Gokul.thesis.report

Design of Operator’s Area of Indian Tractor for 2015Project TRISHUL for TAFE

Master’s Thesis Project Report

Submited in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree in Master of Design

Submitted byCH Gokul Venkatesh

M.Des (09420502)Department of DesignIIT Guwahati, Assam

Department of DesignIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Guwahati 781039, Assam, India

2011, All Rights Reserved by Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Project GuideProf. Ravi Mokashi PunekarDepartment of DesignIIT Guwahati, Assam

Project Co-GuideDr. Sougatha Karmakar

Department of DesignIIT Guwahati, Assam

Design of Operator’s Area of Indian Tractor for 2015Project TRISOOL for TAFE

Master’s Thesis Project Report

Submited in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree in Master of Design

Submitted byCH Gokul VenkateshM.Des (09420502)




2011, All Rights Reserved by Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Project GuideProf. Ravi Mokashi PunekarDepartment of DesignIIT Guwahati, Assam

Certificate

This is to certify that the theis work titled

Design of Operator’s area of TAFE Tractor for 2015is an authentic work carried out

byCH Gokul Venkatesh

M.Des. Roll no. 09420502Department of DesignIIT Guwahati, Assam

at



For the award of M.Des. Degree during the academic year 2010-2011

Submitted byCH Gokul VenkateshM.Des (09420502)


Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar

Project Guide

Prof. Ravi Mokashi PunekarProfessorDepartment of DesignIIT Guwahati

Project Co-Guide

Dr. Sougatha KarmakarAsst. Professor

Department of DesignIIT Guwahati

Examiner 1

Examiner 2

Examiner 3

THESIS PROJECT REPORT - CHAGANTIPATI GOKUL VENKATESH (M.Des 2009-11), IIT Guwahati

CERTFIFICATE OF INDUSTRIAL GUIDE

This is to certify the project work titled “DESIGN OF OPERATOR’S AREA OF TAFETRACTOR FOR 2015” is a bonafied work of Chagantipati Gokul Venkatesh carried out forTAFE in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of ‘MASTER OF DESIGN’ of IndianInstitute of Technology Guwahati under my guidance. This project work is original and notsubmitted earlier for the award of any degree/diploma or associateship of any other industry/university.

Sri. R MURLI KRISHNAN (B.E, M.B.A.)Sr. Vice President

Product Engineering & MarketingTAFE, Chennai


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Design of operator’s area of TAFE tractor for 2015

Acknowledgement

An acknowledgement is not enough to scalp thehelp, guidance and wishes of all people withoutwhom this achievement would not have been possible. Yet I take this opportunity to expressmy gratitude towards them.

I would like to express my deepest thanks to my guide Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and my Co-Guide Dr. Sougatha Karmakar for their timely guidance and valuble comments which chanelized my thinking process in right direction at various stages of my project.

My deep sense of gratitude to my IndustrialGuide Sri R Mulrli Krishnan(Associate vice President), R&D, Tractors and Fram EquipmentLtd. for his support and guidance. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful people at R&D-TAFE, for their support.

I express my thanks to the Head of DesignDepartment, Prof. A.K Das for extending his support as and when required.

A special thanks to workshop staff at Deparment od Design for their valuble co-operation in making the model of my designand my batchmates, juniors who helped me.

I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.

CH Gokul Venkatesh(09420502)


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IPR DECLARATION

I herebt declare that in accordance to the IPR norms generally followed in Acadamics, I haveappropriately acknowledged all the sources ofmaterial / content including visuals / design /copy rights accessed from other authors /sources / references used in this project as apart of my academic reporting.

I further declare that the contents of this projectreport, including visual/design other than those whose origing / source has been appropriately acknowledged, are a result of my original effort.

CH Gokul VenkateshM.Des. (09420502)Department of DesignIIT Guwahati, Assam



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TABLE OF CONTENTCERTIFICATEACKNOWLEDGEMENTIPR DECLARATIONTABLE OF CONTENTABSTRACTKEYWORDS

ABOUT TAFE ........................................................

1. INTERNSHIP Brief & Objectives .............................................. 1.1 Over all Evolution of TAFE/MF ..................... 1.2 Over all Evolution of Mahindra ..................... 1.3 International Trends .....................................

2. PROJECT BRIEF & OBJECTIVES 2.1 Project Brief ................................................. 2.2 Objectives and Methodology ....................... 3. PLANNING 3.1 Product Development Process .................... 3.2 Graphical Representation of project plan .... 3.3 Literature Review .........................................

4. SYSTEM STUDY 4.1 Exploration ................................................... 4.1.1 Self Exploration ................................... 4.1.2 Interaction With Drivers ...................... 4.2 Identification of Elements of Interaction ....... 4.3 Competitor Analysis & Study of Existing Workspace ...... 4.3.1 Mounting the Tractor ........................... 4.3.2 Ambience ............................................ 4.3.3 Dash Board/Instrument Cluster ........... 4.3.4 Levers ................................................. 4.3.5 Pedals ................................................. 4.3.6 Fixing LH & RH Brakes Together ........ 4.3.7 Hydraulic Controls ............................... 4.4 User Centric Analysis ................................... 4.4.1 Ergonomic Considerations .................. 4.4.2 Real Life Scenarios & Usage Trends .. 4.5 Need Identification .......................................

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TABLE OF CONTENT5. CONCEPTUALIZATION-1 5.1 Project Logo ................................................. 5.1.1 Iteration-1 ............................................ 5.1.2 Iteration-2 ............................................ 5.1.3 Finalized Logo ..................................... 5.2 Keywords ..................................................... 5.3 Mood Board ................................................. 5.4 Form Exercise .............................................. 5.4.1 Free Hand Forms ................................ 5.4.2 Volumetric Analysis ............................. 5.4.3 Incorporation of Identity in Forms .......

6. CONCEPTUALIZATION-2 6.1 Space Exploration ........................................ 6.2 Focus on Interior .......................................... 6.3 Horse Ride Posture ...................................... 6.4 3D Exploration .............................................. 6.5 Core Iterations of Interior ............................. 6.5.1 Horse Ride Position-1 ......................... 6.5.2 Horse Ride Position-2 ......................... 6.6 Ergonomics .................................................. 6.6.1 NSRP Method ..................................... 6.6.2 Conversion of Anthropometric Data into Dimensional Drawings ... 6.6.3 Interpreted Ergonomic Values ............. 6.6.4 Workspace Design .............................. 6.7 Horse Ride Posture-3 .................................. 6.7.1 Rating Iterations on Timescale ........... 6.8 Fender Variations ......................................... 6.9 Focus on Exterior ......................................... 6.9.1 Iteration RATHA .................................. 6.9.2 Iteration TRISHUL .............................. 6.9.3 Iteration TRISHUL-HRP1 ...................

7. MODEL MAKING ...............................................

8. CONCLUSIONS .................................................

9. REFEFERENCES ..............................................

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ABSTRACT

There is scope for intervention of Industrial Design and innovation in providing a comfortable experience to the tractor operator. Tractor being a multipurpose vehicle, has many products and controls in the operators area which can be modernized in terms of form, ergonomics and user interaction to make them comfortable.

Indian Tractor industry started realizing thedifference which can be made by interventionof Industrial design in the design of operator’sarea and overall styling of the tractor. Tractormanufacturing giants in India have focused onturning customer centric to make their productsmore usable and marketable.

This project considers the three important factors; Aesthetics, Ergonomics and User Experience in space management, placing ofcontrols in the operator’s area of TAFE tractorwhere various iterations have been turned todetailed workspaces. The project completelydeals with designing a comfortable and aesthetically appealing workspace along withstyling of its packaging and bringing in a newidentity to TAFE Tractor.

KEY WORDSBigPowerCuteConfidentStylishCompanion and Compact



ABOUT TAFE



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TAFE is a US$750 million tractor major incorporated in 1960 at Chennai in India, in collaboration with Massey Ferguson (now owned by AGCO corporation, USA). TAFE acquired the Eicher tractors business, its engine plant at Alwar and transmissions plant at Parwanoo through a wholly owned subsidiary “TAFE Motors and Tractors Limited.

A member of the Amalgamations Group of Chennai, this company has four plants involved in tractor manufacturing at Mandidheep (Bhopal), Kallidaipatti (Madurai), Doddabalbur (Bangalore) and in Chennai.

Apart from being among the top five tractor manufacturers in the world, TAFE is also involved in making diesel engines, gears, panel instruments, engineering plastics, hydraulic pumps, plantations and passenger car distribution through other divisions.

TAFE Motors and Tractors Limited has, apart from the tractor manufacturing plant at Mandideep mentioned above, a Diesel Engine plant at Alwar, Rajasthan producing a range of air cooled and water cooled diesel engines up to 80 HP with plans are on to increase the product range up to 125 KVA. The Transmissions Division located at Parwanoo in Himachal Pradesh produces a range of ransmission components both for captive use as well as for sale to OE manufacturers.

TAFE Access Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of TAFE involved in the manufacture and marketing of farm



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implements, trailers and accessories, distribution of passenger cars, manufacture of hydraulic pumps and panel instruments to discerning customers both in India and overseas.

TAFE’s Power Source Division produces a range of automotive batteries for both 2-wheeler and 4-wheeler applications for sale through AMCO Batteries Ltd. As well as for sale directly through a dedicated distribution channel under the brand name of “Speed”.

VISION OF TAFE: To achieve the distinction offirst choice among the farming community of India and to ensure a growing presence ininternational market through setting leadershipstandards of performance and customer care in agricultural machinery business.

CORE VALUES OF TAFE:Customer satisfaction.Quality in products abd services.Human resources.Proactive response to change.Environment and safety.Trust and long term relationships with stakeholders.Business Ethics.



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INTRODUCTION

Tractors are definitely a special species in the world of Automobiles and multipurpose vehicles. I am always interested to exploreTractors and apply innovative design principlesto them. There is a lot of scope for interventionof Industrial Design in Indian Tractor.

I am fortunate to attain a right platform to explore this field during my internship at TAFE.During my Internship, I was given an opportunity to study the evolution of TAFE product styling and compare it with that of the competitors.

As an extension of my internship study, I wasgiven an opportunity to takeup my Thesis project in the field of Tractor in collaborationwith TAFE. After studying the form evolution of Various Indian tractors, I was interested toexplore the possibilities of elevating thecomfort, aesthetics and user experience of driver’s workspace of Indian tractor to developan wholistic knowledge of a tractor design bycombining the external styling and interior-operational comfort.

Considering the evolution of Tractor design onInternational basis and incresed demand in Indian market, Indian tractor is going to experience a design evolution in the comingfuture. This provoked me to takeup this projectto Design futuristic concpts for Indian tractor.considering the time span from conceptualization to manufacturing, 2015 is takenup as the year of target.



1. INTERNSHIP



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My thesis project has got its base from myinternship project at TAFE. In this chapter I have briefly summarized my work duringinternship period.

Internship Brief: To study the evolution of form and various aspects of TAFE/MF tractors that make an appeal to the customer and compare with that of competitors tractors.

Objectives: To study the form evolution of TAFE/MF tractors.

To study the evolution of major competitors.

To compare the present range of TAFE/MF tra-ctors with that of competitor tractors.

To study the current trends in domestic and international designs.



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TAFE/MF next generea�on

Fig-1.1(a): TAFE evolution

1.1 OVERALL EVOLUTION OF TAFE/MF:On the whole[Fig-1.1(a)], right from stubnose bonnet to style ‘G’ bonnet, there have been many changes in the styling that have taken place during the evolution which were discussed earlier. One cannot find any drastic change taking place during the evolution. The identity of TAFE/MF is maintained through out the evolution.

Some basic keywords that can be associatedwith TAFE/MF product range are like;Longish.Bulky.Flat.Reliable.Friendly.Strong.Power full.

The styling has focused mostly on the feel part of the form and gradually through the evolution, expression is also being brought into the styling. This can be observed from evolution of key words related to expression like aggression and wild along with key words like flat and longish.

The styling of TAFE/MF has its own identity inthe market and it draws no similarities orinspirations from other existing product styling.But, the main focus of industrial design has only been on the hood. During further evolution this factor may be considered and the tractor as whole can be made more appealing. Designingall the products together as a whole will help in improving co-ordination and reducing visual noise.



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During the evolution, the front grill underwent many changes. In 1035 there were two columns of horizontal bars(1) and from that. they have slowly transformed to strong horizontal bars(2). These horizontal bars are further concentrated on and style ‘F’ kind of expressive grill(3) came out. Finallyn this got entirely transformed and in style ‘G’ the front grill(4) is clean and fresh without any visual noise and lights have taken care of the expression. But, this has given up the identity maintained by TAFE/MF.

Lights also underwent changes during the evolution, the round lights(5) which used to pop out of the hood have slowly become the part(6)of front grill. Then these round lights furthertransformed into rectangular(7) ones. This has changed the pleasant expression of the tractor into a bit serious and masculine one. These rectangular lights further got transformed intosharp featured style ‘G’ lights(8). This showsan indication that as being followed by the international trends, head lights might be usedby TAFE/MF also to make the products more appealing to the customer.

One can also observe that the products are being made more usable and presentable bydecreasing the area of machinery being exposed. The package and compactness relatively increased. this can be observed fromdisappearance of air filter(9) and exhaust(10) from the external surface of style ‘G’. This is making style ‘G’ more clean and stylish tractor.

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Fig-1.1(b): Identity Analysis



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Fig-1.2(a): Evolution of Mahindra

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1.2 OVERALL EVOLUTION OF MAHINDRA:On the whole[Fig-1.2(a)], Mahindra is not reluctant in introducing drastic changes in styling during the evolution of its product range. During the each stage of evolution, there hasbeen a considerable amount of change in thestyling of their products.Due to these drastic changes in the productstyling, Mahindra could not maintain a partic-ular identity for its design and there doesn’tseem to be any Mahindra kind of styling existing. But. they have done quite well inmaintaining certain features through out theirstyling evolution which keep up their identity.

One can observe that the cut - 1 shown in bluecan be seen in all the products of Mahindra.All the products have front face(2) in the form of vertically oriented rectangle. The wide horizontal slots(3) in the front face have gainedthe liking of many Indian farmers and theseslots have formed an identity for Mahindraduring the evolution till styling ‘F’ has come into the scene.

How ever, Mahindra seem to be followingbenchmarking strategy in styling their products. Most of their lower and medium HPtractors seem to have some inspiration fromTAFE/MF and higher HP versions seem to havesome inspiration from John Deere. They arealways trying to catch-up the global trends andseem to be keen in making changes to adoptto the rapidly changing global trends.



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Fig-1.3(a): New Holland Tractor

1.3 INTERNATIONAL TRENDS:In international market, Tractor design andStyling is advancing at a very healthy pace.Most of the international designs are focusingon user needs and comfort to achieve usercentric design.

In Fig 1.3(a), one can observe that tractor is not just considered as a machine. Tractor is being made as stylish as other automobiles and as comfortable as luxury cars.

One can also observe that the evolution ofelectronic and sophisticated controls from theearly controls shows that farmers are alsoturning intelligent and are ready to handletechnology to work smartly for efficient output.

The fact that tractor is no more considered asjust a machine in international market can be exemplified by how the latest hoods(1) are covering/packing almost all the components,how the fenders(2) are being used to cover thefront and rear wheels along with the most important development like evolution of lux-urious cabins(3). All these examples just show that tractor is definitely being considered as aposession and Tractor manufacturers started consider user requirements and his/her tastesbefore designing these wonderful machines.

There is also considerable development in theusage of different materials and combinations.Lights(4) are also being used as important elements of of overall design

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Lights of tractor are under going drastic changes from time to time with the evolution of tractor. Lights have become a major part of the identity of a tractor. Different manufacturers are using different style lights to create their own identity.

On a whole, one can observe that there are three basic types of lights in international tractors with advanced design. The first type being expressive lights(1) where the lights are more sharp, curvy and organic in shape close to the shape of eyes of real living thing. Lights are generally treated as eyes of the vehicle byindustrial designers. We can observe that these kind of lights are already entering domestic Indian market. Here one can observe that New Holland confidently used their lights to enhance the expression and these are definitely extracted from the elements of eyes from cat’s family.

The other type being long rectangular, horizon-tally oriented lights(2) which are giving strong outlook to the vehicle.

Third one being multiple lights(3). In this kind of lights, many lights are used together indifferent patterns to intelligently use them asa part of visual identity of the vehicle.

The lights of type 2&3 might do well in domestic market as these have a strong outlook and gives a notion of getting ‘more’ which suits the Indian attitude of possessing big things.

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Fig-1.3(b): Few International Models



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Fig-1.3(c): Trend Analysis

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Companies in international market are keenin forming an identity for themselves. Thisseems to be a gesture extracted from luxurycar industry. BMW is an example for that wherethey never change the design of the front grillof their vehicles. This forms an identity for BMW and people can recognize a BMW from adistance.

In the same way Tractor manufacturers are also trying to go for having their own identity.To exemplify, one can observe that New Holland is maintaining similarities in front grill(1), its lights(2) and the slope(3) towards the front of the hood. In Lamborghini tractors we can find that this identity is invisibly and sensitively maintained. Lamborghini maintains the similar form in its tractor hood. There is a line(4) which cuts the front most region of the hood. A horizontal strip(5) are some things which are maintained in common and highlights the identity of Lamborghini.

On a whole, one can observe that the newgeneration of international tractors got rid ofthe blunt boxy kind of look and evolved intoa well designed forms with many curves andlines. Most of the tractors are coming with slopy hoods and as the complete coverage ofinternal components has almost become common in international market the openingsin the hood(6) for air circulationa and cooling purpose have become part of design and theyare being well utilized by the designers.



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Tractor manufacturers in international marketare using colours in an intelligent way to standout in the market. Colour is one of the majorassets for John Deere and New Holland.Fendt of Agco group is good in their designswhich l are competitive and they are launching vehicles with different colour versions.Manufacturing of vehicles with customers choice of colour might become common in future just like it is in the case of Car and Bike industry.

Tractor industry is also keeping in pace withother automobile industries interms of technology usage and development. Tractor manufacturers are using different materials andmodern sensitive technologies to keep themselves upgraded with the latest evolutions.New Holland has the technology of HydrogenFuel cell tractor and they have concept designfor it.

Just like other advanced automobile industries,International tractor industries are always trying to have future concepts for their backupand with the growing competition in this sector, concept designs make the companiesfeel secured and go ahead in global competetive markets.

One can also observe that all the controls andproducts in the operators area of the tractorare evolving as per customer needs and theseare also being given importance just like the importance given to interiors in car design.

Fig-1.3(d): Concepts and trends (google images)



2. PROJECT BRIEF & OBJECTIVES


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2.1 PROJECT BRIEF:

PROJECT TITLE: Design of operator’s area of TAFE tractor for 2015

AIM: To achieve easy access to the user & a comfortable experience to the user. To bring in a modern, contemporary, futuristic and rich outlook to the operator’s area. To modernize various products and controls in the operator’s area of TAFE tractor.

DESCRIPTION: There is scope for intervention of Industrial Design and innovation in providing a comfortable experience to the tractor operator. Tractor being a multipurpose vehicle, has many products and controls in the operators area which can be modernized in terms of form, ergonomics and user interaction to make them comfortable, give a rich feel and enhance the value of the product.

USEREXPERIENCE

ERGONOMICS STYLING

DESIGN OF OPERATOR’S AREA OF TAFE TRACTOR FOR 2015


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2.2 OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY:

OBJECTIVES:To consider user experience for design– Enhance the experience to new level.

To bring in modern, contemporary and futuristic outlook to the operator’s area.

To increase operator’s comfort with better ergonomic designs .

To bench mark with the best in tractor industry globally and with the other non-tractor products.

To conceptualize innovative and cost effective solutions.

METHODOLOGY:To study the existing operators area to capture the user experience, interface and responses.

User survey and feedback about the existing operator’s area.

Bench mark with the best in tractor industry and also with the other non-tractor products

Develop concept design to meet the objective

Validation of the concepts with various available sources. Producing 3D renderings of the finalized concept. DELIVERABLES: 3D renderings, mockup/model.



3. PLANNING


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3.1 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:After a thorough reference of various publications, I have chosen the six stepproduct development process[Table-3.1(a)] which begins with a planning phase, which is the link to the research and development phase.

Planning:The planning activity is often referred to asphase zero. Since it preceeds the launch of actual product development process. The phase zero begins with corporate strategy andincludes assesment of developments and market activities.

System Study:The system study phase involves the basicunderstanding of the functinality and usagepattern of the existing system.

Concept Development:Drawing conclusions from study phase andconverting those ideas into conceptual iterations is the basic function of this phase.

Detail Design:This phase involves identification of aptconcepts and further developing those intocomplete detailed ones.

Validation and Refinement:Validating the Concepts with the standardswhich are preset after system study phase.

Model Making:realizing the concept as an actual physicalmodel

Phase 0: Planning

Phase 1: System Study

Phase 2: Concept

Development

Phase 3: Detail Design

Phase 4: Valida�on and

Refinement

Phase 5: Mock up/ Prototype

Consider product pla�orm and architecture Tenta�ve schedule for reviews Visualiza�on of suitable product development process Division and distribu�on of process on basis of �me line Assess new technologies Bench marking and compe�tor analysis

Study and analysis of func�onality: a. study of exis�ng controls and indicators b. study of sub-systems c. study of exis�ng workspace d. measurement of exis�ng layout ergonomic study: a. study of display controls b. study on placement of various controls c. study of Indian anthropometry user centric analysis: a. study of user interac�on and responses with controls b. study of real �me scenarios c. user survey and feedback

Conclusions: a. iden�fica�on of key factors associated with opera�on b. iden�fica�on of key problems c. iden�fica�on of basis for grouping concept itera�ons: a. solving various key factors and problems iden�fied b. iterate various innova�ve ideas for every element of the workspace c. iterate various innova�ve ideas for en�re driver’s workspace as a whole

Func�onal form: a. Deriva�on of basic form which Evolves from func�onal aspect b. Deriva�on of basic form which Evolves from user interac�on, responses for be�er experience Aesthe�c form: a. Sensi�ve Modifica�on of func�onal form to aesthe�c necessi�es of the user and industry b. 3D renderings of selected concepts

Valida�on of the selected concepts with conclusion Valida�on of filtered concepts with constraints of the industry Selec�on and refinement of final concept based on valida�on Approval from industry

Final drawings and renderings Mockup of approved concept

Table-3.1(a): Project Plan


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3.2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OFPROJECT PLAN:After dividing the entire project into sixdifferent phases, entire project is put on timescale of project period and each phase hasbeen allocated a certain period of time.

The project starts slowly with planning and system study phase as the form strong basefor the further phases. After Study phase, the project picks up phase during the conceptualization phase as all the parametersrequired for this phase are readily availablefrom the work done during previous phases

planning phase

system study

concept development

detail designvalidation & refinement

mockup/prototype

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3.3 LITERATURE REVIEW:A thorough reference of publications on product design and development processes. Referred through publications fromauthors like Karl T Ulrich, Steven D Eppingerto develop better understanding on designprocesses to be followed for different projectsand various methodologies to be followed.

Studied Ergonomics study done by other researchers on tractor to understand theintervention of ergonomics in tractor design.

User aspects and Ergonomicsby Prof. Devkumar Chakravarthy.

Design requirement for tractors.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Anthropometric Database Percentile Data (5th , 50th and 95th)

3.4 VISITS MADE:Made several visits to TAFE tractors showroom in Guwahati and Visited local tractor accessories shops

Visited JOHN DEERE, NEW HOLLAND andSONALIKA Tractors show rooms in Guwahati.

Visited village nearby IITG for user interaction.Visited Sirugudupeta and Vallabhapuram villages in Andhra Pradesh

Visited REGIONAL HORTICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Guwahati.

TAFE Tractor on Display at Guwahati showroom



4. SYSTEM STUDY


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4.1 EXPLORATION:

4.1.1 Self Exploration:.As I have mentioned earlier that tractors are a new species of Vehicles with which I had very minimum interaction. During my system study phase, I started with exploring the tractor bytrying to understand the way to use it, with outany external guidence. I started with this inorder to develop a better understanding of thework space and the level of communication itprovides to the users.

During this process, I could identify and observe many minute aspects in the workspace which influence the usage pattern to a great extent.

4.1.2 Interaction with Drivers:After going through self exploration, I startedinteracting with users/drivers who are actuallyusing the existing workspace of Indian Tractor,to under stand the actual usage pattern beingfollowed by the users and to understand thelevel of understanding amond the users and the level of communication, workspace is providing to those users.

In this process, I discussed about the problemsusers are facing with the existing workspaceand the kind of improvements they areexpecting. Afetr completing these two explorations, I could understand the functionof each and every control existing and the way to use those controls.

Fig-4.1.1(a): Self Exploration

Fig-4.1.2(a): Interaction with Drivers


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4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ELEMENTS OF INTERACTION:After finishing the exploration process, I haddeveloped understanding about various controls in the operators workspace. Duringthe process of identification of elements ofinteraction, I have documented each and every control with which the operator interacts

01. Hazard warning switch

02. Lighting switch

03. Lhand Rhindicator switch

04. Oil and pressure gauge

05. Head light warning light

06. Lhand Rhwarning light

07. Battery charging indicator

08. Hour cum r.p.mmeter

09. Ammeter

10. Horn switch

11. Throttle lever

12. Water temperature gauge

13. Starter switch

14. Fuel cutoff

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04. Oil and pressure gauge

15. PTO engagement lever

16. gear shift lever 17. range shift lever 18. parking break

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19. Hydraulic Quadrant

19.a. Dra� control lever19.b. posi�on control lever

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25. Interlocking latch

26. Le� brake pedal

27. Right break pedal

23. Le� side foot rest

24. Clutch pedal

20. Transmission dip s�ck

21. Right side foot rest

22. Foot thro�le

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28. Steering 29. Operator’s seat

30.Tool box

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4.3 COMPETITOR ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF EXISTING WORKSPACE:It was important to study the kind of workspacebeing offered by the competitors of TAFE in India to understand the way competitors aretrying to approach the user so that better possible ways can be found in terms ofmarketability and profitability.

After I started studying the facilities beingprovided by the competitors of TAFE and thencomparing those with TAFE’s, I could understand the differences and the factorswhich are being considered by the userswhen they are planning to buy a tractor and when they are using a tractor.

4.3.1 Mounting the Tractor:I started with comparing the provisionsfor mounting the tractor.In TAFE tractor[Fig-4.3.1(a)], the Platform itself is made a base for mounting which increases the height for the first step and also increases the distance between seat reference point andvarious pedals.

Provision of foot rests in ergonomic directions by some competitors.

Presence of transmission levers in between theleg space seems to be an obstacle for TAFE tractors

Distance between seat base and steering also seems to be less in TAFE tractors.Fig-4.3.1(a): TAFE

Fig-4.3.1(b): NEW HOLLAND Fig-4.3.1(c): SONALIKA


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4.3.2 Ambience:Ambiance is also very important. When a personenters the tractor there would be a first impression developed. The feelings like big,spacious, congestion, comfortable, compactwould arise in the mind of the user after entering into the tractor.I have compared this aspect among the TAFE tractors[fig-4.3.2(a)] and the tractors of its competitors[Fig-4.3.2(b),Fig-4.3.2(c)].

Competitors are maintaining an ambience which is more cleaner and has less noise comparatively

Color coding is well utilized Ergonomic and stylish grips are provided by the competitors.Fi

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4.3.3 DASH BOARD/INSTRUMENT CLUSTER:

Once the operator enters and sits in the tractor, his first interaction would be with the dash board and since then there will becontinous interaction between the driver and the dash board. Dash board needs to communicate many things to the Driver. So itneeds to be very communicative.

Compe�tors are coming up with stylish and ergonomic dash board designs

Styling of steering wheel and Its posi�oning by compe�tors is increasing leg space and is providing a commendable posi�on to the operator.

Various meters and indicators on dash appear sca�ered in TAFE tractors[Fig-4.3.3(a)].

Fig-4.3.3(a): TAFE

Fig-4.3.3(b): NEW HOLLAND


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4.3.4 Levers:Operating levers like Gear shift lever, Range shift lever and P.T.O Levers one of themajor tasks of the operator of tractor.I have discussed with the operators andtried to find out the difficulties they face and thedifferences between levers of TAFE tractorsand its competitors tractors.

The levers in TAFE tractor[Fig-4.3.4(a)] need more force to operate when compared to other competitor tractors.

The operator need to lean forward to operate gear shift lever, range shift lever and parking brake.

The operator needs to lean sideward's to operate PTO engagement lever.

Grips of the levers can be improved.Fig-4.3.4(a): Operating Levers in TAFE tractor


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4.3.5 Pedals:Operation of various pedals constitute anotherimportant task of operator. The operator needsto continuously be alert to use the pedals likebrakes and clutch.Here are some of my observations and comparisions:Location of pedals of TAFE tractor[Fig-4.3.5(a)] makes the operator to get into an un Ergonomic position.

The force required to operate the pedals is high and the operator cannot have the support of the back rest due to his/her position.

The operation range or range of movement of the pedals is high

Fig-4.3.5(a): MAHINDRA Fig-4.3.5(a): TAFE


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4.3.6 Fixing LH & RH brakes together:Tractors being multi utility vehicles working onvarried terrains, and because of the need for the tractor to take sharp turns in the fields,the brakes of the tractors are seperated as left hand side brake which controls the tireson left hand side and right hand side brakewhich controls the tyres of right hand side.For instance, when the left hand side brake isapplied the tractor’s left side wheels stop rotating and helps the tractor to take a sharp turn to the left. But when the tractor runs off the field on road, both the brakes have to be applied together.For this to be done, most of the Indian tractorshave a latch which can hold both the brakes together if tightened.

We can observe from the pictures that, For fixing LH brake and RH brake together, TAFE tractor operator needs to get down from the tractor.

TAFE

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4.3.7 Hydraulic controls:Hydraulic controls are major controls to be taken into consideration as the operator useshydraulic controls for most of the time duringfield work.While operating the hydraulic levers like inFig-4.4.7(a), the driver have to look towards the rear as the operation in the lever changes the position of tools and implements attache to the rear side of the tractor. And he also has to look back at regular intervals to know the position of the hydraulic implements.iThe operation of hydraulic controls is common in all Indian tractors but, The location of the hydraulic levers is very low in TAFE tractors and operator need to lean sideward to operate them.

Fig-4.4.7(a): Operation of Hydraulic controls


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4.4 USER CENTRIC ANALYSIS:After competitor study, I started reading thetractor from its user point of view.Different people use tractor in different waysand different purposes because of their lifestyles and the cultural aspect which is deepwith in them.But we can group most of theselifestyles and find the common things among them.I started to explore and find out different ways in which the existing user space is adopted bydifferent users to suit their purpose and lifestylewhich can provide a some common informationfrom many scenarios and by coupling this data,I would be able to find out the requirements inIndian tractor which are not being provided by the tractor manufacturers. But, are made byfarmers as adaptations

Fig-4.4(a): A scenario in Guwahati city


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4.4.1. Questionaire:


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4.4.2. Real life scenarios & Usage trends:As a part of user centric analysis, I had visited various villages in Assam and Andhra Pradeshto study the actual farmer, his daily life and theway he uses tractor in his daily life.During this exercise, I met farmers and theirfamilies at their homes, fields and other placesof work.

During this phase of my project, I could really get the feel of actual user, his life style, his needs, How he interacts with existing workspace and could understand the part of tractor in user’s life.

I could observe some interesting and commonadaptations made by farmers in order to make the workspace suitable to their lifestyle. Few of the documented observations are discussedbriefly in the next part of this chapter.

Fig-4.4.1: Scenarios in villages of Andhra Pradesh


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Observation 1:In observation-1, we can identify that the userof this tractor has placed some stationary andwater bottle under the seat and has also placesa cement brick beside the seat.

Observation 2:In observation-1, we can identify that the userof this tractor has hanged a bag containing some of his belongings.

Observation 3:In observation-3, we can identify that the userof this tractor has placed his towel behind theseat.

Observation-1

Observation-2 Observation-3


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Observation 4:In observation-4a, we can identify that the userof this tractor has hanged a 2l water bottle to the P.T.O lever besides the seat.In observation-4b, we can identify that the userof this tractor has placed a 5l water can besides the seat.Carrying water to the work place is one of themost common phenomenon and Most of theIndian tractor manufacturers have not providedany provision for this.

Observation-4


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Observation 5:In observation, we can identify that the userof this tractor has placed a box containing hislunch under the seat.

Observation 6:In observation, we can identify that an externalsupport has been provided to the fenders at the rear which joins the two fenders. This support is being used to make some place for people to sit at the rear and some times to hang some belongings lite funnel, etc...

Observation-5

Observation-6


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Observation 7:In observation-7, we can identify that the userof this tractor attached a metallic box to thefender by welding it to the fender. In this box, he placed an music system which he uses tolisten to radio FM and songs from casette.Loud music from tractors has become anidentity for tractors especially in the Andhra Pradesh region when compared to that ofAssam.

4.5 NEED IDENTIFICATION:During User Centric study process, I could Identify User behavior, his needs and his tastes.These would be very much helpful During the conceptual stage of the . In this page, I have listed the typical User needs Identified which can be Addressed while conceptualizing Drivers workspace.

IDENTIFIED NEEDS:?Space for water bottles and cans wit capacity ranging from 2l to 5l?Space for important stationary and documents?Space for mobile phone and its charger?Space for lunchbox/any packed food?Space for cassette/mp3/radio player?Space for cassettes/compact disks ?Space for speakers?Protection from mud and dirt coming from behind during field work?Seat with good air ventilation?Space for storing things like dress, towel, funnel, etc…?Sitting space to accommodate persons accompanying the driver



5. CONCEPTUALIZATION-1


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Conceptualization phase is the heart of a project. I have started my conceptualizationphase in parallel with my study phase. Duringthis phase, when my conceptualization phasewas running parallel to study phase, I wasn'thaving any specific needs identified for theconceptualization phase as my study phasewas not yet completed and was also going on.So, during this parallel phase I worked onmaking up identity for my project, mood boardsand form exploration.This chapter: CONCEPTUALIZATION-1 covers the work done by me in conceptualization phase when it was running parallel to the system study phase.

5.1 PROJECT LOGO:

5.1.1 Iteration 1:Since the beginning of my project, the understanding has been to user experience,aesthetics and ergonomics together. I startedwith the same theme for my logo iterations.After going through many iterations, I have selected two iterations to proceed to the 3Dimendional level.In iteration one, I have represented the 3properties of my project in terms of three circleswhich are ineterlocked/interrelated. These circles in the basic primary colours red. blue and green.the logo takes the shape of the place which is formed at the junction of the interlocking tocommunicate that the purpose of the project.This logo of my project, holds the actual logoof TAFE at the centre.

USER CENTRIC AESTHETIC ERGONOMIC

Fig-5.1.1(c): Inspira�on Fig-5.1.1(b): LOGO


Fig-5.1.1(a): 3D visualiza�on of the Logo


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5.1.2 Iteration 2:In iteration two, I have represented the 3properties of my project in terms of three circleswhich are connected together by a traingle.The connecting body represents my projectwhich joins together these three circles inprimary colours which represent User centricness, Aesthetics and Ergonomics.

I have also tried two sub iteration for this particular concept.

USER CENTRIC AESTHETIC ERGONOMIC USER CENTRIC AESTHETIC ERGONOMIC

Fig-5.1.2(b): Inspira�on

Fig-5.1.2(a):3D visualiza�on of the concept

Fig-5.1.2(c): Sub itera�ons with two varia�ons


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5.1.3 Finalized Logo:This is the logo which evolved from simplification of iteration-2. The inspiration andtheme behind this logo is the same as that ofiteration 2. The logo consists of a space in redcolour which holds together 3 circles which areformed in the negative space of this space.The space holding the three circles is compared to that of my project and the threecircles in negative space are considered tothe three properties of my project which I havementioned earlier.

I have given 2 ways of presentation of my logo.One being the shape filled by red colour and the other one being outlined with red.Both these are shown in colour and monochrome styles to show how they appearon colour and black & white print.






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BIG, COMPANION, POWER,CUTE, BOLDCONFIDENT, STRONG, STYLISH,

COMPACT,RIGID

5.2 KEYWORDS:During my Internship at TAFE, I have given associated different models of TAFE to variouskey words. For my projects, I have collectedthe keywords of all the models and thenfinalized few from them for my project.


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COMPACT,RIGID

5.3 MOOD BOARD:


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COMPACT,RIGID

USER LIFESTYLE BOARD:


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5.4 FORM EXERCISE:After going through the key words, mood boardand user lifestyle board, I have started toexplore forms through form exercise.

To begin with my form exploration, I have made2D silhouettes drawings of the tractor inAutoCad. With the help of these silhouettes, Istarted form exercises by exploring differentforms over the silhouettes.

Aspects that influence form:VolumeLinesColourTexture.


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5.4.1 Free hand forms:after the making of silhouettes, various free hand forms were imposed over the existing 2D drawings and exploration has been done.


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5.4.2 Volumetric analysis:Once different lines are ready they aresuperimposed on the 2D Auto Cad drawingsto explore the appearance and balance ofdifferent lines when transformed into volume.

Volume-3

Volume-1 Volume-2

Volume-4


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Volumetric analysis: Volume-5 to Volume-8

Volume-7

Volume-5 Volume-6

Volume-8


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Volumetric analysis: Volume-9 to Volume-10

Volume-7

Volume-9 Volume-10

Volume-8


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Selected Volumes: From the iterations done through differentvolumes, 4 of the iterated volumes have beenselected to take forward to the next step of‘variations’ in which the selected volumes aregiven different definitions maintaining the sameform.

Volume-7

Volume-5 Volume-6

Volume-8Volume-4 Volume-8

Volume-8


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Variations:3 different variations of Volume-5

Volume-8


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Volume-8


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Volume-8


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Volume-8


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5.4.3 Incorporation of Identity in Form:After going through the volumetric analysisexercise of form, I considered incorporation ofTAFE’s identity in the form is very important asTAFE-MF is a very well established tractorbrand in India and people have a particularmindset, imagination and expectation forappearance of this brand’s tractors.During this exercise, I have considred certaionmodels of TAFE-MF for inspiration to myconcepts. Taking some elements from the existing TAFE-MF models, I tried to play with,by experimenting different combinations of those elements and then came up with few iterations.Here is the first iteration after incorporatingidentity.


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Here is the Second iteration after incorporating identity.The three sketches to the left are the existingmodels of TAFE-MF from which this iterationdraws inspiration.


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Two more iterations with lights on top andvarrying the number of horizontal slots andtheir thickness.


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Here is the Third iteration after incorporating identity.The sketch on top left is one of the volumetricanalysis iterations which has been visualizedin 3D.



6. CONCEPTUALIZATION-2


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After completing System Study phase, andConceptualization-1 phase, I was having some solid database and knowledge acquiredwith which I can proceed into the coreconceptualization phase.

6.1 SPACE EXPLORATION:From the data collected during study phaseabout the user adaptations, I have done anexercise to identify various spaces available for exploration in a tractor.

Space at the rear::In most of the tractors, users are adopting the space at the rear for many technical, need based and personal requirements..The fenders are being connected with an external support and these supports are beingused to hang various things and in many cases they are also being used to provideextra seating space for the people accompanying the driver to sit.

From these considerations the rear of the tractor is identified as one of the spaces whichcan be explored to meet the user needs and various rough iterations are tried.

Space along the fenders:There is lot of un used space along the fendersas the space which is immediately next tofender can not be used by the user and we can use that space for purposes like storage ofstationary which can be placed in net attachedto the fender an the bottom most space also can be used place tool box, accessories, etc...


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Space around the seat:Seat is one of the most important spaces as the user sit on seat and the space around theseat is the zone which falls under his primaryreach zone. This makes the objects placed around seat, more accessible by the user.

Withe observations made during my system study phase where people were using space under the seat to place stationary and food carriage. They were also using space besidethe seat to place their water container. Basedon those real life scenarios, I have roughly iterated some scenarios for usage of spacearound the seat.


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6.2 FOCUS ON INTERIOR:By the time I have started to focus on interiorof the tractor with variables and goals set for the design, I have understood the way userinteracts with the existing workspace and various spaces available within the workspacefor further exploration.

Once I have my ingredients required to startmy design process, I quickly went through theexisting workspaces in the international marketand how they are catering to the user requirements to checkout their suitability for Indian market. One can observe the westernscenario of workspace design from the images in fig-6.2(a) where the controls occupy the entire space on a side fender or the space between the fender and the seat.

But, these kind of workspaces might not suit the Indian scenario where space in tractor is veryimportant the space on and beside fender ismainly used by the people who accompany thedriver to sit. So, the western style of design willnot suit the Indian scenario where people accompany the driver and the users carry many personal belongings along with them.

I started to find the common practices of theIndian farmer and the traditional ways of travelling and farming followed by our Indianfarmer in the past. I started taking my inspirations from various bullockcart riding positions then tried to conceptualize myiterations from my inspirations.

Arrangement of Controls in western tractors.

Fig-6.2(a): Existing workspaces in international market (source- google images)

Fig-6.2(b): Bullockcart riding postures (source- google images)


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Fig-6.2(a): Existing workspaces in international market (source- google images)

Fig-6.2(b): Bullockcart riding postures (source- google images)

Transmisson controls andelectronic switches to control hydraulics become an integral part of the armrest

Seat with suspension systemfor a more comfortable andhealthy ride.

An LCD screen which displaysvarious operation signs and interactivecontrols.


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Standing and riding position {(Fig-6.2(C)} givesa commanding riding position to the rider.Warrioirs used to ride their chariots in this position for commanding position and we canobserve the the similar kind of position froma bullock cart user when he makes the ox torun fast.

Fig-6.2(c): Standing posture for riding (source: google images)


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Fig-6.2(d): Standing posture for riding (source: google images)

Controls placed in front of theoperator at standing height

Luggage space

Place where people accompanyingthe operator can sit


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Wear your controls:In standing position the operator needsa support which can hold his body.From that need, the concept(Fig-6.2(e) of wear your controls has originated where the operatorjust wears the controls to be operated.

This concept is further developed[Fig-6.2(f) &Fig-6.2(g)] and has been adopted to the sitting position where controls can be worn.

Fig-6.2(f): Adaptation of controls tositting position

Fig-6.2(g): Adaptation of controls tositting positionFig-6.2(e): Controls become more compact

and handy. The controls also holds the operator inthe standing position

WEAR YOUR CONTROLS


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6.3 HORSE RIDE POSTURE:Horse ride posture[Fig-6.3(a)] is one of the comfortable sitting postures where the person who is riding gets a good command, comfort and feel while riding. Bike ridng posture draws its inspiration mainly from horese riding posture.If we can incorporate horse ride posture inIndian tractor, we can solve most of the issuesthat arise in Western workspaces. In horseride posture, all the controls of tractor accumulate at the central median and the spaces on sides can be used implant the accessories that can solve the required needs of the user.

In Fig-6.3(b), I have shown some of the roughiterations that I tried to incorporate horse rideposture into tractor.

Fig-6.3(b): Rough iterations - Horse ride posture

Fig-6.3(a): Horse ride posture(Source: google images)


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Fig-6.2(h): Horse ride posture(Source: google images)

6.4 3D EXPLORATION:iOnce I started entering into the coreconceptualization of the interior, I started using3D CAD Modelling software - Rhinoceros toexplore the space in 3D for better understanding of relation between various controls.


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Fig-6.5.1(a): 3D rendering of Horse ride position-1(side view)

6.5 CORE ITERATIONS OF INTERIORTaking Horse ride posture into account, I haveagain further iterated 3 variations for horse rideposture. Under the core iterations of interior, I I will be explaining the two of the three variations in brief.

6.5.1 Horse Ride Position-1:This is the most simplest iteration of the 3 iterations and the easies to use. In this type ofworkspace, the user has to lift his right leg after mounting the tractor, place it on the otherside of the seat and then operate the tractor.Shifting of all the controls to the central median zone brings in a lot of space forcustomization by the user. This concept is detailed in the report ahead.


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Fig-6.5.1(a): 3D rendering of Horse ride position-1(side view)

Luggage compartment Bucket style seat

Packaged unit ofhydraulic controls

shock absorbers beneath the seatfor reduced vibrations.


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LCD control monitor which replaces theinstrument cluster shows digital metersand posess interactive controls.

Gear Shift Lever placed in anergonomic position gives a comfortable and commanding feel along with ease of operation.

A flat base inbetween to placemobile phones or other electronicgadgets which will be connected to the power point.

Speaker along with power points on either side of it

Top view for reference


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Range shift lever comes alongwith the gear shift lever in adirection normal to it. The pullmechanism of this lever makes the user feel the experience ofluxury and comfort.

PTO lever

Top view for reference

Soft coverover the musicplayer inside

Hand throttle set in anergonomic position which provides a commandable experience

space beneath theseat is provided forstorage as observedin user centric study

Presence of Hydrauliclevers in a comfortable position


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Top view for reference Rear 3/4th view of Horse Ride Posture-1


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Rear view of Horse Ride Posture-1


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6.5.2 Horse Ride Position-2:This iteration is the development of the previous iteration interms of functionality. In this iteration, the effort required to mount the seat is reduced by increasing the height ofplatform near the seat which helped in havinga seat back as it has eliminated the bike mounting posture from the design.


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The PTO lever and Hydraulic leversare seperated from luggage compartment

Stylish and spacious luggage compartment


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the bounded enclosementbeneath the seat acts as storage space

Elevation provided near seatfor easy and comfortableseat mounting posture


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Press and pull type PTO lever


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6.6 ERGONOMICS:Ergonomics provides realistic approach towardsoperation analysis and study of human factors.After having done the first two iterations ofHorse Ride posture, I have understood thefactors which should be keenly considered toincorporate in real life scenario and to make itmarketable. As a part of that exercise, I haveconsidered the Ergonomic factors which would influence the interior workspace designand then with this as a base I tried to mould theHorse ride posture into more usable and marketable one.Review of related literatures have been done tomake my background knowledge strong. Thisalso helped me to design my experimental protocol.Human factor issues have been considered from very begining of the development of theHorse ride position. In this stage of the project,design has been modified following variousergonomic evaluation process in CAD environment to optimize workspace utilization and simultaneously providing comfort.

Fig-6.6.1(a): Application of NSRP method to TAFE Tractor

Various Ergonomic evaluations have beencarried out in this redesign process of IndianTractor which include:Compatability evaluation between drivers anthropometry and dimensions of variouscomponents of the tractorSpatial arrangenment of various controlsEvaluation of clearance dimensionsReachability evaluationVision analysisPosture and comfort evaluation


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6.6.1 NSRP Method:Ergonomic- comfort analysis method which is based on the Neutral Seat Reference Point iscalled as NSRP method. Seat reference pointis that point which lies on the interaction of themedian lines of compressed seat pan andcompressed seat back. When the SRP isconsidered from the netral position of the seatmovement range, it is considered as NSRP.

In Fig-6.6.1(a), one can observe the division of3D space around the NSRP into X,Y and Z axisrespectively. The cordinates of each controlare are measured considering NSRP as thereference point(0,0,0)

Entire workspace is divided into:System, Sub system , Dimensional attributesSub attributes, Code

Tractor’s workspace is divided intodifferent systems which are mentioned below.Different Systems:Seat, Steering, Pedals, Levers,Display ControlsCommunication controls, Hydraulic controlsMiscellaneous

These systems are further brokendown intovarious subsystems which are further dividedinto dimensional attributes and sub attributes, which are then coded and measured.Table-6.6.1(a) explains how the system oftractor’s seat is divided into simpler attributes.These measurements are then considered to calculate the comfort and then compare with that of the competitors.

Table-6.6.1(a): Calculating various attributes of sytem(tractor seat)

SYSTEM SUB

SYSTEM

DIMENSIONAL

ATTRIBUTES

SUB ATTRIBUTES CODE DIMENSION

Seat

Seat back Length Total length of seat back Sb1

Width Upper seat back width

Lower seat back width

Sb2

Sb3

Depth Upper seat back depth

Lower seat back depth

Sb4

Sb5

Loca�on Ver�cal distance from NSRP

to lumber support

Sb6

Seat base Length Horizontal distance from

NSRP to the front of seat

Sbe1

Width Width of the seat base at a

distance of 50 mm from NSRP

Width of the seat base at a

distance of 180 mm from

NSRP

Width of the seat base at a


NSRP

Sbe2

Sbe3Sbe4

Depth Depth of the seat base at a

distance of 50 mm from NSRP

Depth of the seat base at a


NSRP

Depth of the seat base at a


NSRP

Sbe5

Sbe6Sbe7


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Table-6.6.1(b): Indian Agricultural workers anthropometric data(source: Indian council of Agricultural Research)

5th male 50th male 95th male 5th female 50th female 95th femalesitting height 744 830 916 702 775 847sitting eye height 640 726 812 599 671 743sitting acromial height 492 568 645 461 529 597lumber height (L1-L5)buttock - popliteal length 382 442 502 367 427 487popliteal height 367 417 468 342 391 441buttock - knee 476 536 596 455 513 572hip breadth 258 311 364 259 302 355thigh clearance 92 129 165 85 124 163sitting knee height 444 504 563 419 468 517sitting popliteal height 367 417 468 342 391 441foot length 220 245 269 201 225 249functional leg length 881 978 1076 848 936 1024knee to knee breadth 148 183 218 138 173 208upper armlower arm + hand 404 453 503 372 417 462hand length 160 178 197 151 167 182elbow - grip length 304 354 404 277 321 365elbow - elbow width 297 375 452 286 350 413hand breadth 69 80 91 62 72 83elbow rest height 162 214 266 158 208 259reach

forward grip reachvertical grip reach 1071 1178 1284 994 1092 1190comfortable reach

bi dettoid breadth 361 416 471 318 371 423arm span 1562 1832 1697 1422 1551 1680span akimbo 780 872 964 707 790 872abdominal depth(at naval) 163 217 271 161 214 266grip diameter

outside 71 88 105 60 78 96inside 39 48 57 35 45 55

grip span 44 57 71 49 50 69wall to lumbo sacrol distance 22 45 68 23 48 68thumb tip reach 683 772 860 831 709 787forward arm reach)middle finger tip) 756 838 921 698 773 848shoulder grip length 628 723 628 579 664 749

Required Anthropometric dimensions arepicked from the Indian Agricultural WorkersAnthropometric data developed by IndianCouncil for Agricultural Research.


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Fig-6.6.2(a): Rough calculation of dimensions

Fig-6.6.2(b): Dimensional drawings of 5th, 5oth and 95th(from right to left) percentile data (Scale- 1:10, All Dimensions in mm)

6.6.2 Conversion of Anthropometric data into dimensional drawings:from the anthropometric data collected fromTable-6.6.2(a), rough calculations andrepresentation of various dimensions of thehuman anatomy were done and the data available interms of dimensions is thenconverted into 2D drawings visuals(Fig-6.6.2(b) which were made in 1:10 scale


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6.6.3 Interpreted Ergonomic Values:From the study on anthropometric dimensions,Indian Council for agricultural Research hasapplied the data base to agricultural tractor andhas advised on the location of certain controlsin the operator’s area of tractor whcih canelevate the level of comfort of the user.

Location of Brake and clutch pedals:Longitudinal distance between brake and clutch pedals from seat index point should be 510mm or less.

Vertical distance of brake and clutch pedals from SIP should not be more than 460mmDistance from centre line should be minimum but not less than 75mm and should not be placed over 125mm from centre line.

Location of accelerator pedal:Vertical distance of accelerator pedal should not be more than 430mm below SIP with 30mm downward movement.

Should be place to the right of brake pedal. But at a distance not less than 75mm from centre line.

Dimensions of brake pedal:Minimum length of the brake pedal should be 60mm. Width should be more than 110 mm

Steering wheel rim diameter:38 to 40mm

Gear/speed selection/PTO/Hand throttle:Dia 44mm or less


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Parking brake lever:Recommended Length of grip is 110mmDiamete can be between 38-40mm

Seat Height:Measured from footrest to the front of the seat surface.380mm

Seat pan width: 430mm

Seat Back Rest Width: 380 and 275mm at bottom and top respectively.

Seat Length: 370mm

Seat backrest height: 400mm

Arm rest: 250-300mm from the back of the seat


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6.6.4 Workspace Design:From the interpretation of various Ergonomicvalues, seat is placed in a 2D environment and its range of movement is defined as 10cm inhorizontal direction and 4cm in vertical direction.After that, important controls are placed at adistance as discussed in 6.6.2.Based on the space occupation of these controls, Form of the dashboard of the tractoris developed as shown in Fig-6.6.3(a)

Fig-6.6.3(a): workspace drawings (All dimensions in cm)


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Vision analysis:Dash board vision is checked for all the threepercentile manikins in working position. Oncethe dashboard analysis is done, I have checkedfor 15 degrees minimum angle of clearance for5th percentile male driver.

Fig-6.6.3(c): workspace drawings (All dimensions in cm)


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Comfort Analysis:Once the seat movement range and the position of vital controls are fixed, the manikinsmade from 5th, 5oth and 95th percentile maleagricultural worker’s anthropometric data areplaced in position on the seat at their respective positions.

After placing the manikins in sitting posture,various joint angles are measured for comparision with comfort angles.

Fig-6.6.3(b): workspace drawings (All dimensions in cm)

Comfort angles: Upper arm flexion: 10 – 26 Elbow included: 86 – 64 Trunk-thigh angle: 90 – 115 Knee included: 99 – 138 Foot-calf included: 80 - 113


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Fig-6.6.3(d): Combined representation of sitting posture for 5th, 5oth and 95th male percentile data


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Fig-6.6.3(e): Dash board vision analysis for visual cone

The vision elipse represents the combined eyeview point of every single person who is represented in the anthropometric data. Visionanalysis using the vision elipse gives us anidea of vision for wide range of samples.

Vision Elipse


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Fig-6.6.3(f): vision analysis for visual cone

Vision cone

15.7 degrees(5th percentile vision)




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Fig-6.6.3(g): 5th percentile reach analysis

Reach analysis for 5th persentile manikin is one to observe the minimum distance reach zone among the5th, 50th and 95th percentile data and gear shift lever is placed in the reach zone of 5th percentile


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Space Comparision:In Fig-6.6.3(h), the line sketch on the top shows the existing work spave of TAFE tractor andthe space proportions occupied by it.On the line sketch at the botom, ergonomicallydesigned workspace with combined anthropometric data is overlayed to find thedifference in space occupation from theexisting workspace.In this exercise, the newly designed workspacefits at a level higher from the ground in comparision to existing workspace and the newdesign occupies some extra space to teh front.

Fig-6.6.3(h): Space comparision


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6.7 HORSE RIDE POSITION-3:

This concept of Horse ride posture-3 hasevolved gradually after adding functionalityand comfort in a syatematic approach as discussed earlier. The beauty of this conceptlies in minimal change of technology used in existing tractor workspace but appears to be a whole new design with many sensitive anduser-centric changes taking place in the design resulting in an highly marketable design.

Fig-6.6.3(h): Space comparision


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6.7 HORSE RIDE POSTURE-3:

This concept of Horse ride posture-3 hasevolved gradually after adding functionalityand comfort in a systematic approach as discussed earlier. The beauty of this conceptlies in minimal change of technology used in existing tractor workspace but appears to be a whole new design with many sensitive anduser-centric changes taking place to result in an highly economical and marketable design.

Temperature Indiacator Oil Pressure Guage

Fuel Indicator Hour-RPM MeterPositionIndiacator

Depth Indicator

Top

View

for r

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Dash Board

Fig-6.7(a): Dash Board details


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In Fig-6.7(a) the indication of position and draftof hydraulic equipment attached to the rear of the tractor is shown on the Dash Board whichbrings in a new concept into TAFE Tractorand in FIG-6.7(b), we can observe that theturn indication buttons appearing on the powersteering.

Horn Switch Turn Indicator SwitchTo

p Vi

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Fig-6.7(b): Details of controls on Steering


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In Fig-6.7(c) the hand throttle is made anintegral part of the steering column and itsprouts out from the steering column witha comfortable and comandable movementrange which provides a whole new experienceto the operator.

Hand ThrottleTo

p Vi

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Fig-6.7(c): Details of controls on Steering


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In Fig-6.7(c) the Electrical switch is a rotate touse type of switch which operates various electrical controls like lighting controls.

Electrical switchTo

p Vi

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ceElectrical switch

Fig-6.7(d): Details of controls on Steering


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Top

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Other controls on Istrument Cluster

Fig-6.7(e): other controls on instrument Cluster.

Ignition Off Start Key Hole

Music Player


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Top

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Fig-6.7(f): Pedals

Clutch Pedal Brake pedals

AcceleratorPedal

Twin Brakebrake and accelerator pedalsClutchPedal

The introduction of Twin brake is a new conceptdesigned in my project where the usage ofhands to connect the left and right brakes iseliminated by a dummy brake called twin brake.Operator needs to press on the twin brake toapply both left and right brakes together and on either othe brakes for individual braking.


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Top

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Fig-6.7(g): other controls on instrument Cluster.

Outdoor StorageSpace

Charging Point and Outdoor Storage Space.

In current scenario, where mobile phones andsimple electronic gadgets ahve become a part of lives in many Indan families from differentrange of lifestules. So power source and space to place small gadgets seemed to be verynecessary for the tractor’s workspace.

Charging Point


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View

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Fig-6.7(h): Different Levers

PTO Control Lever

Different Levers

Levers constitute important priority in the design of interior workspace for tractor. In thisdesign, I have brought range shift, geart shift and PTO Control levers to the same place andthe angle of inclination of these levers is used to communicate the difference between leversrelated to transmission and PTO.Utility Box provides small storage space for storage.

Range Shift Lever

Gear ShiftLever

Utility Box


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Fig-6.7(i): Hydraulic Levers and space for water bottle. The Hydraulic levers and a hollow space forstoring water bottle are provided by a singlestricture which packs the hydraulic lever mechanism and provides external space forwater storage and adequate closed luggagestorage space.

Hydraulic Levers

Hydraulic Leversspace for 2l water bottle. space for 2l water bottle.


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Fig-6.7(j): Seat, Speaker and Luggage space Tractor seat gets worn-out very early due to thewear and tear it under goes due to exposureto external atmosphere. Due to exposure to direct sunlight, the seat becomes warm when not used for some time, making it difficult forthe operator to sit. To eradicate these problems,Foldable mechanism is provided to seat.Speaker is place behind the seat to increase bass effect of the sound.

Foldable SeatSeat and Speaker Speaker Luggage Space

Luggage Space


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Fig-6.7.1(a): All the three position of Horse Ride Interior.

1

2

3

6.7.1 Rating Iterations on Time Line:The three final iterations which were designedin detail are rated on time scale interms of marketability and acceptance. In Fig-6.7.1(a),the iteration rated as 1 can be accepted by theuser in 2015 as it has minimum changes in the posture and positioning of controls. The other iteration rated a 2 can be accepted by the useronly after he see the iteration rated as 1 in the market. In the same way, the iteration rated as3 can be accepted by the user after he hasaccepted the iteration rated as 2.


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Fig-6.7(k): Package of workspace


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Fig-6.8(a): Fender Variations

6.8 FENDER VARIATIONS:

In Fender Design I have used combinationof material to elevate the aesthetics in aneconomical way by using met sheet at the regions where more load would be concentrated and plastic composite is used at other places. In the above two iterations, thefirst one shows the stability and strength through straightnessa nd appears rugged due exposing of tyres. The secon one is more of powerfull, reliable and stylish with curvy cuts


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6.9 FOCUS ON EXTERIOR:

6.9.1 Iteration RATHA:Ratha’s form is basically derived from theidentity of Massey Ferguson. The three horizontal openings in front relate it to TAFE-MF.The lines through which LED lights are running,represent the outline of an ox’s upper front.

RATHA

Fig-6.9.1(a): RATHA Front View.


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Fig-6.9.1(b): Upper Front View of RATHA.

RATHA

In Fig- 6.9.1(b), RATHA’s styling is accompanied by Horse Ride Position-3, which is rated as 1 on the time scale.


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Fig-6.9.1(c): Top View od RATHA.

RATHA

In Fig- 6.9.1(c), The combination of RATHA’s styling and Horse Ride Position-3,can be clearlyunderstood from this view.


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Fig-6.9.1(e): RATHA in natural environment.

RATHA


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6.9.2 Iteration TRISHUL:Maintaining the same form of iteration TRISHUL, some extra elements are added to aminimal extent to take the appearance to evenmore futuristic and aggressive.

RATHA

Fig-6.9.2(a): TRISHUL Front View.

T r i s h u l


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The workspace iteration which is ranked as 2on time scale is put along with Trishul styling.

Fig-6.9.2(b): TRISHUL Front 3/4 View.

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Fig-6.9.2(c): TRISHUL Top View.

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Fig-6.9.2(d): TRISHUL Top View.

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Fig-6.9.2(e): TRISHUL in external environment

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Fig-6.9.2(f): TRISHUL in external environment

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6.9.3 Iteration TRISHUL-Hrp1:Same Trishul styling is combined with thespacious Horse Ride Posture-3 styling whichbrings in a very futuristic outlook along with aradical change in space management.

Fig-6.9.3(a): TRISHUL Front View.

T r i s h u l


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This image clearly gives an idea about theintelligent space usage through Horse RidePosture-1

Fig-6.9.3(b): TRISHUL ‘s Rear

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This image clearly gives an idea about theintelligent space usage through Horse RidePosture-1

Fig-6.9.3(c): TRISHUL ‘s Rear

T r i s h u l



7. MODEL MAKING



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Fig-7.1(a): Dimensional Drawings

70145

40

25

90

115

104

30

2045

90

145

3070

45



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Fig-7.1(b): model making



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Fig-7.1(c): model making



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Fig-7.1(d): model making



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Fig-7.1(e): model making



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Fig-7.1(f): model making




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CONCLUSIONS:The concepts arrived at in this project elevatesthe user friendliness of Indian tractor by observing the lifestyle of Indian farmer and usage pattern of Indian tractor which wereobserved during thorough research on thiscontext and these observations were taken upas Design challenges and are solved interms ofAesthetics, Ergonomics and usability.

Concept TRISHUL and other developediterations of it brings in a new dimension ofapproach to tractor operator’s area design by redefining the way it is used and making it suitable to the Indian farmer’s lifestyle. The styling of TRISHUL can also elevate the brandidentity of ‘TAFE-MF’ along with maintaining the MF family identity.

The overall approach of the project deals withredefining the existing tractor operator’s area in Indian tractor by addressing the user needs,elevating the comfort level and experienceof operating Indian Tractor.

Further more research can be done by considering minutest details of the usage trend.Consideration of manufacturing processes,marketability and product lifecycle managementcan help in realizing the concept for IndianTractor in realtime.



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REF

EREN

CES

REFERENCES:

Karl T Ulrich and Steven D Eppinger, Third Edition. Product Design and Development.

Karl T Ulrich, Steven D Eppinger and AnitaGoyal, Fourth Edition. Product Design andDevelopment.

September 2007 issue, June 2009 issue,November 2009 issues, The International magazine for Vehicle Technology, Design and Engineering.

Debkumar chakrabarti, 1997: Indian Anthropometric dimensions for ergonomic design practice.

Anthropometric and strength data of agricultural workers from 12 Indian states, National Councilfor Agricultural Research.

Harry Saporta. November 2000, Durable Ergonomic Seating for urban bus operators.Submitted for oregon OSHA Worksite RedesignProgram.

Heecheon You, Brian Oesterling, Joseph Buccliagia, Brian Lowe, Andris Freivalds,1997, Bus Operatot Workstation Evaluationand Design Guidelines.

Owner’s Service Mannual for MF 1035 DI,MF 1035 HIMAGIRI, MF 1035 MAHASHAKTI,Publication No. OSM/35/NOV’06.

Gokul.thesis.report

Education

ravi mokashi

chagantipati

hollandthesis

lthesis project

1thesis project

4thesis project

8thesis project

steeringthesis