Gold in the WORLD

8/18/2019 Gold in the WORLD

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WEL - COMEWEL - COME

TO TO

THE THE

WORLD OF GOLDWORLD OF GOLD


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INTRODUCTIONGold is a metallic element with a chemical symbol Au. The symbol

Au is derived from the atin name !Aurum" meanin# shinin# dawn.

This yellow metal is a cause of attraction for women since centuries.

$omen are fascinated to a #reat e%tent by #old but the men&articularly middle class husbands thin' that this metal is a &ic'

&oc'eter. As soon as the wife utters the word !#old" the husband(s

hand automatically #oes to his &oc'et. Actually men are also

fascinated by #old but not to that e%tent because the choice of )ewelry for man is limited to rin#s* chains and sometimes bracelets.


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HistoryGold is known to the mankind since prehistoric period. The reason for

this might be that Gold is one of the metals that is found in native statehence no smelting and extraction process is required. It was 2!! ".#.

in which year gold was found in $gypt. The usage was not very common

then. It was mainly for ornaments and the ornaments also were not very

artistic. The glitter and the beautiful yellow colour of gold were themain attraction.

Gold is also mentioned frequently in the %ld Testament. It is also

mentioned in the early chapters of &athew's (ew Testament with the

gift of &agi. Gold is also described in the "ook of )evolution as *The

city of (ew +erusalem was having streets of pure glittering gold as clearas crystals,. $xploration of gold is also dated back to the time of king

&idas.


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The mali $mpire in -frica was also famous for the large amount of gold

in its possession. The ruler of this empire became famous for his Ha

pilgrimage in the year /021. He was accompanied by a train of /!!

camels loaded fully with gold. He distributed so much of gold in*khairat, that it took over a decade for the (orth -frican $conomy to

recover. The economy was disturbed the rapid inflation initiated by

sudden inflow of such a large quantity of gold. Gold as a sign of wealth

of prestige was made fun of by Thomas more in his treatise *3topia,.%n the imaginary or fictitious island named *3topia, gold was so

abundant that it was used for making chains for slaves tableware and

toilet seats when -mbassadors from other countries used to visit 3topia

dressed in beautiful gold clad dresses and ewelry they were mistaken by

the 3topians as the menial servants.


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In the historical times gold was tested by biting. -s gold is

soft metal there used be mark of teeth on the surface but this

test was not authentic because a piece of lead painted with

bright yellow colour would also pass this test because lead isalso a soft metal even softer than gold.

4ome of the -lchemists were so madly after gold that their

only aim of life was to produce gold from other substances or

elements such as lead. They were expecting this phenomenon

to happen with a mythical substance carried the philosopher's

stone,. 3nfortunately no alchemist even succeeded in his

attempt but their attempts resulted into today's chemistry.


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+ro&erties #olour 5 glittering yellow

Hardness in &oh's scale 2.6

&.7. 5 /!1./8 o # ".7. 286 o #

It is a soft ductile malleable metal

It is the most malleable of all the metal. - single gram of gold can be

beaten into a sheet of / sq. m. This sheet becomes so thin that it

appears to be translucent. The light transmitted through this thin sheet

or gold leaf 9as it is often called: appears to be greenish blue because

gold reflects red and yellow colors. It is a good conductor of heat and

electricity.


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#hemical 7roperties

#hemically gold is a trivalent and univalent transition metal. Gold does

not react with most of the chemicals. It is only attacked by chlorine

fluorine aquuregia and cyanide. Gold is dissolved in mercury forming

amalgam alloy but does not react with it. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid but silver and other base metals are soluble in nitric acid. This is the

basis of gold refining technique known as *inquartation and parting,.

(itric acid is being used to confirm presence of gold in items since long.

This probably is the origin of colloquial term *acid test, 9he had to pass

the acid test before getting the chairman's post:


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(ame 5 Gold

4ymbol 5 -u 9-urum in ;atin:$lectrons per shell < 28 /8 02/8/

-tomic (o. =>

-tomic weight < />.> gm?mol.@ensity at room temp. />.0 gm?cc.

@ensity at ".7. 5 /=.0/ gm?cc.

&.7. 5 /!1 o #

".7. 5 286 o #


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3ses$arlier gold was used for specific purposes such as

#oinage+ewelry

&edicines

Aood decorating


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Coina#eIn the year 6! ".#. Italy was the first country to introduce gold coins as its currency.

%ther countries also followed the same practice and within few years gold coins wereaccepted as currency all over the world. (ow


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-edicinesIn medieval times gold was used in medicines. It was believed

that anything that is rare and beautiful is good for human health.

$lemental gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the human body but some gold salts have anti


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In the recent times gold has found some more uses which are

/olderin#Gold soldering is useful while oining components of gold

ewelry. Aor best quality ewelry the solder must match with the carat

weight of the components. Gold solder is made in 0 melting point ranges

known as easy medium and hard. -n artistic gold smith can fabricate or

assemble the ewelry components by using proper solders.

DentistryThe chemical inertness of gold is very well utilised in dentistry in

restorative dentistry and the malleability of gold is used in making

crowns and permanent bridges which connect the two adoining teeth.

Gold can be drawn into thread which is used in embroidery. Gold is alsoused in colouring glass known as cranberry glass. Gold is also used in

photography as toner Gold toners are used to increase the stability of the

photograph. Gold toners are used in sepia toned prints. Gold toners

produce red tone.


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0lectronicsGold has maximum no. of free electrons i.e. 6.>! x /! 22 per ##

Gold is highly conductive to electricity and used in wiring of high

energy applications. 4ilver is even more conductive from gold but gold

has an advantage of being corrosion resistant over silver. Gold plated or

gold connectors are very useful where sliding contacts are necessary in

high tech equipments used in space craft and et crafts engines.

#olloidal gold 9#olloidal sols of gold nano


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ResourcesEorld resources of gold were estimated at about >!!!! tonnes 9gold content:. %ut of the total

world resources /6 to 2!C are expected to be obtained as by product during extraction of other metals like

copper lead Finc etc. 4outh -frica with 1!C of the total resources tops the resource tally followed by

#hina and )ussia 91.6C each: and 34- 91C:.

India-s far as Indian resources are concerned 3(A# system as on /.1.2!!6 the total resources of primarygold are placed at 1>!.8/ tonnes 9in terms of metal: %ut of these 86./2 tonnes were placed under reserve

category and remaining 1!6.> tonnes are placed under the category of remaining resource.StateState ReservesReserves RemainingRemaining

resourcesresources TotalTotal

IndiaIndia 85.1285.12 405.69405.69 490.81490.81

And!a "!ad#$And!a "!ad#$ 6.026.02 25.5625.56 31.5831.58

%ia!%ia! -- 37.6037.60 37.6037.60

Ca&&i$'a!Ca&&i$'a! -- 2.702.70 2.702.70

(a!)and (a!)and 0.830.83 2.292.29 3.123.12

*a!na&a)a*a!na&a)a 78.2778.27 75.1475.14 153.41153.41

*#!a+a*#!a+a -- 5.825.82 5.825.82

And!a "!ad#$And!a "!ad#$ -- 7.817.81 7.817.81

Maa!a$&!aMaa!a$&!a -- 3.553.55 3.553.55

Ra,a$&anRa,a$&an -- 125.84125.84 125.84125.84

Tai+ ad/ Tai+ ad/ -- 1.001.00 1.001.00

W#$& %#n'a+W#$& %#n'a+ -- 124.00124.00 124.00124.00


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4ilver $orld Resources 1 - maor part of the world resources of silver is associated with base metals. The total

reserve base of silver is estimated at 6=!!!! tonnes. 7oland holds top position in the resource tally with

26C of the total world resources followed by #hina 92/C: and 34- 9/1C:.

-s far as Indian resources are concerned as per 3(A# system as on /.1.2!!6 the total resources

of silver are placed at /!2/2.2 tonnes comprising !68.00 tonnes under resources category 1/61.2>tonnes under remaining resources category. The state wise resources are shown in Table belowD

StateState ReservesReserves Remaining resourcesRemaining resources TotalTotal

IndiaIndia 6058.336058.33 4154.254154.25 10212.6210212.62

And!a "!ad#$And!a "!ad#$ 5.985.98 1.081.08 7.067.06

(a!)and (a!)and -- 5.225.22 5.225.22

*a!na&a)a*a!na&a)a 3.153.15 2.292.29 6.076.07

Maa!a$&!aMaa!a$&!a -- 0.230.23 0.230.23

M#'a+aaM#'a+aa -- 19.8019.80 19.8019.80

O!i$$aO!i$$a 30.8330.83 34.1734.17 65.0065.00

Ra,a$&anRa,a$&an 6003.086003.08 3868.333868.33 9871.419871.41

i))ii))i 15.2915.29 41.4041.40 56.6956.69

Tai+ ad/ Tai+ ad/ -- 42.5542.55 42.5542.55

&&a!a)and&&a!a)and -- 138.59138.59 138.59138.59

0%&loration


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0%&lorationGold being high priced and most sought after metal the exploration

agencies are allocating more funds for its exploration. - number of

agencies are carrying out exploration for gold in many areas G4I

&$#; HG&; (&@# @&& 9Eest "engal: are the agencies whichare exploring for gold in India. G4I is presently engaged in exploration

of gold in /! states namely -.7. #hhattisgarh Guarat +harkhand

Barnataka Berala &.7. )aasthan Tamil (adu and 3.7. &ost

important of which is "hukia Gold 7rospect in "answara district)aasthan where a total of 1=.>/ million tonnes of gold ore with average

grade /.>= gm?tonne of gold is estimated in the first stage.

&$#; is working in +unnagiri in Burnool district of -7 and

estimated reserves of about /.212 million tonnes with average grade of

2.1 gm?tonne of gold. HG&; is exploring for gold in its own lease andgetting some encouraging results. @&& Eest "engal is working at

kadampur in 7urulia district but with no concrete results as yet.

4ilver is also associated in the same area hence no separate

exploration programme for silver is undertaken..


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Government +olicies

The govt. of India has radically changed the mineral policies in past

few years and the process obviously will continue. Govt. of India has

allowed /!!C foreign equity holdings for many industries including

exploration as well as mining. -s a result of this many indigenouscompanies and &(#s have been attracted towards the explorations and

mining of minerals like gold silver diamond base metals like copper

lead Finc etc. This is hopefully a good sign as far as exploration and

mining of all the minerals including gold.


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+roduction of Gold $orld +roduction Eorld mine production of gold in terms of metal content stood at 2260 tonnes in 2!!. 4outh -frica

was the leading producer with 2=6 tonnes 92>=01! tonnes: followed by -ustralia with 21= tonnes 920 26>

tonnes: and 34- 26/ tonnes 9268.26 tonnes:. #hina with 22= tonnes 92!> />1 tonnes: was placed at 1th

place china reported the all time high production in 2!!.

Indian +roduction 2 7roduction of 7rimary gold in India showed a decreasing trend. Barnataka was

the leading producer with >>C of the total production remaining was contributed by +harkhand. The

production of primary gold in India is given in the Table below

StateState 2004-052004-05 2005-062005-06 2006-072006-07

uantit!uantit! "alue"alue uantit!uantit! "alue"alue uantit!uantit! "alue"alue

IndiaIndia 35263526 21452145 304304 28232823 24902490 22892289

"!ia!"!ia! 35263526 21452145 28802880 27002700 23632363 21472147

*a!na&a)a*a!na&a)a 35013501 21302130 28462846 26772677 23632363 21472147

(a!)and (a!)and 2525 1515 3434 2323 2727 2525

#nda!#nda! -- -- 167167 123123 127127 117117

(a!)and (a!)and -- -- 167167 123123 127127 117117

Gold in the WORLD

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