Global Inv Opp Dimensinoal Sector

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Global Investment Opportunities inGlobal Investment Opportunities in

Dimensional Stone SectorDimensional Stone Sector

Dr. S.S.RATHORECollege of Technology and Engineering

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture andTechnology: Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan

Presented at: Mineral Based Seminar, Organized by GMDC and CII on21st May, 2010 at Ahmedabad, Gujarat


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INTRODUCTION

Dimensional stones are a major economic commodity in India

The stones sector in India provides employment to over a million

people

India is one of the few countries in the world having mining and

processing of granite, marble, sandstone, flaggy limestone, slate

quartize etc. e ca careous s ones are arge y sprea over e or - es

and the siliceous stones in the Deccan peninsula in South India

Indian stone industry growing steadily at an annual rate of

about 10% per year

Stones are mostly extracted in the form of blocks and cut in

required sizes to use in construction industries

During the conventional mining waste generation is quite high

and recovery of saleable products is only 20 to 50%


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Now a days wire/chain/belt saw techniques are in practice butin sandstone and granite controlled blasting includingexpanding chemical used at some mines

Thus, scientific extraction of blocks at quarry site, processingwith latest techniques and proper utilization of wastegeneration is need of the hour

Mechanization of quarry operations adopting innovativetechnologies for eliminating wastage and also to increase theproduction capacity

Utilization of waste means conservation of resources

in theform cobbles cubes bindin material ceramic a licationagriculture use, masonry bricks, cement manufacturing, soap,detergent etc.

In general, sandstone and granite are extensively used andpreferred for structure, slates for roofing, Kotahstone for

industrial flooring & marble for domestic and monumentalflooring

Research carried out in the areas of Utilization of marblewaste in powdery form under collaborative internationalresearch projects


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Marble Resources of India

MARBLE DEPOSITS IN INDIA

State

Total (In million tonnes)

Rajasthan 1144

Jammu & Kashmir 405

Madhya Pradesh (estimated) 400

Gujarat 95

Chhattisgarh 83

Maharashtra 59

Haryana 22

Uttaranchal 6

Sikkim2

All India Total 2216


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Granite Resources of IndiaState Total (In million tonnes)

Karnataka 9740

Jharkhand 8847

Rajasthan 8479

Madhya Pradesh 6271

Andhra Pradesh 2788

Orissa 2135

Maharashtra 1159

Bihar 878

Tamil Nadu 713

Assam 584

Uttar Pradesh 495

Gujarat 420Meghalaya 286

Chhatisgarh 50

Haryana 34

West Bengal 33

Kerala 4

All India Total 42916


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Dimensional Stone Resources

India accounts for 20% of the world resources ofgranite

Sandstone resources in India are estimated ataround 1000 million tonnes in the states of

Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana,MP Me hala a Mizoram Karnataka OrissaPunjab, Rajasthan, UP, Tamilnadu, West Bengal

Over 90% sandstone deposits are in Rajasthanspread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur,

Kota, Jodhpur, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Jhalawar Slate deposits in India are estimated at around

500 million tonnes in the states of Rajasthan,Haryana, HP, AP and MP


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INDIAN STONES PRODUCTION

( In thousand tones)

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-052005-06 2006-07 2007

08

Marble 6831 6318 7511 8460 9608 10904 12243 13684

Granite 5900 6205 6710 7059 7759 8364 9044 9776

Sandstone 6659 6861 6363 8153 9313 8626 8809 8958

Flaggy

Limestone2096 2164 3387 3757 4268 5291 5291 7420

Slate 16 18 14 11 110 98 129 163

Total 21502 21566 23986 27449 31059 33283 36520 40001


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6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

ion

in

thousand

tonnes

MarbleGraniteSandstoneFlaggy limestone

Slate

0

2000

4000

1995-

96

1996-

97

1997-

98

1998-

99

1999-

00

2000-

01

2001-

02

2002-

03

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007-

08

Year

Produc

Production of Dimensional Stones in India


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Export Value Rs 45620 Million Rupees ($ 920 Million)

Export of stones in 2005-06

29%

0%

2%

15%

5%

Granite cut blocks/ slabs

Granite monuments

Granite Products n.e.s

9%

5%33%

2% Granite tiles

Marble blocks/ slabs

Marble monuments

Marble tiles

Other stones & ProductsSlate Stone


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Global Scenario of Granite Consumption

India accounts for 20% of the world resources ofgranite

In the raw blocks granite exports India is theleader with 31.5% share of the global market asagainst 11.5% Brazil and 9.5% China

42% of export of raw blocks of granite from India

to China and 24% export to Italy

having fourth position with 6.6% global marketshare

43% of finished granite export to USA and 13.4%to UAE

China imports raw blocks from India and Braziland after processing finished products exports atlower price to Europe and USA


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Mining Technology

Wedge & feather techniqueWedge & feather technique

Wire/chain/belt saw cutting technique

Ziri cutting techniqueZiri cutting technique

Drillin & controlled blastinDrillin & controlled blastintechniquetechnique

Flame jet cutting technique

Slot drilling techniqueSwelling material

Blind cut technique


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VARIOUS TECHNIQUES FOR

DAMAGE MEASUREMENTS

Ultrasonic P-wave velocity before andafter blast

Water absorption and tensile strength o e roc qua y es gna on

Computerized X-ray tomography

Ultrasonic flaw detectionPetrological studies under microscope

to detect damage at grain levels


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Uses of Dimensional StonesUses of Dimensional Stones

FlooringFlooring

PavingPaving

Wall CladdingWall Cladding

Garden furnishingGarden furnishing

LandLand scapingscapingRoofingRoofing


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Application of Dimensional Stones

Important modern buildings in India likethe Presidential House, Parliament House,and Supreme Court of India made from

high quality sandstone of Rajasthan

testimony to the relevance of marble inmodern Indian Architecture

Innumerable temples, forts and palaces of Ancient Indian Civilization have beencarved out of locally available stones


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HEAP OF WASTAGEHEAP OF WASTAGE


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B) Muds produced by sawing andpolishing operations on slabs

TWO MAIN TYPES OF WASTE

A) Small shapeless blocks deriving bycutting and sawing of stone

Air dried filter-pressed mud


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Hazards of Marble Slurry

Fine particles of slurry (with size less than 363 micron) become

air borne and cause air pollution

Marble slurry affects productivity of land due to decreased

porosity, water absorption, water percolation

Slurry dumped areas cannot support vegetation and remain

degraded ue o ong- erm epos on o mar e s urry on an , e ner

particles block the flow regime of aquifers. Thus, seriously

affecting underground water availability

The slurry is carried away to rivers, drains, roads and water

bodies, affecting the quality of water, reducing storage capacities

and damaging aquifer lives.

The heaps of slurry scattered all round an industrial area is an

eye sore and spoil the aesthetics of the entire region


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Utilization of Marble Waste

Portland cement producers are using solid waste

marble of high calcium carbonate content Low cost binder by using low calcium carbonate

content marble slurry of dolomite formations

Application in agriculture: In sandy soil it can be used

to increase the water retention capacity of the soil Marble Slurry Dust (MSD) can be used as sub-grade

layer of a road pavement

Marble slurry with ordinary clay of the water

reservoirs can reduce cost and slurry can be utilized formaking the bricks to use in construction industry

Value added products, Substitute of calcite, Ceramictiles, Soap and detergent products, Stone dust barrier

in coalmines, Agglomerated marble


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Details of experiment with marble powder

S.N. Treatments Pot no kg/ pot

1 Marble slurry 41,42,43 18

2 Soil 44,45,46 18

3 Marble + Soil (1:1) 47,48,49 9+9

4 Marble + Soil (1:2) 50,51,52 6+12

, , . .

6 Marble + Soil + Farm yard manure 56,57,58 8+8+2



9 Marble + Farm yard manure 65,66,67 16+2

10 Soil + Farm yard manure 68,69,70 16+2


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MARBLE POWDER IN AGRICULTURE USE

The available phosphorus (P) content was 5.60 ppm,whereas, soil had only 2.17 ppm available phosphorus

The pH value of the marble powder was 9.67 whereas,

soil had 7.25

soil was at par

The available potash (K) content of marble powder was

156.01 ppm is nearly three times of the soil (56.07 ppm) The marble powder has maximum content of calcium

and magnesium carbonate


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The maximum seeds/pod (14.73) was recorded with 6kg marble powder + 10 kg soil + 2 kg FYM/pot

The maximum seed yields/5 plant (84.40g) wasrecorded with 8 kg marble powder + 8 kg soil + 2 kgFYM/pot

The maximum straw yield/5 plant (160.91g) was. .

The maximum biological yield/pot (230.22g) wasrecorded with 4.5 kg marble powder + 13.5 kg soil/pot

The maximum test weight (6.47g) was recorded with16 kg soil + 2 kg FYM/pot, followed by 8 kg marblepowder + 8 kg soil + 2 kg FYM/pot


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Utilization of Marble Waste

in Bricks for Construction The marble powder was mixed in different ratios with the soil

and bricks were casted in the normal way Bricks were made with 10% Marble + 90% Soil; 25% Marble +

75% Soil; 50% Marble + 50% Soil and 100% Soil

Bricks were checked as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

Increase in brick length was 2.92% with addition of 50 percentmarble powder to the soil. Similarly, increase in width was only4.42% with addition of 50 percent marble powder to the soil

The bricks made from pure soil had breaking strength of1.08MPa. The strength has increased significantly to 2.42 MPawith 10% marble content. Strength also increased appreciably to

1.67 MPa with 25% marble content and 1.91 MPa with 50%marble content

The increase in marble proportion in the soil has decreasedwater absorption capacity from 31.0% (Pure soil) to 27.0%(Marble content 10%).


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Utilization of Marble Waste Powder


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Testing compressive strength Universal testing machine

Drying bricks for water absorption Water absorption test


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Scope of Investment in India

Optimization of production cost of the

finished product to compete with China By selling finished products compared to

rough blocks, profit realization can beincreased to 2.5 times

India to set up industry for manufacturing ofconsuma es suc as amon too s, steeblades, steel grits.

China and Italy are having their own

consumables Adoption of multi-wire diamond sawing

machine which can produce one container2cm slabs (About 300 sq. m.) in 8 hours


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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS NewNew miningmining andand processingprocessing technologytechnology maymay bebe

adoptedadopted toto reducereduce wastewaste generationgeneration HugeHuge scopescope ofof wastewaste utilization,utilization, generatedgenerated fromfrom

miningmining andand processingprocessing ofof dimensionaldimensional stonesstones bybyestablishingestablishing locallocal industriesindustries inin thethe variousvarious partsparts ofofcountrycountry

ProcessingProcessing TechnologyTechnology suchsuch asas gangsawgangsaw isis oldold andand

productivityproductivity ScopeScope forfor developmentdevelopment ofof toolstools andand processingprocessing

equipmentequipment onon thethe lineline ofof ChinaChina toto reducereduce thethe

finishedfinished productproduct costcost ofof dimensionaldimensional stonestone ToTo adoptadopt zerozero wastewaste conceptconcept inin thethe miningmining andand

processingprocessing ofof thethe dimensionaldimensional stonestone sectorsector..


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Global Inv Opp Dimensinoal Sector

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