Globalization A World Without Borders in the 21 st century.

Globalization

A World Without Borders in the 21st century

By definition…

emergence of a global society in which events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world.

Forms of globalization

Economic Cultural Political Environmental

Economic Globalization

Economic Globalization

Expansion after communism

Free trade and privatization

Global multinational corporations

– Seek cheapest labor and resources

– Apart of laws and restrictions of any one nation

Tata Group in Great Britain

World Agreements and Organizations

WTO, 1995 – World Trade Organization– Supervises international trade– 151 member nations

Economic Globalization in Asia

Japan “The Economic Miracle”

– Benefited from U.S. investment and trade

– Centered around export-oriented market

‘The Little Tigers’– Hong Kong, Singapore,

South Korea, and Taiwan

Singapore

Economic Globalization in Asia

Post-Mao China– Opened up to foreign

investment– Gradual shift to market

economy– Offered vast, cheap

labor and huge domestic markets

– China joined WTO in 2001

Trading Blocs

European Union– Includes 15 nations– Promotes free trade and

travel– 11 nations adopted the

Euro in 1999– Expectation of European

Political Union OPEC

– Established in 1960– Placed oil embargo on U.S.

in 1973, prices quadrupled

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

OPEC

Cultural Globalization

Cross Cultural Exchanges

Western consumerism becoming global phenomenon– McDonalds– Coca-Cola

Advertisement in Morocco

Cross Cultural Exchanges

Sara/Dara (Iran) Barbie/Ken (U.S.)

Mass Tourism

Largest single industry on planet Now travel and tourism is the largest single

industry on the planet Tourism exposes cultural variations and

diversity of local traditions Tourism leads to revival and transformation

of indigenous cultural traditions

Dubai, UAE

The Internet

Provides mass communication and influence Allows for home office and telecommuting Critics believe its creates English hegemony

Authoritarian Regimes China attempts a firewall to control Internet

information Vietnam and Iraq limit access to foreign servers on

Internet

Political Globalization

Problems and Concerns

Political Impact

High demand on certain product

Trading bloc limits product, sets up trade restriction

Disruption of trade on certain product

Example is oil

Example: 1990 Iraqi invasion of

Kuwait Ineffective UN

sanctions Fear of Iraqi invasion of

Saudi Arabia Coalition led invasion in

1991

Kuwait Oil Field

Environmental Globalization

Urbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversity

Gas emissions and coal burning contributing to global warming

In 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide emissions

Population Issues

5.5 billion people in 1994 11.6 billion people in 2200 population explosion after WWII

– Asia and Africa UN agencies have aided many countries with

family-planning programs China's one-child policy has significantly reduced

growth rate cultures favor larger families

– India

The World in the 21st Century

Problems of 21st century

Poverty Labor servitude

– S. and SE Asia Terrorism

– 9/11/01 Human Rights

– Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2008 Olympics Disease

– Smallpox eradicated– HIV/AIDS identified in

1981 in San Francisco– Effect on Africa

Global Terrorism

Difficult to define terrorism

Terrorist organizations changed over time

– Islamic militants– IRA, neo-nazis

U.S. Department of Defense Definition

The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.

International Response to Global Problems

NGOsRed Cross GreenpeaceAmnesty

InternationalHuman Rights

Watch

GovernmentUnited Nations

Global Society and Women

Women in U.S.

Rise of feminism and equal rights – Roe vs. Wade, 1973 – legalized abortion

Status changed after WWII in industrialized states Birth control

Women in China

Communist states often improve women’s legal status

– Soviet Union and the ‘Kitchen Debate’

have not yet gained true equality One-child policy encourages infanticide or

abandonment of baby girls

Women in Arab/Indian World

Women in Arab and Muslim societies twice as likely as men to be illiterate

Confined to household Most Indian women

illiterate – 75% in 1980s – 57% in 2001

"Dowry deaths"

Movement and Migration

Migration

Since 1960:– 13 million "guest

workers" migrated to western Europe

– 10 million migrants into United States

– 130 million people currently live outside their countries of citizenship

Push-pull factors– Lack of food– Natural disaster– Political oppression– War

Effects

Migrants enrich societies in many ways, but also spark hostility and conflict

Fears that migrants will undermine national identity, compete for jobs

Anti-immigrant movements (xenophobia) lead to violence and racial tension

Future of Globalization

Supporters global economy

efficient, best path to global prosperity

Increased standard of living throughout the world

Critics widens gap between

rich and poor destroys environment threatens local and

traditional crafts and economies