Glossary - Home - Springer978-1-349-22877...282 Straits Settlements suai syahbandar tahils temenggong towkay Glossary The British colony made up of Singapore, Penang and Melaka A head

Glossary

ban dar

bendahara chandu

Chettiar chinteng

Federated Malay States (FMS) kangchu

kapitan system

kong kongsi

krom laksamana mentri

nai Nan yang

Outer Possessions

paddy peranakan phrai

prahu raja regent

regie

Resident

singkeh

Harbour master, the official coordinating foreign trade on behalf of a ruler. Also syahbandar, shabandar or subandar. The leading official in a Malay sultanate. Opium that has been prepared for smoking. Tjandoe in Dutch spelling. A caste of Indian moneylenders. A policeman employed by a revenue farmer in order to protect his monopoly against such threats as smuggling. The Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang. A Chinese headman in charge of a river mouth settlement of a pepper and gambier plantation in Singapore, Johor or Riau. In Johor kangchus were also revenue farmers. The system by which indigenous and colonial authorities appointed headman of the Chinese population, usually with the title 'captain' (Kapitan China) but in the Netherlands Indies with the titles 'lieutenant', 'captain' and 'major'. A Thai administrative unit. A Chinese association or partnership, usually referring in this volume to a syndicate formed to bid for and operate a rev­enue farm. A Thai administrative unit. 'Admiral', the title of a high official in a Malay sultanate. 'Minister', the title of a high ranking official in a Malay sultanate. Specifically, the title of the ruler of Larut, a district in the Perak sultanate. 'Master', in contrast to phrai (q.v.). A Thai term. 'Southern Ocean', the Chinese term for the Southeast Asian region. Dutch term for the areas of the Netherlands Indies outside Java. Also known as the 'Outer Islands'. Unhusked rice. From the Malay padi. Locally born Chinese or Chinese mestizo. People registered under a nai and subject to corvee and other obligations. A Thai term. A small sailing craft. Title of a ruler. Bupati, the highest territorial official in the native adminis­trative corps in the Netherlands Indies. A government-run monopoly, as distinguished from a re­venue farm. Specifically, the government opium monopolies of French Indochina and the Netherlands Indies. From the French regie. The top British official in one of the Federated Malay States; the Dutch official in charge of a residency. A recently arrived Chinese immigrant.

281

282

Straits Settlements

suai syahbandar tahils temenggong

towkay

Glossary

The British colony made up of Singapore, Penang and Melaka A head tax. A Thai term. See bandar. Unit of weight (1 tahil = 39 gm) One of the highest ranking chiefs in a Malay sultanate. More specifically, the title of the ruler of Johor for much of the nineteenth century. A Chinese businessman.

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BKI /G JMBRAS

TvNI V/G

Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde De Indische Gids Journal of the Malaysian [or Malayan] Branch of the Royal Asia­tic Society Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie Verhandelingen van de Algemene Vergadering van het Indisch Genootschap

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Index

Abd al-Rahman, 55 Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Kedah, 130, 133,

134 Abdullah Mukarran Shah, Sultan of

Kedah, 125, 127 Abendanon, J. H., 19 Abeyasekere, S., 108 Abu Bakar, Maharaja of Johor, 167, 173,

176, 251 Aceh, 56, 70, 71, 81, 127, 218, 263 Aceh War, 198 Ahan Borirak, Phraya, 147 Ahmad Tajuddin II, Sultan of Kedah, 128,

130 Ahmad Tajuddin III, Sultan of Kedah, 132 Akin Rabibhadana, 143 alcohol, 22, 77, 90, 151, 226 Allen, G. C., 85 Amangkurat I, Sultan, 77 Amangkurat II, Sultan, 73, 77 Anderson, Benedict R. O'G., 4, 20 Anderson, Perry, 49, 56 Andreski, Stanislav, 47 Ang Thay Liang, 273, 276 Annam, 193 Anson, Archibald, 167, 169, 171 armies, private, 62 Asahan, 22, 26, 27, 28 Ashton, Robert, 46, 57, 58, 64 Athar Ali, M., 52, 54 auctions, 51, 61, 73-5 Aylmer, G. E., 46 Ayutthaya, 73, 76-7

Bagan Si Api Api, 33, 36, 41-2, 230 Bali, 103-21, 216 bandars, 15, 70-1, 77, 103-23 Banerjea, Pramathanath, 52, 56, 61, 64 Bangka, 41, 73, 83 Bangkok, 29, 30, 130, 144, 147, 151, 159,

178, 241

Bentong, 256-7, 262, 265 Berg, N. P. van den, 197 Bernard, Paul, 183 Birch, J. W. W., 25 birds' nests, edible, 73, 157, 227 Bisnu, Tunku, 128 Bloemen Waanders, P. L. van, 120 Bluss~. Leonard, 27, 73, 74, 75 Blythe, Wilfred L., 90 Boeijinga, K. J., 230 Bonney, R., 49, 60, 61-2 Boorman, Howard, 263 Borneo, 21, 24, 27, 73, 83 Bosher, J. F., 46, 66 Bowring, Sir John, 142 Bowring Treaty (1855), 29, 147, 148 Brand, J. van den, 33 Brandenburg-Prussia, 58 Braude!, Fernand, 8, 48, 54, 55, 60, 62, 64,

65-6 Braun, Rudolph, 59 Broecke, Pieter van den, 71 Broek, H. A. van den, 107, 109 Brooke, James, 24 Brown, Ian, 35, 36, 40 Brugmans, I. J., 197 Bruin, A. G. de, 264 Brunschwig, Henry, 183, 189 Burd, John, 116-17, 118-19 bureaucracy, 23, 38-9, 55-7, 81, 163-4

see also state( s) Burma, 80, 83 business tax, 228-9 Butcher, John G., 35, 36, 269 Buttinger, Joseph, 194

Calavan, Sharon Kay Mitchell, 163-4 Callis, Helmut G., 85 Cambodia, 81, 192-3 Canada,46

banking, 12, 87, 88, 97, 98-9, 243-4, 264-5, capital, 5, 37, 85-7, 90, 164, 180, 231

internationalisation of farm, 10, 178-80, 242 271,277

Banten, 71, 73 Barkan, Orner Lutfi, 58 Barnes, Warren, 94, 95, 97 Barros, Joao de, 70 Batavia, 73, 74-5, 108, 178 Bau, 24 Baud, J. C., 197 Bayly, C. A., 52, 57, 64, 65, 66 Beh lng Tjoe, 210-11 Belitung, 41, 83, 217

mobility of Chinese, 10 capitalism, 8-10, 46-8, 66, 99, 183 Carey, Peter, 23, 27, 73, 77-8 Cartwright, H. A., 90, 96, 97, 98, 255, 269 Cashin, A. W., 96 Cator, W. L., 201 Cavenagh, Orfeur, 251 centralized control, extent of, 25, 29-31,

60, 129-33, 161 see also bureaucracy; state(s)

302

Index 303

Chambers, Richard L., 63 Chan Kang Choon, 89 Chan Ley Kam, 93 Chang, Queenie, 264 Chang Keng Kin, 252 Chatchai Panananon, 147 Cheah Chen Eok, 90, 94, 95, 96,97 Cheah Choo Yew, 235-6, 237, 238, 239 Cheah Choon Sen, 265 Cheah Oon Heap, 90 Cheah Tat Jin, 270 Cheah Tek Tbye, 98 Cheah Teow Bang, 96 Cheang Hong Guan, 252-3 Cheang Hong Lim, 91, 167, 171, 173, 176,

178,250,251,252,253,254 Cheang Sam Teo, 167, 249, 251, 252 Chee Quee Bong, 96, 98 Chee Swee Cheng, 98 Chen Chingho, 72 Cheng Kian, 134 Chew, Ernest, 32 Chew Chen Eok, 93 Chew Joon Hiang, 277 Chew (Chiu) Sin Yong, 91, 93, 96, 173,

174, 175, 177, 178 Chi Tze Ching, 96 Chiang Mai, 21-2, 30, 33 China, 21, 72, 114

revenue farming in, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55,57,58,60,61,65

Chinese, 3, 6, 7, 9-12, 23-4, 26, 72, 113, 114-15, 164, 243

case studies of individual revenue farmers, 249-79

Indochina opium trade and, 182-94 investment by, 86-8 in Java to early 1800s, 73-8 in Netherlands East Indies, 201-3, 207,

209-31 networks of, 89-99, 262-6 secret societies, 10, 24, 31, 34, 36, 90-1,

168-9, 179-80, 249, 251-2, 253-4, 255 Singapore Great Syndicate and, 166-80 taxation of, 22, 147, 228-9

Choa Giang Thye, 96 Choisy, Abb~ de, 70 Chua Moh Choon, 171, 252 Chulalongkorn, King of Siam, 30, 33, 147,

161, 239 Chung Keng Kwee, 31-2, 91, 93, 96 Chung Tbye Phin, 93, 94, 97, 98, 269 Chung Tbye Song, 98 Clark, Walter, 69 Clough, Shephard B., 65 Coble, Parks M., 5 Cochinchina, 182-92 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 73, 74

coercion, 5-6, 53, 64 see also police

Cohn, Bernard, 53 Colijn, H., 33, 4~ colonialism, 3, 4, 6, 11-12, 22, 29-36, 8()-2,

178-80, 194 see also individual colonies

Comber, Leon, 90 competition fot revenue farms, 31-2, 211 Connor, L., 107 Coolhaas, W. Ph., 74,75 Cappel, c .. 273, 274, 275 Corteslio, A., 126 corv~e, 7, 27, 182 Crawfurd, John, 22-3, 79 Creutzberg, P., 114, 197, 198 Cultivation System, 21, 114, 197 Cushman, Jennifer W., 12, 92, 270 customs duties, 22, 28, 147-8

Daendels, H. W., 110, 196 Damrong Rajanubhab, Prince, 142 Damrongthamaslin, Luang, 234, 235 Dassier, Pierre, 183 Decamps, J., 183 Deli, 178, 263, 264

see also Sumatra, East Demosthenes, 67 Dent, Julian, 47, 62 development economics, 4 Dhiauddin, Sultan of Kedah, 128 Dhiravat na Pombejra, 71 Dick, H. W., 4, 12 Diponegoro, Prince, 110 Donnithorne, Audrey G., 85 Dorgel~s. Roland, 194 Drabble, J. H., 260 Dreyer, Edward L., 49 Dubois, Pierre, 109, 111, 113, 115 Dubreuil, Ren~. 182, 192 Dumarest, Jacques, 183, 184, 187, 191,

192, 194 Duncan, Jonathan, 64 Dunlop, Maj. S., 176

Earl, George Windsor, 24, 118, 119 economic development, 66 economic history, 4-5 Egypt, 45, 51, 59, 66 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 64, 65 Elvin, Mark, 55 En~and,45,49,50, 56,57,58,62 entrepreneurs, 66-7

individual case studies of, 249-79 Eu Tong Seng, 97, 257, 269

Faroqhi, Suraiya, 63 Feldwick, W.; 264

304 Index

feudalism, 47-8, 60 fishing, 33, 41-2, 153, 22~7 Fokkens,F.,33,38,39,202,203,214 Foo Choo Choon, 89, 93, 94, 97, 257, 258,

266, 269, 270 Foo Tye Sin, 90, 98 France, revenue farming in, 23, 35, 4~.

50,52,54,55,56,57,58,60,61-2,66 Franck, Harry, 194 Frederick William I, King of Prussia, 56 Fumivall, John S., 12, 39, 196, 197

gambier, 166, 167-8, 170 gambling, 22, 36, 37, 41, 74, 151, 153, 157,

222,257,258,260,269 Gan Hong Kee, 97 Gan Ngoh Bee, 92, 93-5, 98, 264, 269 Gan Sim Swee, 90 Gan Teong Tat, 97 Geertz, Clifford, 105 Ghee Hin secret society, 90-1, 168, 179,

249,255 Gibson, Charles, 45 Giyanti Treaty (1755), 78 Godley, Michael R., 262, 265, 266 Goei Bing Nio, 274 Goei Som Han, 275 Goh Boon Keng, 89, 94, 95, 98,269,270 Goh Sin Koh, 91 gold, 21, 24 Graaf, H. J. de, 77 Granpr6 Moliere, C. A., 114 Great Syndicate, 10, 91, 1~0. 252 Greco-Roman times, revenue farming in,

45 Groeneveldt, W. P., 183-7, 190, 192-4, 218 Gulland, W. G., 172, 173, 174, 252 Gullick, J. M., 21, 25, 26, 31, 32 Gusti G'de Pamacutan, Raja of Badung,

109 Gusti Jambe, Raja of Badung, 109, 112 Gusti Ngurah Made Pamacutan, Raja of

Badung, 109 Gusti Ngurah Pamacutan, Raja of Badung,

110-11, 112

Ha Tien, 72 Haan, E. de, 77 Habib, lrfan, 52, 66 Hai San secret society, 91 Hamengkubuwono II, Sultan of

Yogyakarta, 78 Hamilton, Alexander, 73 Hare, G. T., 94 Hart, Robert, 49 Hastings, Warren, 62 Heeckeren, Baron von, 275 Heesterman, J. C., 53

Helms, L. V., 105, 117, 118, 119, 120 Heng Bun Soon, 249, 252 Hermansen, Jan, 126 Hershlag, Z. Y., 63, 64 Ho Tiang Wan, 98 Ho Tjiaw Ing, 274-S Ho Yam Lo, 274 Hoetink, B., 74 Hoevell, W. R. van, 117, 118 Hong Kong, 178, 257-8,275-8 Hong Lysa, ~. 27 Houtman, Frederick de, 74 Hsiao Kung-chuan, 49 Hsieh Jung-kuang, 265

Ibrahim, Tunku, 128 lnalcik, Halil, 45, 49, 50-1, 52, 59, 63 independence movements, 3-4 India, revenue farming in, 4~ passim Indochina (Vietnam), 12, 81, 83, 18:Z...94 Ingram, James C., 147 Innes, Alfred Mitchell, 142 investment, 26, 37, 66, 85-8

see also capital lslamoglu, Huri, 66 Isoart, Paul, 194 Ito, Takeshi, 70

Jammes, H. L., 192 Jancon, 74 Jansen, A., 200 Japan, 4, 5, 49 Java, 80, 108

economy of, 21, 34, 83, 114 revenue farms in, 22, 23, 27, 33, 35,

73-8, 207-14, 219-31; abolition of, 12, 36,38-9,203-7,218,219

Java War (1825-30), 78, 110-11, 197, 220 Johor,25, 26, 1~7. 168,170,249-54

passim

Kangchu system, 25, 27, 168, 170 Kedah,6,25,30, 125-36 Keddie, Nikki R., 58 Kelantan, 30 Kemp, P. H. van der, 220 Kerkvliet, Benedict, 4 Kern, R. A., 70 Kesiman, Raja of Badung, 109, 112-13,

117, 120 Keyder, Cagier, 66 Khaw Concern, 9, 10, 92, 267-71 Khaw Joo Choe, 92, 9~, 97, 98,267,269,

270 Khaw Joo Ghee, 92, 269 Khaw Joo Tok, 268, 269, 270 Khaw Sim Bee, 92, 268, 269, 270-1 Khaw Sim Khim, 268

Index 305

Khaw Sim Kong, 268, 271 Khaw Sim Tek, 268 Khaw Soo Cheang, 267-8 Khoe Tjin Tek, 265 Khoo Cheow Tiong, 89, 94, 95, 98, 265 Khoo Hang Yang, 95 Khoo Hun Yeang, 92, 96, 97 Khoo Kay Kim, 27-8, 90, 91 Khoo Khay Jin, 132, 133 Khoo.Sian Ewe, 98, 265 Khoo Sian Tan, 92 Khao Sian Wei, 98 Khoo Siew Jin, 92 Khoo Teong Poh, 91, 98 Khoo Thean Tek, 91, 92, 93, 96, 252 Kian Tek secret society, 90-1 Kielstra, E. B., 197 Kim Seng Lee, 236, 238, 243-4 King, George Pockock, 116-17 kinship ties, 97-8, 268-9 Klerck, E. S. de, 110, 111 Koch Sun Chai, 175, 176 Koh Cheng Sian, 98 Koh Lay Huan, 98 Koh Seang Tat, 90, 91, 95, 96, 98, 167,

171, 172, 173, 178 Korthals Altes, W. L., 197 Kraan, A.M. van der, 108, 111 Krader, Lawrence, 48 Kratoska, Paul, H., 22 Kuala Lumpur, 32, 255, 256, 259 Kudin, Tunku, 132, 133 Kunt, I. Metin, 51 Kuta, 105-21

La Loubi~re, Simon de, 71, 142 Lam Ah Kham, 97 Lamb ton, A. K. S., 45 land tax, 7, 22, 27 Lange, Hans, 121 Lange, Mads, 116-19, 120 Lange, Peter Christian, 121 Lao Joon Tek, 249, 250 Laos, 81 Larut, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31 u Thtmh Khai, 73 Lee Ah Ghee, 263 Lee Ban Teong, 134 Lee Cheng Tee, 90, 253 Lee Keng Yam, 91, 178 Lee Pee Chuan, 268 Lee Thye, 93 Lekkerkerker, C., 107, 109, 110, 111, 112,

113 Leong Fee, 89, 97 Leur, J. C. van, 48, 73 Levijssohn, J. H., 116 Levy, J.-P., 45, 61

Lewis, Bernard, 51, 63 Liem Tjwan Ling, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278 Light, Francis, 22 Lim Choo Boon, 97 Lim Kam Tong, 132 LimKekChuan, 90, 93, 94, 95,269,270 Lim Kwee Eng, 171, 173 Lim Leng Cheak, 134-5 Lim Mah Chye, 89 Lim Pek Kwee, 96, 97 Lo Lan Chong, 132, 134 Lockard, Craig A., 24 Loke Chow Kit, 257, 258, 259, 260 Loke Chow Thye, 257 Loke Yew, 255-60, 262 Lokkegaard, Frede, 50 Lombok, 111, 114, 116-17 Long Jaafar, 21, 27 Low, Hugh, 31-2,255 Luong Nhi Ky, 189 Luro, E., 190 Luwu', 70

Mac Cuu, 72 McGowan, Bruce, 51 McLane, John R., 50, 53, 58 McVey, Ruth T., 42 Maddison, Angus, 197 Madura, 35 Mahit, Prince, 234, 236, 238-9, 240, 243-4 Maitriwanit, Luang, 234, 235 Majapahit, 69 Mak Lau Fong, 179 Mangkubumi, Sultan, 78 Manila, 73, 74 Mann, Susan, 46, 49, 57-8, 60, 61, 65 Mansvelt, W. M. F., 197, 198, 209 Maratha Confederacy, 49 Mardin, Serif, 66 market tax, 220-1 marriage ties, 97-8, 268-9 Marsden, William, 74 Marx, Karl, 46, 47, 48 Mataram, 56, 77 Matthews, George T., 23, 35, 66 Mauritius, 108 MaxweU, W. E., 30 Meade, R., 177 Mechelen, Charles te, 213; 214 Medhurst, W. H., 115 Meeteren Brouwer, P.M. 1an, 24 Meilink-Roelofsz M.A. P., 71 Melaka, 22, 70, 75 mercantilism, 9 mercenaries, 7, 62 mestizo societies, 11 Mexico, 45 MicheU, H., 45, 46

306 Index

Middlebrook, S. M., 32 military expenditure, 56-7 mining, see gold; tin Misra, B. B., 52, 62 Mitra, Manoshi, 53 Mohammed Jewa, Sultan of Kedah, 126 Mohammed Saad, Tunku, 135 Mongkut, King of Siam, 29, 147 monopolies, 7,27,142

government-run, 16, 37, 38-42, 184, 188-94, 203-7, 217, 218, 230, 231, 241

trade, 27-8, 70, 103-21 passim, 125-8 see also revenue farming

Montrado 24 Moreland, W. H., 56 Murray, Martin J., 183, 189, 190, 192 Mysore, 56

Nagtegaal, Luc, 77 Naples, Kingdom of, 55 Narai, King of Siam, 70, 71-2 neocolonialism, 4 Neoh Ah Chung, 90 Netherlands, 73-4, 197 Netherlands East Indies, 29-30, 31, 35-6,

38-42, 196-8 revenue farming case study of, 198-231 see also individual islands

networks revenue farm, 89-99, 262-6 Ng Boo Bee, 258, 260, 269, 270 Ngee Ann Kongsi, 249 Ngo Vinh Long, 183, 189, 191 Nielsen, A. K., 117, 120, 121 Norlund, Irene, 183

Oei Hui Lan, 274, 275 Oei Tiong Bing, 275 Oei Tiong Ham, 9, 89, 272-9 Oei Tiong Hauw, 278, 279 Oei Tiong Swan, 278 Oei Tjie Sien, 273, 4, 276 Ong Han Chong, 95 Onghokham, 274 Oon Gan Thay, 98 opium, 22, 23, 32-3, 34, 36, 37, 39-40, 148,

157,267 in Indochina, 182-94 Netherlands East Indies case study of,

200-1, 203, 207-18 Siamese case study of, 36, 40-1, 233-44 Singapore Great Syndicate and, 166-80

Opium Commission, Straits Settlement and Federated Malay States, 37, 39-40, 94, 267

opium regie in Indochina, 16, 184, 188-94 in Netherlands East Asia, 16, 39, 40,

203-7, 217, 218, 231

Ord, Harry St. George, 169, 251, 252 Ottoman Empire, 49, 50-51, 52, 57, 58, 59,

61, 63,66 Owen, Norman G., 120 Owen, Roger, 49, 51, 59, 61, 63, 66

Pa Jembrong, 105, 116 Paget, Ralph, 237 Pahang,30 Pallegoix, Jean Baptist, 142 palm sugar tax, 229 Pasai, 70 passive resistance, 4 Patani, 69, 129, 134, 151 patronage, 60 . pawnbroking, 22, 23, 33, 35, 39, 205,

222-4, 257 Peet, George, 260 Penang, 29, 32, 89-99, 129-31, 133, 178,

235, 254, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268 pepper, 83, 166, 167-8, 170 Perak, 21, 25, 30, 32, 90, 92, 130, 255, 257,

259 Persia, 45 Peyrouton, Bernard, 183 Phakdiphathrakqn, Phraya, 236, 239 Philippines, 45, 80, 81, 83 Phuah Hin Leong, 132, 135 Phuket, 73, 91, 155-6, 269, 270 Phuwadol Songpraset, 268, 269, 270, 271 Pickering, William, 169-70, 176, 179 Pigeaud, Th. G. Th., 69, 77 Pires, Tom~. 71, 126 police, 37, 38, 41, 168, 174, 176, 179 political instability, 55 poll (head) tax, 22, 55, 147, 228-9 Pompeo Hantrakool, 76 Prasatthong, King of Siam, 71 prebendalization, 47-8 Priangan System, 212 Prince, G~, 197 prostitution, 71 Prussia, 58

Quah Beng Hong, 91 Quah Beng Kee, 98

Rabie, Hassanein, 50 racial prejudice, 11-12, 36, 201, 202 Rames, Thomas Stamford, 79, 108, 197,

228 Rama III, King of Siam, 21, 25 Ramsay, James Ansil, 22, 30, 33 Ray, Ratnalekha, 53 Read, W. H., 175-6 real estate, 256, 259, 277-8 regie, see monopolies, government-run;

opium regie; salt regie

Index 307

Reid, Anthony, 56 religion, 69· resistance to tax-farmers, 65 R~union, 108 revenue farming

benefits and drawbacks of, 58, 59-67 case studies of individual revenue

farmers in, 249-79 comparative analysis of, 45-68 competition for farms, 19-20, 26, 28, 32,

34, 90, 94-5, 99, 213-14, 217, 234, 251-3, 258, 275

decline and abolition of, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 34-42, 203-7, 233-44

definitions of, 3, 19, 52-4, 69 expansion in SB Asia of, 2~9 in Indochina, 184-94 Kedah case study of, 125-36 Netherlands Bast Indies case study of,

198-231 networks of, 89-99 origins of, 7, 21, 69-79 profits from, 28-9, 34, 62, 65-6 reasons for revenue farming, 23, 54-9 Siamese case studies of, 142-64, 233-44 Singapore Great Syndicate and, 10,

166-80 state power/weakness and, 5-6, 8-9, 1~11, 19-20,29-35,42-3,46-7,53, 59-60, 63-4, 81

types of, 21-2, 49-54 Riau-Lingga, 30, 170 rice, 82, 83, 111, 114, 115-16, 120, 126-8,

134 Richards, J. F., 65 Ricklefs, M. C., 77 Robequain, Charles, 183 Roberts, J. G., 5 Roberts, Stephen, 183, 194 Robson, J. H. M., 259 Roo, L. W. G. de, 203 Rossabi, Morris, 45 rubber, 83, 85, 260 Rujaya Abhakom, M. R., 147 Rush, James R., 11, 33, 39, 213, 214, 216,

272, 273, 274, 275 Russia, 50, 54

salt, 22, 33, 41-2, 197, 229-30 salt regie, 42, 230 Sawiimiphakdi, Luang, 233 Schadee, W. H. M., 22, 30, 31 Schulte Nordholt, H., 110, 117, 118, 119,

120 Schumpeter, J. A., 46 Schuurman, D. B., 116, 117 Schuurman, H. F., 55 Schweitzer, T. A., 183, 189

Scott, James C., 4 Seah Bu Chin, 167, 169,249 Seah Liang Seang, 94, 97 Seah Song Seah, 92 secret societies, 10, 24, 31, 34, 36, ~1,

168-9,179-80,249,251-2,253-4,255 Seh Tan surname group, 168, 174, 252 Selangor, 30, 32, 255-60, 269 Shaharil, Talib, 2~, 25 Shanghai, 5, 178 • Sharom Ahmat, 25, 129, 130, 136 Shaw, Stanford J., 51, 63 shipping, 12, 269, 276-7 Siak, 25, 29 . Siam (Thailand), 6, 12, 81, 120, 130

economy of, 83, 145; 161-4 political system of, 82, 144-5, 160, 161-4 revenue farms in, 22, 27, 29, 30, 34, 70,

71-2, 73, 76-7, 142-64; aboliton of, 35, 36.~1,233-44

Siddiqi, Noman Ahmad, 53, 64 Singapore, 9, 21, 22, 39, 83, 114, 249-54

passim, 255,259 Chinese networks in, 91-6 Great Syndicate of, 10, 166-80, 252

Skinner, 0. William, 73 slaughter taxes, 224-6, 227 slavery, 22, 107-8, 110, 113-14 Smith, Adam, 32, 47 smuggling, 9, 33, 40, 174-7, 188, 192, 194,

211-16 So Bingkong, 74 Song Ong Siang, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 166,

171, 178, 249, 277 Songkhla, 73 Sophonphetcharat, Luang, 236, 238, 243-4 Spain, 45, 54, 56 speculation, 65 spirits (alcohol), 22, 90, 226 state(s), 3-5, 19-20, 59-60, 162

extension of power of, 29-35, 37-41, 42-3, 81, 161, 178-9, 254

formation of, S-8, 161 struggle for control of, 9, 1~12 see also revenue farming

Stein, Burton, 66 Steyn Parv~. D. C., 200 Stoianovich, Traian, 51 Strobel, Edward, 237-8 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 54, 60, 61, 65, 66 sugar, 83, 85, 276 Sumatra, Bast, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41, 83,

215, 216, 217, 265 Sungei Ujong, 30 Sunthqnkosik Luang, 234, 235, 236, 239 Suphiiphqn~haranphat, 242-3 Suriyiinuwat, Phrayii, 241, 242 Sutherland, Heather, 11

308 Index

Swettenham, Frank, 256, 258

Taiwan, 76 Taksin, King of Songkhla, 21, 73 Tan Ah Choh, 176 Tan Ah Hun, 249 Tan Beng Swee, 169 Tan Eng Cheng, 176 Tan Hiok Nee, 167, 171, 173, 176, 251,

252, 253, 254 Tan Hock Seng, 176 Tan Jiak Kim, 267 Tan Kah Kee, 270 Tan Keng Swee, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177 Tan Khean Hock, 89-90, 97, 98 Tan Kim Cheng, 90-1, 169, 176, 179, 252,

268 Tan Mob Yong, 174, 176 Tan Seng Poh, 92, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171,

179,249-54 tax

assessment of, 55, 57 erosion of, 57

taxation nature of, 5, 45, 46 see also revenue farming

Tay Han Long, 252 Tay Ho Swee, 252 Taylor, Jean Gelman, 11 Taylor, William, 94 teak, 30, 83 Thailand, see Siam The Tik Gwan, 276 The Tjik Nio, 276 Thio Thiau Siat, 9, 10, 89, 93, 95, 262-6,

269 Thiphakorawong, Cao Phrya, 142 Thiphakosa, Phraya, 233-4, 238, 240 Thomas, Th., 203 Thompson, Virginia, 183 Thun Ah Khun, 90 Tilly, Charles, 20, 47, 56, 57 timber, tax on cutting of, 229 tin, 10, 27-8, 83, 85, 87, 134, 255, 258-9,

267,270 Tjoa Soe Tjong, 273, 276, 277, 278 Tjong A Fie, 38, 264, 265 Tjong Yong Hian, 264, 265, 271 To In, 78 Toa Peh Kong secret society, 90, 91 tobacco, 83, 134, 227 tolls, 7, 22, 77-8, 219-20, 228 Tonkin, 193-4 Tracy, James D., 74 trade, 21, 27, 70-71, 82-5

Bali case study of, 103-21 Kedah case study of, 125-9 taxes on, 7, 22, 28

Tregonning, K. G., 259 Trengganu,21,25,26, 30,31 tribute, 70 Trocki, Carl A., 10, 25, 166, 168, 170, 249,

250 Tsurumi, Naohiro, 55 Turkey, see Ottoman Empire

Vanvugt, Ewald, 209 Vaughan, J. D., 169 Vellema, P., 224 Vietnam (Indochina), 12, 81, 83, 182-94 Vitalis, L., 114, 200, 221 Vlerning, J. L., 265 Vliet, Jeremias van, 71 VOC (Dutch East India Company), 14, 71,

75, 77, 78, 108, 196

Waal, E. de, 197, 210-11, 220, 221, 227, 230

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 42, 47, 48, 55, 56, 58,62,64,65-6

Wan Mohammed Saman, 133, 135 Wang Tai Peng, 24, 72 Wang Yeh-chien, 52, 55 Warwijck, Wybrant van, 69 Weber, Max, 45, 47-8, 49, 52, 59 Wee Kay Poh, 98 Wee Kay Siang, 98 Wee Kim Yam, 91 weigh-houses, 74 Weld, Frederick, 167, 170, 171, 173, 175-8 Wetters, J. S., 114, 116 Wickham, Chris, 50, 51 Wilkinson, R. J., 25, 31, 74 Wilson, Constance M., 147, 148 Wink, Andr~. 49, 53, 54, 65 Winstedt, R. W., 126 Wira Wimonti, 76, 154-5 Wolff van Westerrode, W. P. D. de, 35, 38 Woloch, Isser, 61 Wong C. S., 171, 249 Wong Ah Fook, 97 Wong Boon Sin, 263 Wong Lin Ken, 22, 87, 91, 115, 118, 255 Wright, Arnold, 90, 96, 97, 98, 255, 269 Wu Yang, 73 Wynne, Mervyn Llewellyn, 91, 251-2

Yaacob, Tunku, 132, 133 Yap Ah Loy, 32 Yeap Keng Teng, 94 Yen Ching-hwang, 90, 91, 265 Yeah Ooi Gark, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 264,

269 Yeah Wee Gark, 269 Yogyakarta, 27, 77-8 Yoshihara Kunia, 264, 275, 278, 279

Yusuf, Tunku, 132, 133

Zainal Rashid, Sultan of Kedah, 132 Zegers, J. L., 203

Index

Zelin, Madeleine, 49 Zheng Chenggong, 72 Zoetmulder, P. J., 74

309