Glossary Abaxial (surface): directed away from axis; e.g., lower surface of normal leaves Acceptability: acceptance of item for feeding or oviposition Aceeptor site: site on sensory neuron where chemical that induces a receptor potential interacts with the membrane Adaptation: reduced activity of sensory neuron over time to a sustained stimulus Adaxial (surface): directed towards axis; e.g. the upper surface of normal leaves Airspeed: speed of a moving object, e.g., a flying insect, through the air Allele: any of the different forms of a gene occupying the same locus Alleloehemieal: a chemical produced by an organism that produces an effect in a different species. In phytophagous insects, this often means an effect on behavior, growth or development. Plant secondary metabolites are often called allelochemicals Allelopathy: noxious effect of plant secondary metabolite on neighboring plants of different species Allozymes: the various forms of an enzyme which have the same activity but which differ slightly in amino acid sequence, produced by different alleles at a single locus. Anemotaxis: orientation to wind Angiospermae: one of the two great divisions of seed plants (Spermatophyta); distinguished from Gymnospermae by the presence of true flowers with ovaries Antifeedant: chemical that inhibits feeding = deterrent Appetitive behavior: active "goal-seeking" behavior; not a preferred term Arousal: a change in activity in part of the central nervous system leading to an increased responsiveness to various stimuli. Usually based on observations of behavior Arrestant: chemical (usually) that inhibits further locomotion Attractant: chemical causing orientation and movement towards source 288
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Glossary
Abaxial (surface): directed away from axis; e.g., lower surface of normal leaves Acceptability: acceptance of item for feeding or oviposition Aceeptor site: site on sensory neuron where chemical that induces a receptor
potential interacts with the membrane Adaptation: reduced activity of sensory neuron over time to a sustained stimulus Adaxial (surface): directed towards axis; e.g. the upper surface of normal
leaves Airspeed: speed of a moving object, e.g., a flying insect, through the air Allele: any of the different forms of a gene occupying the same locus Alleloehemieal: a chemical produced by an organism that produces an effect
in a different species. In phytophagous insects, this often means an effect on behavior, growth or development. Plant secondary metabolites are often called allelochemicals
Allelopathy: noxious effect of plant secondary metabolite on neighboring plants of different species
Allozymes: the various forms of an enzyme which have the same activity but which differ slightly in amino acid sequence, produced by different alleles at a single locus.
Anemotaxis: orientation to wind Angiospermae: one of the two great divisions of seed plants (Spermatophyta);
distinguished from Gymnospermae by the presence of true flowers with ovaries Antifeedant: chemical that inhibits feeding = deterrent Appetitive behavior: active "goal-seeking" behavior; not a preferred term Arousal: a change in activity in part of the central nervous system leading to
an increased responsiveness to various stimuli. Usually based on observations of behavior
Arrestant: chemical (usually) that inhibits further locomotion Attractant: chemical causing orientation and movement towards source
288
Glossary / 289
Associative learning: learned association between two sensory inputs, one of which is physiologically or behaviorally significant, while the other normally has no specific contextual significance
Aversion learning: a learned association between a sensory cue which is other- wise meaningless, and a noxious effect
Ballooning: aerial rising and dispersal with the help of silk threads, common in newly hatched caterpillars and spiders
Biomass: quantitative estimate of the total mass of organisms of specified unit in a specified area and time.
Biotype: an infraspecific category distinguishable by biochemistry or behavior, and sometimes equivalent to "race"
C3 plant: plant with a photosynthetic pathway of the normal Calvin type, via ribulose bisphosphate and glycollate, with a proportion of the CO2 being lost
C4 plant: plant with an accessory photosynthetic pathway of the Hatch/Slack type, in which CO2 is returned to the Calvin cycle. This occurs in plants adapted to hot, dry conditions; associated anatomy involves thickened cells in the sheath surrounding the vascular tissue. These cells are supposedly difficult for insects to penetrate
Cellulose: carbohydrate consisting of long chain molecules comprising anhy- drous glucose residues as basic units; a principal constituent of cell walls
Chemoreception: detection of chemicals by smell or taste Chemotaxis: orientation to a chemical Chemotaxonomy: taxonomic grouping based on chemical characters Compensatory feeding: an increase in feeding to make up for low levels of a
particular nutrient Conditioning: learning an association Congeneric: species in the same genus Conspecific: same species Cryptic: similar to background and consequently making the object difficult to
discern Cultivar: a variety of a plant species produced and maintained by cultivation Cuticle: layer of cutin in plants, a fatty substance which is almost impermeable
to water; present on outer walls of epidermal cells, and usually with a separate wax layer on the outside
Deme: a local interbreeding group Desensitization: = habituation Desmotubule: see plamodesmata Deterrent: chemical which inhibits feeding or oviposition when present where
feeding or oviposition would otherwise occur.
290 / Glossary
Detoxification enzyme: enzyme, often in the gut tissue, that makes toxic substances less noxious
Diapause: a delay in insect development that is not immediately referable to environmental conditions and that enables the insect to survive predictable periods of adverse conditions such as winter or a dry season
Diet breadth: number of host species fed upon Disadaptation: return of sensitivity after adaptation of a sensory receptor
Electrophoresis: a laboratory technique used for separating proteins and often employed for separating allozymes, thus demonstrating genetic variability which is not measurable by other means. Its widespread use first demonstrated a previously unknown degree of variation in wild populations
Endophyte: fungal organism living within a green plant often with little or no measurable symptomatic effects on the host
Epiphyte: plants, including fungi, mosses and algae, growing on the external surface of vascular plants
Euryphagous: polyphagous Excitation: increased activity apparently denoting a heightened level of arousal
Fatigue (in chemoreceptor): short term inability to respond to stimuli due to non-renewal of part of a chemical pathway
Feeding inhibitor: antifeedant or deterrent Fitness: the relative competitive ability of a given genotype conferred by adaptive
characters, usually quantified as the number of surviving progeny relative to other genotypes. It is a measure of the contribution of a given genotye to the subsequent generation relative to that of other genotypes
Folivore: animal feeding on leaves (foliage) Forb: herbaceous broad-leaved plant (nongrass) Forbivorous: feeding on forbs
Generalist: polyphagous species Genetic drift: random changes in gene frequencies in isolated populations not
due to selection pressure Genotype: the genetic constitution of an individual (cf. phenotype) Glncoside: compound with glucose moiety Glycoside: compound with sugar moiety; many different sugars are involved
including glucose, rhamnose, xylose Graminivorous: herbivores that feed only on grasses Granivorous: animals feeding on small grains; cereal and legumes are both
included. Gravid: term applied to a female insect containing fully developed eggs ready
to be laid
Glossary / 291
Groundspeed: speed of movement of a flying object over the ground Guttation: secretion of drops of water by plants through hydathodes
Habituation: waning of a response to a stimulus Headspace: the volume of air around a plant which can be removed and analyzed
to determine the volatiles produced Hemimetabolous: insect development involving a partial metamorphosis as in
grasshoppers and Hemiptera Heritability (bZ): the part of phenotypic variability that is genetically based;
usually expressed as the ratio of genetic variance to phenotypic variance Heterotherm: animal whose body temperature depends partly on the environ-
mental temperature, but can sometimes be regulated physiologically Heterozygous: having two different alleles at a given locus of a chromosome
pair Holometabolous: insect development involving a complete metamorphosis with
a pupal stage interpolated between larva and adult, as in Lepidoptera, Coleopt- era, Diptera and Hymenoptera
Homeotberm: animal which regulates its body temperature within narrow limits independent of environmental temperature
Honeydew: waste material produced by aphids and other phloem-feeding insects, and usually containing high levels of sugars
Hormone: organic substance produced in small quantity in one part of an organism, and transported to other parts where it exerts an effect on physiology or behavior
Host range: relative number of host-plant species utilized by a herbivore
Ideoblast: a plant cell which markedly differs in form, size or contents from other cells in the same tissue
Imprinting: a persisting effect of a particular experience at some specific stage that alters behavior. Usually at an early stage of development
Induction: usually meaning an increased acceptance of a plant species that the insect has recently eaten, relative to other plants which have not been eaten
Insolation: solar radiation Instar: stage of an arthropod between two molts Isofemale strain: a strain derived from a single fertilized founder female
Kairomone: chemical released by an organism and adaptively useful to other organisms that perceive it.
Kinesis: change in activity level
Latex: a fluid, generally milky, contained in laticifers, and consisting of a variety of organic and inorganic substances which together congeal on exposure to air
292 / Glossary
Laticifer: cell or series of cells with characteristic latex fluid content; usually tubular in shape, may be branched or unbranched
Lignin: an organic complex of high carbon-content substances, especially pheno- lics, present in cell walls
Metamorphosis: a marked structural transformation during development, often representing a change from larval stage to adult. In insects, used to refer to the change from the final larval stage to the adult
Mixed function oxidase: enzyme which has among its effects an ability to alter (detoxify) xenobiotics. More commonly called P450 enzymes because they absorb light of 450 nm wavelength
Monophagous: feeding on a single species or genus of plants Monophyletic group: a group of taxa descended from a single ancestral taxon Motivation: term used to imply the physiological state of an animal that predis-
poses it to carry out certain behaviors, e.g., feeding
Nectary: multicellular, glandular structure in plants capable of secreting sugary solution. Floral nectaries occur in flowers; extrafloral nectaries occur in other plant organs
Neophilia: predilection for novelty Neophobia: distaste of novelty
Oifaction: smell; detection of volatile chemicals Oligoleetic: limited host range; used for pollinators, especially solitary bees Oligophagous: eating a restricted number of plant species usually from a family
or subfamily of plants Ontogeny: development Oviposition: egg-laying Oviposition stimulant: chemical or other stimulus eliciting oviposition
Palatability: acceptability as food Parasitoid: an organism with a mode of life intermediate between parasitism
and predation. Usually a fly (Diptera) or wasp (Hymenoptera) in which the larva feeds within the body of the live host, eventually killing it
Parthenogenetic: production of offspring in the absence of fertilization Pectic compounds: polymers of galacturonic acid and its derivatives; main
constituent of lamella between plant cells Phagostimulant: chemical eliciting feeding Phenology: temporal aspects of the life history Phenotype: the observable structural and functional properties of an organism
(cf. genotype) Pheromone: chemical produced by an animal which influences the behavior or
physiology of conspecifics
Glossary / 293
Phloem: the principal food-conducting tissue of the vascular plant, nutrients produced from photosynthesis are here transported, usually under positive pressure away from leaves; particularly rich in sugars
Phylloplane: the leaf surface Phylogenetic tree: a branching diagram in the form of a tree representing
inferred lines of descent Phytophagous: feeding on plants Plasmodesmata: thin cytoplasmic strands passing through pores in the plant
cell wall and usually connecting the protoplasm of adjacent cells Poikilotherm: animal with variable temperature dependent on environmental
temperature and radiation Polygenic traits: those influenced by allele differences at several or many loci Polyphagous: eating a wide spectrum of plants across several or many families Polytrophy: feeding on many items Population genetics: evaluates allele frequency change without regard to pheno-
types. It predicts allele frequencies under different environmental circum- stances
Preference: selection of item from a choice of items
Quantitative genetics: evaluates phenotypic change without regard to identity of alleles. It predicts and measures response to selection of polygenic traits
Raphide: needle-shaped crystal of calcium oxalate; usually one of a number of crystals arranged parallel to one another in a plant cell
Receptor: sensory neuron Repellant: causes movement away from source Resistance: ability to withstand attack Rhizosphere: soil immediately surrounding plant roots and influenced by them
Sclerenchyma: a mechanical or supporting tissue in plants, made up of cells with lignified walls
Sclerophyll: see sclerenchyma Search image: a model for visual comparison, and presumed to account for
increased efficiency in finding items Secondary metaboUte: chemical produced by a plant that is not essential for
primary metabolic processes Self-selection: a term sometimes used to denote the selection of different foods
that will result in a balance of nutrients ingested Sensitization: increased responsiveness without learning Sequester: active accumulation of material, usually a plant secondary chemical,
by a herbivore, and often used as a means of protection from higher trophic level organisms
294 / Glossary
Sign stimulus: a stimulus, or one of a group of stimuli, by which an animal distinguishes important objects. Often used for chemicals that indicate a spe- cific host
Silica body: opaline cell inclusion in plant epidermal cells; shapes of silica bodies may be characteristic for a family or lower taxon; common in grasses
Specialization: evolutionary adaptation to a particular mode of life or habitat Specificity: degree of restriction of host-plant range Starch: an insoluble carbohydrate acting as one of the commonest storage
products of plants, composed of anhydrous glucose residues Stenopbagous: utilizing a limited variety of foods Stochastic: due to chance alone Stoma (plural stomata): pore in the epidermis of plants encircled by two guard
cells which regulate its size Symbiosis: the living together of two organisms; sometimes restricted to those
that are mutually beneficial Sympatric: populations, species or other taxa, occurring together in the same
geographic area Sympatric speeiation: the differentiation and attainment of reproductive isola-
tion of populations that are not geographically separated, and which overlap in their distributions
Synapse: point of communication between two neurons, usually requiring the release of a particular neurotransmitter, that conveys the signal from one neuron to the next
Synergism: action of two or more chemicals such that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects
Synomone: chemical released by one organism that benefits the producing organism and a receiving organism of a different species
Taxis: an orientated response towards or away from the source of stimulus Testa: seed coat Toxicity: the virulence of a toxic substance Toxin: a biogenic poison, usually proteinaceous Trichome: epidermal appendage in plants; includes hairs, scales and papillae;
may be glandular or nonglandular Tritrophic: three trophic levels; as in plant-herbivore-predator
Umbel: inflorescence in which branches ending in flowers all arise at the same point on the stem, as in carrot, celery, parsley
Vacuole: a membrane-bound cavity in the cytoplasm; large in plants and often containing secondary metabolites
Variety: a rank in the hierarchy of plant classification below subspecies Vascular: in plants, referring to the phloem and xylem
Glossary / 295
Vascular bundle: an organized strand of phloem and xylem Vein: a vascular bundle or group of parallel bundles in a leaf, sepal, stem
Windspeed: speed of air movement relative to the ground Woody plant: plant with high levels of lignin providing structural support for
growth to shrubs and trees
Xenobiotic: compound that is foreign to the organism, usually assumed to be noxious
Xylophagous: wood feeding Xylem: plant vascular tissue in which water and minerals are transported from