-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR LINKS 3, 2ed ANSWER KEY UNIT ONE Present and Past:
Simple and Progressive
Think About Grammar (p. 3) A.
Did time have a beginning? If it did, how did it begin? When did
it begin?
Scientists think that our universe began from a very small point
of space-time. About 14
billion years ago, this point suddenly exploded outward. We call
this gigantic explosion the
big bang. Did time exist before the big bang? No one knows. But
the Big Bang was the
beginning of time as humans are able to understand it now.
At the moment of the big bang, the universe began to expand and
change. It is still
expanding and is still changing. Nowadays scientists are
observing distant parts of the
universe, and they are learning more about its early history.
About 10 billion years ago,
galaxies were forming from clouds of stars, dust, and gas. While
our galaxy, the Milky Way,
was moving through space, our solar system formed within it. Our
solar system includes the
sun and the planets that revolve around it. The motions of our
planet, Earth, give us natural
time cycles—days, nights, and seasons of the year. These cycles
repeat themselves regularly,
over and over again.
Natural time cycles had an important influence in the
development of life on Earth. From
the beginning, the activities of living things followed Earth’s
patterns of daylight and
darkness and the seasons of the year. As a result, all living
things, including human bodies,
follow these natural time cycles. Our daily pattern of sleeping
and waking is one of our
natural cycles.
Long ago, people everywhere lived in a way that was closely
connected to the cycles of
nature. They depended on natural time, measured by changes in
the sun, moon, and stars.
But now we have a mechanical measure of time, clock time, and
people often schedule their
lives according to it.
Are you feeling sleepy or hungry now, even though the clock says
it’s not time to sleep
or eat? What is your body telling you? Perhaps it’s trying to
follow nature instead of the
clock.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
B. 1. present progressive 5. past progressive 2. present
progressive 6. past progressive 3. present progressive 7. present
progressive 4. present progressive 8. present progressive
C. 1. -ing 2. be
D. 1. simple present 4. simple past 7. simple past 2. simple
past 5. simple past 8. simple present 3. simple present 6. simple
past
CHAPTER 1: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Introductory Task: True or False? (p. 4)
A. 1. c, e, simple present 2. b, d, f present progressive
B. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Simple Present and Present Progressive I 1
Simple Present—Form: A Conversation About Time (p. 7)
5. think 13. follow 6. is the connection 14. have 7. get 15.
controls 8. give 16. don’t eat 9. do we use 17. eat 10. doesn’t
give 18. watches 11. Do I live 19. is 12. you do
2 Simple Present—Yes/No and Wh- Questions: Where Does Natural
Time Come From? (p. 8)
A. I. Yes/No Questions: 2. Does it take the earth about 365 ¼
days to orbit the sun? Wh- Questions:
2. How long is an “earth year”? 3. How long does it take the
earth to orbit the sun?
II. Yes/No Questions:
1. Are years on Venus as long as earth years?
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
2. Are years on Mars longer than years on Venus? Wh- Questions:
1. What does the length of a planet’s year depend on? 2. How long
does it take Venus to orbit the sun? 3. How long does it take Mars
to orbit the sun?
III. Yes/No Questions: 1. Do the planets rotate as they orbit
the sun? 2. Does the earth rotate on its axis once every year? Wh-
Questions: 1. How often does the earth rotate on its axis? 2. What
makes day and night on earth? 3. When is it daytime on one side of
the earth?
B. I. Yes/No Questions: 2. Yes, it does. Wh- Questions:
2. It’s 365 ¼ days. 3. It takes the earth about 365 ¼ days to
orbit the sun.
II.Yes/No Questions: 1. No they aren’t/ No, they’re not. 2. Yes,
they are. Wh- Questions: 1. It depends on the planet’s distance
from the sun. 2. It takes Venus 224 ½ earth days to orbit the sun.
3. It takes Mars 687 earth days to orbit the sun.
III. Yes/No Questions: 1. Yes, they do. 2. No, it doesn’t. Wh-
Questions: 1. It rotates once every 24 hours. 2. The rotation of
the earth makes day and night. 3. When it’s night on the other
side.
.
3 Present Progressive—Form: Time Talk (p. 9) A. I. 3. ’m sitting
7. ’m watching
4. (am) thinking 8. ’s helping 5. ’re not thinking/aren’t
thinking 9. ’s not helping/isn’t helping
6. ’re watching 10. ’re wasting
II. 1. are you sitting 3. isn’t moving 5. are listening 2. ’re
waiting 4. ’re trying 6. (are) playing 7. ’re killing III. 1. are
your children getting along 5. are growing 2. ’re getting along 6.
Am I interrupting 3. is working 7. you’re not / you aren’t
4. is studying 8. ’re passing
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
B. Answers will vary. Ch1 Ex 3 The following model is also
available to students at the Grammar Links Website.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Simple Present and Present Progressive
II
4 Simple Present and Present Progressive—Uses: Watches (p.
12)
2. Action in progress at this moment 3. Habitual or repeated
actions 4. Action in progress through a period of time including
the present 5. Habitual or repeated actions 6. Action in progress
at this moment 7. Habitual or repeated actions 8. Action in
progress at this moment 9. Action in progress through a period of
time including the present 10. Scientific fact/thing generally
accepted as true
5 Adverbs of Frequency and Time Expressions with Simple Present:
Routines (p. 13) A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary. C.
Answers will vary.
6 Simple Present Versus Present Progressive: Usually, but Not
Today (p. 14)
A. 2. Q: What kind of clothes does Flora wear? A: She usually
wears [a type of clothing], but today she is wearing [a different
type
of clothing.]
3. Q: Which language do Elena and Frank speak? A: They usually
speak [a name of a language], but right now they are speaking
[a
name of a different language].
4. Q: How does Theresa get to school? A: She usually gets to
school [by/on a means of transportation], but these days she
is getting to school [by/on a different means of
transportation].
5. Q: When do the neighbors go on vacation? A: They usually go
on vacation [at a time of year], but this year they are going
on
vacation [at a different time of year].
B. Answers will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
7 Simple Present versus Present Progressive; Present Progressive
with Always: Dudley’s Driving Me Crazy! (p. 15)
A. 3. ’m getting 8. is washing 13. ’s wearing 4. isn’t going 9.
have 14. reads 5. eats 10. ’re playing 15. ’m typing 6. steals 11.
(are) talking 16. ’s driving 7. puts 12. borrows B. Answers will
vary.
8 Simple Present Versus Present Progressive: Studying the
Universe and Time (p. 16)
2. Are you visiting 8. ’m trying 14. study 3. ’m living 9. Are
you going 15. are trying 4. ’m working 10. ’m trying 5. ’m looking
11. ’m getting 6. don’t earn 12. observe 7. are you working 13. do
cosmologists do
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Verbs with Stative Meaning
9 Identifying Verbs with Active Meaning and Verbs with Stative
Meaning: Astronomy Class I (p. 18)
3. A 4. S 5. A 6. S
7. S 8. A 9. A 10. A
11. S 12. S
10 Verbs with Both Active and Stative Meanings: Astronomy Class
II I (p. 19)
2. a. A b. A 3. a. A b. S 4. a. S b. A 5. a. A b. S
11 Simple Present Versus Present Progressive; Stative versus
Active Meaning: Astronomy Class III (p. 19)
I. 3. belongs 8. don’t agree 4. don’t believe 9. think 5. ’m
feeling 10. feels
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
6. doesn’t feel 11. looks 7. ’re spending 12. appears II. 1. are
you doing 7. believe 2. ’m smelling 8. suppose 3. smells 9. is 4.
doubt 10. doesn’t taste 5. don’t smell 11. ’re being 6. Are you
thinking
12 Using Verbs with Stative Meaning and Verbs with Active
Meaning: Are You a Lark or an Owl? (p. 20)
A. Lark 3. want 7. feel / ’m feeling 4. ’m working 8. ’m falling
5. have 9. need 6. ’m thinking 10. don’t want
Owl. 3. don’t want 7. ’m not feeling / don’t feel 4. ’m not
moving 8. ’m starting 5. don’t have 9. ’m studying 6. ’m not
thinking 10. ’m planning / plan
B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will vary.
CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
Introductory Task: What Were You Doing? (p. 22)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will
vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Simple Past and Past Progressive I
1 Simple Past—Form: Natural Time (p. 24)
3. did people spend 10. woke up 4. were 11. didn’t stay up 5.
worked 12. didn’t have 6. Did the farmers have 13. Were you 7. they
didn’t 14. I wasn’t 8. didn’t need 15. did you learn 9. followed
16. learned
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
2 Simple Past—Irregular Verbs; Questions: Clock Time (p. 25)
A. The order of the answers will vary. The sentences should
be:
She began working at . . . She left her office at . . . She made
some phone calls at . . . She put on her clothes and makeup at . .
. She drank a cup of instant coffee at . . . She read business
reports at . . . She drove to work at . . . She saw a movie with
her boyfriend at . . . She ate some French fries at . . . She had
dinner with her sister at . . . She fell asleep at . . . She wrote
some letters at . . . She spoke to her boss at . . . She took a
shower at . . .
B. Answers will vary.
3 Past Progressive—Form: Observing Mr. Doe (p. 25)
A. 3. was sleeping 10. were they talking 17. was studying 4.
wasn’t sleeping 11. weren’t speaking 18. was staying 5. Was Mr. Doe
working 12. were planning 19. was experiencing 6. he wasn’t 13.
wasn’t saying 7. was getting 14. was making 8. was shaving 15. Were
you watching 9. was meeting 16. I wasn’t
B. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Simple Past and Past Progressive II
4 Simple Past and Past Progressive—Meaning: Spring Forward (p.
29)
3. 4. ? 5. 6. 7. ? 8.
Nell forgot about Daylight Savings Time. 5S Using Simple Past
and Past Progressive in Stories: Setting the Scene and Telling the
Story (p. 30) Answers will vary. Ch2 Ex 5C
The following model is also available to students at the Grammar
Links Website.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Simple Past and Past Progressive in Time
Clauses
6 Simple Past and Time Clauses—Meaning: Standard Time (p.
33)
2. First, modern transportation and communications began to
develop. 3. First, each town or city had its own time. 4. Both at
the same time. 5. First, the railroads spread throughout the
country. 6. Both at the same time. 7. First, train schedules were
confusing. 8. First, officials divided the United States into four
time zones. 9. Both at the same time.
7 The Simple Past and Past Progressive in Time Clauses;
Combining Sentences: Early Calendars (p. 34)
2. Before they learned to recognize the moon’s patterns, they
observed its changes for a
long time. OR They observed the moon’s changes for a long time
before they learned to recognize its patterns.
3. While they were observing the moon, they recorded its cycles.
OR They recorded the moon’s cycles while they were observing
it.
4. After they understood the cycles of the moon, they made a
calendar based on lunar months. OR They made a calendar based on
lunar months after they understood the cycles of the moon.
5. While they were using the lunar calendar, they found a
problem with it. OR They found a problem with the lunar calendar
while they were using it.
6. After a few years passed, the calendar and the seasons didn’t
match anymore. OR The
calendar and the seasons didn’t match anymore after a few years
passed. 7. When they added days to the year, the calendar became
more accurate. OR The calendar
became more accurate when they added days to the year. They
needed to add about 11 days to the year.
8 Simple Past Versus Past Progressive in Time Clauses: A Night
Person’s Bad Day (p. 35)
A. 2. woke up, remembered 7. started/was starting, left 3.
dropped, was taking 8. got, began 4. was riding, fell, missed 9.
was looking, hit 5. was running, tripped, hurt 10. came up, made 6.
was having, spilled
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
B. 1. Answers will vary. 2. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will
vary.
9 Simple Past, Past Progressive, and Time Clauses: A Legend of
Discovery (p. 36)
2. lived 6. were blowing/blew 10. went 3. made 7. was
swinging/swang 11. made 4. was attending 8. was watching 12.
discovered 5. noticed 9. realized 13. used
Grammar Practice 4: Used To
10 Used To—Form: Long, Long Ago (p. 38)
2. What did people use to believe about the earth? 3. People
used to believe the earth was the center of the universe. 4. They
didn’t use to know that the universe has no center. 5. How did
people use to measure time? 6. People didn’t use to have mechanical
clocks or watches. 7. They used to use the natural motion of the
sun to measure time with sundials. 8. The Greeks used to have water
clocks for measuring time. 9. What other kinds of clocks did people
use to use? 10. Some of them used to keep time with sand clocks, or
hourglasses.
11 Used To Versus Would: When We Were Children (p. 39)
A. 3. would 6. would 4. would 7. NC 5. NC 8. NC
B. Answers will vary.
12 Used To; Wh- and Yes/No Questions: Did You Use To . . . ? (p.
39)
Answers will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
Unit One Wrap-up Activities
1 A Telescope in Space: EDITING (p. 40)
Astronomers didn’t used to have powerful telescopes to look into
space and
observe distant parts of the universe. Most scientists use to
believe that the universe was
static. (In this case, the word “static” is meaning “not
becoming larger or smaller.”)
Then, in the 1920s an American astronomer, Edwin Hubble, was
having the opportunity to
use a big new telescope in California to observe nearby
galaxies. In 1929, he made a
discovery. The galaxies were moving away from each other. The
universe were expanding.
This meant that it once was very, very small. Hubble’s discovery
helped cosmologists to
develop the theory of the big bang.
But in order to learn more about the beginning of the universe,
scientists were needing a
telescope outside earth’s atmosphere to provide a clear view of
distant galaxies. After years of
planning, a team of scientists and engineers at the National
Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) sended a large telescope into space in
1990. They were naming it the
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) after Edwin Hubble. After they were
putting HST into orbit,
they got an unpleasant surprise. HST didn’t worked. Why was
this? They were building HST,
while they made an error. In 1993, astronauts correct the error.
In simple terms, NASA
corrected the telescope’s vision by fitting it with contact
lenses.
These days, HST sending clear, beautiful images to earth. So now
we are now learning
more about the expansion of the universe, the big bang, and the
beginning of time.
2 What Was the Question? WRITING/SPEAKING (p. 41) Step 1 2. How
many brothers and sisters do you have?
3. How many languages do you speak? 4. Answers will vary.
Example: What do you do in your free time? 5. Answers will vary.
Example: Are you working this semester? 6. Answers will vary.
Example: When did you go to Paris? 7. What were you doing a year
ago today? 8. Answers will vary. Example: Did you use to exercise
every day?
1. use (given)
2. used
3. means
4. had
6. needed
7. sent
9. put
10. work 11. While they
12. corrected
13. is sending
8. named
5. was
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
Step 2 Answers will vary.
3 Origin Story: WRITING (p. 42)
Answers will vary.
U1 Ex 3 The following model is also available to students at the
Grammar Links Website.
4 Terratoo: SPEAKING (p. 42)
Step 1: Answers will vary.
Step 2: Answers will vary.
Step 3: Answers will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
UNIT TWO Present and Past: Perfect and Perfect Progressive Think
About Grammar (p. 45)
A 2. a. had gotten 4. a. has increased b. has gotten b. had
increased 3. a. have worked 5. a. had stayed b. had worked b. has
stayed B. They are similar in that they both use the past
participle. They are different in that the
present perfect uses the present form of have and the past
perfect uses the past form of have.
CHAPTER 3: PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Introductory Task: Quiz: What Is Your Time Type? (p. 46)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will
vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Present Perfect and Present Perfect
Progressive I
1 Present Perfect—Form: A Conference on the Pace of Life (p. 49)
2. Have people lost 11. haven’t reacted 3. they have 12. ’ve felt
4. hasn’t changed 13. have had 5. have changed 14. has led 6. has
this happened 15. hasn’t worked out /’s not worked out 7. has
caused 16. has taken 8. hasn’t speeded up 17. ’s given 9. Has life
speeded up 10. it has
2 Present Perfect Progressive—Form: What Have People Been Doing?
I (p. 50) 2. I have 9. Has he been working? 3. I’ve been having a
good time 10. he has 4. What have you been doing? 11. he’s been
eating lunch at the same time 5. I’ve been watching all the people.
12. That woman has been making calls on her cell phone 6. What have
the people been doing 13. Everything has been moving fast 7. Have
they been relaxing in the park 14. The traffic hasn’t been moving
at all. 8. they haven’t.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
3 Contractions with Present Progressive, Present Perfect, and
Present Perfect Progressive: Answering Questions (p. 50)
3. has 6. is 9. is 12. has 15. has 4. has 7. has 10. has 13. has
16. has 5. has 8. is 11. has 14. is
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Present Perfect and Present Perfect
Progressive II
4 Present Perfect Actions at Unspecified Past Times: Free Time
(p. 53) A.
2. Have you ever built a campfire? 9. Have you ever gone on a
vacation in India?
3. Have you ever driven a sports car? 10. Have you ever gotten
lost in a forest? 4. Have you ever eaten Korean food? 11. Have you
ever ridden a camel? 5. Have you ever read a novel in English? 12.
Have you ever drunk carrot juice? 6. Have you ever swum across a
lake? 13. Have you ever written a poem? 7. Have you ever met a
movie star? 14. Have you ever slept on a beach? 8. Have you ever
taken a photo of a sunrise? 15. Have you ever seen a comet?
16. Have you ever drawn a picture of your own face?
B. Answers will vary.
5 Present Perfect—Actions and States Continuing to the Present:
Tell Me About Yourself (p. 53)
A. (Questions only; answers will vary.) 1. How long have you
lived in . . . ? 2. How long have you been a student at . . . ? 3.
How long have you been married? 4. How long have you been a parent?
5. How long have you had a job/How long have you worked? 6. How
long have you known . . . ? 7. How long have you driven? 8. How
long have you had a car?/How long have you owned a car? 9. How long
have you played . . . ? 10. How long have you liked . . . ?
B. Answers will vary.
6 Using Present Perfect Progressive: What Have People Been
Doing? II (p. 54) A. Answers will vary.
B. Answers will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect
Progressive
7 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive—Meaning:
People, Places, and Paces (p. 56)
2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. a
8 Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect Progressive: Living in
the Past in the Present (p. 56)
3. hasn’t ever used 10. has been 4. has been helping* 11. has
been teaching 5. has helped 12. has already made* 6. has always
known 13. has been driving* 7. has been sewing* 14. has ridden 8.
has been making* 15. hasn’t driven 9. has finished* 16. hasn’t ever
wanted 17. have always preferred
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Present Perfect Versus Simple Past
9 Present Perfect Versus Simple Past: Timelines (p. 59)
3. made 6. did you see 4. has made 7. has taught for [Answers
will vary.] 5. have you seen 8. taught for 34
10 Present Perfect versus Simple Past: Have You Ever . . . .?
(p. 60) 2. I have 7. Have you ever seen 12. played 3. ‘ve seen 8.
haven’t seen 13. ’ve been 4. did he write 9. ’ve seen 14.has
Leonardo DiCaprio made 5. wrote 10. saw 15. hasn’t made 6. saw 11.
’ve watched
11 Present Perfect and Simple Past: Telling About Your
Experiences (p. 61)
A. Answers will vary. Ch3 Ex 11 The following model is also
available to students at the Grammar Links Website. B. Answers will
vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
CHAPTER 4: PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Introductory Task: New Experiences (p. 62)
A. 3. He had never drunk cranberry juice before. 4. He had never
seen snow before. 5. He had never worn a heavy coat before. 6. He
had never gone skiing before. 7. He had never eaten granola before.
8. He had never ridden a horse before.
B. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Past Perfect and Past Perfect
Progressive
1 Past Perfect—Form: An Exchange Student—A Different Place (p.
64)
2. I had 9. ’d invited 3. ’d learned 10. had gotten 4. had read
11. Had the other guests already arrived 5. hadn’t lived 12. they
hadn’t 6. hadn’t been 13. hadn’t finished 7. hadn’t understood 14.
’d come 8. ’d had 15. ’d taught
2 Past Perfect Progressive—Form: Two Views on the Pace of Life
(p. 65) 3. ’d been having 4. had been having 5. hadn’t been
enjoying/’d not been enjoying 6. had you been waiting 7. ’d been
waiting 8. hadn’t been waiting/’d not been waiting 9. had been
worrying 10. Had you been worrying? 11. I hadn’t. 12. had been
sitting 13. (had been) talking
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Past Perfect
3 Past Perfect and Simple Past: “Rip van Winkle”—A Different
Time (p. 68)
A. 2. was, had run away 7. had, had become 3. looked, had grown
8. wasn’t, had died 4. seemed, had changed 9. had forgotten,
thought 5. was, had fallen apart 10. had won, was 6. had grown up,
didn’t recognize 11. discovered, had been B. Answers will vary.
4 Past Perfect and Simple Past—Combining Sentences: A New
Experience (p. 69)
2. 1, 2 Before she traveled to her host country, she hadn’t
flown in an airplane. OR She hadn’t flown in an airplane before she
traveled to her host country.
3. 1, 2 Until she went to her host country, she hadn’t
experienced another culture. OR She hadn’t experienced another
culture until she went to her host country.
4. 2, 1 Before she adapted to the customs of the new culture,
she had made a few embarrassing mistakes. OR She had made a few
embarrassing mistakes before she adapted to the customs of the new
culture.
5. 2, 1 After she had studied hard and practiced often, she
learned the language well. OR She learned the language well after
she had studied hard and practiced often.
6. 1, 2 When she had lived in the country for a while, she
became more flexible. OR She became more flexible when she had
lived in the country for a while.
7. 2, 1 After she had stayed in her host country for a few
months, she understood her own culture much better. OR She
understood her own culture much better after she had stayed in her
host country for a few months.
5 Past Perfect and Simple Past—Order of Actions: Place and Time
(p. 70) A. 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. a 11. a
B. Answers will vary.
Ch4 Ex 5 The following model is also available to students at
the Grammar Links Website.
6 Past Perfect Versus Simple Past: Speed (p. 71)
4. had happened 9. traveled 5. had moved 10. had gotten 6.
happened 11. took
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
7. had begun 12. had become 8. hadn’t increased 13. reached
7 Using Simple Past and Past Perfect: Milestones (p. 72)
Answers will vary. GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Past Perfect Progressive;
Past Perfect Versus Past Perfect Progressive
8 Past Perfect Progressive and Time Clauses: Once Upon a Time:
Sleeping Beauty (p. 74)
3. ’d been exploring 9. had been trying 4. decided 10. ended 5.
climbed 11. ’d been 6. hadn’t known/’d not known 12. rode 7. had
been spinning 13. found 8. came
9 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive: At the Stroke of
Midnight (p. 75)
3. had been crying 6. had lost 9. had been writing 4. had given
7. had been searching for 10. had been living 5. had forgotten 8.
had been making
Unit Two Wrap-up Activities
1 Time for Life—EDITING (p. 76)
For many years, John Robinson had been interested in how people
use their time.
He is now the director of the Americans’ Use of Time Project.
Robinson has first asked
Americans to take part in a use-of-time survey in 1965. He has
been repeating the surveys
three times since then. Robinson has used the results of each
survey to answer two questions:
How has Americans been spending their time recently? How they’ve
been feeling about it?
Ten thousand Americans had taken part in the 1995 use-of-time
survey. In 1995, the
study participants have wrote down their activities in a “time
diary” every day. In addition,
they reported on their feelings about their amount of free
time.
1. has
2. first asked/had first asked
4. have 5. have they
6. took
7. wrote
3. repeated
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
After the participants had completed the 1995 survey, Robinson
had analyzed the results
and compared them to previous survey results. He found some
interesting changes in people’s
use of time. Americans actually spent less time working in 1995
than in 1985. By 1995, they
have gotten more free time. However, many people believed that
they had less time and felt
more rushed and stressed. In 1997, Robinson has published a
book, Time for Life, about the
results of his surveys.
Why does it seem that we have so little time for life nowadays?
According to Robinson,
there are two reasons for this. First, since 1965, we spend more
and more of our free time
watching television. Most of us usually say that television is
unnecessary or a waste of time.
But in recent years we had spent more time on it than any other
free time activity. Second,
since Robinson did his first survey, we have been having many
more opportunities and
choices. We have been feeling more rushed because we want to do
everything.
2 A Question Challenge—WRITING (p. 77) Answers will vary.
3 Things Have Changed Since I Was a Child—SPEAKING (p. 77)
Answers will vary.
4 Your Psychological Clock—WRITING (p. 78) U2 Ex 4 The following
model is also available to students at the Grammar Links
Website.
Answers will vary.
8. analyzed
9. had
10. published
11. have spent/have been spending
12. have spent/have been spending
13. have had
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
UNIT THREE Future; Phrasal Verbs; Tag Questions
Think About Grammar (p. 81)
A. 1. One of the following: will take, will experience, will
talk AND one of the following: is taking, are departing AND one of
the following: see, leaves, returns, take, begins 2. a. One of the
following: is taking, are departing AND one of the following: see,
leaves, returns, take, begins b. present progressive, simple
present
B. 1. is going to be getting, will be living 2. Will we have
found, will have built
CHAPTER 5: FUTURE TIME
Introductory Task: Vacation Plans and Predictions (p. 82)
A. 3. are (you) leaving 6. ’m going to visit 4. ’re going to fly
7. is (your brother) going 5. ’m traveling 8. ’s going to spend B.
3. ’ll stay 5. ’s (probably) going to be 4. will be 6. ’re going to
have
Be going to and present progressive are used to talk about
future plans. Will and be going to are used to make
predictions.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Will and Be Going To I
1 Will—Form: An Outdoor Vacation—Mesa Verde National Park (p.
84)
3. won’t forget/’ll not forget 7. won’t take 11. will the tour
last 4. will the tour begin 8. Will my tour group be 12. ’ll have
5. will begin 9. it will 6. won’t wait 10. won’t be
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
2 Be Going To—Form: A Shopping Vacation—The Mall of America (p.
85)
3. ’m going to spend 8. ’m not going to come 4. ’s going to be
9. ’m not going to feel 5. are you going to travel 10. are going to
come 6. Are you going to shop 11. ’re going to visit 7. I am 12. is
going to play 13. ’m going to think about
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Will and Be Going To II; Future Time
Clauses
3 Will and Be Going To—Predictions: What Next? (p. 87)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
4 Will Versus Be Going To: Before an Outdoor Vacation (p.
88)
3. won’t 8. will make 4. Will you help 9. is going to jump 5.
’ll help 10. are you going to go 6. are you going to call 11. ’re
going to take 7. ’m going to call 12. Will you look after
5 Will and Be Going To: What Will They Say Next? (p. 89)
2. ’re going to 6. is going to 3. ’ll 7. won’t 4. will/are going
to 8. I’m going to 5. is going to/will 9. will/is going to
6 Expressing the Future in Sentences with Time Clauses: A City
Museum Vacation—The Cloisters (p. 90)
A. 2. tour, ’ll see 3. walk, ’ll see 4. ’ll take, looks 5. ’ll
hear, enter
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
B. 2. I’m going to point out flowers and plants that were grown
during the Middle Ages after we go into the second cloister. OR
After we go into the second cloister, I’m going to point out
flowers and plants that were grown during the Middle Ages.
3. When you enter the room called the Treasury, you’re going to
see many valuable
religious objects. OR You’re going to see many valuable
religious objects when you enter the room called the Treasury.
4. Until we go into the gardens outside the museum, you aren’t
going to be allowed to
take photographs. OR You aren’t going to be allowed to take
photographs until we go into the gardens outside the museum.
5. By the time you go home, you’re going to know much more about
art in the Middle
Ages. OR You’re going to know much more about art in the Middle
Ages by the time you go home.
7 Using Will and Be Going To: I’ll Give You the Guided Tour (p.
91)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary. Ch5 Ex 7 The
following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links
Website.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: EXPRESSING THE FUTURE WITH PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE, SIMPLE PRESENT, AND BE ABOUT TO
8 Present Progressive Versus Will: In Washington, D.C. (p.
93)
2. ’ll probably rain 5. ’ll take 7. ’ll miss 3. ’re flying 6.
’re going 8. ’m not leaving 4. ’re eating
9 Future Time with Present Progressive: You’re Going on Vacation
Next Week (p. 94)
Answers will vary. Ch5 Ex 9 The following model is also
available to students at the Grammar Links website.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
10 Future Time with Simple Present Tense: An Outdoor
Vacation—Yellowstone National Park (p. 95)
Yellowstone Information Association Park Information: When does
the summer season begin/end? Opening and Closing Dates: When does
Madison Campground close/open? When do the Visitor Centers
open/close? Outdoor Education Course Dates: When does the Nature
Photography course start (begin)/end (finish)? When does All About
Geysers start (begin)/end (finish)? Tour Departure and Return
Dates: When does the Wildlife Observation Tour return (end,
finish)/depart (start, begin) When does the High-Country Fishing
Tour depart (start, begin)/return (end, finish).
11 F uture Time with Be About To: Yellowstone Vacation (p.
96)
2. They’re about to go hiking or camping. 3. The geyser is about
to erupt. 4. The fish is about to bite the fly. OR She’s about to
catch a fish. 5. He’s about to fall. 6. They’re about to meet a
bear.
12 Expressing Future Time: Vacation Finales (p. 97)
3. is including 4. is about to leave 5. miss 6. ’ll come back 7.
’ll get up 8. are 9. ’s raining 10. don’t see
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
CHAPTER 6: FUTURE PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE PERFECT, AND FUTURE
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Introductory Task: Predictions About
Transportation and Travel in the Future (p. 98)
A. 3. will be driving
4. is going to be driving
5. will have brought
6. are going to have proven
B. 1. will be driving, is going to be driving 2. will have
brought, are going to have proven 3. The future progressive and the
future perfect both use will and be going to. The
future progressive uses be + verb + -ing. The future perfect
uses have + past participle of verb.
C. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Future Progressive I
1 Future Progressive with Will—Form: The Flight of the Future
(p. 100)
4. will we be flying 10. ’ll be cruising 5. will the plane be
cruising 11. will be coming 6. will be giving 12. Will you be
serving 7. ’ll be taking off 13. we won’t (be) 8. ’ll be climbing
14. won’t bring 9. won’t be breaking 15. ’ll be arriving
2 Future Progressive with Be Going To—Form: The Car of the
Future (p. 101) 2. aren’t going to be doing 9. ’m going to be
steering 3. are going to be using 10. ’m not going to be
controlling 4. are you going to be showing 11. is going to be using
5. ’m going to be demonstrating 12. is going to be changing 6. ’re
going to be taking 13. are you going to be falling asleep 7. is the
car going to be driving 14. I’m not (going to) 8. it isn’t (going
to) 15. ’m going to be keeping
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Future Progressive II; Future Progressive
Versus Future with Will or Be Going To
3 Future Versus Future Progressive: Coming and Going (p.
104)
2. b 5. a, b 7. a 3. a 6. b 8. b 4. a
4 Using Future Progressive: Making Predictions About
Transportation of the Future (p. 105)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
5 Future Progressive in Sentences with Time Clauses: “Smart”
Cars (p. 105)
A. 2. steers, will be monitoring 3. will be responding, keep 4.
is, will be keeping 5. will be searching for, gets 6. will be
sending, plays 7. Are you going to be driving, are B. Answers will
vary. Ch6 Ex 5 The following model is also available to students at
the Grammar Links Website.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Future Perfect and Future Perfect
Progressive I
6 Future Perfect with Will and Be Going To—Form: The Mars
Exploration Program (p. 108)
A. 3. will have made 7. won’t have gotten 4. will have launched
8. will have gained 5. Will NASA have sent 9. ’ll have seen 6. it
will (have) B. 3. are going to have learned 7. it is/it’s going to
(have) 4. ’re going to have found 8. is it going to have made 5.
aren’t going to have developed/ 9. is going to have had ’re not
going to have developed 10. ’s not going to have had/
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
6. Is NASA going to have made isn’t going to have had
7 Future Perfect Progressive with Will and Be Going To—Form:
Terraforming Mars (p.109)
A. 2. will have been traveling 6. will have been building 3.
will have been searching 7. won’t have been sending 4. won’t have
been taking place 8. will have been learning 5. will have been
staying B. 2. isn’t going to have been changing 5. ’re going to
have been raising 3. are going to have been occurring 6. is going
to have been pumping
4. are going to have been expanding 7.is going to have been
adding GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Future Perfect and Future Perfect
Progressive II
8 Using Future Perfect: Future Accomplishments (p. 113)
A. 3. What will you have done by a week from today? 4. What are
you going to have done by the time this semester ends? 5. What will
you have done by a year from now? 6. What are you going to have
done by five years from now? 7. What will you have done by 10 years
from now? 8. What are you going to have done by the time you are 60
years old? Answers will vary.
B. Answers will vary.
9 Future Perfect Progressive in Sentences with Time Clauses: A
Future Astronaut (p. 114)
A. 2. graduates, ’ll have been studying astrophysics 3. get
married, ’ll have been dating 4. finishes, ’ll have been working on
her research project 5. joins a space shuttle crew, ’ll have been
training
B. Answers will vary.
10 Future Perfect Versus Future Perfect Progressive: E-mail from
an Astronaut (p. 115)
3. ’ll have been 4. ’ll have eaten 5. ’re going to have
eaten/’re going to have been eating 6. ’ll already have finished 7.
’re going to have been writing
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
8. will have studied/will have been studying
CHAPTER 7: PHRASAL VERBS; TAG QUESTIONS
Introductory Task: Why Do Explorers Take On the Challenges? (p.
116)
B. 1. b. bring out c. put off
d. put up e. take on f. take over g. set off h. set up 2. No 3.
The meaning of a verb changes when the verb combines with a
particle to form a
phrasal verb. 4. No
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Phrasal Verbs I
1 Identifying Phrasal Verbs: A Success I (p. 118)
In the early twentieth century, the earth’s polar regions seemed
almost as far away and
dangerous as Mars does today. The conditions were difficult, but
a few polar explorers
figured out ways to reach the poles and come back safely. One of
these men was Roald
Amundsen.
Amundsen was born in Norway in 1872. While he was growing up, he
wanted to be a
polar explorer. He therefore built up his strength in extremely
cold and difficult conditions.
He worked out by skiing long distances. As a result of his
training, he got along well in very
cold climates. Amundsen’s strength and adaptability paid off
later on. He understood the risks
of polar expeditions, especially freezing, hunger, and
exhaustion. So before an expedition, he
always prepared carefully.
In 1910, Amundsen decided to try to be the first to reach the
South Pole. He planned an
expedition and set off with a small crew. Then he found
something out: a British expedition
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
led by Robert Falcon Scott was also trying to reach the South
Pole. Amundsen and Scott were
in a race. How did this race turn out?
2 Phrasal Verbs: A Success II (p. 119)
2. set up 5. set back 7. headed back 3. let up 6. keep up 8.
gotten through 4. pushed on
3 Phrasal Verbs; Placement of Noun and Pronoun Objects: A
Successful Failure (p. 120)
3. broke up the ship 7. drove him back 4. thought over their
situation 8. picked up the men 5. pulled them along 9. brought them
back 6. left them behind 10. brought back another exciting
story
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Phrasal Verbs II
4 Phrasal Verbs—Meaning: Check This Out (p. 123)
A. 2. brought up 4. brought in 3. bring out 5. brought down
B. 2. b 3. e 4. b 5. c
5 Particle Versus Preposition: Look This Over (p. 124)
2. b Everyone in the group needed a map, so Paula ran some
photocopies off. 3. b. Ethan checked his luggage in when he got to
the airport. 4. a. When Mark and Terry talked long distance for
hours, they ran a huge bill up. 5. a. The committee passed two
other people over and chose Tim for the job. 6. b. As soon as I
looked the exam over, I saw that it wasn’t difficult.
6 Using Phrasal Verbs: Turn This In (p. 124) Answers will vary.
Ch7 Ex 6 The following model is also available to students at the
Grammar Links Website.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Verb–Preposition Combinations; Phrasal Verbs
with Prepositions
7 Verb–Preposition Combinations: Preparing for the Unexpected
(p. 126)
A. 2. planned for 6. prepared for 3. relied on 7. believed in 4.
talked to 8. worry about 5. concentrated on 9. prevented from 10.
agreed with B. Answers will vary.
Ch7 Ex 7 The following model is also available to students at
the Grammar Links Website.
8 Verb–Preposition Combinations Versus Phrasal Verbs: Do You
Know About the Antarctic Region? (p. 127)
3. ’ve looked at them 6. ’ve thought about them 4. learn from
them 7. ’ve thought it over 5. ’ll try it out
9 Phrasal Verbs with Prepositions: Running Up Against
Difficulties (p. 128)
2. started out for 5. closed in on 8. ran out of 3. stand up to
6. kept on at 9. cut down on 4. caught up with 7. faced up to 10.
gave up on
10 Using Verb–Preposition Combinations and Phrasal Verbs with
Prepositions: Your Expedition Diary (p. 129)
Answers will vary. Ch7 Ex 10 The following model is also
available to students at the Grammar Links Website.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Tag Questions I
11 Tag Questions—Form: Test Anxiety—I’ll Be Ready, Won’t I? (p.
132) A.
2. Ms. Moore doesn’t give difficult tests, does she? 3. The
first test is going to cover Columbus’s voyages to America, isn’t
it? 4. Christopher Columbus wasn’t from Portugal, was he? 5. The
other students already know a lot about the topic, don’t they? 6.
You weren’t absent from class, were you?
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
7. Kim and Oliver hadn’t studied before this week, had they? 8.
We can study together, can’t we?
B. 1. were they 2. isn’t there 3. won’t they 4. wasn’t she
5. couldn’t it 6. doesn’t it 7. isn’t it 8. is it
9. won’t we 10. aren’t I 11. have I 12. are they
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 5: Tag Questions II
12 Listening to Tag Questions; Answering Tag Questions:
Christopher Columbus (p. 134)
A. 2. information 6. information 10. information 3. information
7. conformation 11. conformation 4. conformation 8. conformation 5.
conformation 9. information B. 2. No, they weren’t. 6. Yes, he did.
10. No, it wasn’t. 3. No, he wasn’t. 7. Yes, he did. 11. Yes, they
did. 4. No, they didn’t. 8. No, he didn’t. 5. Yes, he did. 9. No,
he didn’t.
13 Asking and Answering Tag Questions: Test Anxiety Again (p.
135) A.
3. Yes, it is. 6. No, I wasn’t. 4. No, he wasn’t. 7. No, they
hadn’t. 5. Yes, they do. 8. Yes, we can.
B. 1. No, they weren’t. 2. Yes, there is. 3. Yes, they will. 4.
Yes, she was.
5. Yes, it could. 6. Yes, it does. 7. Yes, it is. 8. No, it
isn’t.
9. Yes, we will. 10. Yes, you are. 11. No, you haven’t. 12. No,
they aren’t.
14 Using Tag Questions: You’re From Spain, Aren’t You? (p. 135)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
Unit Three Wrap-up Activities
1 Radio Talk Time—EDITING (p. 136)
Host: This is Radio Talk Time. If you have an interesting
opinion, call up me and tell me.
Caller: What do you think about NASA’s space program? I’ve
thought it about. It’s all a lie.
Nothing is real, isn’t it?
Host: You’re joking, don’t you?
Caller: No, I’m serious. NASA says that it’s going to send a
spacecraft to Mars next
October. But they don’t really send it to Mars in October. We’ll
believe that it’s on
Mars, but they’ll be fooling us.
Host: How they’ll do that? After the spacecraft reaches Mars,
its cameras will take photos
and send back them to Earth. We’ll see those photos of Mars.
Caller: It’s going to be seeming to us that a spacecraft is on
Mars. Antarctica looks a lot like
Mars, isn’t it? By the time they’ll launch the fake spacecraft
next October, they’ll
have sent people to Antarctica with video cameras and a fake
lander. After they set
the cameras up there, they’ll be able to send back pictures of
the lander. While we’re
going to be watching the videos on television, we’re going to be
looking at
Antarctica, not Mars. But we won’t be knowing that, will we?
Host: I’m sorry, sir. We’ve run out of time. It’s time for the
weather forecast. It’s snowing
tomorrow.
Caller: Wait! Don’t hang up on me! I’m right, aren’t I?
2 Your Island Vacation—SPEAKING/WRITING (p. 137) Answers will
vary.
1. me up
2. about it
3. is it
4. aren’t you
5. won’t
6. will they
7. send them back
8. seem
9. doesn’t 10. they
11. we’re
12. know
13. It’s going to snow / It will snow
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
3 Your Outdoor Vacation—SPEAKING (p. 138) Answers will vary.
Unit 3 Ex 2 The following model is also available to students at
the Grammar Links Website.
4 Game: Ask the Oracle—SPEAKING (p. 138) Answers will vary.
5 Acting Out the Verbs—WRITING/SPEAKING (p. 138) Answers will
vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
UNIT FOUR Noun Phrases
Think About Grammar (p. 141) 1. Internet, United States 2.
people, cookbooks, chefs, celebrities, diets, food, pizza 3. many,
some, quite a few 4. our 5. big, professional, delicious, hot,
cheese
CHAPTER 8: NOUNS, ARTICLES, AND QUANTIFIERS
Introductory Task: Survey on the Cooking and Eating Habits of
Your Class (p. 142)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Nouns; Proper Nouns and Common Nouns
1 Identifying Proper and Common Nouns: Into the Melting Pot (p.
145)
Celebrating with Food
When are you planning to be in the united states? If you are
here in the fall, you might be
T
here at the right time to have a special meal on thanksgiving.
This national holiday is on the
T N C
fourth thursday in november. In big cities, restaurants stay
open and offer meals. In chicago,
O L R W H H L
the oak leaf restaurant at the westlake hotel is a good place to
go. The chef there is henry lee.
M L V F E A
Although mr. lee is vietnamese, he speaks both french and
english, and americans love his
food, especially the turkey. If you are in a small town, maybe
you can cook the special dinner.
N Y T T
Look for recipes in newspapers like the new york times. Or try a
cookbook like the
u s
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
T T D M
thanksgiving table by diane morgan. Wherever you are, have a
happy celebration!
2 Article Use with Proper Nouns: Regional Specialties I (p.
146)
1. When English colonists sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to
North America on the Mayflower, they landed in New England, an area
that’s known for its maple syrup, blueberries, lobster, and
clams.
2. New Orleans, a city in Louisiana, where the Mississippi River
flows into the Gulf of Mexico, has its own typical style of
cooking, which shows influences from France and Africa.
3. After they settled in the Midwest, immigrants from Germany,
Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands continued to prepare the
traditional foods of their native countries.
4. Cattle are raised on ranches in the Rocky Mountains, so
visitors often have steaks when they’re staying at the Brown Palace
Hotel in Denver, the capital of Colorado.
5. The food of the West Coast, like that of the Hawaiian Islands
in the Pacific, has been influenced by Asia.
3 Articles and Numbers with Proper Nouns: Regional Specialties
II (p. 146)
2. a 5. NA 3. the 6. two 4. NA
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns
4 Identifying Count and Non-count Nouns: Food for Sightseeing
(p. 149)
Will you be traveling through the United States in the warm
months? If so, we have some advice for you: have picnics often,
especially when the weather is good. You’ll be able to avoid
crowded restaurants, save money, and have a lot of fun, too. You
don’t have to do any cooking—just stop at a supermarket and pick up
some food to take with you. You can get bread and cheese for
sandwiches. Get some fruit, too, and fresh vegetables such as
carrots or celery. You’ll want to have a drink, so don’t forget to
buy bottled water or juice. Then put your purchases into your
backpack and take off. When you find the perfect place, enjoy the
beautiful scenery and your meal!
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
5 Count Nouns Versus Noncount Nouns; Plural Count Nouns: A Good
Career Choice (p. 150)
3. advice 7. training 12. machinery 4. suggestions 8. women 13.
machines 5. experience 9. progress 14. feet 6. jobs 10. work 15.
celebrities 11. knives
6 Singular and Plural Count Nouns; Subject–Verb Agreement:
Culinary Education (p. 151)
2. chooses 6. analyses 3. is 7. is 4. Bacteria 8. groceries 5.
are 9. deer, sheep
7 Nouns Used as Count and Noncount Nouns: Good Food and Good
Fortune (p. 151) A. 2. foods 6. a business 11. life 3. tea 7. a
cake 12. lives 4. teas 8. cake 13. beauty 5. business 9.
experiences 14. a beauty 10. experience B. Answers will vary.
Ch8 Ex 7 The following model is also available to students at
the Grammar Links Website.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Articles
8 Definite and Indefinite Articles: The Eating Patterns of a
North American Family (p. 156) 2. the, b 5. the, b 8. the, b 3.
the, b 6. [0], a 4. a, a 7. a, b
9 The Definite Article: The Story of Their Lives (p. 157) 2. b
3. d 4. a 5. b
6. e 7. a 8. e 9. a
10. c 11. e 12. c 13. 3
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
10 Definite and Indefinite Articles: Food Here and There (p.
158)
A. I. 5. the 8. [0] 11. [0] 14. the 6. The 9. the 12. [0] 15.
the 7. a 10. The 13. a II. 1. a 4. an 7. the 10. the 13. the 2. [0]
5. [0] 8. a 11. the 14. the 3. a 6. [0] 9. an 12. [0] III. 1. the
5. a 9. a/the 13. an 2. [0] 6. the 10. a 14. [0] 3. the 7. the 11.
the 4. a 8. the 12. the
11 The, A, Some, [0]: Old and New Recipes (p. 160)
A. 2. some 6. a 10. some 3. some 7. some 11. a 4. The 8. the 12.
the 5. the 9. some B. 2. a. [0] 3. a. some/ [0] 4. a. some/[0] b.
some/[0] b. [0] b. [0] C. Answers will vary.
12 Using The, A, Some, [0]: Two Memorable Meals (p. 161) Answers
will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: General Quantifiers
13 General Quantifiers: A “Big” Trend (p. 164)
A. 2. Not many 7. much 11. a great deal of 3. quite a few 8. a
little 12. Several 4. a lot of 9. hardly any 13. few 5. most 10. a
large number of 14. plenty of 6. Each B. Answers will vary.
14 General Quantifiers: Market Research I (p. 165)
3. some 11. much 4. much/a lot of 12. none 5. lots of 13.
many/some 6. any 14. any 7. plenty of/quite a few 15. some 8. a lot
of 16. much/a lot of 9. many 17. much/a lot 10.enough
15 Few, A Few; Little, A Little: Shopping Behavior (p. 166)
3. little 7. a few 11. Few 4. Few 8. a few 12. a few 5. little
9. a little 6. a little 10. little
16 Quantifiers With and Without Of: Focus Groups (p. 167)
3. of 7. 0 4. 0 8. of 5. of 9. 0 6. of 10. of
17 Using Quantifiers: Market Research II (p. 167)
Answers will vary. Ch8 Ex 17 The following model is also
available to students at the Grammar Links Website.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
CHAPTER 9: MODIFIERS, PRONOUNS, AND POSSESSIVES
Introductory Task: What’s Your Reaction? (p. 168)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
Grammar Practice 1: Modifiers
1 Identifying Modifiers: Another Look (p. 171)
1. Broccoli is an unpleasant vegetable. It has a very strong,
bitter flavor. 2. Chocolate is my favorite candy. I can’t resist
eating lots of rich, wonderful chocolate. Chocolate isn’t an
exciting food. I don’t eat much chocolate. 3. I love to eat
lobsters. I really enjoy their delicious, juicy white meat. I
refuse to eat lobsters. I have no desire to put a frightened
lobster into boiling water . 4. Snails make a wonderful meal. I
like them cooked with melted butter and fresh garlic. I would never
eat snails. They’re slimy, disgusting animals.
2 -Ing and -ed Adjectives: Food and Feelings (p. 171)
A. 2. satisfied 5. relaxing 8. boring 3. comforting 6. relaxed
9. tempting 4. comforted 7. bored 10. tempted B. Answers will
vary.
3 Noun Modifiers: Food Safety (p. 173)
2. vegetable soup 5. microwave oven 8. safety advice 3.
refrigerator door 6. fire extinguisher 4. plastic bags 7. food
processor
4 Compound Modifiers: Long-Lasting Memories (p. 173)
2. two-month 5. well-cooked 7. time-consuming 3. wood-burning 6.
thirty-pound 8. sweet-smelling 4. home-baked
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
5 Order of Modifiers: What Are Your Cravings? (p. 174) A. 2.
boring little 7. large blue plastic
3. very big round 8. tasty red chili 4. delicious mushroom 9.
rectangular, yellow cardboard 5. charming, old Italian 10.
beautiful young Native American 6. very crunchy corn B. Answers
will vary.
6 Using Modifiers: Memories of the Past (p. 175) Answers will
vary. Ch9 Ex 6 The following model is also available to students at
the Grammar Links Website.
Grammar Practice 2: Reflexive Pronouns; Reciprocal Pronouns;
Other
7 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns—Meaning: Seeing Differences
(p. 177)
2. In (a), themselves refers to Lucy and Trevor. Lucy and Trevor
ordered dinner for Lucy and Trevor. In (b), each other refers to
the other person. Lucy ordered dinner for Trevor, and Trevor
ordered dinner for Lucy.
3. In (a), them refers to other people. Monica and Howard were
writing letters to some other people. In (b), each other refers to
the other person. Monica was writing to Howard, and Howard was
writing to Monica.
4. In (a), her refers to another woman. Eva was talking to
another woman. In (b), herself refers to Eva. Eva was talking to
Eva.
5. In (a), herself refers to Dora. Dora served Dora dinner. In
(b), herself emphasizes Dora. Dora, not someone else, served
dinner.
6. In (a), myself emphasizes I. I, not someone else, have gone
to Paris. In (b), by myself means alone. I’ve gone to Paris
alone.
7. In (a), himself emphasizes the President. I talked to the
President, not someone else. In (b), myself emphasizes I. I, not
someone else, talked to the President.
8 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns: Movable Feasts (p. 177)
1. ourselves 4. each other 2. himself, me 5. one another 3.
them, themselves 6. by myself, myself
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
9 Forms of Other: Sharing (p. 178)
2. the other 5. others, the other, the others 3. others, the
others 6. Another, another 4. another, others
Grammar Practice 3: Indefinite Pronouns
10 Indefinite Pronouns: Something for Everyone (p. 181) 2.
Nothing 3. someone / somebody 4. anyone / anybody 5. anything 6.
anyone / anybody 7. something, Anything 8. everything 9. Anyone /
Anybody or Everyone/Everybody 10. anything, nothing, Everything 11.
Someone, anyone/someone, nobody/no one 12. Everyone
Grammar Practice 4: Possessives
11 Possessives—Form and Uses: Biology + Engineering =
Bioengineering (p. 183)
2. of the table (c) 6. four years’ (b) 3. ten thousand dollars’
(b) 7. their (a) 4. of the United States (d) 8. researcher’s (a) 5.
of a grocery store (c)
12 Forming Possessive Determiners, Possessive Pronouns, and
Possessive Nouns: Technology and Food I (p. 184)
2. directors’ company’s, companies’ 3. boss’s (boss’), hers, Ms.
Tanaka’s, Ms. Harris’s (Harris’) person’s, people’s, our 4.
scientists’, their, scientist’s, its 5. theirs, her, his 6. Your,
mine , yours , Ours, its
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
13 Possessive Nouns Versus Possessive Phrases: Food and
Technology II (p. 185)
3. top of the stairs 4. people’s health 5. director of a
well-known biotechnology laboratory 6. farmers’ crops 7. the
microscope of another scientist in the laboratory 8. cause of the
problem 9. Dr. Frankenstein’s monster
Unit Four Wrap-up Activities
1 A Restaurant Review—EDITING (p. 186)
Last week, I had dinner at Magnificent Food, a newest restaurant
in town. I invited the
friend to come with me. The owner of Magnificent Food is the
famous chef. His name is
Charles whitney. My friend and I were looking forward to eating
delicious specialties
prepared by Mr. Whitney hisself.
When we arrived at the restaurant, we had to wait, so we sat
down and began to look at
the four-pages menu. When our table was finally ready, we asked
the waiter for some advice
about what to order. Although he didn’t seem to have a lot of
knowledges about the menu, he
made any suggestions. We ordered two appetizers; one was smoked
fish and another was
mushroom soup. The smoked fish looked beautiful, but it’s flavor
was strange. A vegetable
soup had too many salt in it. The other people in the restaurant
got their main courses right
away, but we had a long wait for our because of a problem in the
kitchen. When our plates
finally came, there was plenty food on them. I had ordered a
regional specialty from South. It
shouldn’t have been a bored dish, but it was—every of the bites
was tasteless. My friends’
steak looked very appetizing, but everything on her plate was
cold. We decided to go to an
excellent small European café across the street for coffee and
dessert.
New restaurants often have few problems, so I wasn’t expecting
Magnificent Food to be
perfect. But I wasn’t expecting to be such a disappointing
customer. I hope that this restaurant
improves and becomes truly magnificent.
1. the 2. a
3. a
4. Whitney
5. himself
6. four-page
7. knowledge
8. some 9. the other
10. its 11. The
12. much
13. ours
14. plenty of 15. the South
16. boring 18. friend’s 17. every bite / every one of the
bites
20. a few
21. disappointed
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
2 A Very Special Dinner Party—Who’s Invited? SPEAKING/WRITING
(p. 187) Answers will vary.
Unit 4 Ex 3 The following model is also available to students at
the Grammar Links Website.
3 Review a Restaurant: WRITING (p. 187) Answers will vary.
4 Create a Culture: SPEAKING (p. 188)
Answers will vary.
UNIT FIVE: Adjective Clauses
Think About Grammar (p. 191)
1.
A: Hello, everyone. I’m Lorrie Kress, and this is “Alive in Our
Times.” My guest today is a
psychologist who does research on personality. He’s someone whom
I admire very
much. I’d like to welcome a man whose ideas are always
interesting, Professor Bruno
Schiller.
B: Thank you, Lorrie.
A: Professor Schiller, personality is something that many of us
want to know more about.
Can you tell us how we get our personalities?
B: Well, Lorrie, psychologists have developed many theories
about this. Basically, there are
two factors which work together in childhood to form people’s
personalities. The first
is biology. Biology is responsible for the characteristics that
you are born with. And the
second is environment. Your environment includes your
surroundings, your family and
friends, and your experiences.
A: My sisters and I had the same parents and the same
environment as children, but we have
really different personalities now. Do you know why?
B: Actually, there is a theory which might explain the
differences among children in the
same family. According to this theory, your personality
differences are a result of your
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
birth order, in other words, your position as the oldest, a
middle, or the youngest child in
your family. A firstborn child experiences things differently
than a laterborn child does.
Only children, that is children who have no brothers or sisters,
are in many ways
similar to firstborn children.
A: So, Professor Schiller, what are some characteristics that
birth order might be
responsible for?
B: Well, birth order might determine whether you are creative or
practical. It could also
determine whether you are the kind of person that usually
follows rules or the kind of
person that sometimes breaks the rules.
A: Can you guess my birth order?
B: Perhaps. Let me give you a test whose results could tell me
about your personality.
2. whom, that, which, whose 3. a. whom, that, whose b. which,
that, whose
CHAPTER 10: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Introductory Task: The Birth-Order Theory of Personality
Development—A Test (p. 192)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
C. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Adjective Clauses
1 Identifying Adjective Clauses: Psychologists and Mothers (p.
195)
Are you a person who is shy? Or are you a person who is
outgoing? And why are you shy
or outgoing? Are these characteristics which you had at birth?
Or are they characteristics
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
which came from your life experiences? These are questions that
psychologists have been
trying to answer for a long time. According to modern
psychologists, a combination of
biological factors and experience shaped your personality. This
is something that mothers
know, too. Each child that a mother has seems different from the
others even as an newborn.
And as her children grow, the mother can see differences in
their experiences. She can see
how the experiences that her children have help to shape their
personalities. Sometimes the
theories that psychologists develop express what mothers have
always known!
2 Adjective Clauses: Same Family, Different Personalities (p.
195) From left to right: Alan, adventurour; Jack, outgoing; Mary,
shy; Barbara, practical; Joan,
creative; Dennis, timid.
3 Position of Adjective Clauses: Telling More (p. 196) 2. The
aunt who likes to paint lives in New Mexico now. 3. I’ve had some
great vacations with the uncle who’s a mountain climber. 4. My
aunts and uncles have telephone conversations that last for hours.
5. The bird-watching book which my uncle wrote is very popular. 6.
My aunt is someone whom you would really like. 7. My outgoing uncle
has become a talk show host, so now he has a job that’s perfect
for
his personality. 8. People that know my mother and her brothers
and sisters often comment on the
differences in their personalities and interests.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative
Pronouns
4 Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns; Combining
Sentences: Relationships and Personalities I (p. 197)
1. b. The little girls who/that are outgoing are very
talkative.
c. The little girl who/that is shy takes longer to make new
friends.
d. Have you met the people who/that live next door?
2. a. I talked to a person who/that knows my sisters.
b. Sleeping until noon is an activity that/which appeals to my
lazy sister.
c. An activity that/which appeals to my energetic sister is
going running at 6 AM.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
3. a. Elvira’s two brothers who/that are interested in Africa
have very different personalities.
b. The timid brother collects stamps that/which come from
countries in Africa.
c. The adventurous brother wrestles with crocodiles that/which
live in rivers in
Africa.
5 Forming Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns:
Defining Terms (p. 198)
2. Psychologists are scientists who study people’s thoughts,
feelings, and behavior. 3. A researcher is a person who makes a
careful study of a certain subject or problem. 4. Theories are
statements which try to explain situations or events. 5. Traits are
characteristics which are part of your personality. 6. A first born
is someone who is the oldest in a family. 7. Laterborns are
children who are born second, third, and so on in a family. 8. A
factor is something which helps cause a certain result.
6 Using Someone + Who: Who Does It Better? (p. 199) Answers will
vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative
Pronouns
7 Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns; Combining
Sentences: Relationships and Personalities II (p. 201)
1.b. The pickle ice cream which/that/[0] she made was delicious.
2.a. The story which/that/[0] I heard was true. b. I heard the
story from a person who/whom/that/[0] I trust. 3.a. Arthur isn’t
shy when he’s around people who/whom/that/[0] he knows well. b. The
discussion which/that/[0] Arthur and I had was very serious. 4.a.
The most fun-loving person who/whom/that/[0] I know is Tony. b. The
jokes which/that/[0] he tells are really funny. 5.a. The man
who/whom/that/[0] Tiffany plans to marry is generous. b. Tiffany’s
boyfriend gave her a kitten which/that/[0] she loves.
8 Object Relative Pronouns; Combining Sentences: Tell Me About
It (p. 202) 2. We have a teacher who/whom/that/[0] everyone
admires. 3. The students who/whom/that/[0] she teaches work very
hard. 4. The topic which/that/[0] we’re discussing is personality.
5. Have you passed all the tests which/that/[0] the teacher has
given?
9 Subject and Object Relative Pronouns: Birth Order and
Personality (p. 202) 2. which/that/[0] 7. which/that 12.
who/whom/that/[0] 3. which/that/[0] 8. who/whom/that/[0] 13.
who/whom/that/[0] 4. who/ that 9. who/that 14. which/that
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
5. which/that/[0] 10. who/that 6. who/that 11. who/that
10 Subject and Object Relative Pronouns; Combining Sentences:
Another Theory (p. 203) 2. I talked to a scientist who /that is a
friend of mine about it. 3. My friend disagrees with the theory in
the book which/that/[0] I read. 4. Other researchers
who/whom/that/[0] my friend respects have developed a more
scientific theory. 5. According to this theory, some personality
characteristics have a source which/that is
biological. 6. Chemicals which/that are in our brains and bodies
can influence our personalities. 7. These chemicals can affect our
response to events which/that/[0] we experience. 8. What do you
think of the theory which/that/[0] my scientific friend
believes?
11 Completing Sentences with Adjective Clauses: An Alien
Invasion? (p. 204) Answers will vary.
12 Using Adjective Clauses: Describing Personalities (p. 205)
Ch10 Ex 12 The following model is also available to students at the
Grammar Links Website.
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will
vary.
CHAPTER 11: MORE ABOUT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Introductory Task: Do You Agree or Disagree (p. 206) A. Answers
will vary. B. Answers will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns
That Are Objects of Prepositions
1 Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns That Are Objects of
Prepositions; Combining Sentences: Finding the Right Job I (p.
208)
2. The counselor to whom we listened discussed careers. The
counselor whom we listened to discussed careers. The counselor who
we listened to discussed careers. The counselor that we listened to
discussed careers. The counselor [0] we listened to discussed
careers.
3. I learned about some jobs for which I am suited. I learned
about some jobs which I am suited for. I learned about some jobs
that I am suited for. I learned about some jobs [0] I am suited
for.
2 Informal and Formal Versions of Adjective Clauses with
Relative Pronouns that are Objects of Prepositions: Writing About
Jobs (p. 208)
2. We want to finds jobs in which we will succeed. 3. She is
helpful to the students with whom she works. 4. The project on
which they are working will be finished soon. 5. The position for
which he is applying is in the sales department. 6. I am grateful
to the person from whom I got the information.
3 Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions: Your Preferences
and Your Personality (p. 209)
2. whom 5. whom/who/that/[0] 8. which/that/[0] 3. which/that/[0]
6. whom 9. whom/who/that/[0] 4. which 7. whom 10. which 11.
which/that/[0]
4 Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns That Are Objects of
Prepositions: What Are Your Interests? (p. 210)
A. 2. The work which I’m most interested in is … 3. The
free-time activities I’m involved in are … 4. The school subject
that I’ve excelled in is … 5. The person to whom I’m most grateful
is … 6. The world problem about which I’m most concerned is …
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
B1. 1. What kind of music do you like to listen to?
2. Which sports are you interested in? 3. What kind of people do
you like to work with? 4. What kind of job are you best suited
for?
B2. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Adjective Clauses with Possessive Relative
Pronouns
5 Adjective Clauses with Possessive Relative Pronouns; Combining
Sentences: Finding the Right Job II (p. 212)
A. 2. She talked about people whose personalities are well
suited for the work they do. 3. People whose work gives them a lot
of satisfaction are usually happy.
4. There are several authors whose books we may read. 5. I found
out about some job counselors whose specialty is personality
testing. 6. The teachers whose courses we’ve taken have all been
helpful. 7. The counselor whose office I went to gave me a
personality test. 8. I am an outgoing person whose personality is
practical. 9. The counselor recommended a book whose title is What
Color Is Your Parachute? 10. Now I’m planning to visit the
departments whose programs I’m interested in. 11. There are
organizations whose websites have online personality tests and
career
guidance. B. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Adjective Clauses with Where and When
6 Adjective Clauses with Where; Combining Sentences: Memories of
Places (p. 214) A. 2. That’s the house where my family lived.
3. The bedroom where I slept was painted blue. 4. The garden
where I played was behind the house. 5. That’s the hospital where
my father worked. 6. This is the school where I first studied
English.
B. 2. The lake in which we swam was very cold. The lake which we
swam in was very cold.
The lake that we swam in was very cold. The lake we swam in was
very cold.
3. Do you remember the place in which we met? Do you remember
the place which we met in? Do you remember the place that we met
in? Do you remember the place we met in?
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
7 Adjective Clauses with When; Combining Sentences: Memories of
Times (p. 215) A. 2. I remember the day when we moved into the
house.
3. There was a month when it rained constantly. 4. That was the
year when I started school. 5. The week when we went to the
mountains was exciting. 6. There was one summer when the weather
was unusually hot.
B. 2. That was the year when we started school.
That was the year in which we started school. That was the year
which we started school. That was the year that we started school.
That was the year we started school.
3. Do you remember the day when we met?
Do you remember the day on which we met? Do you remember the day
which we met on? Do you remember the day that we met? Do you
remember the day we met?
8 Using Adjective Clauses with Where and When: Describing Places
and Remembering Times (p. 216)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
9 Relative Pronouns, Where, and When: A Childhood Experience I
(p. 216)2. whose 3. which/that 4. when/[0]/that 5. where
6. which/that/[0] 7. which/that/[0] 8. who/that 9.
that/which/[0]
10. who/that 11. whose 12. when/that/[0]
10 Using Adjective Clauses: A Childhood Experience II (p. 217)
Answers will vary.
Ch11 Ex 10 The following model is also available to students at
the Grammar Links Website.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
Unit Five Wrap-up Activities
1 Another Theory: EDITING (p. 218)
There are people which think your blood type reveals your
personality? These people
believe in the blood type theory of personality.
According to people who believes in the blood type theory, you
can use your blood type
to discover your natural talents and tendencies: Blood type is
something what can help you
find the right job or the right boyfriend or girlfriend.
The blood type that is most common is Type O. What are the
characteristics that a Type
O person has them? According to a book which explains the
theory, people are optimistic that
have Type O blood. Business is a field in that they are
successful.
A person who his blood type is A usually has a good sense of
order. He keeps the place
where he lives in very neat. A Type A is also a person that
tends to be patient, hard working,
and sensitive.
People whom have Type B blood are the most likely to be
creative. They are people
who’s nature is to be flexible and full of new ideas. Some jobs
that Type B people are suited
for are artist, designer, and golfer.
Type AB is the rarest blood type. It was the blood type of John
F. Kennedy. Kennedy was
a man whom many Americans admired. The book describes Type AB
people as natural
leaders with characteristics that includes logical thinking and
honesty.
2 The Category Game: SPEAKING (p. 219) Answers will vary.
3 Making Up Definitions: WRITING (p. 219) Answers will vary.
4 What Are Your Preferences? WRITING (p. 220) Answers will
vary.
1. who
2. believe
5. that have Type O blood are optimistic
3. that / which
4. has
6. which
7. whose
8. where he lives / which he lives in
11. include
10. whose
9. who have / having
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
UNIT SIX: Gerunds and Infinitives
Think About Grammar (p. 223)
A. A Popular Export? The United States’s biggest export is its
popular culture. Popular culture includes forms of entertainment
that appeal to large numbers of people—for example, television
programs, movies, and popular music. These American entertainment
products are extremely popular internationally, but they also cause
controversy. Here are some opinions from people in various
countries: A: “I like to listen to American music because there are
so many different styles. Listening to it gives me the opportunity
to experience the cultural diversity of the United States. I’m
studying English in order to understand the songs better.” B: “We
need to protect our language and culture. We can do this by not
showing so many American television programs and movies. Our goal
is to preserve our cultural traditions.” C: “I dislike having so
much American entertainment in this country and throughout the
world. It’s the same everywhere, so it’s causing cultural
differences among countries to disappear. It’s important for the
world not to lose cultural diversity.” D: “I like watching
Hollywood movies. The movie-makers are good at telling enjoyable
stories that appeal to lots of different people. American movies
have been popular internationally since the 1920s. I don’t think
we’ve lost our cultural identity as a result of watching them. ” E:
“My everyday life is pretty boring. To escape is a pleasure for me.
So my favorite free-time activity is watching action-adventure
movies. I can dream of being a hero.”
F: “It’s easy to blame American television programs and movies
for bringing violence to this country. But the United States isn’t
the only source of the violent images we see.”
B. 2. both gerunds and infinitives 4. gerunds 3. infinitives 5.
infinitives
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
CHAPTER 12: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Introductory Task: A Good Decision? (p. 224)
A. 2. watching
3. to do 4. doing 5. to study 6. to watch 7. studying 8.
watching 9. watching 10. to study
C. Verbs that are followed by an infinitive: need, plan, refuse,
decided Verbs that are followed by a gerund: enjoy, finished, keep,
recommends, suggest
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Gerunds
1 Identifying Gerund and Present Participles: Culture Shock? (p.
227)
I’m an American student, and I’m taking my first trip outside
the United States. Before I
started traveling, I’d been looking forward to experiencing a
completely different culture. But
not all the experiences that I’m having are new and different.
For example, at the moment,
I’m listening to the radio. Willie Nelson is singing, “On the
road again . . . The life I love is
making music with my friends.” I don’t mind listening to
country-and-western music at home,
but hearing it in this country seems very strange. Watching
television here is a surprise, too—
many of the programs come from the United States. I’m
experiencing a weird kind of culture
shock!
2 Gerunds as Subjects and Subject Complements: Thinking About
Entertainment (p. 228) Answers will vary.
PP
G G
G G
G
PP
PP
PP
G
PPPP
PP
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
3 Gerunds as Objects of Verbs: Matching Up (p. 228)
A. 2. studying 3. living
4. watching
5. seeing 6. listening 7. not pairing
B. Answers will vary. C. Answers will vary. Ch12 Ex 3B The
following model is also available to students at the Grammar Links
Website.
4 Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions: The Roots of Rock and Roll
(p. 229)
2. for moving 5. in attracting 8. at expressing 3. about seeing
6. in playing 9. of losing 4. about watching 7. to hearing 10. of
hurting
5 By + Gerund: Entertainment Challenges (p. 230)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
6 Gerunds with Go and in Other Expressions: Popular Culture in
Two Generations (p. 230)
3. sits around listening to 8. it’s no use explaining 4. wastes
his money buying 9. have a good time listening 5. spends too much
time going 10. go dancing 6. be busy doing 11. can’t help liking 7.
have problems understanding
7 Using Gerunds: The Music That We Keep Listening To (p.
231)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Infinitives I
8 Infinitive as Subject; It + Infinitive : Is It Your Dream to
Be a Rock Star? (p. 233)
2. To become a successful rock musician takes hard work and
creativity. It takes hard work and creativity to become a
successful rock musician.
3. To develop a unique style is necessary. It is necessary to
develop a unique style.
4. To be able to compose music is essential. It is essential to
be able to compose music.
5. To write expressive song lyrics is important. It is important
to write expressive song lyrics.
6. To create artistic videos is a great challenge. It is a great
challenge to create artistic videos.
9 Verb + Infinitive Patterns: Our Band (p. 233)
1. d. [0] 3. a. [0] 4. a. [0] 2. a. her b. her b. her / [0] b.
her / [0] c. her / [0] c. her c. [0] d. her / [0] d. her / [0] d.
her
10 Verb + Infinitive Patterns: An Interview on the Music Channel
(p. 234)
3. to thank 8. not to do 4. to know 9. to develop 5. me to play
10. to go 6. to write 11. not to perform 7. me to continue 12. you
to know
11 Using Verbs with Infinitives: I Want (You) to Tell What’s
Going On (p. 235)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
-
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights
Reserved.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Infinitives II
12 Adjectives + Infinitives: Soap Opera Scenes (p. 237) Answers
may vary. Examples are given. 1. to hear 3. to go, to leave 2. to
find, to tell 4. to be, to talk
13 Infinitive of Purpose: Why Did They Do It? (p. 238)
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
14 Infinitives with Too and Enough: Changing Channels (p. 238)
The Sport Show Police Drama
2. too weak to win 1. too upset to talk about 3. enough strength
to play 2. too late to catch 4. talented enough to be 3. enough
money to live on 5. too soon to know 4. smart enough to figure out
6. soon enough to help
15 Infinitives as Noun Modifiers: The Value of Telev