the highest end,104 , 105
Schema Pindaricum , when ad
m is sible inAttic, 87Schleiermacher controverted,xxx iv
Scolia, 9Seneca cited , 54
Sextus Empiricus quoted , 5Shakespeare cited , 56 , 73Shilleto , Mr , cited , 13 , 72
S icelisms of Gorgias , 7
Simplicius , commentaries of,xi i
Socrates , inventions of, xv
paradoxes as serted by, x ix
277
Socrates , prophecy of hi s deathinthe Gorgias , xxv , xxxv
his conduct as chairmanof
the assembly, 4 3hi s utilitarianism , 4 4
his theory of the beautiful ,4 4
his pass ionfor cons istency,58
, 70
inwhat sense said am ped
pew vécus, 65
prefers rhetoric to sophi stic
,115
efi ectproduced byhi s crossquestioning, 119
his profes sed belief in the
myths related by him , 120
his devotionto his calling,12 4
of Xenophon, 4 4his Opinions , 61
Socratic elenchus , 66Socratic Ethics , fundamental
principles of, 3 3
irony, instances of, 64 , 65
pa
gadox
,only seeming, 54 ,
6
oaths , 2 3
temperament, 3 1view of virtue , 2 1
Solecisms,56 , 101, 105, 106, 12 3
Sophists , commontauntagainst,114
Soul, penal incarceration of,held by Pythagoreans andOrphics , 73
State, the,
and Individual,
paralleli sm between, in the
Republic, xxiStatecraft, the true, accordingto Plato, 91
Statesmanship , final cause of,114
Stobaeus cited , 4 2
Stoical doctrine ,Platonic, 54
exaggeration, 54Subject, change of insentence,101
Suicide condemned by followersof Pythagoras , 73
Synesius cited , 80
resembling
INDEX II .
Tacitus , Annalee of, cited, 12 2
Temperance, the right state of
the soul , 96
Theaetetus , the, explained , 69cited
,125
Thearicn, 113
Themistocles , 91, 109banished after being ostra
ciz ed,111
Theocrines , speech agains t,falsely attributed to Demosthenes , 40
Theodoret cited, 120
Theoricon, the, 109Thersites , 12 3
Th
l
e
o
s salides , black arts of the,5
Thucydides cited , 109Gorgiasm of, 7, 2 4 9
Tisander, 65
Topography of myths in Gorgias and Republic, 12 1
Tragic poets of the fourth morerhetorical than those of the
fi fth century 90Tragic spectacles ,no restrictioninthe admi s s ionto
, 90Triptolemus , 12 1
Uninitiated , the, wretched con.
ditionof, 73
Utilitarian and psychologicalview of Ethics reconciled , 91
Utility not the sole tes t o f
beauty according to Plato , 4 4
VanHeusde cited , 58, 12 6Vice a di sease or deformity , 4 9
the greamst of all evil s , 51Virtue , definitionof, xx
Theory of as an Order or
Harmony, probably suggested by Pythagoreans ,
Socratic view of, 2 1
a spontaneous , admittedby Plato
, 96
cons is ts inharmony, order,and proportion, 96efi ciency, according to
Gorgias , 2 56
Woolsey, Prof. , cited , 2 2 , 2 3 , 72Wordsworth cited , 60Wordsworth, Mr J cited . 8
Xenophon, 4 3
cited , 3 6Alcibiades II, by some at
tributed to, 3 8
Zeno of Citium, 3 8
15 1921
CAMBR IDGE : PR IN TED BY J OHN CLAY , M .A. AT THE UN IVERS IT Y PR ES S .