Glossary: Basics of Haemostasis Online Training Glossary Text α1-Antitrypsin Protein serving as a protease inhibitor. α2-Antiplasmin α2-Antiplasmin is a serine protease inhibitor targeting Plasmin and forming a Plasmin - Antiplasmin complex leading to the irrevesible inhibition of Plasmin. α2-Makroglobulin Inhibitor of the fibrinolysis and Thrombin. Appears also as acute phase protein. AA Arachidonic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid, which is synthesised from phospholipids of the cells by the phospholipase A2. Arachidonic acid synthesised from the platelets is catalysed by cyclooxygenase (COX) to thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which then promotes platelet activation, while when synthesised from endothelial cells it becomes prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), which inhibits platelet activation. Adhesion receptor Group of receptors in the plasma membrane of cells, showing the adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix and blood plasma proteins, adhesion between heterogeneous cells, or indirect ligand-mediated adhesion between like cells (homotyped adhesion). ADP Adenosine Di-Phosphate plays an important role in thrombus formation. ADP is stored in the granules of the platelets and is secreted into the plasma upon their activation. This leads to a positive amplifier loop, which activates further platelets. Additional ADP is released from the ATP of platelets, erythrocytes and other cells in the area of tissue damage. This and the local suppression of the ADP inhibitors at the site of tissue damage provides a local accumulation of ADP and thus promotes aggregation.
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Glossary: Basics of Haemostasis Online Training
Glossary Text
α1-Antitrypsin Protein serving as a protease inhibitor.
α2-Antiplasmin α2-Antiplasmin is a serine protease inhibitor targeting Plasmin and
forming a Plasmin - Antiplasmin complex leading to the irrevesible
inhibition of Plasmin.
α2-Makroglobulin Inhibitor of the fibrinolysis and Thrombin. Appears also as acute
phase protein.
AA Arachidonic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid, which is synthesised
from phospholipids of the cells by the phospholipase A2. Arachidonic
acid synthesised from the platelets is catalysed by cyclooxygenase
(COX) to thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which then promotes platelet
activation, while when synthesised from endothelial cells it becomes
prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), which inhibits platelet activation.
Adhesion receptor Group of receptors in the plasma membrane of cells, showing the
adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix and blood plasma proteins,
adhesion between heterogeneous cells, or indirect ligand-mediated
adhesion between like cells (homotyped adhesion).
ADP Adenosine Di-Phosphate plays an important role in thrombus
formation. ADP is stored in the granules of the platelets and is
secreted into the plasma upon their activation. This leads to a
positive amplifier loop, which activates further platelets. Additional
ADP is released from the ATP of platelets, erythrocytes and other
cells in the area of tissue damage. This and the local suppression of
the ADP inhibitors at the site of tissue damage provides a local
accumulation of ADP and thus promotes aggregation.
Glossary Text
Amplification Amplification is the second phase in the coagulation process and
starts with platelets being activated by small amounts of Thrombin.
Anti-fibrinolytic-system Group of proteins regulating fibrinolysis.
Anti-thrombotic-system Group of proteins regulating clot formation.
Antihemophilic globulin Factor VIII and/or Factor IX.
Antithrombin Antithrombin is an important inhibitor in plasmatic coagulation,
inhibiting Thrombin (Factor IIa) and Factor Xa mainly, but also all
other coagulation factors as well as Plasmin, TF-Factor VIIa complex
and Kallikrein. The inhibitory potential of Antithrombin is increased
dramatically by heparan sulfate. Antithrombin is synthesised in the
liver and under physiological conditions is found in blood at
concentrations of 70 - 120 %.
APC resistance APC resistance is the inability of activated Protein C to cleave Factor
Va causing a persisting ability of Factor Va in activating Prothrombin
to Thrombin. Individuals with Factor V Leiden show an significant
increased risk of thrombotic events.
Apixaban Drug which belongs to a group of Direct Oral Anti Coagulants that
inhibiting the coagulation Factor Xa directly.
ASA Acetylsalicylic acid is a widely used analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
antipyretic and antiplatelet drug. It inhibits the cyclooxygenase
irreversibly.
Ca++ = Ca2+ Ca++ (= Factor IV) has an essential function in the activation of
Factor II, VII, IX and X. The calcium ions bridge the gap between the
negatively charged clotting factor and the negatively charged
phospholipids of the platelets or cells, which cannot bind to each
other without the mediation by calcium due to their equal charge.
Calcium also plays an important role in adhesion and aggregation of
the platelets, as well as muscle contraction.
Glossary Text
Calcium Calcium is a chemical element in the periodic table of elements with
the symbol Ca and the atomic number 20. As an essential part of
living matter Calcium is involved in the construction inter alia bones
and teeth. In addition to K +, Na +, Ca++ plays an important role in
the transmission of stimuli in nerve cells and in signal transduction in
other cells. Ca++ in haemostasis has an important mediator role.
Calcium-cation Calcium is a chemical element in the periodic table of elements with
the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an essential part of living
matter Calcium is involved in constructing inter alia bones and teeth.
Alongside K+ and Na+, Ca++ plays an important role in transmitting
stimuli in nerve cells and in signal transduction in other cells. In
haemostasis Ca++ has an important mediator role.
Calcium-ion Calcium is a chemical element in the periodic table of elements with
the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an essential part of living
matter Calcium is involved in constructing inter alia bones and teeth.
Alongside K+ and Na+, Ca++ plays an important role in transmitting
stimuli in nerve cells and in signal transduction in other cells. In
haemostasis Ca++ has an important mediator role.
Carboxy group The carboxy group in chemistry is the functional group of the
carboxylic acids, consisting of one carbon, two oxygen and one
hydrogen atom.
Carboxylation Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group
is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide.
Catalytic center The active site is the area of the catalytic effect of an enzyme.
Christmas-factor Factor IX, a vitamin-K depending pro-enzyme of the serine protease
Factor IXa, activating Factor X to Factor Xa in the tenase complex.
Synthesised in the liver, under normal physiological conditions in
blood it is found at concentrations of 70 - 120 %.
Clopidogrel Drug inhibiting the ADP receptor P2Y12 and subsequently ADP-
induced platelet aggregation.
Cofactor In haemostasis a coagulation factor without enzymatic function.
Glossary Text
Collagen Collagen is a protein that is mainly part of the connective tissue. It is
the most important fibre component of the skin, cartilage, bones,
tendons, teeth and blood vessels. Collagen of the blood vessels is
not exposed to blood under physiological conditions. In case of injury
to the endothelial layer of the blood vessels, the collagen is exposed
to the platelets and triggers their adhesion and aggregation.
Collagen is therefore the central activator of primary haemostasis.
COOH Carboxy group is the functional group of carboxylic acids, consisting
of one carbon, two oxygen and one hydrogen atom.
COX1 Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1) is an enzyme that converts arachidonic
acid into thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin I2. It occurs in all tissue
types. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase
irreversibly.
Cyclooxygenase COX for short. Enzyme catalysing the prostaglandins. Appears in
two iso-forms. COX1 induces the synthesis of Thromboxane in
platelets. COX2 induces the synthesis of prostaglandins in white
blood and endothelia cells.
D-Dimer Product of the fibrin cleavage by Plasmin. Elevated D-Dimer levels
indicating increased pro-coagulation activities in the human body.
Dabigatran Drug which belongs to a group of Direct Oral AntiCoagulants which
inhibits the coagulation Factor IIa (Thrombin) directly.
DOAC Is a group of drugs inhibiting a coagulation factor directly without a
cofactor. Most common DOACs are inhibitors to Factor IIa
(Thrombin, also called Direct Thrombin Inhibitors) and to Factor Xa
(also called Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors (DXaI)).
Extrinsic tenase
complex
Complex of coagulation factors activating the coagulation Factor X.
Factor II Prothrombin. Vitamin-K dependent pro-enzyme of the serine
protease Factor IIa (Thrombin) converting Fibrinogen to Fibrin.
Synthesised in the liver, under physiological conditions it is present
in the blood at concentration of 70 - 120 %.
Glossary Text
Factor IIa Factor IIa (= Thrombin) is a central component of plasmatic
coagulation and reaction partner of a variety of substrates. Under
physiological conditions, Thrombin is not found in free form in the
bloodstream. The inactive form of Thrombin is Prothrombin (Factor
II) which is synthesised in the liver. Thrombin activates a number of
coagulation factors, is a potent platelet activator, and activates the
antithrombotic system. Thrombin acts on the fibrinogen and cleaves
the fibrinopeptides A and B from the fibrinogen molecule, causing
polymerisation of fibrin and forming the fibrin net.
Factor V Also Proaccelerin. Factor V is the inactive form of coagulation Factor
Va and is activated by Thrombin (Factor IIa). Factor Va together with
Factor Xa forms the prothrombinase complex (with Ca++ and
phospholipids), with Factor Va acting as a cofactor. By complexing
with Factor Xa, the activation of Thrombin is accelerated a thousand
fold. Factor V is synthesised in the liver and is present in plasma at a
concentration of 60-150%. The most important inhibitor of Factor Va
is the Protein C / Protein S complex system. The inability of the
activated Protein C to cleave the Factor Va leads to an increased
risk of thrombosis (APC resistance, Factor V Leiden).
Factor Va Accelerine, cofactor of serine protease Factor Xa, activating together
with Factor Xa, CA++ and phospholipids in the prothrombinase
complex Prothrombin to Thrombin. Synthesised in liver,
megacaryocytes and endothelium cells, under physiological
conditions it is present in the blood in blood at concentrations of 60 -
150 %.
Factor VI Historically an independent coagulation factor. However, research
has shown Factor VI is identical to Factor V, so that Factor VI is not
used anymore.
Factor VII Vitamin-K depending pro-enzyme of the serine protease Factor VIIa
activating the coagulation Factors IX, X, VII, II (Prothrombin) and X
mostly in a complex with Tissue Factor. Synthesised in liver and
under physiological conditions it is present in blood at concentrations
of 60 - 170 %.
Glossary Text
Factor VIIa Vitamin-K depending serine protease activating the coagulation
Factors IX, X, VII, II (Prothrombin) and X mostly in a complex with
Tissue Factor. Synthesised in liver and under physiological
conditions it is present in blood at concentrations of 60 - 170 %.
Factor VIII Anti-haemophilic factor A, pro-enzyme of the cofactor VIIIa, together
with the serine protease Factor IXa, CA++ and phospholipids it
activates the coagulation Factor Xa. Synthesised in liver and carried
in the blood bound to von Willebrand Factor (vWF). Under
physiological conditions is present in blood at concentrations of 50 -
150 %.
Factor VIIIa Anti-haemophilic Factor A, cofactor to serine protease Factor IXa,
activating together in a complex with the serine protease Factor IXa,
CA++ and phospholipids the coagulation Factor Xa. Synthesised in
the liver and carried in the blood bound to von Willebrand Factor
(vWF). Under physiological conditions in blood at concentrations of
50 - 150 %.
Factor IX Factor IX (= Christmas factor or antihemophilic globulin B) is the
inactive form of coagulation Factor IXa. Factor IXa, together with its
Cofactor VIIIa, forms the tenase complex (with Ca++ and
phospholipids). Primarily, the complex of TF and Factor VIIa
activates Factor IX. Factor IX is synthesised in the liver and is
present in plasma at a concentration of 70-120%. The most
important Factor IXa inhibitor is Antithrombin. The most prominent