Globally Important Agriculture Heritage System (GIAHS) Application Integrated Agricultural System of Tri Hita Karana – Tri Mandala in Bali, Indonesia Coordinating Ministry of Human Development and Culture Republic of Indonesia 2015 Collaborated by: Local Government of Karangasem District, Bali – Bogor Agricultural University – Udayana University
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Globally Important Agriculture Heritage System (GIAHS)
Application
Integrated Agricultural System of
Tri Hita Karana – Tri Mandala in Bali, Indonesia
Coordinating Ministry of Human Development and Culture
Republic of Indonesia
2015
Collaborated by:
Local Government of Karangasem District, Bali – Bogor Agricultural University –
Udayana University
GIAHS proposal
Globally Important Agriculture Heritage System
(GIAHS) Initiative
SUMMARY INFORMATION
Name/Title of the Agricultural Heritage System:
Integrated Agricultural System of Tri Hita Karana – Tri Mandala in Bali, Indonesia
Requesting Agency/Organization: Local Government of Karangasem District
Country/location/Site:
Karangasem District, one of the nine districts in Bali Province, is located in the eastern part of Bali Island (Annex 1).
Accessibility of the site to capital city or major cities:
From Soekarno-Hatta (Jakarta) Airport, Karangasem District could be reached by taking a domestic flight to Ngurah Rai (Denpasar) Airport, which takes about 2 hours and driving from Ngurah Rai (Denpasar) Airport to Amlapura, capital city of Karangasem District, which takes about 2.5 hours.
Approximate Surface Area: 839,54 km2
Agro-Ecological Zone/s: tropical climate; rice, peanut, soybean, vegetables in the wet land; corn, snake fruit, coconut, cashew nut, banana and jack fruit in the dry land.
Topographic features:
Karangasem District is laid in the mount foot of Gunung Agung, with various topographic features ranging from mountainous, hilly to flat in the low land area.
Climate Type: Tropical Monsoonal Type
Approximate population: 568,737 (Source: Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil, Karangasem District, 2014)
Number of working force in agriculture, plantation, forestry and fishery:116,100 (47.24% of total labors, 2014)
Karangasem District
Bali Island
Indonesia
Main Source of Livelihoods: Agriculture, Fishery, Animal Husbandry, and Tourism
Ethnicity/Indigenous population: Balinese
Summary Information of the Agricultural Heritage System
Agriculture system in Karangasem District is a sustainable land use system based on Tri Hita-Karana (THK) and Tri Mandala (TM) philosophies of Bali. This agriculture system is globally
important, due to: (1) limited land and water resources which are features of island regions, are overcome and enabled agriculture to prosper by using the local wisdoms based on its unique philosophy; and (2) has since sustained food production and livelihoods of a large population about 570 thousand in 2014 over a long period more than ten centuries.
Tri Hita Karana (THK) is a philosophy for everything and attaining happiness (welfare) while
maintaining the harmony between man and God (e.g. religion), man and man (e.g. organization), man and nature (e.g. agriculture field). Tri Mandala (TK) is also a philosophy that
keeps harmony according to the space utilization; utilization of land is divided into three stages according to the differences in the degree of sanctity, (i) the upper for protected area, (ii) the middle for human living, and (iii) the bottom for agriculture production. Based on these two philosophies, area of land is used sustainably by some management systems. One example of such agricultural systems under THK and TM is Subak for rice field water management, and another system is called Abian for dry land management to grow both annual and perennial crops.
Under Subak and Abian management, agriculture has provided enough food and become the
means of major income for their livelihoods in the region. Agro-biodiversity is conserved, such as beras bali (Balinese rice), upland crops, fruit trees, flowers, vegetables and livestock, as well as precious genetic resources from specific crops and livestock such as salak bali (snake fruit), jagung seraya (Balinese corn), kelapa dalam variety of coconut, cashew nut, and Sapi Bali (Balinese cattle) through agricultural production. In addition, by using local wisdom and traditional techniques, water is efficiently used and shared fairly, the stone terraces are built to prevent erosion in the steep slopes of the fields.
Tri Hita Karana (THK) and Tri Mandala (TM) philosophies are deeply established in the way of life in Bali, including the rituals related to agriculture. Also, it has conserved rich food culture and unique calendar. Through THK and TM implementation, the agricultural land cover can be seen throughout the year both in rainy and dry seasons, whether rice plant or upland cash crops, e.g. peanut, soybean, corn, vegetables crops, and flowers. The agriculture zone strictly adheres the Palemahan aspect of THK philosophies, which is practiced in Nista Mandala of TM. Palemahan
expresses the relationship between farmer and environtment. In addition, this sustainable land utilization has created beautiful scenery as remarkable landscape of the mountains and sea.
However, agriculture in this region is also exposed to threats such as young people moving away from agriculture and development of large-scale resort area. For these reasons, with the opportunity of the GIAHS designation we should inherit this good land use system and pass on to the next generation by committing our efforts to conserve high-quality agricultural land, developing value added agriculture, agro-tourism and so on.
Description of the Agriculture Heritage System
I. Characteristic of the Proposed GIAHS
Global (National) Importance
(a) Geographical features and landscape
Karangasem District has an area of 83,594 ha,
with 91.26% dry land, various topographic
landscapes, ranging from green mountains and
hills to flat low land with dry beaches. Such varied
landscapes depict various uses of land and
enclosed land use for agriculture. Thus, it is really
important to have sound water management to
support sustainable agriculture activities (Fig.1).
Fig. 1. Subak and Abian system practices for terraces paddy field (top and bottom left) and
upland management (bottom right)
(b) Tri Hita Karana and Tri Mandala Philosophies
Tri Hita Karana (THK) as a Hinduism philosophy in Bali implemented agricultural
systems such as Subak and Abian. It consists of three concepts. The first, “Parahyangan” is the
relation between human and God(s), which is implemented as Pura Sawah (temple in the paddy
field). The second is “Pawongan”, implemented as man and man relationships, farmers‟
organizations (pekaseh/leader and pawongan/member). The last one is “Palemahan”,
relationships between human and nature, such as paddy field/dried field and its boundaries.
Tri Mandala (TM) is a regional division based on Hinduism concept implemented in Bali.
This concept has been adopted in most parts of traditional villages. TM consists of 3 zones,
namely Utama Mandala (the Main Zone, the upstream areas which can either be mountains or
hills), Madya Mandala (the Middle Zone, the median areas such as the slope of the hills and the
Fig. 2. Diagram of THK (top) and TM (bottom) philoshophies
low land), and Nista Mandala (the downstream areas, such as beaches or seashores). This TM
concept can be implemented in stages, from bio-regional scale to village scale. In a village
scale, Subak and Abian are implemented by allocating the zones for specific purposes, such as
temples as religious places are built in Utama Mandala zone, while residential buildings are
located in Madya Mandala zone, and agriculture cultivation is conducted in Nista Mandala zone.
Such TM concepts are in line with universal concepts adopting THK (Fig 2).
Fig. 3. Pura Subak as Parahyangan
aspect of THK
(c) Subak and Abian
Balinese people have known Subak since
the 11th Century. This can be traced back from the
finding of the Writings of Purana Klungkung King
(994 Saka/the year of 1072). Subak is an irrigation
system which has developed due to strong
Hinduism influence. To Balinese people, irrigation
is not merely to provide water for plants, but water
can also be used to build a man-made eco-system
flow. Temples located near water springs (THK implementation on Parahyangan concept) is the
main focus of cooperative management system in distributing water to irrigation channels (Fig.
3). Subak has been recognized as a leading and advanced irrigation system. This agricultural
system, being implemented for centuries, has been sustained by the rural people in Bali. Subak
is an independent system performed by the community in order to manage the division of water
irrigation for paddy fields. This system is managed hierarchically by groups and each member of
the groups is assigned to have a specific role (this is an implementation of THK on Pawongan
concept). Finally, Subak is also known as a local wisdom which enables farmers to be in
harmony with the nature and to gain optimum harvest (this is an implementation of THK on
Palemahan concept).
Abian is a farmers‟ organization which performs agricultural activities on dry land. In
Balinese language, “Abian” means garden, or yard, or rice field. Albian is considered the same
as Subak, which reflects the function of Pawongan, with humans act as actors performing
activities, in which the organization traditionally has a leader, members, and mechanisms to
achieve its goals. The main tasks include physical work (Palemahan aspects), which is in line
with the concept of Tri Hita Karana Similarly, in the concept of Tri Mandala, agricultural land
which is managed by using Abian lies in Mandala nista, the land devoted to agriculture. The
activities include not only cultivating annual and perennial crops, but also raising cattle. In
managing the area, although it is in Mandala nista zone, the agricultural activities must also
attempt to sustain their environment. Thus, Abian also practices a combination of agricultural
activities, such as agro-forestry or agro-silvo-pastural, to maintain agricultural diversity.
Fig. 4. Pura Abian as Parahyangan
aspect of THK
The realtionships between humans are expressed
by Subak organization or Abian organization, which
consists of “Krama Subak” or ”Krama Carik”, with
Subak members as an element of society
(Pawongan). The Bali people believe that humans
are also a part of nature. Therefore, humans
should live in harmony among themselves, with
other living creatures and their nature (Palemahan)
2. Any internal or external attempt on sustainability will: a) alleviate the burden of the members
in ritual ceremonies, b) appreciate tax exemption in green areas, c). monitor implementation
of Green Zone Regulation, irrigation network and investor‟s behaviour, d). provide funding
through Provincial and Regional Budget and Expenditure Plan outlined in Regional
Regulation, e). Intensify various forms of training activities for Subak/Abian, such as
extension activities, competitions of Subak, and so on.
VI. Practical considerations
a) Ongoing efforts to promote GIAHS
A number of programs initiated by the government and stakeholders must be connected
to the introduction/support/endorsement of related factors above when Karangasem District has
been designated as GIAHS, and can be elaborated as follows:
- Capacity building empowerment
The institutionalization of Farmers‟ Groups, Subak farmers and Fishermen through
capacity building by increasing the number of trainings on management as well as comparative
studies to various other districts or other provinces. An increase of Farmers Resources can be
done through extension activities, dissemination of new programs and Focus Group Discussion.
Through such activities, Subak farmers, and fishermen groups can be more understanding and
more responsible for their region that has been acknowledged as GIAHS.
The government of Karangasem District provides agriculture funding through grants or
credit based on proposals from the bottom so there will be some accuracies in planning, which
is suited to the need. The government must also help in processing the post-harvest and
marketing through cooperatives and customs, and expand the network to market the processed
products of agriculture, such as snake fruits and cashew nuts, so that the agriculture leading
products of Karangasem can be certified.
- Promotion of agriculture programs
The Government of Bali Province provides bigger support on the development of
SIMANTRI system (Integrated Agriculture System). Farmers of Abian can practice zero waste
agriculture system and get organic certification. This will help in introducing GIAHS to the
community of Bali, National and even International.
The Central Government has initiated a special program on three main commodities
(Rice-Corn-Soybean) since 2015 and this special program is known as UPSUS PAJALE. This
attempt is expected to stimulate the reactivation of Subak agriculture for rice-corn-soybean, and
Abian agriculture for corn and soybean.
- Promotion of Karangasem agriculture main products
Salak (snake fruit) is a fruit of identity and a
leading product of Karangasem District (Fig. 26). To
respond to the Global Warming issue, salak is sold not
only in the form of fresh fruit but also in processed forms
with the principle of zero waste, which has been initiated
since the 2000s. The flesh of the salak is processed into
chips, candied fruit, sweet-tofee, and wine (Fig. 27). The
outer covering is used as handicraft. The seed is now
being researched to see its possibility to be turned into
coffee. The permit from BPOM and Custom designation
has been obtained since 2010. By endorsing zero waste
product, the farmers of salak can have a pride to
recognize themselves as the farmers of GIAHS. In
addition, this can also improve the added value of the
salak farmers‟ economy.
Fig. 26. Salak statue as
Karangasem identity in Amlapura
City.
Fig. 27. Subsidiary products of salak processed into wine (top), chips “keripik”, candied fruit “manisan”, and sweet-tofee “dodol” (bottom) which can improve the income of salak farmers
The Productive Green Program for jambu mete (cashew nut) is very suitable for dry land
areas. The cashew nut plant is very adaptable to minimum water supply, but it can still produce
a very good harvest. This can be seen by the increasing number of community members
becoming dry land Abian farmers, especially in Kubu District. “Subak Abian Bhuana Amerta”
with the brand name of Cap Gunung Agung, with the registration No. 230/51.07/1997, Depkes
RI. Sp. No: 0011/22.08/97 is an example of successful Abian Farmers‟ Group. Cashew nut is a
typical icon of Kubu Sub-District, which has received a designation of Geographical Indication of
Kubu Cashew Nut, Bali and has been registered as a Geographical Indication (IG) with the
registration number of IDG000000028, dated November 26, 2014 (Fig. 28). In free trade era, IG
is very important as a legal protection for the product in marketing strategy so that the product
can have an increased added value, can have a better reputation, and can be promoted
overseas while avoiding unhealthy competition. Increased productivity, better post-harvest
processing, better packaging (Fig. 29), potential marketing and cashew nut business are in line
with the principles of environment sustainability for the green program of dry land areas. This
rises a pride for the community living in the region recognized as GIAHS.
Fig. 28. Cashew nut tree as a productive green plant in Kubu (left); Designation of Geographical
Indication for Kubu Cashew Nut, Bali, registered as a Geographical Indication with the number
of IDG000000028, dated November 26, 2014
Fig. 29. The process of cashew nut pulping by using a simple pulping tool (left), dry cashew nut
ready for processing (mid), and cashew nut product ready to be marketed and consumed (right)
(b) Potential and opportunities for sustainability and management of GIAHS
The support from the government for the existence of Subak/Abian organization through
such programs as extension activities, credit provision, lower tax for land and building having
positive impacts on farmers and agriculture in Karangasem. This has made farmers enthusiastic
and have pride and merit as farmers. By receiving the GIAHS designation, farmers are more
motivated to sustain their profession as farmers who protect their agriculture land well. This
ensures the sustainability of Subak and Abian management to be acknowledged by GIAHS.
Tourism in Karangasem has the potential to open opportunities for marketing organic
agriculture products. Currently the tourist ships can harbor at Tanah Ampo Karangasem Port.
Most tourists love organic agriculture products. This really supports the development of
SIMANTRI program implementation. On receiving the GIAHS designation, farmers will be more
enthusiactic in maintaining the sustainable agricultural activities.
(c) Expected impact of GIAHS on society and ecology
Receiving GIAHS designation can create pride for Subak and Abian farmers community
in Karangasem. The positive impact is the existence of Hindu philosophy of THK and TM, which
underline the management of land use and water management in paddy fields as well as in
house gardens so that they can be sustainably maintained. Farmers of Subak and Abian will be
proud to introduce GIAHS, and that the agriculture products will improve either in their
productivity, post-harvest processing, marketing, as well as the added value. It is expected that
farmers of Subak and Abian will maintain the sustainability of their agriculture systems so that
there will be improved appreciation between gods and humans (Parahyangan aspect), improved
harmony among “krama” or members of Subak/Abian (Pawongan aspect), and increased
balance between humans and their environment (Palemahan aspect). Eventually this will have a
positive impact on better and more sustainable agriculture ecosystem management.
(d) Motivation of the local community, the local/national authorities and others
The GIAHS designation can motivate Subak/Abian farmers to maintain their agriculture
profession and their land. They want to be more advanced with better quality of life and can
maintain the existence of THK and TM. For that reason, the community expect to have the
following:
i. The community members receive technology transfer to improve their agriculture
products through extension programs they are involved in, through trainings they
participate in, or through working internship that they do in other districts, other
provinces or even other countries.
ii. Reduction or lower taxes as the incentives from the agriculture activities they have
been performing in line with the target that the government has set.
iii. The increase of tourists‟ visit to the location is expected to generate income for
farmers who also manage community-based tourism business.
iv. Dry land keeps getting smaller but more productive so that it can generate products
and can sustainably provide a living for the community welfare.
v. The community members become more proud of the agriculturalheritage that they
have and will inspire young generation to keep preserving the agriculture.
What the local government of Karangasem will do after the designation as GIAHS by
FAO are as follows:
i. Attempting to reduce taxes through the provision of incentives to farmers who
maintain their agriculture activities and sustain the practices of Subak or Abian
systems. This is done by encouraging the establishment of agropolitant centers in
Karangasem District. After the acknowledgement of GIAHS, it is expected that there
will be Rice Agropolitan (production center of rice), Snake Fruit Agropolitan Salak
(production center of snake fruits), Cashew Nut Agropolitan (production center of
cashew nut), and Corn Agropolitan (production center of corn).
ii. Planning agriculture tourism centers with the concept of community-based agro-
tourism village. The community members with good hospitality skills can prepare
agriculture activities that can be tourism objects, and prepare accommodation
facilities such as homestay, lodging, hostels, and eatery places with local culinary.
VII. Dynamic conservation plan for GIAHS selected site
There are five action plans to conserve for GIAHS selected site. Those action plans are
related to stakeholders‟ commitment to execute and realize them and provide guarantee
statement.
1. Agricultural land protection
Karangansem District Local Government in 2016 will start: 1). controlling the shifts of
land use by issuing Local Government Regulation regarding the Regulations for Land Blocking
Functions; 2). controlling the shifts of land use by issuing Local Government Regulation
regarding the Establishment of Land as Permanent Paddy Fields (“Lahan Sawah Abadi”) or
Sustainable Crop Land.
2. Research and Development Center for Agribusines and Agrotourism
Faculty of Agriculture – Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and Faculty of Agriculture –
University of Udayana (UNUD) will arrange collaboration with Agriculture/Forestry/Fishery
Agencies, local government of Karangasem for research and community services related to
agriculture, agribusiness, agrotourism and extension services. That collaboration will be
endeavored as Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) or Memorandum of Agreement (MoA). In
addition, some proposals will be provided to increase the THK-TM concept for GIAHS activity in
the perspective of academics.
3. Community Development
The action plan for community development will be managed by Coordinating Ministry of
People Development and Culture together with Indonesian Heritage Agency (NGO) to conduct
National Program for Community Development (Program Nasional Pembangunan Masyarakat -
PNPM Mandiri), extension and training activity. Those programs are proposed to increase
community capacity for understanding GIAHS activity. The guarantee statement can be
presented as government decree (Surat Keputusan – SK) and also some bottom-up proposals
at village level. The government decree can be established as soon as possible, to assign
Bugbug Village as one of PNPM Mandiri program. The bottom-up proposals should be arranged
by village people (Desa Adat or Pekon) for fulfillment of their aspiration related to GIAHS ideas.
4. Conservation and Promotion of Ecosystem Services
The Ministry of Environ-
ment and Forestry (MEF) is
responsible to conduct Conservat-
ion and Promotion of Ecosystem
Services. The MEF will work
together with local and village
government to arrange water
management for Subak System.
In addition to promote agrotourism
activity and green area for
conservation towards ecosystem
services for the community (Fig.
30).
5. Agricultural diversity conservation and food security
This action plan will be conducted by Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and Ministry of
Fishery (MoF) to proceed with the such existing programs as Integrated Farming System
(Sistem Pertanian Terintegrasi - SIMANTRI), Food Diversity Program (Program Percepatan
Keanekaragaman Pangan - P2KP), and Food Security Community (Kawasan Rumah Pangan
Lestari – KRPL). The bottom-up proposals should be arranged by village people (Desa Adat or
Pekon) for fulfillment of their aspiration related to GIAHS ideas.
Fig. 30. Agroforestry salak in Abian system can be
promoted as agrotourism object in Karangasem.
References
Arifin,HS, Arifin NHS, and Suryadarma IGP. 2002. Integrating the Value of Local Tradition and Culture in Ecological Landscape Planning in Indonesia. Journal of Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture (JILA). Vol. 65(3): 196-200
[Desa Adat Bugbug]. 1996. Eka Ilikita (Monografi Desa Adat Bugbug – Monograf of Bugbug Illage). Karangasem District. (in Balinese)
[Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali]. 2002. Tuntunan Pembinaan dan Penilaian Subak (Guideline for Developing and Evaluating Subak). Denpasar: Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali. (in Indonesian)
[Dinas Peternakan Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Karangasem]. 2015. Statistik Perikanan Kabupaten Karangasem Tahun 2014 ( Statistic of Fishery in Karangasem District 2014). Karangasem: Dinas Peternakan Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Karangasem. (in Indonesian)
[Dinas Peternakan Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Karangasem]. 2015. Data Populasi Ternak Kabupaten Karangasem ( Data of Animal Husbandry in Karangasem District 2014). Karangasem: Dinas Peternakan Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Karangasem. (in Indonesian)
[Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Bali]. 1989. Pedoman Pembinaan Subak Abian di Daerah Bali (Guideline for Developing Subak Abian in Bali Province). Denpasar: Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Bali. (in Indonesian)
[Karang Asem District]. 2012. Statistic Data of Karangasem District.
Pitana IG (Ed). 1993. Subak, Sistem Irigasi Tradisional di Bali (Subak, Traditional Irrigation in
Bali). Upada Sastra. Denpasar, Bali.
Purwita IBP. 1993. Kajian Sejarah Subak di Bali (Historical Study of Subak in Bali) in I Gede Pitana (ed); Subak Sistem Irigasi Tradisional di Bali Sebuah Canangsari, Upada Sastra,
Denpasar, Bali. 47p
Rai IN, Wijana G, Sudana IP, Wiraatmaja IW. 2015. Strategi Pengembangan Sumberdaya Genetik Buah-buahan Lokal untuk Meningkatkan Integrasi Pertanian dengan Pariwisata di Bali (Development strategy of local fruits genetic resource for increasing of iagriculture and tourism ntegration in Bali). PENPRINAS MP3EI 2015-2025. DIKTI. Universitas
Udayana. Denpasar
Sutawan N, Swara M, Sutjipta N, Suteja W., and Windia W. 1983. Studi Perbandingan Subak dengan Sistem Pengairan Non PU dan Subak dengan Sistem Pengairan PU. Kasus Subak Timbul Baru dan Subak Celuk Kabupaten Gianyar. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana. (in Indonesian)
Tanaya INM. 2007. Implementasi Tri Hita Karana dalam Revitalisasi Pertanian Pada Subak Abian “Pertiwi Palasari” di Desa Ban, Kecamatan Kubu (Implementation of Tri Hita Karana in Agriculture Revitalitation for Subak Abian “Pertiwi Palasari” in Ban Village, Kubu Sub-District). Program Pascasarjana, Magister Ilmu Agama dan Kebudayaan, Universitas
Hindu Indonesia, Denpasar.
Annex 1: Location Map of the Site
Annex 2 Agriculture Diversity in Karangasem District
Local name/
scientific name
Description
picture
Traditional utilization Native location
F l o r a
LONTAR/ SIWALAN
The Lontar/ Palmyra
Borassus flabellifer
Fruit, handycraft, Balinesse tradisional palm-leaf manuscript
Bali (Endemic), Indonesia
PANDAN WANGI
Pandan leaves
(Pandanus amaryllfolium)
Food stock, spice, “canang”, aromatic therapy
Bangka, Indonesia
PISANG
Banana
(Musa spp.)
Food stock, table fruit, cooking, “banten”, banana leaf for some praying kits
South East Asia
JAGUNG
Seraya Corn
(local variety)
(Zea mays)
Food stock, steaple as carbohydrate source
Bali (local), Indonesia
KELAPA DALAM
Forma Bali Coconut
(Cocos nucifera)
Food stock “copra”, spice, coconut milk,
Medicine, coconut juice, nata de coco, coconut leaves for praying kits, “penjor”
Bali (local), Indonesia
KELAPA GADING
Yellow Coconut
(Cocos nucifera)
Medicine, coconut leaves and fruits for ceremony kits,
Sacred animal in Bali: Pura/ temples and forest in Bugbug Village
KUPU-KUPU
Buterfly
Wildlife
CAPUNG
Dragon fly
(Anisoptera sp.)
Air pollution indicator, wildlife
ULAR SAWAH/ ULAR TIKUS
Ricefield snake
(Ptyas korros)
Wet land of rice field. Rat predator
Java, Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Vietnam, India, Thailand, Taiwan, China
KADAL
Lizard
(Lacerta agilis)
Wet-Dry land/yard
Annex 3 Types of Ritual Activities, Implementation Time, and Purpose
No. Name of Rituals Implementation Time Purpose
1 Mapag Toya / Mendak Toya Ceremony
At the starting time to fetch water from its sources
Asking God for adequate irrigation water to fulfill the water need of the paddy fields
2 Ngendagin / mamungkah / nuasen tedun Ceremony
Before performing agriculture activities at paddy fields
Asking permission from gods and goddess living at paddy fields, as the manifestation of God, before farmers start planting as a part of agriculture activities at paddy fields
3 Pangwiwit / ngurit Ceremony
Soon after the seeds are planted
Praying to God so that the planted seeds will grow well.
4 Nuasen Nandur Ceremony
Just before plantin seeds at the paddy fields
Praying to God so that the process of planting seeds can go well and smoothly
5 Ngulapin Ceremony Soon after planting rice at the rice fields
Praying to God so that the planted seeds can grow well and cause no damage
6 Ngerestiti / Nangluk Merana Ceremony
After planting rice at paddy fields
Praying to God so that insects/pests do not attack the rice plants
7 Ngerorasin Ceremony
After rice has been planted for 12 days
Praying to God so that the planted rice can grow well
8 Mubuhin Ceremony After rice has been planted for 15 days.
Praying to God so that the planted rice can grow well
9 Neduh / Ngebulanin Ceremony
After rice has been planted for 35 days (1 month).
Praying to God so that the planted rice can grow well
Praying to God so that the planted rice can grow well
11 Biukukung / miseh Ceremony
After rice has been planted for 70 days (2 months)
Praying to God so that the planted rice can grow well
12 Nyiwa Sraya Ceremony
After the paddy flowers thoroughly in the rice fields
Praying to God so that the paddy plants can keep growing well and can produce good harvest
13 Ngusaba / Ngusaba Nini / Mantenin Dewi Sri Ceremony
When the rice seeds start yellowing before being harvested
Praying to God so that the harvest will be a success
14 Mebanten Manyi Ceremony
At the harvest time Praying to God so that the harvest can run smoothly
15 Ngerasakin Ceremony
After the paddy has been harvested
Expressing gratefulness and thanksgiving to God for the success of harvesting the rice and for getting ready for the coming planting time in the next season
16 Mantenin Ceremony After paddy is kept at the storage area
Expressing thankfulness to God since the rice has been kept well