Global Monitoring of Household Energy, Air Pollution and Health Impacts Heather Adair-Rohani
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 1 |
Global Monitoring of Household Energy, Air Pollution and Health Impacts
Heather Adair-Rohani
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 2 |
Presentation Overview
• Household Energy Use & Health • Global Snapshot of Energy Access, 2014
• Defining Clean to Maximize Health & Other Benefits
• Keeping Track: Enhancing Global Monitoring of
Energy Access & Nexus Benefits
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 3 |
Household Air Pollution & Impacts on Health
PM CO
PAH NOx SOx
NMVOCS
• Heart Disease • Stroke • Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease • Childhood
pneumonia • Lung cancer
• Cataract • Adverse Pregnancy
Outcomes • Cognitive
development • Tuberculosis • Diabetes
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 4 |
Global primary “polluting” fuel use for cooking, 2014
In 2014, over 3 billion people primarily used polluting fuels for cooking
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 5 |
Deaths due to “polluting” fuel use for cooking, 2014
4 million deaths a year from household air pollution—the largest environmental risk factor for disease
Accounts for over half of childhood pneumonia deaths (the largest cause of death in children under 5 years)
2nd largest environmental risk of noncommunicable disease in women of developing countries
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 6 |
What is “clean” for health?
Normative guidance found in the WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion provide: • Provides emission rate targets for
PM2.5, and CO that determine whether fuel and technology combinations are “clean” for health
• Recommendations against kerosene and unprocessed coal use
• Emphasizes importance of addressing all main household energy end uses for health benefits
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 7 |
Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
Target 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
Indicator 7.1.2
Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies at the household level*
Burning Opportunity: A Shift from “Non-solid Fuels” to “Clean” Fuels & Technologies
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 8 |
Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
Indicator 7.1.2
Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies at the household level*
Advantages of Measuring “CLEAN” Household Energy Fuels & Technologies
• Excludes kerosene (a nonsolid fuel)
• Emission rates drive innovation in renewable technologies Currently there are no widely-available biomass stoves that can be considered ‘clean’, however with further innovation in new affordable and efficient home technologies (e.g. low-emission cookstoves), the articulation of this indicator allows for such innovations to be positively counted toward this target and others (e.g. Target 3.9)
Clean HHE
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 9 |
What does the transition to “clean” mean for countries progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting?
With the inclusion of kerosene for cooking…. 2.9 3.1 billion people using polluting fuels for cooking only
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 10 |
What does the transition to “clean” mean for countries progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting?
Some countries will need to re-examine their household energy access situation
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 11 |
What does the transition to “clean” mean for monitoring country progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting?
We need to vamp up our efforts to monitor systematically household energy use and ‘nexus’ issues by better measuring: • Stove stacking • Heating & lighting • Time usage* • Health impacts • Gender dynamics
Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health | 6 October 2015 12 |
Enhancing the Monitoring of Household Energy
WHO IAQG
ISO/IWA Standards
SE4All Multi-tier tracking
framework
Clean Cooking
Catalogue
MEASURING PROGRESS OF SDG 7
Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmoni-zation
WHO Global Health
Observatory
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Ongoing Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmonization Process
• WHO is leading a multi-stakeholder survey harmonization process with reps from country statistical offices, surveying agencies (e.g. MICS, DHS), researchers and other stakeholders (e.g. Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, WB)
• The main objective is to enhance and
harmonize household surveys, particularly at a national-level, to account for all the fuels and technologies used in the home and their impacts on health, gender, environment, etc.
• Currently piloting survey instruments in different countries
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 14 |
WHO Mandate & SDG Reporting
WHA Resolution 68.8 Air Pollution and Health – strong mandate for monitoring air pollution and its sources, including tracking human exposure and disease burden associated with inefficient household energy use
In May 2016, WHO released its first SDG report which include estimates for primary reliance on clean cooking fuels in 2014
In subsequent years WHO will be reporting: – Primary reliance on clean cooking fuels and technologies – Primary reliance on clean lighting fuels and technologies – Primary reliance on clean heating fuels and technologies – Composite indicator: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies
• (clean cooking AND clean lighting AND clean heating)
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 15 |
WHO Household Energy Database (as of March 2016)
• WHO has been monitoring household energy use and its health impacts for over a decade for MDG reporting, World Health Statistics, etc.
• The WHO HHE database currently houses data on the main energy source for:
• Cooking: 824 surveys, 161 countries, 1970-2014 • Lighting: 174 surveys, 75 countries, 1963-2014 • Heating: 42 surveys, 23 countries, 1980-2012
• This data is then used in a statistical model to provide global, regional and country level estimates
• Modelled estimates can be disaggregated by urban and rural residence
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 16 |
A Closer Look at the “NEW” Survey Instruments – a complement to the MTF
• Designed to be efficient and integrated into national level HH surveys and censuses
• Captures multiple fuels and
technologies for cooking • Main and multiple fuels and
technologies for heating and lighting
• Cooking location
• Time use (e.g. fuel collection) • Self-reported health impacts
• Decision-making
• More exhaustive and detailed
list of fuels and technology options
• Short & long versions available in two formats (list and matrix)
*Q.1. What cookstove does this household mainly use for cooking? [0] No food cooked in household -> skip to Q.6 [1] Electric stove, Brand:___________________________ -> skip to Q.4 [2] Solar cooker, Brand:___________________________ -> skip to Q.4 [3] LPG/cooking gas stove -> skip to Q.4 [4] Piped natural gas stove -> skip to Q.4 [5] Biogas stove -> skip to Q.4 [6] Liquid fuel stove, Brand:___________________________ Manufactured solid fuel stove: [7] no fan, no chimney, Brand:___________________________ [8] fan, no chimney, Brand:___________________________ [9] fan and chimney, Brand:___________________________ Traditional solid fuel stove: [10] no fan, no chimney [11] fan, no chimney [12] fan and chimney [13] Three stone or open fire [96] Other specify:__________________________________
More extensive & harmonized fuel and technology options
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 18 |
Global clean fuel use in LMIC for cooking, 2014
Global population relying on clean and polluting fuels from 1980 to 2014
Global access to electricity and clean fuels from 2010 to 2012
Electricity Clean Cooking Fuels
Rural, 21%
Rural, 3%
Urban, 79% Urban,
97%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Top 25 LMICs by population relying on kerosene as main lighting fuel
Global Monitoring of HHE, air pollution and health | 21 June 2016 22 |
THANK YOU AND ANY QUESTIONS? [email protected]
http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/burning-opportunities/en/
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.home
http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc/en/