Global distribution of heat text. Spectra of incoming vs. outgoing radiation text.

Global distribution of heat

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Spectra of incoming vs. outgoing radiation

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Heat loss and gain from the oceans

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The Modern Ocean Conveyor Belt

North Atlantic circulation

NorthAtlantic

Atlantic deep-water circulation

Global deep-ocean circulation

Phanerozoic glaciation

Gondwana moves over the South Pole

Vail – 1st & 2nd order SL cycles

Sea level & spreading rates

-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Distance from ridge crest (kilometers)

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Dep

th (

met

ers)

0

510

2030

4050 60

10

2030

4050

60

Relation of Sea-Floor Age to Depth and Spreading Rate

Pacific

AtlanticSW

Indian

MOR

Age of crust (My)

Cretaceous – fast spreading 6-8 cm/yr

Modern spreading – 3-4 cm/yr

Ocean basins and continental collision

Fragmented continents – high SL

Assembled continents riding high

Global ice volume

Vail – 1st & 2nd order SL cyclesCretaceous high

Cretaceous 100 Ma Land & ocean

Latitudinal heat distribution – Cretaceous

Modern deep-water circulation

Cretaceous deep-water circulation

Cretaceous sources of dense water

Mid-Cretaceous Europe

Cretaceous warm deep water circulation

Cretaceous warm deep water circulation

Breaking up Pangaea

Opening the Atlantic – Pangaea / Permian

Opening the Atlantic – Permian

Opening the Atlantic – Triassic

Opening the Atlantic – Early Jurassic

Opening the Atlantic Middle Jurassic

Opening the Atlantic – Middle Jurassic

Opening the Atlantic – Late Jurassic

Opening the Atlantic – Early Cretaceous

Opening the Atlantic Middle Cretaceous

Opening the Atlantic – Middle Cretaceous

Opening the Atlantic – Late Cretaceous

Isotope record since the Late Cretaceous

Ice volume and isotopes

d18O of ice at poles

Isotope record since the Late Cretaceous

Ocean gateways – submarine plateaus

Isolating Antarctica

North Atlantic Iceland-FaeroeRidge

North Atlantic features

Caribbean Sea

Gulf of Mexico

Panama

Antilles Islands (volcanic)

Puerto Rican Trench

Amazon Cone

Caribbean Sea

Cayman Trough

South Atlantic

SouthAmerica

Africa

Antarctica

Walvis Ridge

Rio Grande Rise & Vema Channel

Drake Passage

Walvis Ridge

Patagonia & Drake Passage

Antarctic Peninsula

(1) Falkland Plateau & Islands

(2) South Sandwich Trench & Islands

Southern Ocean

Australia

South America

South Africa

Southern Indian Ocean

Australia

Africa

Kerguelen Plateau

Antarctica

Tasman Plateau

Northern Indian Ocean

90 East Ridge

Chagos- Laccadive Plateau

Australia & New Zealand

Cenozoic – Paleocene

Cenozoic – Eocene

Late Cenozoic Sea level

Cenozoic – Oligocene

Cenozoic – Miocene

Modern continental ice

High topography Western North America

Orographic effect

India collides

Tibetan Plateau

Looking into the Himalayas

Himalayas and monsoons

Sediment flux to ocean basins – 40 Ma

Strontium isotopes 400 Ma

Closure of Panama – Pliocene

Table SL fall 80 Ma