Global Reports Tcm

COMPANION & WORKINGANIMALS UNIT

Global Companion Animal Ownership and Trade:Project Summary, June 2008Amber Batson BVetMed MRCVS

Aim: [Outline the aim of the document in a few sentences. Keep this paragraph indented]

www.wspa-international.org

www.wspa-international.org

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Contents

1. Overview

2. Information Collation Methods Further detailed information sourcing

3. Results 3.1 Distribution of returned questionnaires 3.2 Pet population statistics 3.3 Welfare and registration legislation 3.4 Pet acquisition Reasons for acquisition / ownership Methods of acquisition Age at acquisition Rescue Centre acquisition statistics 3.5 Basic pet husbandry Living arrangements Diet 3.6 Basic pet health Vaccination trends Neutering trends Life expectancy Common mortality causes Zoonoses 3.7 Pet relinquishment Reasons for relinquishment Methods of relinquishment 3.8 Veterinary Presence Global veterinary departments Global vet to pet ratio Neutering practices Euthanasia agents

4. Summary Scoring system and results Critique

1. OverviewThe project began in January 2008 with the intention to collect as much data as possible regarding pet trade and pet ownership across the globe.

During the initial brief, it was decided to leave aside investigations into a small number of countries that WSPA were already familiar with and were known to have limited companion animal welfare issues or issues that were being addressed through the presence of numerous active animal welfare associations. These included USA, Canada, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

2. Information collation methodsInitial investigations began with obtaining as many pet population statistics globally as possible alongside sourcing human demographics that may be related to pet ownership. Statistics including the percentage of urbanisation, ageing population and married population as well as the economic status and death rates, have been linked to pet ownership figures and trends within each country. The intention was to compare these human demographics within known pet ownership status countries and then use these figures where necessary to predict pet ownership trends in countries where pet statistics were unavailable.

Such information was obtained from a variety of sources including Euromonitor (records for approx. 40 countries dog/cat population figures and trends since 2000), OIE (WAHID interface), World Bank global economy records (July 2007), Population Reference Bureau data sheet 2007 and Collins World Atlas 2007.

An initial pet trade and responsible pet ownership questionnaire was designed (Appendix I) to gather basic facts on pet population figures, welfare and registration laws, pet acquisition methods and general pet care and potential welfare issues and was sent to more than 100 countries. Contacts were WSPA member societies or animal welfare group contacts located using the internet.

Several attempts to gather responses to these initial questionnaires continued from early February until late April 2008.

Further detailed information sourcing

Following initial pet population figures and basic companion animal welfare and responsible pet ownership (RPO) information collection (Phase 1), 66 countries were selected for further detailed information sourcing (Phase 2). These countries were selected on several criteria: pet population size >0.5 million (or no pop data available with concerns regarding rapidly increasing pet population), known existing welfare issues including meat/fur farming, problems with feral populations, lack of veterinary facilities with existing medical concerns, lack of welfare legislation or poor enforcement, human population size and economic status that would support future pet populations.

Additional contacts were sourced in each of these countries so that initial questionnaires could be sent to such new contacts to generate more replies.

Where possible, each country’s veterinary departments were also contacted with a separate veterinary based questionnaire (Appendix II). In cases where vet departments were limited, did not exist or were un-contactable, local small animal veterinary practices were contacted individually.

Several attempts between April and end of May 2008 were made to recover questionnaire answers.

3. Results3.1 Distribution of returned questionnaires

88 questionnaires were returned in total covering 64 countries.

Africa12 Countries (out of 53) replied to questionnaires 8 Countries returned General Pet Information (GPI) questionnaires 8 Countries returned veterinary questionnaires Additional figures were available on 4 other countries courtesy of OIE (WAHID)

Asia and the Middle East24 Countries (out of 50) replied to questionnaires 17 Countries returned GPI questionnaires 14 Countries returned veterinary questionnaires Additional info / figures were available on 6 other countries courtesy of published material or com-ments from WSPA member societies / regional offices

Europe13 Countries (out of 24 contacted vs 43 countries in total) replied to questionnaires 11 Countries returned GPI questionnaires 3 Countries returned veterinary questionnaires Additional figures were available on 20 other countries courtesy of Euromonitor / Internet research including ESAVA/CVA

North America10 Countries (out of 25) replied to questionnaires 10 Countries returned GPI questionnaires 1 Country returned a veterinary questionnaire Additional figures were available on 2 other countries courtesy of OIE (WAHID)

South America3 Countries (out of 12) replied to questionnaires 3 Countries returned GPI questionnaires 0 Countries returned veterinary questionnaires Additional figures were available on 4 other countries courtesy of OIE (WAHID) / Euromonitor

Oceania2 Countries (out of 14) replied to questionnaires (and Cook Islands – territory of NZ) 1 Country returned a GPI questionnaire 1 Country (and Cook Islands territory) returned veterinary questionnairesAdditional figures were available for 2 other countries courtesy of OIE (WAHID), basic RPO info available for 5 further countries courtesy of local veterinarians or web based information e.g. CVA.

USA 67085.1

Brazil 30334.8

China 26800

Mexico 17500

Japan 13179

Russia 12325

France 8360

Philippines 8088.5

Indonesia 8000

South Africa 7440

Poland 7050

Italy 6965

Ukraine 6870

United Kingdom 6734

Argentina 6594.4

India 6480.4

Spain 5498.5

Germany 5245

Canada 5002

Ethiopia 5000

Tanzania 5000

Papua New Guinea 5000

Thailand 4905

Colombia 4331.6

Romania 4312

Vietnam 3650

Australia 3484

Chile 3148.1

Czech Republic 3074.8

Kenya 3000

3.2 Pet population statistics

Dog population figures 2007 (93 countries)- numbers given in 000’s

Nigeria 2500

Sri Lanka 2500

Venezuela 2425

Korea South 2362.5

Guatemala 2000

Hungary 1919

Portugal 1876.4

Taiwan 1835

Netherlands 1808

Morocco 1755

Zimbabwe 1500

Costa Rica 1500

Turkey 1405

Belgium 1309

Greece 1175.5

Samoa 1000

Bulgaria 983

Serbia 900

Puerto Rico 800

Sweden 742

Ireland 728.5

New Zealand 650

Austria 637.5

Finland 631

Denmark 593

Slovakia 504.5

Switzerland 498.9

Norway 435

Jamaica 400

Israel 359

Croatia 350

Lithuania 350

Armenia 300

Malaysia 285.6

Namibia 275

Slovenia 260

Gambia 250

Nepal 200

Barbados 200

Swaziland 180

Macedonia 120

Singapore 107

Botswana 100

Afghanistan 100

Estonia 100

Bahamas 100

Congo, DemocraticRepublic of 90

Egypt 71.5

Cameroon 50

Lebanon 50

Malta 50

Saudi Arabia 31.8

Grenada 30

Chad 25

Cyprus 11

United Arab Emirates 10

Kuwait 7

Palau 6

Qatar 3

Dominica 3

Guyana 200 only

Cat population figures 2007 (81 countries)- numbers given in 000’s

USA 83884.3

Russia 17850

Indonesia 15000

Brazil 14770

Panama 12000

China 10700

France 10085

United Kingdom 9887

Japan 9788

Ukraine 8520

Canada 8300

Germany 7800

Italy 7390

Poland 5500

Spain 4130

Argentina 3683.4

Netherlands 3356

Romania 3310

Turkey 2877

Vietnam 2540

Australia 2450

South Africa 2000

Tanzania 2000

Hungary 1727

Belgium 1725.1

Chile 1703.6

Czech Republic 1696

Thailand 1620

Austria 1480.7

Philippines 1455.5

Switzerland 1395

Venezuela 1353.2

Sweden 1263

New Zealand 1095

Kenya 1000

Nigeria 1000

Zimbabwe 1000


Portugal 993

Greece 964

Colombia 925.6

Bulgaria 770

India 733.7

Norway 715

Denmark 690

Ireland 595

Finland 564

Malaysia 506.3

Sri Lanka 500

Serbia 500

Jamaica 500

Morocco 440

Croatia 320

Slovakia 319

Barbados 300

Taiwan 298.5

Israel 274

Lithuania 270

Ethiopia 250

Gambia 250

Mexico 250

Iran 200

Estonia 200

Puerto Rico 200

Egypt 106.9

Korea South 100.1

Samoa 100

Afghanistan 85

Saudi Arabia 77.7

Qatar 60

Slovenia 50

Singapore 45.6

Lebanon 40

Grenada 25

Congo Dem Repub of 20


Bahamas 20

Botswana 18

Kuwait 15

Dominica 2

Guatemala 2

Global total pet population figures 2007 (85 countries)

USA 1.51E+08

Brazil 45104800

China 37500000

Russia 30175000

Indonesia 23000000

Japan 22967000

Panama 21000000

France 18445000

Mexico 17750000

United Kingdom 16621000

Ukraine 15390000

Italy 14355000

Canada 13302000

Germany 13045000

Poland 12550000

Argentina 10277800

Spain 9628500

Philippines 9544000

South Africa 9440000

Romania 7622000

India 7214100

Tanzania 7000000

Thailand 6525000

Vietnam 6190000


Australia 5934000

Colombia 5257200

Ethiopia 5250000

Netherlands 5164000

Chile 4851700

Czech Republic 4770800

Turkey 4282000

Kenya 4000000

Venezuela 3778200

Hungary 3646000

Nigeria 3500000

Belgium 3034100

Sri Lanka 3000000

Portugal 2869400

Zimbabwe 2500000

Korea South 2462600

Morocco 2195000

Greece 2139500

Taiwan 2133500

Austria 2118200

Sweden 2005000

Guatemala 2002000

Costa Rica 2000000

Switzerland 1893900

Bulgaria 1753000

New Zealand 1745000

Serbia 1400000

Ireland 1323500

Denmark 1283000

Iran 1200000

Finland 1195000

Norway 1150000

Samoa 1100000

Puerto Rico 1000000

Jamaica 900000

Slovakia 823500

Malaysia 791900

Croatia 670000

Israel 633000

Lithuania 620000

Gambia 500000

Barbados 500000

Armenia 350000

Namibia 325000

Slovenia 310000

Estonia 300000

Nepal 200000

Afghanistan 185000

Egypt 178400

Singapore 152600

Bahamas 120000

Botswana 118000

Congo, Dem Repub of 110000

Saudi Arabia 109500

Lebanon 90000

Qatar 63000

Grenada 55000


Kuwait 22000

Cyprus 16000

Dominica 5000

1 Thailand 52%

2 Vietnam 47%

3 Morocco 34%

4 Finland 29%

5 Turkey 29%

6 Japan 26%

7 India 23%

8 Argentina 23%

9 Indonesia 22%

10 Venezuela 18%

11 Ukraine 18%

12 Colombia 17%

13 Israel 17%

(17 Ireland 14%)

(21 Singapore 12.5%)

1 Vietnam 81%

2 Indonesia 66%

3 Thailand 44%

4 Israel 44%

5 Saudi Arabia 43%

6 Turkey 38%

7 Ireland 37%

8 Japan 34%

9 UK 32%

10 Venezuela 32%

11 Chile 31%

12 Taiwan 31%13 Spain 29%

(16 Morocco 23%)

(21 Brazil 18%)

Highest cat population increaseHighest dog population increase

Estimated global dog and cat figures (based on 194 countries)

In a crude attempt to estimate global dog and cat figures, the average pet population as a percentage of the human population was calculated. These figures varied greatly with the most obvious connecting factor being economic status.

The World Bank Economic Status figures categorise each country into one of four categories: 1 = low economy 2 = low mid economy 3 = high mid economy 4 = high economy

Taking a random sample of countries from each economic status the following averages were obtained: Crude pet pop as % human pop in EC 1/2/3 = 8% Crude dog pop as % human pop in EC 1/2/3 = 4.8% Crude pet pop as % of human pop in EC 4 = 25% Crude dog pop as % of human pop in EC 4 = 15% Total pets across globe using this estimation = 704 M Total dogs across globe using this estimation = 432 M Total cats across the globe using this estimation = 272 M

Population change over the last 5 years (based on information from 58 countries)

Key:Red Country appears in both dogs and cat top 20 or in both dogs and cat bottom 20

Blue Country appears in either top dog and bottom cat 20 or top cat and bottom dog 20

Yellow Country only appears on one list.

Lowest cat population increase

1 Slovakia -16%

2 Saudi Arabia -16%

3 S.Korea -8%

4 Romania -6%

5 France -5%

6 Bulgaria -3%

7 Germany -3%

8 Belgium -0.1%

9 N.Zealand 0.3%

10 Brazil 0.9%

11 Italy 0.9%

12 Switzerland 1.4%

13 Hungary 1.5%

14 Greece 2%

15. Spain 3%

16 Poland 3%

17 Austria 3.5%

18 Denmark 4%

19 Portugal 4%

1 Portugal -1%

2 Singapore -0.9%

3 Australia 0%

4 Poland 0.6%

5 Hungary 0.7%

6 Belgium 1.2%

7 Italy 1.2%

8 Slovakia 1.3%

9 N. Zealand 1.3%

10 Finland 1.4%

11 Austria 1.7%

12 Ukraine 2%

13 Bulgaria 3%

14 France 4%

15 S.Korea 4%

16 Sweden 4.5%

17 Switzerland 5.2%

Lowest dog population increase

Feral/ stray populations

Information on feral/stray companion animal (cat/dog) populations was available from 65 countries although the format it was offered in varied between descriptive phrases such as constant / increasing / decreasing to actual figures and to estimated percentages of the total population.

Global stray dog populations: Ranged from <1% (Japan) to 80% (several countries) Average % of dog population was approximately 41% Global stray / feral cat populations: Ranged from 20% to 100% (Afghanistan) Average % of cat population was approximately 58% Based on global population figures above this would suggest: 20.7 million stray dogs 19.2 million stray / feral cats

The difficulties with this particular statistic are both the reliability of data (see critique) and also the definitions of stray and feral animals.

For some returned questionnaires, respondents suggested that stray populations were without legal owners whereas others noted an obvious difference between ‘un-owned animals’ and ‘probably owned but free to roam’.

This is likely to suggest that this category of data is a rather crude estimate at best.

AFRICA

AMERICA

ASIA

3.3 Welfare and registration legislation

Presence of welfare laws (based on information from 93 countries)

Congo, Dem Repub of No

Ethiopia No

Gambia Yes

Kenya Yes

Morocco No

Nigeria No

South Africa No

Tanzania Yes (not enf)

Zimbabwe Yes?

Antigua and Barbuda Yes

Argentina No

Bahamas No

Barbados Yes (notenf)

Belize No

Canada Yes

Costa Rica Yes (notenf)

Dominica Yes (notenf)

Grenada Yes (notenf)

Jamaica No

Mexico No

Panama Yes

Puerto Rico Basic (noeenf)

St Kitts and Nevis Yes (notenf)

USA Yes

Peru Yes

Venezuela Yes

Afghanistan No?

China No

India Yes

Indonesia Yes

Iran No

Israel Basic (2000)

Japan Yes

Korea South Yes (new)

Kuwait Yes?(enf?)

Lebanon Basic (enf?)

Malaysia Yes

Nepal No (draft)

Oman Yes?

Pakistan No

Philippines Yes?(enf?)

Qatar No?

Saudi Arabia Yes?

Singapore Yes

Sri Lanka Yes

Taiwan Yes (enf?)

United Arab Emirates Yes

Vietnam Yes

Yemen No

AUSTRALASIA/OCEANIA

Australia Yes

Fiji No

Marshall Islands No

New Zealand Yes

Papua New Guinea Yes

Samoa No

Tonga No

Vanuatu Basic

Albania No

Armenia No

Azerbaijan No

Belarus Yes (enf?)

Belgium Yes

Bosnia Herzegonia Yes

Bulgaria Yes (enf?)

Croatia Yes (enf?)

Cyprus Yes (not enf)

Czech Republic Yes renewed

Denmark Yes

Estonia Yes (ltd)

Finland Yes

France Yes

Germany Yes

Greece Yes

Hungary Yes (enf?)

Ireland Yes

Italy Yes?

Lithuania Yes (enf?)

Macedonia Yes(new)

Malta Ltd (enf?)

Moldova No?

Netherlands Yes

Norway Yes ltd

Poland Yes (enf?)

Portugal Yes (enf?)

Romania Yes?

Russia No

Serbia Yes (enf?)

Slovenia Yes (enf?)

Spain Yes (enf?)

Sweden Yes

Switzerland Yes (newsocial)

Ukraine Yes ltd

United Kingdom Yes

EUROPE

Presence of welfare laws

Botswana No

Congo, Dem Repub of No

Egypt No

Ethiopia No

Gambia No

Kenya Yes (some areas)

Lesotho No

Morocco No

Namibia Yes

Nigeria No

South Africa No

Tanzania No

Zimbabwe Yes

Antigua and Barbuda Yes dogs

Argentina No

Bahamas Yes

Barbados Yes (dogs)

Belize No

Canada No

Costa Rica No

Dominica No

Grenada Yes (dog enf)

Guatemala No

Jamaica No

Mexico No

Panama No

Puerto Rico No

St Kitts and Nevis No

Peru Some areas (dogs)

Venezuala Yes (both)

Based on information from 95 countries

AFRICA AMERICA

Registration laws

Afghanistan No

Armenia Vol

Azerbaijan No

China Yes (some areas)

Cyprus No

India Yes

Indonesia Yes

Iran No

Jordan Yes

Kazakhstan No

Korea South Yes

Kuwait No

Lebanon No

Malaysia No

Nepal No

Oman No

Pakistan No

Philippines Yes (07)

Qatar No (new law soon)

Saudi Arabia Yes (dogs)

Singapore Yes (07)

Taiwan Yes

Thailand No

United Arab Emirates No

Yemen No

Albania No

Belarus Yes

Belgium Yes

Bosnia Herzegonia Yes

Bulgaria No

Croatia Vol

Czech Republic Yes (dogs)

Denmark Yes comp

Estonia Yes (enf?)

Finland Vol

France Yes (id not reg)

Germany Yes

Greece Yes (dogs)

Hungary Yes

Ireland Yes

Italy Yes

Lithuania Yes

Malta Yes

Moldova vol

Netherlands No

Norway Vol

Poland Yes (dog)

Portugal Yes

Romania Yes

Russia No

Serbia Yes ( dogs)

Slovakia No

Slovenia Yes ( dog)

Spain Yes

Sweden Yes

Switzerland Yes

Ukraine Yes

United Kingdom No

Australia Yes

Federated State of Micronesia No

Fiji Yes (dogs)

Guam No

New Zealand No

Samoa No

Tuvalu No

ASIA

AUSTRALASIA/OCEANIA

EUROPE

3.3 Pet acquisition

Pet acquisition: Reasons for acquisition/ownership

Africa

GuardHuntHerdCompanionEat

Asia

CompanionGuardEatHerd

Europe

CompanionGuardHuntWork (assistance/herd)

N America

GuardCompanionEatHerd

S AmericaCompanionGuardBreed for commercial gain

Oceania

CompanionHerdGuardEat


List of most common reasons for ownership by continent:

List of countries reported as using dogs/cats as food source:

AfricaCongo, Democratic Republic ofNigeriaZimbabwe

Asia

ChinaVietnamNorth KoreaSouth KoreaIndonesia PhilippinesCambodia (small %)(Taiwan – history although recently banned)

Europe Russia

North America Guatemala(Mexico – historical? No longer a food source?)

South America Peru

Oceania

Marshall IslandsPalauCook IslandsPapua New Guinea

Africa EthiopiaUganda

Possible ritual use as religious sacrifice:

Pet acquisition: Methods of acquisition


Pet acquisition: Age at acquisition - dogs

Region Range (weeks of age) Average (weeks of age)

Africa 5 -20 7 (not incl. Egypt fig as seems too high compared to other available data)

Asia 4-12 7.5

Europe 6-12 8.6

Americas 4.5-8 6

South America 7-11 9 (only three countries)

Oceania 6-9 7.5 (only two countries)

Global 4 weeks (Ethiopia MS quoted 2 weeks but meant months?) - 20 weeks (Egypt)

7.5

Pet acquisition: Age at acquisition - cats

Region Range (weeks of age) Average (weeks of age)

Africa 3-12 7.8 (incl. Egypt)

Asia 4-14 8.3

Europe 6-12 8.5

Americas 5-8 6.25

South America 8-11 9.33 (only three countries)

Oceania 6-9 7.5 (only two countries)

Global 3-14 7.76

Pet acquisition: Rescue Centre Acquisition

Region Average % dogs acquired from rescue centre (%)

Average % cats acquired from rescue centre (%)

Global stats 4.7 4.3

Africa 2.5 1.5

Asia 2.3 2.3

Europe 6.6 5.6

N America 6 5.5

S America 5.83 5.83

Oceania 5 5

3.4 Basic pet husbandryBasic pet husbandry: Living arrangements - dogs

Basic pet husbandry: Living arrangements - cats

Basic pet husbandry: Diet trends - dogs

Global Diet Trends for dogs – based on information from 54 countries

Basic pet husbandry: Diet trends - cats

Global Diet Trends for cats – based on information from 51 countries

3.5 Basic pet health

Basic pet health: Vaccination trendsVaccination trends across the globe were very variable depending on continent, country and urban vs rural location.It was also apparent that it was difficult for most questionnaire respondents to answer depending on whether the country routinely vaccinated against rabies – several countries reported free government rabies vaccination schemes, and whether or not veterinary clinics were able to privately offer additional vaccinations against such infectious diseases such as distemper, parvo, lepto, feline panleucopaenia, chlamydia, herpes, feline leukaemia virus etc.

The following ranges of numbers routinely vaccinated were offered (based on 44 replies)

Africa Dogs 0.5 – 45% Cats 0 – 10%Asia Dogs 0.25 – 80% Cats 0 – 60%Europe Dogs <10 – 70% Cats <5 – 40%N America Dogs 45% (Panama only) Cats 1% (Panama only)S America Dogs <5 - <10% Cats <5 - <10%Oceania Dogs 0 - <5% Cats 0 - <5%

Country Dogs Cats%

Ethiopia 0.5 0

Kenya 25 5

Nigeria 20 <5

South Africa 10 <10

Tanzania <10 <5

Uganda 30 5

Zimbabwe 45 10

Afghanistan 0.25% 0

Armenia 80 30

China >20 >20

India 40

Indonesia 20 10

Israel 60 30

Japan 80% 60%

Korea South >50

Lebanon 70%? <30%?

Country Dogs Cats%

Nepal <5 <5

Oman <50% <50%

Pakistan 30% 20%

Palau <5 <5

Philippines >75% <5%

Qatar 50 50

Saudi Arabia <10 <10

Singapore 80 50

Sri Lanka 60% 10%

Thailand <80% Low

United Arab Emirates 50 40

Belarus 40 40

Bulgaria <10 <5

Czech Republic >30 <5

Country Dogs Cats%

Lithuania 70 25

Poland <10 <10

Russia >10 10

Serbia 20 10

Slovenia >30 >30

Panama 45% 1%

Argentina <10 <10

Venezuela <5 <5

Papua New Guinea 0 0

Samoa 0 0

Tonga 0 0

Vanuatu <5 <5

Samoa 0 0

Tonga 0 0

Vanuatu <5 <5

Veterinary questionnaires returned by 27 countries suggested that vaccines covering:• rabies were available in 89% of countries replying• ristemper, Hepatitis, Parvo, Parainfluenza, Lepto (DHPPi L) were available in 85% countries replying• distemper and Parvo only (irrespective of rabies) were available in 15% countries replying.• feline flu (panleucopaenia, herpes, chlamydia) were available in 89% countries replying• feline leukaemia were available in 26% of countries replying

Basic pet health: Neutering trends

The following information was available on neutering trends across the globe after receiving replies to the related questions from 37 countries in total.

Africa (replies 9)Male Dog Range 0 – 30% Av 6% Female dog range 0 – 20% Av 5%Male Cats Range 0 – 30% Av 5.25% Female cat range 0 -10% Av 3%

Information based replies (12) suggest that in the more economically developed countries eg. South Africa Egypt Tanzania Morocco Zimbabwe Kenya, neutering is generally considered beneficial but often owners lack education about the process or the procedure is inaffordable or unavailable due to a lack of vetsIn less economically developed countries or largely pastural based communities, neutering is not considered ben-eficial as although dogs may be considered pets, they still work as well eg hunt or guard, and therefore it was sug-gested that increasing dog numbers is considered beneficial. Also some cultural reasons were raised eg Uganda – dogs may be worshipped which precludes removal of body parts. Some countries where dogs, or more often cats, are eaten, eg Dem Congo breeding is considered beneficial to increase animals available for meat. Nigeria stated that people are against neutering as they want more animals to sell for financial gain. A lack of veterinary facilities was also a common inhibitory factor.

Asia (replies 14)Male Dog Range 0 – 40% Av 17% Female dog range 0 – 75% Av 30% Male Cats Range 0 – 80% Av 30% Female cat range 0 -90% Av 30%

Comments were provided on neutering by 27 countries in Asia, suggesting in the main that there were limited vet problems (particularly in the larger pet dense, more economically developed countries in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Oman), Japan etc). There were some cultural reasons for not neutering and these were often linked to religion – eg reports that Muslims do not like to neuter.

Europe (4 replies)Male Dog Range 1 – 10% Av 5.25% Female dog range 5 – 30% Av 17.5% Male Cats Range 5 – 70% Av 25% Female cat range 5 -70% Av 31.25%

Information replies were given by 11 countries and mainly suggested some cultural reasons for not neutering eg against operating on animals (religious) and also owner perceptions that neutering is bad for behavioural develop-ment. A lack of owner education, inaffordability and a lack of veterinary services were also suggested as reasons for low neutering percentages. Some reports of veterinary services also suggested a higher number of post operative complications including wound breakdowns, haemorrhage and infection in countries such as Armenia, Romania and Ukraine. Serbia reported intra operative problems as a result of injectable anaesthesia.Romania and Ukraine specifically requested assistance in training vets to neuter animals.

North America (7 replies)Male Dog Range 5 – 25% Av 8.35% Female dog range 5 – 45% Av 14% Male Cats Range 5 – 40% Av 11.5% Female cat range 5 -45% Av 12.5%

Information replies from 7 countries suggest the most common reason for low neutering percentages is a lack of small animal veterinary presence. In some countries cultural attitudes preclude neutering as does affordability.

South AmericaNo figs available on South America

Oceania (3 replies)Male Dog Range 0 – 5% Av 2.5% Female dog range 0 –1% Av 0.5% Male Cats Range 0 – 5% Av 2.5% Female cat range 0 -1% Av 0.5%

Based on information available from 5 countries, the main reason for a lack of neutering is the complete lack of veterinary services on many islands accompanied by their low economic status.

Basic health care: Life expectancy - dogs

Region Range (years of age) Average (years of age)

Africa (10 replies) 5-15 9

Asia (20 replies) 2-15 10.5

Europe (10 replies) 8-13 10

North America (6 replies) 3-10 4.6

South America (2 replies) 10 weeks to 10 years 10

Oceania (2 replies) 3-6 4.5

Global (50 countries provided information on average dog age)

0-20 8.1

This appeared to be a difficult category for respondents to answer as figures would be markedly skewed depending on number of feral/stray animals and animals used in farming. A number of respondents commented that they were unable to estimate the average age of feral or stray cats / dogs although they were likely to be much lower than animals under complete owner control. Also many replies from Asia stated that they were not including dogs/cats kept for meat/fur as again the average age was much lower with these animals often being slaughtered between the ages of 6 months – 2 years.

The majority of replies stated that for these reasons they were not including stray / feral or farmed dogs/cats in their answers – if these had of been included – as many of these countries suggested ranges for stray / farmed dogs of 1 -3 yrs, the overall figures would have been much lower.

Basic health care: Life expectancy - cats

Region Range (years of age) Average (years of age)

Africa (9 replies) 4-10 6.7

Asia (17 replies) 4-15 9.35

Europe (10 replies) 5-15 7.5

North America (4 replies) 2.5-13 6.75

South America (2 replies) 8-12 10

Oceania (2 replies) 3-10 6.5

Global (44 countries provided information on average dog age)

0-15 7.8

Basic health care: common mortality causes - dogs(Information not available from North or South America)

Basic health care: common mortality causes - cats(Information not available from North or South America)

Basic pet health: ZoonosesThe following diseases were listed as the most commonly occurring zoonoses within the continent

Most commonly reported infections

DOG: • Rabies • Parvo virus • Endo parasites • Leptospirosis • Distemper

CAT: • FeLV • FIV • Endo parasites • Cat flu • Toxoplasmosis

RingwormRabiesHydatid cystsScabies

RabiesLeptospirosisToxocara / TaeniaToxoplasmosisRingwormScabies

RabiesHydatid cystsLeishmaniasisToxocaraToxoplasmosisRingwormScabies

Unknown

ToxocaraToxoplasmosisRingwormScabies

Unknown

3.6 Pet relinquishmentPet relinquishment: primary reason for relinquishment - dogs

Pet relinquishment: primary reason for relinquishment - cats

Oceania – information not available

Pet relinquishment: Methods of relinquishment - dogs

Pet relinquishment: Methods of relinquishment - cats

Pet relinquishment: Main reported methods of owner euthanasia:

• Poison• Blow to head• Shoot• Drown

36%75%

48% 80%

57%

15%

104 countries have vet depts.

3.7 Veterinary Presence Veterinary presence: Global veterinary departments

Veterinary faculties were confirmed in 104 countries across the globe.

Region %age of countries confirmed with at least one veterinary faculty

Africa 36%

Asia 57%

Europe 80%

N America 48%

S America 75%

Oceania 15%

(Information obtained through returned questionnaires, WVA website, WSPA education department)

Country No. of practicing SA/mixed vets Total pets M Pets per vet

Botswana 16 118000 7375

Congo Dem Repub of 10 110000 11000

Ethiopia 5 5250000 1050000

Gambia 5 500000 100000

Kenya 350 4000000 11429

Morocco 800 2195000 2744

Nigeria 700 3500000 5000

Zimbabwe 50 2500000 50000

Veterinary presence: Global vet to pet ratioInformation was available regarding the number of small animal or mixed practice veterinary surgeons providing some level of small animal (dog/cat) care within the country.

AFRICA


Afghanistan 5 185000 37000

Armenia 25 350000 14000

Cyprus 75 16000 213

India 1600 7214100 4509

Indonesia 6000 23000000 3833

Israel 1200 633000 528

Japan 15,000 22967000 1531

Kuwait 10 22000 2200

Malaysia 336 791900 2357

Nepal 50 205000 4100

Philippines 3500 9544000 2727

Qatar 7 63000 9000

Singapore 60 152600 2543

Sri Lanka 700 3000000 4286

United Arab Emirates 6 30000 5000

ASIA

ASIA


Canada 9680 13302000 1374

Dominica 4 5000 1250

Panama 140 21000000 150000

USA 49130 150969000 3072

Puerto Rico 100 1000000 10000

EUROPE


Bulgaria 2250 1753000 779

Croatia 1100 670000 609

Czech Republic 1500 4770800 3180

Denmark 1000 1283000 1283

Estonia 450 300000 666

Finland 1000 1195000 1195

France 10000 18445000 1844

Germany 12000 13045000 1087

Greece 1000 2139500 2139

Hungary 500 3646000 7292

Ireland 300 1323500 4411

Italy 10000 14355000 1435

Lithuania 1000 620000 620

Macedonia 20 180000 9000

Netherlands 2000 5164000 2582

Norway 500 1150000 2300

Poland 5000 12550000 2510

Portugal 440 2869400 6521

Romania 1548 7622000 4924

Russia 5000 30175000 6035

Serbia 1400 1400000 1000

Slovakia 300 823500 2745

Slovenia 230 310000 1348

Spain 10000 9628500 963

Sweden 500 2005000 4010

Switzerland 1200 1893900 1578

Ukraine 10000 15390000 1539

United Kingdom 7000 16621000 2374


Australia 6000 5935000 990

Cook Islands 1 5000 5000

New Zealand 1750 1745000 1000

Papua New Guinea 5 6000000 1200000

Samoa 10 1100000 110000

OCEANIA

Unknown

38,924(4 replies)

2,713(28 replies)

154,694(8 replies)

6,255(15 replies)

327,997(4 replies)

Global Average48,899(59 replies)

Veterinary presence: Neutering practicesVeterinary schools and some veterinary practices answered questions on neutering techniques within their country.

Most popular method of reproductive control (27 replies)

Use of analgesic agents during neutering procedures (27 replies)

Average ‘Pets per vet’ by continent

Most common agents reported:• NSAID’s (carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, fluinixin)• Alpha 2 agonists alongside ketamine GA (xylazine)• Opioids (pethidine)• Local anaesthesia

Anaesthetic Complications (19 replies)• Anaesthetic deaths ranged from 0% to 10% (no significant difference between cats and dogs reported)• Average risk of anaesthetic death was 2.3%• Most common reasons given for death was older patients reacting badly to anaesthesia and haemorrhage• Post operative complications included infection, wound breakdown, poor client post operative care and diaphragmatic hernia.

Veterinary presence: Euthanasia agentsVeterinary schools and some veterinary practices answered questions on euthanasia techniques by veterinary professionals within their country (24 countries)

4. SummaryScoring system and resultsIn order to summarise all of the above data and general information gathered during the project time, it was decided to attempt to set up a scoring system in which each phase 2 country would have an overall score to evaluate current welfare concerns. The scoring system was drafted based on 22 questions that covered many of the subjects outlined above.Questions were organised so that a specific answer could be given to each with a possible 4 outcomes, each of which awarded a specific number of points. The number of points awarded was higher for certain questions than others to allow fair weighting of the most important welfare issues. For example the question regarding whether dogs/cats were regularly eaten within the country had higher scores per answer than a question on the general diet of the pet population, as it was felt that cultural attitudes and practicalities of pet farming and slaughter were likely to raise more welfare issues than the percentage of a population fed commercial diets given that home-cooked diets do not necessarily cause high incidents of morbidity within a population.Such weighting was based around the previously established WSPA model of animal welfare need (derived in part from previous work by Mellor and Reid 1994) which concluded that welfare assessment should be reported as the overall scale of the severity of the welfare problem, the length of time that the animals suffer (duration) and the number of animals affected (prevalence).See Appendix III for scoring questions and weighting.In order to fairly weight each country according to the number of animals affected – prevalence, each country’s score was then multiplied by the total pet population figure to provide an overall score.

Scoring results prior to multiplication by population totalPapua New Guinea 120

Congo Dem 119

Guatemala 119

Vietnam 119

Gambia 118

Kazakhstan 115

Puerto Rica 113

Ethiopia 111

Zimbabwe 110

Barbados 109

Nigeria 108

Uganda 103

Afghanistan 103

Bahamas 99

Jamaica 99

Mexico 99

Azerbaijan 98

China 98

Samoa 98

Korea S 97

Saudi Arabia 94

Dominica 94

Belize 93

Russia 92

Kuwait 91

Lebanon 91

Tanzania 90

Pakistan 90

Grenada 87

Armenia 86

Botswana 85

Kenya 85

Peru 83

Romania 82

Morocco 80

Nepal 79

Philippines 79

Ukraine 78

Iran 75

Venezuela 75

Indonesia 73

Qatar 71

South Africa 70

India 70

Egypt 69

Argentina 69

Serbia 67

Estonia 65

Greece 65

Belarus 64

Sri Lanka 63

Cyprus 62

Poland 62

Malta 59

Malaysia 57

Bulgaria 56

Oman 51

Panama 47

Taiwan 46

Singapore 45

Israel 44

United AE 43

Lithuania 42

Macedonia 42

Antigua Barbuda 35

Czech Republic 27

Slovenia 10

Japan 7

Scoring results following multiplication by population total(not including countries with total pet popn. Under 1M)

Country Initial score Population (M) Final score

China 98 37 3626

Russia 92 30 2760

Mexico 99 18 1782

Indonesia 73 23 1679

Pakistan 90 16.9 1521

Ukraine 78 15.5 1209

Poland 62 12.5 775

P. New Guinea 120 6 720

Vietnam 119 6 714

Philippines 79 9 711

Argentina 69 10 690

South Africa 70 9.5 665

Romania 82 8 656

Tanzania 90 7 630

Ethiopia 111 5.25 582.75

India 70 8 560

Nigeria 108 3.5 378

Kenya 85 4 340

Venezuela 75 4 300

Uganda 103 2.85 293.55

Zimbabwe 110 2.5 275

Korea S 97 2.5 242.5

Guatemala 119 2 238

Peru 83 2.8 232.4

Sri Lanka 63 3 189

Kazakhstan 115 1.5 172.5

Japan 7 23 161

Morocco 80 2 160

Greece 65 2 130

Puerto Rica 113 1 113

Bulgaria 56 1.8 100.8

Serbia 67 1.5 100.5

Czech Repub 27 3.6 97.2

Taiwan 46 2 92

Iran 75 1 75

Panama 47 1 47

Critique

A number of issues repeatedly flagged up during the project data collection and evaluation that need to be considered when interpreting the above data.

Lack of data availability: A number of countries that were flagged up during preliminary research as having potential welfare concerns, did not return any questionnaires and are therefore not included in the above data or overall scoring system. Phase 2 countries that did not reply to any questionnaires and where a lack of potentially reliable data was available includes

• Belarus • Honduras• Bosnia • Hungary• Brazil • Latvia• Chile • North Korea• Colombia • Portugal• Costa Rica • Slovakia• Croatia • Thailand• Cuba • Tunisia• Georgia • Turkey

Reliability of data: many previous projects and scientific papers have questioned the reliability of data collected through a second source (such as questionnaire usage, internet data) particularly where some of the data is poten-tially subjective. One of the main areas this may have affected was population statistics including correct evaluation of population size and %feral/stray populations. Previous WSPA work has highlighted these areas as notoriously difficult to obtain realistic data and therefore all population statistics need to be considered as potentially inaccurate.

A second area that affects data reliability appears to be the nature of the data source – such as the organisation type returning the questionnaire. In several cases where rescue centres returned questionnaires there appeared to be a tendency for them to feel that more of the population were re-homed from rescue centres than was considered the case by non rescue centre organisations within the same country. This also may have affected other topics such as neutering percentages, endoparasite control / vaccinations, diet type etc.

Urban / rural discrepancies: Many countries reported that the pet ownership trends varied tremendously between the rural and urban regions within their country as would be anticipated. It is also a concern in very large countries such as China, Russia, Kazakhstan etc where there may be marked differences from one region to another as a result of varying local cultural pockets, economic and political status etc. This makes it harder to provide an overall country summary that is reliable as a predictor of general animal welfare.

APPENDIX I General Pet Information Questionnaire - WSPA Member SocietyName of Organisation:Country:Telephone:Email:

We will keep all contact information and individual replies confidential.____________________________________________________________________________________

______Pet Ownership Statistics and Population figures

If possible please complete the following table providing approximate figures for your country.

Dogs Cats

Approx number in country

% kept as pets

% feral/stray

Average % households owning a dog/cat

Urban:Rural:

Urban:Rural:

Average number of dogs/cats per household

Urban:Rural:

Urban:Rural:

Section A Pet AcquisitionQuestion 1/ In your opinion, where do most people get their pets from?(Please rate the following from 1 to 6, where 1 is the most popular method and 6 is the least popular)

Dog Cat

Pet shop

Private breeder

Local market

Pet farm

Supermarket

Relative / friend who has bred their cat/dog Other (please state)

Question 2/ Are there any legislations requiring the registration of cats / dogs? Dogs No_______ Yes, controlled by ______________________________________________Cats No_______ Yes, controlled by ______________________________________________Notes about legislation(s) e.g. how well enforced, specific details / exclusions__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 3/ Are you aware of any legislations/national policies affecting the number of dogs/cats permitted per household?Dogs No_______ Yes, controlled by _________________________________________ Number per house ______Cat No_______ Yes, controlled by _________________________________________ Number per house_______ Notes about legislation____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 4/ In your opinion, what is the most common age at purchase (weeks old)Dogs _____________________ weeks Cats________________________weeks

Question 5/ If rescue centres / shelters are available in your country, how common is it for people to take on rescue animals’. (Please indicate the most appropriate figure for each species) Dogs CatsVery rare (less than 5%) _______ ______Uncommon (around 5%) _______ ______Relatively common (more than 10%) _______ ______

Question 6 / In your experience, are pedigree animals or mixed breed animals generally preferred? Please indicate. Dogs CatsPedigrees preferred ________ _________Mixed breeds preferred ________ _________

Question 7/ In your opinion which pedigree breeds are considered popular in your country?Dogs Cats

______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________

Question 8/ In your opinion, what are the most common reasons for pet ownership in your country?((Please rate the following from 1 to 8, where 1 is the most popular method and 8 is the least popular)

Companionship ____________Working dog (herding) ____________Working dog (guarding) ____________Working dog (other) please state____________________________ ____________Working dog (other) please state____________________________ ____________Competition (showing/agility) ____________Food source ____________Other Please state _______________________________________ ____________

Section B Pet husbandry

Question 9/ In your opinion, what are the most common living arrangements for pets in your country?(Please rate the following from 1 to 5, where 1 is the most popular and 5 is the least popular)

Dogs Cats

Kept in house 100% time

Kept in house and allowed out / walked regularly Kept in loose yard / garden with shelterKept in outdoor kennel / outdoor tethered Other - Please state

Question 10/ Are there are legalised day / night time curfews for dogs or cats in your country? (Periods where animal must be kept indoors / not out on streets or parks)Dogs No _______ Yes _________ Please state details ___________________________________________________Cats No_______ Yes_________ Please state details ___________________________________________________

Question 11/ In your experience, how common is it for owners to allow their pets to roam freely (eg not under direct supervision) for large portions or the day or night? Please tickDogs Common ________ Uncommon _________ Rare / never _________Cats Common_________ Uncommon__________ Rare / never _________Any comments eg are there marked differences in the above depending on rural vs urban areas? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 12/ In your experience, where owners do allow their pets to roam freely for portions of the day / night, what are the common disadvantages to this? Eg high levels road traffic accidents / attempts at poisoning as pet assumed feral / stealing of pet for use in breeding farms or for meat etc. Please indicate which one.No obvious disadavantages / Disadvantages occur please comment below____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 13/ In your opinion, what is the average life expectancy of pets in your country?Dog ____________ years Range Age _____________ to _________________ yearsCat ____________ years Range Age _____________ to __________________ years

Question 14/ In your experience, as a general overview in your country, which of the following are the most common diets provided by owners for dogs / cats?(Please rate the following from 1 to 7, where 1 is the most popular and 7 is the least popular)

Dogs Cats

Commercially bought wet food

Commercially bought dry food

Commercially bought mixed wet and dry foodHomecooked meals

Commercial diets mixed with home cooked foodTable scraps

Other Please state

Question 15 / In your opinion, how common is it for owners to be aware of the benefits of basic health care such as vaccinations and anti parasite treatments? Please indicate most relevant Dogs Cats Common to be unaware _____________ ____________Common to be aware but none available/affordable locally ______________ _____________ Common to be aware and basic treatment undertaken ______________ _____________

Question 16/ In your experience, is neutering (spay / castrate / sterilising) considered beneficial by owners for their pets well being in your country?Dogs Yes / No / MaybeCats Yes / No / MaybeComments ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 17/ In your opinion, which of the following are the most common reasons for owners giving up on their pets(Please rate the following from 1 to 6, where 1 is the most common and 6 is the least common)

Dogs Cats

Animal Illness

Change in owners circumstances

Owner no longer wants pet

Behavioural problems

Kill for use as food source

Other Please state

Question 18/ What are the most common methods of owners giving up their pets

(Please rate the following from 1 to 5, where 1 is the most common and 5 is the least common)

Dogs Cats

Euthanasia by vet Euthanasia by owner (Please state most common methods used by owner)Giving to rescue centre / shelter

Abandonment

Other (please state)

Section C General Animal Welfare

In your opinion, are any of the following regularly occurring and therefore constitute welfare considerations for pets in this country?(Please answer yes / no / maybe for each suggestion and feel free to add comments including a rough estimate of total dog/cat population regularly affected where possible)

1. Physical abuse / death caused by government officials as part of population control methods or similarYes / No / Maybe __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Physical abuse by members of the public (such as poisoning / electrocution/ beating)Yes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Poor management conditions where dogs/cats are kept prior to sale as pets or for meat / fur etcYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. A high % of the population contract infectious disease or parasites that cause physical suffering or deathYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Access to veterinary care is limited / non existent as a result of lack of facilities or inaffordable pricesYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Diseases associated with poor nutrition are common in the dog/cat populationYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. There is a high incidence of pet abandonment as a result of costs or medical or behavioural reasonsYes / No / Maybe__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Please add any additional comments that you feel may help us understand companion animal welfare issues in your country__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Appendix II: Questionnaire: Global Pet Ownership and Responsible Care; International Veterinary Departments

Name of Organisation;Country;Telephone;Email;

We will keep all contact information and individual replies confidential.Section A Pet Ownership Statistics and Population figures

If possible please complete the following table providing approximate figures for your country.

Dogs Cats

Approx number in country

% kept as pets

% feral/stray

Average % households owning a dog/cat

Urban:Rural:

Urban:Rural:

Average number of dogs/cats per household

Urban:Rural:

Urban:Rural:

Section B Veterinary Profession StatisticsHow many Universities / colleges contain veterinary departments training veterinary qualifications 1. in your country? _______How many students graduate with veterinary qualifications each year in your country? ________2. How many qualified veterinarians are working in your country at present ? _______3.

4. How long is the training period for a veterinary qualification? ___________________5. What % of the total course is dedicated to companion animal (dog and cat) medicine / surgery? ______________________6. Does the course provide options for students to learn about practical companion animal medicine / surgery – e.g. Is spending time in dog/cat vet or neutering clinics recommended / are practical sessions related to companion animal surgery part of the course ? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Area of work vets employed in % of vets working in this area CommentsWorking for government / state departmentsWorking in farm animal only jobs

Working in companion animals

Working in mixed (farm and pet animals jobs)Retired or in unrelated careers

Working in other areas (state if possible)What % of all qualified veterinarians working in your country have undertaken their training in other countries but now practice permanently in your country?

5. What are the most common nationalities of previously qualified vets who arrive in your country to work?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Does your country have a regulating board that oversees veterinary standards? No / YesIf so, is registration of vets with regulating boards compulsory or voluntary ? ___________________What % of working vets are registered with a regulating board? __________________________%

Section C Pet health and husbandry

1. Is there a commercial breeding trade of dogs/cats in your country? What outlets do they use to sell the animals? Are there regulations for such a breeding trade? Are such places inspected by vets?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the common age at purchase of dogs and cats in your country?Dogs _________ Cats__________

3. What is the average life expectancy of dogs / cats in your country?Dogs Average age __________________________ Range from ______________ to___ Cats Average age __________________________ Range from ______________ to___

4. What % of the dog / cat population are regularly seen / registered at a local veterinary practiceDogs_____________________________ Cats________________________________

5. In your experience, what % of pets are routinely vaccinated in your country?Dogs __________ % Cats _____________%6. Are there any government organised or national vaccination programmes in place to assist with vaccination of feral / wild animal populations or to assist owners of cats / dogs with vaccination costs?No / Yes (please provide details below)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Please list diseases that pets could be vaccinated against in your country Dogs

Cats

If vaccines are rarely available please note below providing reasons if possible_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Please list the most common zoonotic conditions carried within the dog / cat population Dogs

Cats

9. What % of pets are routinely neutered (spay / castration)?Dogs male ___________% female ___________%Cats male___________% female___________%

10. Are there any government funded/ national programmes carrying out neutering of feral or wild cat / dog populations within your country? No / Yes – please give details _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Are there any government or privately funded neutering clinics offering free / low cost neutering to assist pet owners in your country? No / Yes – please give details _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Is it common to neuter at less than 6 months? Dogs __________ Cats__________

13. What are the most common methods of neutering / sterilising pets used in your country? E.g. surgical removal of reproductive organs / Fallopian tube tying / vasectomy / chemical sterilisation / hormonal control through drugs____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Is pain relief / analgesia routinely provided during neutering procedures?Dogs No / Yes Details __________________________________________________________________________Cats No / Yes Details ____________________________________________________________________________

15. Who regularly carries out neutering procedures (e.g. vet surgeons / technicians / lay people) in your country? Where do people train in order to undertake this procedure?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. What are the risks of anaesthetic or post operative deaths following neutering in your country?Dogs _____________________________ % dying during / following neutering procedureCats______________________________% dying during / following neutering procedureCommon reasons / comments ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. Are there any national / regional taboos or cultural reasons why neutering is considered inappropriate by either the veterinary professionals or animal owners?No / Yes – please comment_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. How common is it for owners/vets to routinely give anti-worming (anti endoparasite) medication?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. How common is it for owners/vets to routinely give anti-flea preparations?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Please list any other commonly provided preventative preparations and state reason for treatment_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20. In your opinion, what are the most common reasons for owners not undertaking preventative health treatments e.g. low incomes of owners, medications unavailable, lack of available information?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

21. How common are nutritional related illnesses within the pet population?

22. How common is it for veterinary professionals / practices to recommend commercially produced complete diets for pets?

Dog CatRare (less than 5% vets recommend) -------------------------------------------------- Uncommon (less than 20 % vets recommend) ---------------------------------------------------Relatively Common (more than 20% vets recommend) ---------------------------------------------------

23. Please list the 5 most common causes of pet death in your country for each species e.g. rabies/leismaniasis/cancer/accidents/euthanasia for non illness related problems

Dogs Cats

24. What are the most usual reasons why people no longer want their pets? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How do people give up their pets?(Please rate the following from 1 to 5, where 1 is the most common and 5 is the least common)

Dogs Cats

Euthanasia by vet

Euthanasia by owner (please state most common methods used by owner) Giving to rescue centre / shelter

Abandonment

Other (please state)

25. What are the most common methods of pet euthanasia used within the veterinary profession?Please list including name of any drugs regularly used.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Any other comments that would help us to better understand pet care and trade in your country?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Appendix III Scoring System Scoring System to assess CAW phase 2 countriesTo cover – severity of welfare issue, duration (permanent vs temporary), number of animals affected

Category Description and scoresA

B Pet population dynamics

6rapid increase

3gradual incr.

1constant

0decrease

C Welfare laws 8none

5basic but no enf.

1basic & rel enf

0detailed and enf

D Cultural relationships

8Dog/cat eaten/fur farmed

5Occ eating of dog/cat or poss fur use

2Rare occurrences of eat/fur use

0Never eat / use fur

E Pet acquisition 6Regular trade in unreg commercial outlets

3Trade in unreg comm. Outlets less popular

1Trade in regulated comm. outlets

0No comm. Pet trade

F Dog acquisition age

6Less than 4 weeks

34 - 6 weeks

16 – 8 weeks

0>8 weeks

G Cat acquisition age

6Less than 4 weeks

34-6 weeks

16-8 weeks

0>8weeks

H Average life expectancy(dog)

8Less than 2 years

52 – 4 years

24 – 8 years

0>8 years

I Average life expectancy(cat)

8Less than 2 years

52 – 4 years

24 – 8 years

0>8 years

J Average diet 6Unbalanced diets with high %assoc disease

3Unbalanced diets with ltd assoc disease

1Balanced or comm. Diets commonly fed

0Balanced comm. Diets majority of pop.

K BHC: vaccines 6Vaccines rarely/never avail or min used in pop (<10%)

3Vaccines available but inafford/inaccess by much pop

1Vaccines available but <50 % pop covered

0Vaccines regularly used (>50%) pop

L BHC: Parasite control

6Prevent tx rarely used : high % pop affected by related disease

3Prevent tx occ used or discrepancy in urban/rural figs

1Prevent tx reportedly used commonly by most

0Prevent tx very common

M BHC: neutering 8Neutering rarely/not available either due to cultural effects or lack of vets (less than 5%)

5Neutering ltd in availability (less than 10%)

2Neutering generally considered beneficial but costs prohibit (<30% neutered)

0High % (>30%) pop regularly neutered

N BHC; zoonoses 8Serious zoonoses common in pet pop (o &or feral)

5Serious zoonoses exist but ltd human effects or mild zoo common

2Mild zoo common

0V ltd effects of zoonoses on human pop

O Vet care: availability

6No vet school and ltd SA vets available

3Vet school but SA vets ltd

1Low no vet schools but SA vet:pet ratio reasonable

0Vet schools and SA vet:pet ratio good

P Vet care: local availability

6Large discrepancies between urban/rural avail

3Some discreps urban/rural avail

1Most pop serviced but some lacking

0All pop well serviced

Q Vet care:quality 6SA vets non existent or lacking facilities/education

3SA vets available but facilities /edu conditions need improvement

1SA vets have reasonable facilities but temporary probs occur

0SA vets generally good edu and good facilities

R Vet care: drug availability

6Known drug availability probs affect patient care

3Some / intermittent drug availability problems

1Ltd drug availability probs

0No drug availability probs

S Vet care: euthanasia

6vet euthanasia techniques poor due to ltd drugs

3some areas with poor vet euth techniques

1rarely poor vet euth tech

0poor vet euth techs not reported

T Relinquishment 8Abandonment levels high / euth pets v common

5Abandonment common / euth common

2Some incidents abandonment / o euth

0V ltd abandonment/ o euth never occurs

U Relinquishment by non vets

8Most common euth is by o – shooting or poisoning

5Occ o euths but vets sometimes used

2Rare for o to euth tho occurs

0o euth never occurs

V Population control techniques

8Gov/local pop regularly uses shooting/poisoning to reduce pop

5Gov/local pop occ uses shoot/poison

2Gov/local pop sometimes uses kill / some local cruelty occurs

0V rare / never

W Rehoming facilities

6No RC / ltd rc with concerning conditions

3Ltd rc / occ rc with concerning conditions

1RC available, most with good conditions

0Many RC available and almost all high standards