May 22, 2015
792 million people are malnourished (2000)
10 million children die of malnutrition every year
2-3 million die because of VAD, 500.000 get blind
400 million poor consume mainly rice
Vitamin A importance
Vision Epithelial growth and
repair Bone growth Reproduction and
embryonic development
Maintenance of the surface linings of the eyes
Epithelial integrity of respiratory, urinary and intestinal tracts
Regulation of adult genes
Immune response
Vitamin A productionJust middle part missing in endosperm: Phytoene Synthase, Phytoene Desaturase, Zeta-Carotene Desaturase
The construct
A lot of work has been done since the intitial idea...
The “best“ construct: GR II Endosperm-specific promotor Glutelin-promotor Gt1p transit peptide tp to target plastid Nos-Terminator , terminating synthesis (nopaline synthase) carotene-desaturase from Erwinia uredovora crtI,
catalyzing mutiple steps in carotenoid synthesis Zea mays phytoene synthase Maize ubiquitin-promotor ubi1p phosphomannose-isomerase marker-System „Positech“,
avoiding antibiotic-marker RB and LB: RB, T-DNA right/left border sequence
The new Golden Rice
Golden Rice up to 37 µg/g carotenoid of which 31 µg/g is β-carotene (first generation Golden Rice 1.6 µg/g )
$3.00 - 19.40 daly (costs to save one life) – from $200 cost-effective (World bank)
India: 5,000-40,000 children could be saved per year – every 14minutes one life
Criticism
Golden Rice could contaminate wild rice forever
better answers to theproblem of VAD
Encourages diet based on one food Designed to help introducing GMOs Unknown side-effects Bioavailability, storage effects
Micronutrients and Bioavailablity
Micronutrientscan enhance soil quality
Various factorsdetermine availablity
A lot of breeding-potential
Status and Outlook
Introduction to the Philippines by 2012, then Bangladesh
Yield: about 5t - low? Storage – depends on traits Conversion factor – first experiments successfull
GR with additional nutritional traits:vitamin E, iron and zinc, high-quality protein or essential amino acids
Personalized medicine
Trend of the future: personalized diets for problematic SNPs
Nutrigenomics: Interaction of dietary components and resulting proteonomic and metabolomic changes
Nutrigenetics: Understanding Gene-based differences in response to dietary components
What should be done
Spread biofortified foodto Africa
Adopt regulatory process
Shift public opinion
Focus research and
agriculture lesser on profits
Establish not only bio, but also quality
Sources
All Slides: Salim Al-Babili and Peter Beyer, „Golden Rice – five years on the road – five years to go?“, Review: Trends in Plant Science, Vol. 10 No. 12 December 2005Roukayatou Zimmermann, Matin Qaim: „Potential health benefits of Golden Rice – a Philippine case study“ – Food policy 29 (2004)Ross M. Welch, Robin D. Graham: „Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutrition perspective“, Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 55, No. 396Peter Bayer et al.: „Golden Rice: Indroducing the β-Carotene Biosynthesis Pathway into Rice Endosperm by Genetic Engineering to Defeat Vitamin A Defiency“, Symposium The Journal of Nutrition, 2002 American Society for Nutritional ScienceThe Golden Rice project – www.goldenrice.org
Slide 3: http://www.cehjournal.org/extra/40_15_01.html , Photos: Simon Franken, Allen Foster, Donald McLaren & Gordon Johnson Alfred Sommer (ophthalmologist) http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/press_releases/sommer_vitA.html
Slide 7: DER SPIEGEL 48/2008 http://www.spiegel.de/media/0,4906,19439,00.pdf„Kampagne für gentechnisch veränderten Reis am Scheideweg“ Christoph Then, www.scouting-biotechnology.net, Januar 2009, im Auftrag von foodwatch e. V. http://www.foodwatch.de/e10/e1026/e19431/e23453/GoldenRice_deutsch_final_ger.pdf„All that glitters is not Gold: The false hope of Golden Rice“, Greenpeace, May 2005, http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/all-that-glitters-is-not-gold.pdf
Slide 8: www.greenpeace.org
Slide 9: http://www.goldenrice.org/Content3-Why/why3_FAQ.html
Slide 11: Rahul Shetty MD, http://open.medicdrive.org/blog/2007/09/26/surfing-the-waves-of-medicine-two-point-oh/
Slide 12: Google Earth, Terrametrics, DigitalGlobeUndata, www.thematicmapping.org