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*THE STRUCTURE & CONTENT AND SOME OBSERVATIONS ABOUT GLOBAL
DOCTORAL EDUCATION IN ARCHITECTUREGary T Moore Professor Emeritus
of Environment-Behaviour StudiesFaculty of Architecture, Design
& PlanningUniversity of SydneyAustralia
Istanbul28 November 2011
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*Aims of Paper & for DiscussionOverview of doctoral
education in other parts of the world (not Europe, as you are
already the experts)Focus on North America, Asia &
AustralasiaHistory of doctoral educationInformal non-representative
survey of doctoral programsCurrent status of doctoral
programs:When, where & how many programs?Sizes ?Administrative
home?Structure & content?Questions for discussion issues for
debate
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History & Recurring Issues about Doctoral Programs Where was
the first doctoral program in architecture in the world? Europe?
Asia (China, Japan)? Middle East/Arab world? How important is
doctoral education in/for architecture?What areas are important, or
worthless?While PhD programs are universally accepted in other
disciplines (natural sciences, social sciences, humanities), still
very few and questioned in architecture. Why? In 1984, I made
observations and raised questions about doctoral education in
architecture many of those issues remain 27 years later*
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North AmericaIn North America, doctoral degrees in architecture
since early 1900s (e.g., Harvard, Princeton, Columbia)Initially,
all in architectural history, offered by departments of art
historyFirst PhD program began in 1942 (Harvard), discontinued in
1961, reinstated in 1987First PhD in architecture, other than in
architectural history, granted in 1956 (Harvard, Dr Sami
Hassid)First PhD program other than in architectural history in
1964 (Pennsylvania)*
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By mid-1980s, 13 formal programs (12 in USA, 1 in Canada):Most
begun in 1960sPrinceton 1965, Carnegie Mellon 1967, UC Berkeley
1968, Michigan 1969, Cornell & Montreal, 1970, etc.5
long-established programs inactive by mid-1980s, including Harvard,
Catholic, Columbia, IIT and RiceStarted primarily in older, private
universities with strong traditional architectural design programs
(e.g., Princeton, Harvard)Most degrees awarded in architectural
historyLater supplemented by some professional DArch degrees
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Newer, research-oriented, technologically advanced universities
began more diverse programs in 1960s-70s:E.g., Carnegie-Mellon,
Berkeley, Michigan, Texas A&M, MIT, VPI, UCLA, Georgia Tech,
UW-Milwaukee, etc.All research-oriented, mostly quantitative
research; all lead to the PhDRange of content areas
environment-behaviour studies, computer-aided design, and
architectural science & technology, environmental systems,
urban design/planning/landscape architecture, as well as
traditional architectural history & theoryMost housed in
departments or schools of architectureMany offered just one area,
e.g., architectural theory at Pennsylvania, computer -aided design
at Carnegie-Mellon, environment-behaviour studies at UW-Milwaukee,
environmental systems at Texas A&MSome offered several areas,
e.g., history, technology, energy & environment-behaviour at UC
Berkeley
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By late 1990s, 14-18 programs (different data, Schneider, 1998,
Wineman, 1998), ie, very small growthAnother 52 universities
granted architecture PhD degree through non-architecture programs
(Schneider, 1998)By 2008, 35 programs: 32 in USA, 3 in Canada
(Noble, 2008), ie, rapid growth, doubled in 10 years*
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Several programs focused on 1-2 areas; others developed an
umbrella administrative structure for a range of fieldsMost focused
on three or more areas of study, e.g.:Architectural history, theory
& criticismEnvironment-behaviour studiesBuilding
technologyDesign computing Urban design & city planning (within
architecture departments)
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Program size varied greatly, depending on number of areas of
study, e.g.;Some broad programs with 30-65 students, e.g.,
Berkeley, Pennsylvania, MichiganOn average, 4-6 new students per
year; some up to 10-15 paSome programs have small and intimate
feeling, e.g., 12-20 students with core of 3-5 committed
academicsSome are larger and disparate, with more students and
part-time staffIn 1980s-90s, UW-Milwaukee enrolled over 50% of all
North American students in environment-behavior studiesFrom 1960s
to 2000, large number of foreign applicants, e.g., often 50% of
candidates (82% at Carnegie-Mellon)Interesting statistic pie-charts
& bar-diagrams in Wineman (1998/2008) & Schneider
(1998/2008)
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Are we overproducing PhDs in architecture?In USA, 1974-88 48,000
PhDs in engineeringSame 15-year period 2,300 PhDs in sociologySame
period 486 PhDs in architecture (Schneider, 1998), ie, 32 pa vs
3,333 pa in engineering (100 x more) Why so low? By 2008 estimated
ca 600 students enrolled & ca 100 graduating annually (Noble,
2008), ie, still only 3% the size of engineeringIn USA alone, 3595
institutions of higher education236 (6.5% ) are doctorate-granting
research universitiesOnly 18 (8% of doctoral research universities,
or 1/2 of 1/% of all universities) have granted a doctoral degree
in architecture (Schneider, 1998)Even with doubling by 2008, still
only 1% of all universities grant doctoral degrees in architecture
Why? *
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Staffing:2-7 full-time academic staff+ others spending only some
time with doctoral studentsAbout 75% hold doctoratesProgram length:
3-8 years, average 5.5 yearsProgram structure all USA & Canada
PhD programs:Ca 2-year minimum residency (range 1-3 years)1-2 years
coursework major and minor areas of study, maybe languageIncluding
1-3 courses on research methods (philosophy of inquiry, scholarly,
qualitative, quantitative), theories of architecture, etc.
Qualifying/comprehensive examinationsResearch proposal, usually by
end of 2nd year2-3 more years of research, dissertation &
defence (mostly oral defences)More diversity than uniformity
(Wineman, 1998)
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Elsewhere, Globally?No known books or monographs on other parts
of the world; no comprehensive research papers found on
topicInformal survey late 2011 of Asian, Middle Eastern and
Australasian universities:When, where & how many programs?Sizes
?Administrative home?Structure & content?However, very hard to
gather data non-representative and very patchy*
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AsiaFirst program? Maybe Hong Kong University, maybe Tsingua or
Tongji Universities, maybe Tokyo University? (no one is sure)All
the national universities of China & Japan (e.g., Tsingua,
Tongji, Tokyo, Osaka, Tokyo Inst of Tech)Some other major
government and private universities in Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia
(5), Taiwan (12) & Thailand (6)Many new programs started in
1990s, especially in China and Japan Most small in size (15-20
students), some huge (e.g., Tongji, reputed to have over 200 PhD
candidates)
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Exclusively PhDs (no other names mentioned)Vast majority by
research only (a few by coursework and research)Traditionally, most
in faculties of engineering, now also in social sciences, building,
environmental studies, built environment, etc., with some in
dedicated schools of architecture (and maybe also planning) home
seems not to matterOften need to complete Masters before
applyingHeavy emphasis on research & publishing often required
to publish papers as part of qualifying examinations, and again
before being granted the PhD degree
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Wide variety of content:Architectural history and theoryBuilding
sciences and technology, e.g., building services, technology,
structures, environmental controlSustainabilityEnvironmental
design, ie, architecture, landscape architecture, urban design,
urban planning, environmental planning Heritage management,
preservationEnvironment and society, environment-behaviour
studiesDesign computingNone in or by design
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What to do after graduating? In China, growth of PhD programs
and numbers of students is intended to supply many regional
universities with architecture academic staff required to have a
PhDIn Japan, the opposite also required to have PhD to join
academic staff, but very limited job opportunities recently for PhD
graduates Similar in Europe?*
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AustralasiaFirst program? University of Sydney, Australia12 in
Australia, 2 in New Zealand, none known elsewhereAll the sandstone
universities in AustraliaMost small in size (15-20), some much
larger (e.g., Sydney ca 75)In wide variety of homes architecture
etc., built environment, even social sciences Many universities
have amalgamated faculties into super-faculties of many different
disciplines Architecture PhDs sometimes suffer because of this
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Mostly PhDs, few professional by designAll by research, very few
with one or two mandatory research methods courses, e.g., Modes of
InquiryWide variety of content (first two are
largest):Architectural theory and historyArchitectural science and
technologySustainabilityDesign computingEnvironment-behaviour
studies has died out; no PhD program anywhere in Australasia in
that area
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Issues for DebatePurpose, administrative home, structure &
content? PhD program without thriving research program?PhD by
research only, or by coursework, examinations & research?Core
methods?PhD or DArch by design?Strengths & limitations of
different approaches to research?Integration of research &
scholarship into mainstream architecture?What to do after
graduating?
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ReferencesBooks and Monographs
Moore, G.T., & Templer, J.A. (Eds.) (1984). Doctoral
Education for Architectural Research: Questions of Theory, Method,
and Implementation. Washington, DC: Architectural Research Centers
Consortium, 1984. Noble, D. (Ed.) (2008). Doctoral Education in
Architecture: Compendium 2 A Collection of Papers on the Status and
Direction of Doctoral Programs in Architecture and Environmental
Design. Los Angeles: Guild Architecture Press, 2008. Wineman, J.
(Ed.) (1997). Doctoral Education in Architecture Schools: The
Challenge of the 21st Century. Atlanta: Georgia Institute of
Technology, College of Architecture Working Paper Series, 1998.
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PapersMoore, G.T. (1984/2008). The history and current status of
doctoral research and education in architecture. In G.T. Moore
& J.A. Templer (Eds.), Doctoral Education for Architectural
Research (pp 3-27). Washington, DC: Architectural Research Centers
Consortium, 1984. Reprinted in D. Noble (Ed.), Doctoral Education
in Architecture (pp 29-46). Los Angeles: Guild Architecture Press,
2008. Moore, G.T. (1998/2008). Pedagogic structures of doctoral
programs in architecture. In J. Wineman (Ed.), Doctoral Education
in Architecture Schools (pp 59-65). Atlanta: Georgia Institute of
Technology, College of Architecture Working Paper Series, 1998.
Reprinted in D. Noble (Ed.), Doctoral Education in Architecture (pp
111-120). Los Angeles: Guild Architecture Press, 2008. Moore, G.T.
(2003). Recommendations for the parity of creative, artistic and
professional work with traditional forms of research and
scholarship. In C. Newton (Ed.), Design + Research: Project Based
Research in Architecture [Online]. Melbourne: University of
Melbourne, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning.
Available:
http://www.arbld.unimelb.edu.au/events/conferences/aasa/papers/web_final_version/
theme_title.php?theme_id=8#14, 12 pgs.Noble, D. (2008). Directions
for doctoral education in architecture in North America. In D.
Noble (Ed.), Doctoral Education in Architecture (pp 23-28). Los
Angeles: Guild Architecture Press, 2008.
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Schneider, R.H. (1998). Doctoral programs in architecture in the
United States: A review of the terrain. In J. Wineman (Ed.),
Doctoral Education in Architecture Schools (pp 25-39). Atlanta:
Georgia Institute of Technology, College of Architecture Working
Paper Series, 1998. Wineman, J. (1998). Comparative statistics on
PhD programs in architecture in the United States. In J. Wineman
(Ed.), Doctoral Education in Architecture Schools (pp 41-56).
Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, College of Architecture
Working Paper Series, 1998.
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