Gizeh and Rifeh by W.M. Flinders Petrie

8/14/2019 Gizeh and Rifeh by W.M. Flinders Petrie

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RIFEH. POTTERY SOUL HOUSE. TYPE L IX XI1 DYNASTY. I


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PRINTED BYHAZELL WATSON AND VINEY LD.

LONDON AND AYLESBURY.


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BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT,AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNTpatronTHE E A R L OF CROMER G.C.B. G.C.M.G. K.C.S.I. Etc. Etc.

LORDAVEBURYWALTER AILYHENRYALFOURFREIHERRON BISSINGDr. T. G. BONNEYRt. Hon. JAMES BRYCEProf. J. B. BURY- SOMERSLARKEEDWARD LODDW. E. CRUMProf. BOYDDAWKINSProf. S. DILLMiss ECKENSTEINDr. GREGORYOSTERDr. J. G. FRAZERALAN GARDINER

GENERAL COMMITT E (*Executive Members)*Prof. ERNEST ARDNERProf. PERCYGARDNERRt. Hon. Sir G. T. GOLDIEProf. GOWLANDMrs. J. R. GREENDr. A C. HADDONJESSE HAWORTHDr. A. C. HEADLAM*Sir ROBERT ENSLEYChairman)D. G. HOGARTHSir H. H. HOWORTHBaron A. VON HUGELProf. MACALISTERDr. R. W . MACANProf. MAHAFFY*J. G. MILNE

Treasurer-- F. G. HILTONRICEHonorary Director-Prof. FLINDERSETRIE

Sir C. SCOTTMONCRIEFFROBERTMONDProf. MONTAGUEWALTERMORRISONProf, P. E. NEWBERRYDr. PAGEMAYF. W. PERCIVALDr. PINCHESDr. G W. PROTHERODr. G. REISNERSir W. RICHMONDProf. F. W. RIDGEWAYMrs. STRONGMrs. TIRARDE. TOWRYWHYTE

Honorary Secretaries-Mrs. HILDAETRIE nd Dr. J. H. WALKER.T h e n e e d of providing for the training of s tude nts is even greater in Eg yp t than it

is in Greece and Italy ; and the relation of England to Egypt at present mgkes i t themore suitable that support should be given to a British School in tha t land. T hi s body isthe only such agency, and is also the basis of the excavations of Prof. Flinders Petrie, whohas had many studen ts associated with his work in past years. T h e great enterprise of t h eexcavation of the temples and city of Memphis, which has now been undertaken, promisesthe most valuable results . But i t will necessarily be far more costly than any othe r workin Egypt , and it cannot be suitably carried out without doubling the present income of t heSchool. Active support is required to ensure the continuance of such work, which depen dsentirely on personal contributions, and each subscriber receives the annual volume. T h eantiquities not retained by th e E gyptia n G overnm ent a re presented to Public Museums, afterthe Annual Exhibi t ion, dur ing July, at Univers i ty College. T h e accounts are audi ted by aChar tered Accountant , and publ ished in the Annual Repor t . Treasu rer F. G. HILTON RICE,Child s Bank , I Flee t S t r ee t , E .C.

A D D R E S S T H E HON. S ECRETARYBRITISH SCHOOL I N EGYPT UNIV ERSIT Y COLLEGE

GOWER STREET LONDON W C


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C O N T E N T SINTRODUCTION

SECT.I Work at Gizeh2. Work at Rifeh3. Coptic sites .

CHAPTER IT H E IST DYNASTY. GIZEH.

4. The discovery of the tomb5. The structure of the tomb6. Th e mastaba and graves around .7. Th e stuccoed tomb8. The plans of the burials9 The stone vases

..

IO. The palettes, tools, and flints11 The toilet objects and ivories

..

CHAPTER VPAGE

I TH E IXTH XIITH DYNASTIES. RIFEH.I SECT. PAGE24. Age of the cemetery . . 11

25. The rock-tombs . . I 126. The tomb of Nekht-ankh . . I 227. The tomb of Khnumu-hotep . . . I 228. The shoal graves I3. 2 29. The statuettes and carvings . I3

2 30. The alabaster vases . I33 31. The beads . I3. 3 32. The weapons. I4. 4 33. The pottery I455

. 6 CHAPTER VI12. The bracelet of hawks . . . 613. The measurements. . . 6 THE SOUL HOUSES. RIFEH.

CHAPTER I1THE IIND AN D IIIRD DYNASTIES. GIZEH.

14. The re-used tomb15. The stone vases .16. The hill mastaba17. Flint, marbles, and copper18. The measurements . .

CHAPTER I11TH E IVTH VITH DYN ASTIES. GIZEH.

34. Position of models. I435. Origin of models . 9 I 536. Imitations of houses I 537. Dat e of models . . I 538. The types . . 1639. The trays of offerings . 1640. A. Shelter without satah , . 16

8 41. B. Shelter with satah . 1742. C. Hu t chamber . . I 743. D. Chamber with portico I744. E. atah between muZgafs I745. F. Se-vera1 chambers . I7

19 The system of tombs . 8 6. G. atah across mdgafs . I720. The inscriptions e 9 7, H. atah divided in three , I 748. J. Two mdqafs and s t hs . I7

CHAPTER IV 49. K. Closed door 1850 L. No muZqafs Furniture . . 18TH E VITK DYNASTY. ZARABY AN D ZOWYEH. 51 M. Closed court . . 1 8

21. The system of graves . . IO 52. N. Stripes on wall. . . 18I 93 The other objects I O 54. Stairways .22. The stone vases and pottery . IO 53. Walls and roofs I8

V


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vi CONTENTSSECT. PAGE CHAPTER X55 Windows and doorways .56. Columns .57. Th e spout and offerings.58. The bins and corn-grinder

I9 SECT SAITE AND LATER PERIODS. PAGEI9 79. Tomb of Thary . 28I9 80 Burials a t Gizeh 29I 9 81. Demotic inscriptions, Gizeh 29.

82. Greek papyri, Rifeh . 299. Th e furniture . . 2083. Coptic excavations. 3 0

CHAPTER VI1 CHAPTER XITHE DEMOTIC PAPYRI.

BY SIR HERBERTTHOMPSON,art.TH E XIIITH-XVITH DYNASTIES. RIFEH.84. Description of papyri 3186 f B 3187. ,> c,D 3288. 1 E . 33CH AP TE R VI11 9. J 9 9 F, G H,K. . 34

60. The graves . 2062. The pottery . 212o 85 Papyri from case A 311. The objects found

3435

go. Tabular statement.91. Contract translatedHE XVIIITH-XXTH DYNASTIES. RIFEH.

63. The tombs . z I 92. Embalming contract 3664. The stone work . 22 93. Account of ibises, etc. . 3665. The shabtis 22 94. List of cleruchs 3766. Funeral furniture and canopics . 22 95 Fragment of an historical romance . 3867. The alabaster vases . 2368. The pottery and clay models . 23 CHAPT ER XI169. T he tomb with Ramessu 111. . 23 THE COPTIC MANUSCRIPTS.70. The site of Khaemuas, Gizeh . 24 BY W. E. CRUM.

96. Th e monastery of S. Apollo . 3997. Biblical and Apocryphal MSS. . 3998. Liturgies and Homilies 40

CHA PTE R IX gg. Acta 40100 History and aphorisms 41

41HE CLASSIFICATION OF THE POTTERY. 101 Geography .71. The IXth-Xth dynasties, PI. XI11 A72. The Xth-XIth dynasties, PI. XI11 B,C73. The XIth-XIIth dynasties, PI. XI11 D74. Division into classes, XVI II th dynasty.75. Objects found with pottery .76. Cubit decimally divided77. Tomb of Nekht-ankh78. Hieratic Papyrus

, 24 102. Dates and officials .. 25 103. Taxation .25 104. Marriage contract .. 25 105. Accounts26 106. Th e Dialec t.26 Present position of objects .. 26 ADDENDUMn Libyan Inscriptions27 I N D E X .

414242424243

. 4445


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LIST O F PLATESW I T H P A G E R E F E R E N C E S TO T H E D E S C R I P T I O N S

Plates with lettered numbers are o n issued in the Doubk VoZume)RIFEH PAGE

PAGE X.B Body coffins . . Nekht-ankh . 1 2X.C Boats . 9, I 2X. D Canopic box and jars ,, I 2GIZEH X . E Statuettes I, I 2

I. Pottery soul-house type L . . I811. Mastaba V views . - 3 X. F Burials of XIIth-XVIIIth dynasties

111. V, objects111. A V and T, objects .IV. ,, V and T, objects.V. ,, V objects .V.A ,, V alabaster vasesV.B 9, v, 9, 9V.C ,, V Stone bowls .V.D ,, v, 9 )>V. E

VI. MastabaV planV1.A ,, V plans of gravesVI. B Stone vases etc. Neteren .VI. C Alabaster bowls ,,VI. D Mastaba T, stone vases .V1.E ,, 9 9 1VII. A Inscribed lintels .VII. B Tombs statuette etc. .VII. C Plan of southern cemetery .VII. D Altars. Model tools

Stucco Tomb Pottery Sealings

VI I. ,, plan.

ZARABY

. 4-64 5 8

4-74-6

4 544 54, 72 3

. 427277, 8, 27

7, 8 27* 7, 88,8, 9. s

27

41

x I.X1.A

XII.XIII.XIII. AXIII. BXIII. cXIII. DXIII. EXIII. FXIII. GXIII. HXIII. JXIV.xv.XVI.XVI. A

XVI I.XVII. A

XVIII.XVIII. A

12 14 20 23Coffins from one tomb .Stone vases etc. X II th dynasty 13 14Objects of VIth-XIIth dynasties 13, 14

14eapons of copper and wood,, Xth dynasty . 13 24 25,, Xth-XIth dynasties 24 25

. 11 12 21. 11 12 27

I2

Pottery IXth-Xth dynasties . 2 4

,, XIth-XIIth ,, 2 4 2 53, ,, Khnumu-nekht . I 1 2 2 7on canopic box etc. I I 12 27

Scarabs and Tomb plansInscription of Nekht-ankh

,Marks on potteryPottery trays of offerings . . 15 16Pottery soul-houses. A. B. . 16, 17

9 , C.D. . I 7I, 9 ) E. F. 3. . I 79, 9 , G. H. * I 79 ,> J. K. L. 17, 1 8,, 1 J. K. L. . 17, 18

JJ 9, D. E. . I 7

XVII1.B 1 L. M. N. . I 8XIX. ,> ,, M. N. I 8VII. E Stone vases views IOVII. F Pottery Vth-VIth dynasties . IO xx. 1 ,, roofs doors etc. 19XXI. ,) J, columns and walls 19

XXII. ,* ,, bins and figures 2 09 A-E 17

I XXI1.C 9 9, 9, E-L 17, 18. 1 2 XXI1.D ,) 9 99 L-N 18

RIFEH1 1 , 20 21 XXII . A Summary of soul-houses . . 16III. Map of district and plan .IX. Coffin of Kheti. IXth dynasty 13 XXI1.B Register ,,

X. Granite figure of Khnumu .X. A Box coffins Nekht-ankh

vii


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viii

XXII. EXXIII.XXIV.xxv.XXVI.

XXVII.XXVII. AXXVII. BXXVII. cXXVII. DXXVII. EXXVI1.FXXVII. GXXVII. HXXVII. JXXVII. KXXVI I.LXXVI1.MXXV1I.NXXVII. 0

XXVIII.XXIX.xxx.XXXI.XXXI. AXXXI. B

XXXII.

C O N T E N T SPAGE

Plans and pottery . 14 5Scarabs and foreign pottery . 23Painted wooden box . . 20Cemetery S, pottery XIII-XV.dynasties . 21Cemetery S pottery XIII-XV. . 21Figures and foreign pottery

XVIIIth dynasty . . 22 , 23Alabaster vases clay models 23 26Stools canopics Hathor etc. . 22Ushabtis . 22, 26Pottery to Tahutmes I. 25,> ,, 2.5,, 1 . 22, 5

1 Jf 25,, of Tahutmes 111. . 25,I ,9 . 22 , 25,, to Tahutmes IV. . . 26

Pottery of XVIIIth-XIXthdynasties . 22Pottery index of forms. . 26Steles . 22Canopic inscription and hieratic . 27

PAGEXXXI II. Tomb chapel E. chamber . . 28XXXIV. ,, ,, ,, S. wall. a 8xxxv. ,I 3 ,, E ,, 28XXXVI. 1 9 ) ,, N ,, . 28XXXV1.A ,, ,, hall W. wall etc. . 28

XXXV1.B ,, ,, N. and E. chambers 28x x x v 1 . c ,, 1, N. chamber S. hall 28,, W- > J Ne ,, 28XXV1.D ,,

91 ,, 1 w I 28XXV1.E ,,XXXV1.F ,, ,, 9, ,, s., . ,, 28XXXV1.G ,, ,, mid hall etc. . 28

XXXVI I. 9 ) ,, plan . 28XXXVII . A GIZEH. Demotic Crypt etc. 29COPTIC

XXX VII. B RIFEH furniture tombstones . 3XXXVIII. BALYZEHtone and metal work 30XXXV1II.A ,, views Hebrews needles30 31XXXVIII. B ,, Needles etc.; GIZEH n-

scriptions 29 31XXXIX. BALYZEH optic inscriptions . 43XL. GANADLEH optic inscriptions . 43Tomb with Ramessu 111. 11, 23

9, 9 II 239, I> . 11 24

hotographic plates 44Lithographic ,, 65Total in Double Volume . 109GIZEH

Glazed pottery and coffins 2, 29 Th e plates of tomb inscriptions referred to asCanopics and coffins . 29 P1. XI11F on p. I I are not yet published.Tomb chapel of Thary . . 28 number 30.,, 3 9, . 29 On plate XX I the house below 130 has lost its


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GIZEH AND RIFEHI N T RODUCT I ON

I THEwork of the British School of Archaeologyin Egypt, during the past winter, lay partly at Gizeh,and partly in the district between Asyiit and Sohiig.The reason for this division was that only a smallpart of Gizeh was available, not enough for a season swork, the whole of the pyramid region being alreadyoccupied by American and German claims. A largeand speculative district in Upper Egypt was thereforealso occupied by the School, and the greater part ofthe season s work was carried on there. The wholeparty began work at Gizeh on December I Mr. Wardand myself explored the western desert, from Asyutto Sohag, December 24 to 29 I returned to Gizeh,and then went back to Mr. Ward to begin work atRifeh on January IO Mr. Rhoades left Gizeh andbegan work at Deir Balyzeh January 18 and wasjoined there at the end of the month by Mr. Mackay,who had finished packing at Gizeh. At the end ofFebruary Messrs. Mackay and Gregg went to Deir elGanidleh, and Mr. Rhoades joined us at Rifeh. ByMarch the whole party was reunited at Rifeh;March 17 I left, and the rest of the party graduallydiminished till Messrs. Rhoades and Mackay finallyclosed the packing on April 2.Th e importance of Gizeh in the IVth dynasty isknown to every one by the three pyramids of thekings but discoveries of late years indicated tha tthere had been an earlier cemetery to the south of thepyramid region. Half a mile south of the GreatPyramid a ridge of rock rises from the plain, abovethe Arab cemetery and a group of trees, which forma well-known landmark in many pictures. Thisridge runs south for half a mile, and is riddled withtombs, especially at its southern end: it was thiscemetery which we examined during December. Inthe plain beyond it l ay two patches of pottery andstone-chips the nearer was around a tomb of the1st dynasty, which had been opened by M. Daressyfor the Cairo Museum he further or southern patch

was of the age of Ramessu 11 and had apparentlybeen a monument of his son Kha-em-uas. Th edivision of the work was that Mr. Ward, Mr. Mackay,and Mr. Rhoades took charge of the workmen, andbegan to measure up work and keep accounts, andMr. Mackay also took some photographs; Mr.and Mrs. Firth did much of the drawing; while Iorganized the work and also did drawing and photo-graphing. I have to thank Dr. Reisner for kindlyallowing our cases to be deposited at his camp,between the close of the work at Gizeh and the endof the season.

2 At Deir Rifeh our work extended from thewell-known Coptic village by the ancient tombs, atabout six miles south of Asyut, for about threemiles southward to beyond Zowyeh. Th e finelysculptured rock-tombs, now in possession of the Copts,were not touched by us as Mr. Griffith had carefullycopied them twenty years ago (The Inscvz ions oSi nd De r Rgeh) b u t I copied some remainingpainting in two other of the great tombs. In front ofthese we searched the banks of chips, and found a fewunopened tombs of smaller size with fine burials;and the whole of the small rock-tombs were cleanedout, but very little was found in them. Our principalwork lay in the cemeteries of graves dug in the plainbelow the cliff (see P1. VIII) . Here we found burialsfrom the VIIth dynasty down to mediaeval times,but mostly of the XIth, XIIth, and XV II It h dynasties.Our huts were built by the side of the modern cemeteryjust south of this ground and south of us lay anothercemetery, of the Hyksos age. Going further to thesouth we pass a cemetery of the XVIIIth dynastynear Zowyeh, entirely plundered recently and thenext group is a small cluster of burials of the VIthdynasty at the mouth of a valley, and another groupout in the plain a little further to the south. Someeight miles south of our camp is another smallcemetery of the VI th dynasty at Zariiby. Th e workat Rifeh was mainly superintended by Mr. Ward,while I was engaged in drawing and photographing.

I


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INTRODUCTIONMr. Rhoades afterwards joined us, while Mr. Warddid par t of the packing. Mr. Mackay worked th ecemetery a t Zaraby, and afterwards finished thepacking at Rifeh.3. All along the western desert are innumerableCoptic settlements on the cliffs. These are all of onetype ; in each case a quarry-cave of Roman age hasserved for a refuge for the Egyptians at the Arabinvasion ; walls were built in the great rock cavernsto divide them into houses; as peace became estab-lished the buildings extended out over the foot-hill infront of the quarry-cave ; lastly, at any time duringthe past eight centuries, one or another of the oldstrongholds has been abandoned, and the Copts havesettled in villages on the edge of the cultivation, leav-ing their old refuges with little or no regard. Thesesettlements are usually known as Deirs, called afterthe nearest village. In our district there were thefollowing: I ) at 4 miles south of Asyut, DeirDronkeh, now recently deserted and a new villagebuilt on the slope below i t ; 2) at 6 miles, DeirRifeh, still fully occupied, but with many new housesbelow it on the slope ; (3) at 8 miles, Deir Zowyeh ;a little early settlement on the cliff a t the mouth of avalley, appears to have been attached to a largesquare fort-like Deir on the edge of the cultivation,now fully occupied ; this great Deir or Coptic villagemust be early, as it is surrounded by a wide stretchof rubbish mounds which go back to Roman times ;4) at 11 miles, Deir Balyzeh, a large settlementhigh up on the foot-hills with quarry-caves, datingfrom about the VIIth to Xth century A.D., nowentirely deserted ; this was largely excavated byMr. Rhoades first, and then by Messrs. Mackay andGregg ; (5) at 19 miles, Deir el Ganadleh, a largequarry-cave full of walls, paintings and inscriptions,and considerable buildings outside of it. Half a milesouth of it is a later Deir, in which a modern screenhas been added to the sanctuary, and service isoccasionally held ; he doors stand open, and there isan immense circular well in front of it, about 2 0 feetacross and 160 feet deep. Thi rty miles south of thiswe reach the well-known Red and Whi te monasteries,Deir Abu Bishai and Deir Amba Shenudi, which areoriginal Roman buildings before the Arab conquest.We have to thank Dr. Alexander, and the staff ofthe American College at Asyut, for help to ourworkmen, and facilities in other ways. They relievedus of the need of transporting duplicate potte ry andthe skulls found at Rifeh, by accepting them for thecollection which is being formed at the College.

CHAP T ER ITHE IST DYNASTY. GIZEH.

4. IN 1904M. Barsanti found, and M. Daressyexcavated, for the Cairo Museum, a tomb of the 1stdynasty, in the plain about a mile and a half SSEof the Great Pyramid. Th e account of the workis published in the Annales u ervice vi. gg. Thebrief description there given need not be repeated,as a much more detailed account follows here. Butsome statement of the objects discovered is valuable.Pieces of charcoal of the roofing remained in theruins. The southern chamber contained fourteenflint knives, some of the type of the first on pl. IV,beside broken fragments, and some scrapers. Th enext shallow chamber contained long jars of the typeshown in Abydos i, vi, 13. Th e deep burial chambercontained more pieces of jars and eight large conicalseals, apparently of the type 126 Royal Tombs ir,xvii) from a piece which I found : also pieces ofalabaster and hard stone vases, including about sixtycylinder jars ; small sketches of nine types are given.A few pieces of ivory also appeared. In the twonorthern chambers were pottery jars, of the types inRoyad Toinbs i, xlii, 35, 55 and 78. As the objectsremain in M. Daressys room a t the Museum, andhe was away when I passed through Cairo, I couldnot draw them for complete publication as I hadwished.

5 . The structure of this earliest tomb of theMemphite region is important, as showing how farthe Abydos type was followed in the new centre.Th e form of the tomb may be seen in P1. VI. Themiddle chamber surrounded with piers is the deepest ;the two chambers a t each end of that are about halfthe de pt h; and the whole of these subterraneanchambers were covered over by a brick mastaba withpanelled sides. These various parts we now describein detail.Th e burial chamber is over 35 feet long (426 inchesE., 422 W. and over 18 feet wide 221 N., 220 S . ; itwas over 7 feet deep originally, but is so much brokenat the top edge that it is hard to trace the roofing.The best indication of depth is that of the northernchamber where the roofing beams were traced at33 inches over the floor, which is 60 inches over thatof the burial chamber, or 93 inches altogether, andthis agrees with the height of the top of the wall inthe north-west corner where it is preserved. In thesouth-west corner the floor is rather lower, and thehighest plastered face is 96 inches over it.


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3ST DYNASTY MASTARA AND GRAVESWithin this chamber was a wooden lining, whichrested on a footing beam ; and the space between thelining and the wall was divided by the brick piers.

Such is exactly the arrangement of the tomb of kingZet, contemporary with this at Abydos. These brickpiers-as at Abydos-were built in after the woodlining was in place, as the ends abutting on the woodare bare brick, while the sides are plastered, and themud mortar has been squeezed out against a verticalface at the end. Th e corner pier is shown on P1. 11,where the groove of the footing beam can be seen run-ning into the pier, but met by the beam at right anglesbefore entering the brickwork. A strange feature isthat the upper par t of the piers has a hollow shell ofone brick thick, the wall was plastered behind this,and then the hollow was filled up with bricks, as seenin the photograph.The purpose of these piers was not merely to sub-divide the space, but also to embrace and steady theupright posts which carried the wooden lining. Ineach pier is a circular hollow, shown a t ground levelon the plan. These hollows are 5 or 6 inches across,and slope forward as they rise. Th e best preserved,

at the north-west corner, are 5 to I O inches from thelining face at 62 up, 8 to 13 inches at 42 up ; there-fore it would lean forward to touch the lining face at95 up, or exac tly at th e level of the roof. Theseposts doubtless carried a long beam to which thewooden lining was attached.Th e wooden chamber inside was about 356 x 164inehes, according to the traces of the base beams andposts. There is no trace of a wooden floor either inthe burial chambers or in the shallower chambers atthe ends. In the southern chamber a line of woodalong the floor was part of a box about half an inchthick. The clearing out of the chamber by theMuseum workmen may have retnoved traces of theflooring and fittings, as they had certainly taken outlarge jars, which were standing in place. Thoughthe chambers were partly burnt, the floor beamshad survived till much later times. Across theburial chamber is a skew wall roughly built of bricks,some burnt red, others crude black, side by side,showing tha t it was built from the burn t ruins of thetomb, perhaps in Roman times. Through this wallthe floor beam ran intact, and has left a hole sixinches high and five wide. In other part s the placesof the floor beam were five inches high and four wide.The extent of burning varied up t o partial vitrification ;probably much of it was due to the unguents.The end chambers were evidently for offerings,

being only 33 high; traces of jars remain along theside of the southern chamber. Th e walls average39 inches thick (38-41) ; and the chambers are about220 from east to west, like the burial chamber, and104 101 o 107 from north to south. The sideshave been greatly cut away recently, apparentlyin clearing the tomb, so that i t is difficult to trace theirreal place.6. Th e existence of a mastaba above the chamberswas not suspected until we cleared the ground. Th ebest preserved part of it is shown by the view inP1. I1; the plan in P1. VI . Th e panelled brickworkis of th e same plan as that of the tomb of the queenof Mena at Naqada, and the great mastaba on thetop of t he hill at Gizeh shown in P1. VI I. Th e facesof the brickwork were all coated with white plaster,and th e floors of the bays likewise whited. In twoplaces a pot was left in the bay, before being coveredover by the coating wall, 22 to 2 5 inches thick ; thiswall is seen in the view, P1. 11, on the right hand ofthe panelling. The extent of the mastaba wasproved by a row of bays on the west, by a fragmentof a bay on the south, another on the east, and b ythe inner face of the wall on the north ; for the dimen-sions see sect. 13. Th e general position of themissing bays is roughly indicated by the roundedoutline on the plan.On each side of the mastaba, at a short distancefrom it, was a line of graves, see P1. VI ; on the westside they were joined together, being formed by twolong parallel walls with cross-walls between, shownin P1. I1 ; on the other sides the pits were builtseparately. All of these graves were lined with brick-work, mud-plastered, and roofed by wooden polesa few inches apar t, covered with brushwood. Th eonly difference between these and the Abydos gravesof the royal retainers and officials, is that all thegraves were there joined together as only the westernrow is here. Th e graves vary from 78 to 102 incheslo ng ; but twenty of them are between 86 and 89inches, seventeen are longer and nine are shorter.The breadth is about 52 inches.7. At the south-east of grave 12 the top of thelining-wall was at 45 inches over the floor of thegrave; thence up to 63 inches was a bed of marlthrown out in excavating the graves. At about60 inches up was brick rubbish from building thegrave, and at 63 in th e loose sand which covered itwere some broken pieces of coloured stucco. Th eoriginal built paving over the grave was at 69 ; andthence up to 83 was blown sand and mud rubbish


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4 THE ISTDYNASTY. GIZEHover it. These pieces of stucco were thus on the oldsurface around the grave, but below and outside ofthe brick paving which covered the grave. Th epieces (see P1. V E) had formed a stucco coat whichhad been put over a raised grave structure. Thi sbuilding had been ribbed with blue stripes, sunkin a white ground; and had a plain battlementeddado around it, from which the round-topped tombhad sprung. Then at a later date the whole hadbeen replastered, covering the dado and top all in oneuniform coat with stripes. Th e stucco found wasthis coating, bearing on one side a cast of the olderstructure, and the face of the newer on the other side.This section and view of the inner side is shownon P1. V E, with the restoration sketch. The ribbingwas in the same place on the inner and outer coats ;but in parts it obviously slanted. Th e original tomband the new coat had been coloured blue on the samebands. The bands measured were white 4.4, blue 5.8w. 4.0, b. 32, w. 7.4, b. 3-1,w. 3 8, b. 5.9, w. 4.6.It seems then that there was a broad blue of 5.9, witha narrower of 3.1 on each side. The whites betweenaveraged 4'2 wide, and a broad white of 7'4 partedthe groups of blues. Th e whole group was 28 inches.Th e dado spaces are 13 2 high and 15 2 ow, or 28.2inches for the group. The bands therefore keep pacewith the dado, though not centred over the battle-ments. The curvature of the stucco indicates abreadth of about 103 inches ; but as the Egyptiansused a parabolic arch, the actual breadth would berather less.

Th e original size of the built-up tomb was probablyadapted to the grave below. Th e nearest of thesegraves that could be measured was 126 inches longincluding the end walls. Now if there were thenumber of battlements that are shown in the restora-tion sketch they would be 126.4 long, or exactlythe length of the grave and its walls. If there werethe number shown on the end, the breadth wouldhave been 98.4, agreeing with the breadth of ratherunder 103 shown by the curvature; the grave withits walls below was about 84 wide over all, As thestucco was found between graves 1 1 and 12, andgrave 1 1 had contained a very rich burial, it seemsprobable that this decorated tomb was above grave I I.

8. Th e burials had all been disturbed, and abouthalf of the graves were empty ; wo graves with bonesremaining are shown in P1. I11 A, the former is grave38 and the la tter is grave 39. As regards the direction,the bodies remaining in four N.-S. graves were allwith head north, face east. Of the E.-W. graves,

three had head to east and four had head to west, butall with the face to the north. Thus evidently thehead to north and face east was the normal positionof burial. All the bodies had the knees sharply bent,where the position was preserved. At Abydos theroyal retainers lay with head north in five cases, southin one other ; and facing half to east half to west ;but th e graves in the town of the 1st dynasty arecontrary in direction, eight having head to south, oneto north, and one to east; and all lay on the leftside, that is usually facing west. Hence the royalretainers at Abydos and the Gizeh burials havethe same direction ; while the Abydos town burialsare reversed.The sketches of the plans of graves are shownin P1. VI A. It seems that the graves were plunderedwhile the roofs were still in place, as in some cases thealabaster jars had evidently been thrown one on theother in a corner and broken on the floor of the grave.The contents of the graves were as follows. Th ecylinder vases are all drawn in Plates V, A, B ;the bowls in Plates V, C, D ; the pottery in V, E.Flint knife, P1. IV ; arge ivory spoon,rave 000

I I bowl ; 2arge jars.2. 2 bowls, one with u s sign.3. 2 cylinder jars ; I bowl.4 2 large jars, 2 egg-shaped jars, bowl, pottery.5 . 2stone bowls.6. I cylinder jar.7. 6bowls.8. 2bowls.

rotted ; I cylinder jar ; I bowl.

11. 2 ivory cylinder jars, 111; I V ; V, 15, 16.Ivory ibex, I V ; V, 9 : circular boxes, I V ;V, 19-21 2 spoons, V, 31, 32: hair-pin, V,26: hand, IV; V, 25 : bull's leg, I V ; V, 28:disc foot, V, 27 : bit of cup, V, 24 : slip, V, 18 :covers and slates, IV ;V, IO, I . Gold needles,I V ; V, 13, 14 Copper lid, IV. 2 coppertools, V, 22, 23. 4 small stone vases, 111 ; V,I, 2 , 4, 5. Lazuli vase, 111 ; V, 3. Bit offlint armlet, V, 29. 6 cylinder jars ; 13 bowls.

12. Copper bowl. 6 cylinder jars. 5 bowls.13. Ivory cylinder jar, V, 17 long spoon, V, 34.Glazed disc, I V ; V, 35. Adze a t hand andat knee, 111, A. 2 ivory pins. Cylinder jar.2 bowls.14. 2 pieces of flint bracelets, cylinder jar, 2bowls.

15 Vases as in P1. 11.3 pots.16. Cylinder jar.3 cylinder jars, 6bowls,


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STONE VASES A N D SMALL OBJECTS17. 3 cylinder jars.18. Cylinder jar, 4 bowls.21. Bowl.23. Ivory gazelle wands, IV ; V, 6, 7.36. 2 pots.38. Pottery.39. Bowl.40 2 cylinder jars.41. 2 cylinder jars and stand.42. Trace of box coffin.44. Trace of box coffin.51 2 bowls.56. Slate palettes, 111. Copper chisel. Inscribed9. The stone vases are drawn in the Pls. V, V A,V B, V C, V D, and some photographed in Pls. X

and 111. Th e types are well known in the 1stdynasty (compare RoyaZ Tombs ii, Pls. xlvi. to liii G).The cylinder jars of a labaster have the wavy line inonly two examples, and such belong to the beginningof the dynast y; but the cord pattern is closely notchedas in the first half of the dynasty, and not coarsely asin the second half. Th e small trumpet-mouth vasesbelong mainly to the tombs from Mena and Zet.The slate, syenite, and alabaster bowls are of thetypes from Zer to Den. Hence as this tomb is datedto Zet by the sealing (I11 A), it does not seem thatthere was any perceptible lag in the s tyles betweenAbydos and Gizeh. In P1. 111 the four cups and thebarrel vase are from grave I I , the upper necked vasefrom grave 13, and that at the base from a tombon the hill.As regards the materials they are closeIy like thoseused in the royal tomb of Zet. The total numbersfor comparison are 60 vases recorded here, 85 fromthe tomb of Zet, and 752 from all the royal tombs.Reducing these t o percentages of each kind of stonewe have-

Comb, IV ;V, 8. Lid, V, 12. Flint armlets, 111. 4 pots.See view P1. I11 A.See view P1. I11 A.Box coffin.Flin t scrapers.

fl int, I11 A. F l i n t flakes.

CrystalBasaltSyenite, c.VolcanicSerpentineSlateDolomite .AlabasterColoured limestoneGrey >White

Gizeh Zet1 5

- 3 37 I OI 5

- 1 3I9 7. I 1 I 547 28

20- 0 3. 6 1

Abgdos total)8

1 1I 138

I4I8135

Th e predominance of slate and alabaster at Gizehis due to the forms having been more exhaustivelydrawn, whereas a great mass of duplicate exampiesat Abydos were not registered. On the whole theGizeh tombs seem poorer in the rare stones, whichmight be expected as they are only the tombs ofretainers and not of a king as at Abydos. Th evase fragments found for the Museum in the mainburial at Gizeh are not published in detail, andI could not refer to them as the official in chargewas away when I enquired.The exact similarity of a remarkably fine bowlof metamorphic rock to one from the tomb of ZetRoyaZ Tombs ii, 1, 153) suggests that they camefrom the same workman. Altogether there is nolocal difference of any importance between the objectsused at Abydos and at Gizeh, and this shows the

unification of the civilisation at the time.IO. In one grave, 56, at the east end of the southline, two slate palettes were found, indicating thatthe scribe or artist was buried there. These areshown in P1. 1x1; each has one pan covered withblack and the other with red paint. From thesize of the pans it is clear that they were not forsmall quantities used in writing, as the colour woulddry up too quickly ; nor were they for colour-washeson walls, as they would not hold enough. The useof them seems to have been for painting scenes onthe flat, or for colouring statues; and certainly asmall brush was used, as shown by the streaks ofcolour on the edges of the larger palette. Such apalette is shown hung by one end over the shoulderof a scribe, on the panel of Hesy; and this largerpalette has a hole in the end for hanging it. Th esize of the larger palette is 10.94, 10.98, 1076 long,5.45, 548, 5 - 5 0 wide, the pans 460 across ; the lesseris 4.14, 411 long, 2.17, 218, 2-20 wide, the pans 1.72to 1.74 inches across.The accounts of this scribe were found in thegrave written on a slip of flint, at about the positionof the hands. This is photographed on P1. I11A.Th e numbers on it are written much like the pieceof accounts from the tomb of Zet RoyaZ Toinbs i,xix, 11 , and we read the numbers 78, 103, 40and 60.In the same grave, 56, a much corroded copperchisel was found beneath the l arge palette, lyingupon the pelvis. In another grave, 1 3 on the westside, two copper adzes were found ; the better pre-served is shown on P1. I11 A. The body was in a4 box coffin about 49 x 28 inches, with the knees


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6 THE IST DYNASTY. GIZEHsharply bent; one adze lay before the arms, theother was set upright between the knees. Theseare exactly the same form as the copper adze ofking Zer, RoyaZ Toinbs ii, vi, 23. A copper bowl,rather crushed and corroded, was found in grave 12 ;it was like that from the tomb of Semer-khet, RoyaZTombs i, xii, I I.The flint-work was much like that of the sameperiod elsewhere. Th e first knife on P1. IV is likea curved tip of one found in the tomb of Zet; andthe second knife is like the fragments found in thetomb of Zer, see Abydos i, xiv. Th e pointed flakesresemble those of Zer and Zet, and the round-endedflakes from grave 41 re like those of Zer, Zet, andMer-neit. Thus the style of flint-work, both detailedand rough, agrees with that a t Abydos, a nd shows thatthere is not fifty years of difference either way betweenthe work of the southern and northern capitals.The flint bracelets, P1. 111, were found on theright fore-arm of a body in grave 23. They arelike those found in the tombs of Zer and Zet.

11. The toilet objects are shown in Pls. IV, V.The little circular ivory dishes with lids, are notknown before. Th e two loops at the sides aredoubtless for a hinge-pin and a closing-pin : thedecoration on the sides and lids is by rows of drilledspots. The y were probably for containing eye-paint.Below these in the photograph is a carved hand froma statuette. Next is an oryx couchant forming thehandle of a n ivory lid, of which a piece of theedge lies below. At the right hand is a bulls legfrom a casket. At the base of the photograph onthe left are two ivory covers for kohl slabs, a nd oneslate slab ; such small slabs and covers belong to thetime of Zet (see Royad Tombs ii, xxxviii, 2, 50, 51 .In the middle is an ivory comb, of t he same form asone from the tomb of Zer R. . ii, xxxiv, 26). Belowit are two needles of g ol d; they have only beenfound of copper before. At the right is a coppercap from a jar, and a cylindrical jar of ivory.The two ivory wands, P1. IV, with gazelle headswere found in grave 23 ; they are finely carved, andwere doubtless used 6y a dancer for marking time,as in the scene in Deshashek xii. Below is a disc ofblue glazed pottery, now faded white, with holes forsuspension.The spoons were frequent in graves, but arealways found broken up in the plundering. Th evarious forms are drawn in P1. V. A similar bowlwas found in the tomb of Zer R. . ii, xxxiv, 81).They differ from prehistoric spoons in having the

curious bend of the handle turning down to theunder side of the bowl.12. The bracelet of hawks, PI. 111, is of blue

glazed pottery. I t is a cheap imitation of the typeof gold and turquoise bracelet found in the tombof Zer R. . i, i), and pieces of the same form areknown in ivory and in lazuli R. ii, xxxv, 81). Inthis case the backs of the pieces are plain, and there-fore it is seen that some faced one way and some theother way, unlike the royal bracelet where they alllooked the same way. At least three have been lost,there are eight facing to left and only five facing toright ; the extreme left-hand one in the photographis reversed. The pieces have t w o threading holesrunning through each; and as some small glazedball-beads were found with them, twice as manyas the hawks, it seems that the beads were threadedbetween the plaques. Th e two thread-holes run intoone in th e terminal rings, by which the bracelet wastied on. Th e long beads of similar blue glaze weredoubtless a necklace ; they were found in the gravewith the bracelet pieces.13. The measurements of the panelling of thebrickwork of the mastaba are regular, the successiveportions being (in inches)

Projection Bay GroupI08 71 I79I06 72 178109 70 I7976 18307

ean 107.5 72.2 I79 7These are in the proportion of 3 to 2,1075 = 358,and 722 = 361 . In the projection the panels andthe flat wall average exactly the same width, 15-3.On continuing from the southern remaining pane lto the fragment on the south face, the distance is 354or 2 groups of 177 ; and from the northern remainingpanel to the north face was 540, or 3 groups of 180.Thus the fragments of the ends fall very closely intheir right place. Th e total length was 1897 andbreadth 831 ; deducting the 108 repeat of the pro-jection, this gives 1789 for IO groups, and 723 for4 groups ; or 179 and 181 for the average group ofside and end. It can hardly be questioned that thebay is IOO digits and the projection 150, the groupbeing 250. The true diagonal digit of the 20.6 inchcubit is 728, and 250 of this would be 182 inches forthe group. We find in the II Ird dynasty mastaba(sect. IS),on the contrary, that the customary digit, of


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TO MB OF THE REIGN OF NETER EN 728 to the cubit, was used. Some other dimensions,such as the distances to the outside of the east andwest graves, and length of the brick chamber, seemto indicate cubit measurements ; but as co-ordinatemeasures do not agree with this, it is best to leave theseout of consideration.

C H A P T E R I1THE IIND AND IIIRD DYNASTIES. GIZEH.14. ON he top of the south end of the ridge facingthe cultivation, looking down on the site of the tombof the 1st dynasty, we found the remains of a tomb ofthe IInd dynasty. It had originally consisted of asloping passage, closed by two successive stone port-cullises, beyond which was a funeral chamber. Later

one portcullis was drawn out upwards, the other wasbroken, the chamber was cut to pieces by a deep shaftpassing through it, the contents were scattered, and amastaba of the XXVIth dynasty was piled up overthe site, with the fragments of early vases in thefilling of it. Th e precise period of the tomb is givenby impressions of five different jar-sealings of kingNeter-en Pl. V E), which were found thrown into asmall well.The limestone portcullis now lying on the surfaceis 118 to I Z O inches long, 48 to 55 wide and Qthick it must weigh over 23 tons. Th e grooves for theportcullises are 57 inches wide, and 24 to 25 across:the depth in the rock is 143 inches, or not muchmore than the length of the block. Th e two pairsof grooves were 34 or 36 inches apart.

15 The stone vases had been all broken ; some ofthem remained in the chamber, but the greater parthad been thrown out and mixed with the later fillingof the mastaba. As being well dated to a reign ofwhich hardly any vases were known Koyad Tombsii, viii, IZ 3), they make a welcome addition to thehistory of vases. The forms are mainly dishes zI),and a few bowls 4) and cylinders 5 ) ; but therewere many more too much damaged to restore, andtherefore the numbers are not exact. The materialwas nearly all alabaster 26), with gypsum 2 drawnand many others broken), limestone I ) , and pinkmarble I). I t seems then that hard stone had beenentirely given up, and the flat dish was by far thecommonest form. A pottery jar l ike those ofPerabsen R. ii, vii, 31) was also found here.

16. O n the top of the hill further back, due southof the Great Pyramid, is a large mastaba, marked on

the plan of Lepsius, which was opened and tracedround by Mr. Covington and Mr. Quibell. Th e planhere given, P1. VI I, is due to measurements taken bydifferent members of our party ; and as discrepanciesexist about the details of the chambers, I regret thatwe cannot entirely depend upon it. Th e generalarrangement and position of the chambers beneaththe mastaba is sufficiently certain for comparisonwith other remains. I t is of the same type as themastabas of the kings Hen-nekht or Sa-nekht) andNeter-khet, of the beginning of the IIIrd dynastyGarstang, Makasna, vii, xviii) ; and these all differso much from the royal tombs known down to theclose of the IInd dynasty, and those of the end of theII Ir d dynasty and onwards, that we must regard theGizeh tomb as nearly contemporary with the begin-ning of the II Ird dynasty. Unfortunately no namehas been found on vases or on sealings; indeed n osealings could be found in it, although I offered alarge reward to the workmen.The outside of the mastaba is panelled on exactlythe same pattern as the mastabas of the early 1stdynasty, under Mena Naqada) and Zet Gizeh). I tseems hard to believe that the detail of such a patternhad continued in use for five centuries without change.The only alternative would be to regard this mastabaas a work of the 1st dynasty, with a reconstructionof chambers of the IIIrd dynasty. But against thatis the fact that this is on a hilltop, whereas all the1st and IInd dynasty tombs are in low ground;and also that there is n o sign of alteration in the bodyof the mastaba. There is therefore no apparentescape from accepting the long continuance of theprecise detail of a pattern for so many centuries.Th e wall coating round the mastaba is 1 2 inchesfrom the face of it, and 56 inches thick and outsideof it is a smooth slope of 174 inches wide, rising40 inches up to the base of the wall. This coveringwall is much more important than in the earlierexamples.17. From the inside of the inastaba there wereobtained hundreds of fragments of stone vases ; butas most of the larger pieces had been removed before,and are now lying in boxes in the Cairo Museum, itseems useless to attempt drawing or restoration tillthey can be re-united. Two or three forms are shownon P1. VI D. Beside these there were found manystone balls or marbles for a game, in the well whichled from the subterranean chambers to the still lowerfuneral chamber. These marbles are shown of theactual size in P1. IV. There were of carnelian,


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8 THE IINDAND IIIRDDYNASTIES. GIZEHI of brown agate, of hard brown limestone, 52 ofwhite quartz, and 59 of white limestone. Th e redcarnelian were 42 and 50 inch diameter, the brownstone 46 o 56, he quartz 41 o -64,he limestone*38 o 5 8 inch.At the top of the same well is a ledge cut in therock, and on clearing this our men found a polishedslab of chert, about a foot long and two inches wide.This is figured in P1. 111A, lighted from the back toshow the translucency. I t is not a knife, as there isno edge to it; though thinning towards the circum-ference, it is bounded by a uniform polished bandaround it, about a sixteenth of an inch wide, Nosuch object is known before, so it is now in the CairoMuseum.A lump of small tools or models made in copper,was found in the tomb the types which can be dis-tinguished are drawn in P1. V I E. They are similarto those from the tomb of Neter-khet and Sa-nekhtMakasna , xvi, xxiii).

18.Th e total size of t he mastaba as measured byMr. Mackay is 2160 nches on E. 184 n W.,114on N. x12 on S. The projecting parts of the faceaverage 77 inches and the bay between 694 ong.There are 14 bays and 5 projections in t he length,7 bays and 8 projections in the width. If we subtractthe final projection from the length and breadth, theyare 2082 and 1035 or 1 cubits and 5 cubits,divided into 14 nd 7 imilar portions, each thereforeof 200 digits. On examining the subdivisions of t heprojecting part we find that the average of the flatfaces is 11.8 f the recesses 10.2 nches; while if wetake the mean digits of the whole length, 7415nch,16 igits is I1.86,nd 14 igits is 10.38. These beingspaces of 16 nd 14 igits, the whole projection is106 igits and the bay 94 digits. Within the baythe average width of the wide recess is 29.8 4, nd40 digits is 29.7 hence the bay is a recess of 40 digitswith 27 on either side. These dimensions are notbased on the pure digit (of which 40 is the diagonalof the square cubit), but on the customary digit of 28to the cubit and the cubit here averaged 20.76, hichis rather a long value.It should be recorded that we also cleared arounda large stone platform on the east side of the mastabajust described; the appearance of it is shown onP1. 111 A. On the top it had no continuous stone-work, the blocks being only the basement of thewalls, which are now destroyed. A pit in the middleof it was cleared, but led to nothing. From beingexactly in front of the mastaba I supposed that it

might have been the base of a stone temple, for theking buried in the mastaba, but nothing was foundbearing on this. On the west side toward the north,and on the north side, some stone bowls were found,three of syenite and four of alabaster, which arefigured in P1. V I D.A tomb shaft was found just below the greatmastaba on the east; and two bowls of blackporphyry, four of diorite, one metamorphic, and fourof alabaster were found, which are figured in P1. VI E.

CHA P T E R I11T H E IVTH-VITH DYNASTIES. GIZEH.

19.THE great buildings of the pyramid kingsstand to the north of the ground which was open tothe work of the British School. But in searching theridge of hill south of the Sphinx we found that theface overlooking the cultivation had a row of rock-tombs cut in it, and many small brick mastabas.Th e mastabas did not yield any objects, the chambershad been rifled long ago, and the stone lintels hadbeen removed, perhaps by Lepsius. Th e rock-tombs,though entirely plundered, had the inscribed stonelintels yet remaining. These were photographed inposition, and afterwards carefully taken out. Th eviews of them in both sta tes are given in P1. VI1 A,and other views of the tombs without inscriptions arein P1. VI1 B. I should have wished to plan andexplore this hill more completely but the inexorablenecessity of finding work on a very limited groundfor a hundred workers brought from a distance,who could not be temporarily dismissed, and theloss of their wages on unprofitable work, compelledme to start digging at Rifeh sooner than I hadwished.The general plan of this cemetery as made byMr. Firth is given on P1. VI1 C. It will be seen thatthe tombs are all quite separate in design, and do notform part of a group on one system. Where rock-chambers are cut into the hill, it is usual to have acourt of brickwork built on in front of them. In othercases the rock is dressed flat, false doors are cut on theface of it, and burial pits are sunk in the rock behindone or more of the false doors. Or else we find thisimitated in brickwork with a mastaba face, and pitsbehind it, as on P1. VI1 B. Inside the rock-chambersthere is sometimes a shallow burial pit with a littlechamber at t he bottom; in other cases there is arough false door, never inscribed, but buil t of blocks,


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STONE INSCRIPTIONS 9and on removing these a grave is found cut in therock, and roofed over with slabs of stone. One suchwas quite intact. I examined the skeleton, of whichsome bones were displaced yet i t did not seem tha tthere was more disturbance than was due to fallingapar t, nor any clear evidence of dismemberment. Th ehead was to the north.Th e plain between the hills to the west of thisridge, three-quarters of a mile south of the GreatPyramid, was also examined. The whole surface iscovered for many feet deep with broken stone-chipsfrom quarrying. As it is too remote to have beenused as a ground for the waste from pyramidbuilding,-such waste being wanted to bank up thepyramid platforms,-the only solution seems to be tha ta bed of good stone existed here, which has all beenquarried out for the pyramids, and only the quarry-waste left on the ground. Yet a difficulty remains inthere being many pieces of red granite, and someof other stones, scattered about the west side of t herocky ridge, as if some costly building had existedin this region. No ground for such a buildingcould be traced, although we looked over the wholearea.

20. The inscriptions of the cemetery belong tothe Vth or VIt h dynasty. On P1. VI1 A, at the top,is the lintel of T h e royal sealer of the granaryNe-ptah-nofer-her his wife Nofert his children theinterpreter of ;records Amgesa, Khut, Ka-em-redui,and Kakaa. The necropolis man Pepa is satisfiedwith the contract which has been made with him.Below that is the roll over the doorway, with theinscription for the husband alone. Give an offeringto the king, and an offering to Anup who is inTa-zeser, for a burial in the cemetery for the lordof devotion to the great god, the royal sealer of thegranary Ne-ptah-nofer-her. The meaning of thesuten hot@d formula has been somewhat cleared bythe construction of it at Tell el Amarna, where thecrystallized tradition was broken, and the grammar ofit can be gleaned from the variants. Th e possiblemeanings to be considered in the usual form are : I)may the king give an offering to a god for favourto the deceased, or 2) may the king and a god givean offering for the deceased, or 3 ) give an offering tothe king and to a god that they may favour thedeceased, or 4) a royal offering given to a god for thedeceased. Now in the tomb of Huya (Davis, EdAmarna iii, xxii) there is suten da hot@ of thybread and beer of thy house, c. The sense I ) isimpossible as no God is named 2) is impossible as

the es tate of the deceased furnishes the offerings 3)or 4) are left as the only meanings. Again in thesame tomb (D., E. A. iii, xix) there is Ankh sutendu hot@ Ua-en.ra . king of south and northNefer.kheperu.ra and A ~ k huten u hdep H ewho is great in duration. I give praise to thy fairface . . . Akhenaten. This will not agree to thesense I ) , nor to 2) as there is no person named butthe king, and he is not asked to offer to himself. .The sense 3 ) , Give an offering to the king, followedby his titles, is perfectly sound. And the prefix ofAnkh before suten shows that sufen is the king, andnot as (4), he adjective r oy al applied to theoffering.Below is a roll from another tomb inscribedRoyal friend, the skilful (maker) of date wineof the king, superintendent of the farm stores,Akhet-ab.Next is a view of a tomb door, and of the lintelapar t, reading Give an offering to the king, and anoffering to Anup in his divine house, for a tomb inthe mountain of the west, for the lord of devotionto the great god, the ships captain, the reckoner ofthe treasury, the royal friend, Per-en-ankh.At the base on the left is a lintel, Give an offeringto the king and give an offering to Anup lord ofTa-zeser for his burial in the underworld of the royalfriend, the superintendent messenger of the judges,the superintendent messenger of the palace, com-panion in the palace, the lord of devotion to thegreat god, Er-du-ne-ptah. On the roll below isHis wife Ymeryt.Th e last group is a lintel reading T he royalfriend, companion in the palace, Er-du-ne-ptah. Hiswife Ymeryt. H e says the necropolis man is tobring these things for a sacrificial offering, nevermay there be a diminishing therein. And onthe drum below is Er-du-ne-ptah, Superintendentof physicians ?)Er-du-ne-ptah. His child, of hisbody . . On P1. VI1B is an altar slab inscribed [Give anoffering to the king and to Anup within Ta-zeser fora good and great burial in the western mountain ofthe underworld for the lord of devotion to the greatgod, and a house of offerings of bread, beer, and cakesto him on the festivals of the new year, of Tahuti, ofUag, of the sad of the great feast, of Pert, and ofsaz. The royal friend, devoted to the great god,the royal purifier, Ra-hapef. I have to thank Dr.Walker and Miss Murray for light on these titlesand phrases.


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I O THE VIT DYNASTY. ZARABY AND ZOWYEHCHAPT ER IV

THE VITH DYNASTY. ZARABY AN D ZOWYEH.21. THEcemetery at Zaraby is on the westerndesert about two miles south of Abutig. Mr. Mackayexcavated it a nd recorded the details of 126 graves.The objects all belong to the VI th dynasty, accordingto the graves of t hat age found a t Hu (Dios oZis

arva xxviii). The principal stone vases andthree burials are shown in P1. VI1 E, and thepottery in P1. VI1 F. From the notes we canclassify the characters of the burials in the followingdetails.Th e position of the bodies was always with headto the north and face to the east and this agreeswith the direction found both at Dendereh and Huin graves of this period. The bodies which remainedin the graves were not uniformly treated. Therewere 22 laid at full length, 18 with the knees some-what bent, 16 with the knees sharply bent and thebody contracted, like the early dynastic and pre-dynastic burials, and 4 dismembered burials allprotected by large stones laid over them. Thesedismembered bodies are important as the latest ofsuch a class of burial; the details are as follow.Grave 83 the skull lay parallel to its natural positionbut in front of the hands, and an alabaster jar VI1 Elower line of small vases, left end) was placed wherethe head should have been the grave was eight feetdeep and was protected by piling big flints upon it,with 2 feet deposit of sand and gravel over the flints.Grave 86 contained two burials together, the head ofone separated six inches from the body ; the gravefour feet deep, protected by piles of stones, and buriedunder a foot of sand and gravel. Grave 97 containedtwo burials; the skulls lay at the north end, onefacing downward, one facing west; the ribs andvertebrae lay in a heap in front of the skulls ; only aleg bone and three arm bones remained from thelimbs: the grave was four feet deep, protected bylarge stones, and covered over with six inches ofsand and gravel. Grave 121, had the skull lyingbase u p facing north, with jaw beneath it ; only thepelvis and legs sharply bent were found, but theywere in excellent preservation ; the grave was threefeet deep and protected with large stones. Each ofthese examples seems due to dismemberment beforeburial, as the large stones placed over the grave werestill in position. Beside these there are other lesscertain cases, as follow. With the body perfectthere is grave 20, skull 3 inches off; grave 39

skull 4 inches off; grave 51 skull 2 inches off; grave60, body face down, skull 4 inches off, with jaw ontop of it ; grave 67, skull 2 inches off; grave I 18only a jaw, no skull, six feet deep with large stonesover it. With no trace of a body, there was grave 1 5with a skull and a jaw on the top of it. With bonespiled up in a heap, and two burials mixed together inthe grave, there were graves 42, 43 see photographsP1. VI1 E , and 81 the last with the two skulls on thetop of the heap. With the previous clear instancesof dismemberment in view, it seems most likely thatthese latter cases are really due to ceremonies beforethe burial, and n ot to being pulled about by plunderers.Such are the latest cases known of ceremonialseparation of the body.

22. The positions of the stone vases were a t theends of the graves. Five at the north end, two a tthe NW. corner; four at the south end, and two a tthe SE. corner, Th e forms shown in P1. V I 1 E areall well known at the close of the Old Kingdom. I tmay be noted that the larger forms, those marked3 5 37 were all found at the south end of graves.While the long tubular vases with collars, 35 45, 57were all at the north ends.The positions of the pottery were nearly all at thenorth end of the grave. The examples are NE. 35N. 23 NW.7, W. I , SW. I , S.2, SE.3, E. 5. Hencethree-quarters of the pottery was at th e north ornorth-east ; usually it was raised on a ledge abovethe head. The forms are given in P1. VI1 F, andare the same as those of the Old Kingdom atDendereh.23. The mirror was found in four cases at thenorth-east, that is before the face, in two cases it wasbeneath the head, and in two cases at the south-eastcorner. A copper adze was the only other metalwork.In two burials button-seals were found at theneck ; and in 23 graves beads were in position onthe neck. Th e types of these were what areknown from Hu and other places, of the VIthdynasty.The burials at Zowyeh were partly in a smallmound of stream-laid debris a t the mouth of avalley see P1. VI1 E), and partly in the plainin front of this. Th e graves had mostly beenplundered, and but few objects were obtained.The best was a string of carnelian amulets ofthe usual VIth dynasty style, found in the valleymound. Th e potte ry found is here marked Zowin P1. VI1 F.


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THE ROCK TOMBS I1CHAPTER V

T H E WITH-XIITH DYNASTIES. RIFEH.24. THEcemetery of Rifeh is not absolutely datedby kings names, except in the XV II It h and XIXthdynasties. But by the style of its contents it largelybelongs to the XI It h dynasty and earlier times.Nothing has been found in it distinctive of theVIth dynasty, like the pottery and amulets ofZowyeh or of Zaraby. For the dating of thepottery the best guide is Dendereh Pls. XVI-XVIII; as the numbering is continuous in those,

they may be referred to as D. I to D. 195. Andfor the pottery certainly not earlier than the XIIthdynasty, see K a h n XII , XI II , called K. I to K . I 11.Th e type which seems to be the earliest is the finelyformed libation vase, as D. 5 7 ; and though this wasnot found beyond the VIt h dynasty at Dendereh, itmust have lasted later here, as it is associated in graves38, 53, 55 112, 321 with forms which belong almostto the XIIth. dynasty. The distinctly intermediateforms are the coarse libation vase D. 109, 124 of theXIth dynasty found in graves 101 117 55 322, andwith soul houses 5 H), 68 L), 140 F), and I43 E).Th e globular pot with narrow cylindrical neck,usually in bistre-brown ware, is of the XIth dynasty,as D. 61 ; and it occurs in graves 84, 92, gg 150, 228,254, 256, 331 to 4, and with soul house 61 H).Coming to the X II th dynasty the globular developedinto the drop form, as in D. 189, K. 16, found ingraves 93, 335, and house 142 H) ; the thin browncup comes in now, as K. 1-3, in graves 107, 116, andwith houses 46 J), 44 (M), and 93 J). The scrabblepatterns of this age, as K. 39-45, are in graves61, 62, 130, 251, and with house 53 M). I t is hardlyneedful to point out other connections ; these abun-dantly show that the cemetery is certainly as old asthe XIth dynasty, and very probably began in theVII-Xth, while it extends well into the XII th,but shows nothing between that and the XVIIIthdynasty.

25. Th e rock-tombs of Rifeh extend for a fewhundred yards, as shown on the map P1. VIII, atabout a third of the whole height of the cliffs. Thosefurthest north, now occupied by the Copts of DeirRifeh, I merely visited, as Mr. Griffith had copied allthe inscriptions twenty years ago, and there wereother matters more important than making afacsimile copy.Th e tomb of importance nearest to the Deir is alarge unsculptured group of three chambers, with

three burial pits, see XI11 E. It appears to be ofthe XIIth dynasty by the style of it, but the onlyrecords in it are ink-written figures and inscriptionsof a re-use of it under Ramessu 111 copied inPIS. XXVIII -XX X. Beside these inscriptions inthe first hall, there are traces on the chamber wallat the back of this. Th e courtyard is 21 inches wideand about 400 long ; the passage IOI wide, 171 long;the hall zgzN., 283S.,474E., 47oW.; the back chamber204 N., 203 S., 208 E., 210 W., the recess 46 x 62 ; theside chamber I 30 S., 103E., 102W., the recess 39 wide.Th e cubit shown by the principal dimensions averages20.5 inches.Further south is another and much larger tomb,which has never been finished, see XI11 E. I tconsists of a single hall, supported by s ix pillars,and with a pit in the middle. The design is reallywith the pit central, and four pillars around i t ; b u tit has been enlarged by cutting further into the northside, where two more pillars are unfinished, with largemasses of flinty limestone left projecting unworked.The form of this plainly shows that it was a tomb,and not merely a quarry; yet the manner in whichthe unfinished cutting has clearly been done for thesake of the stone, shows that the tombs were alsoquarries. This explains the immense halls of therock-tombs of this age at Beni Hasan, Asyut, Rifehand elsewhere. When a ruler of a nome built hispalace for this life down in the plain, he so managedhis quarrying as to form a palace for eternity in thecliff. He made his work serve for both worlds; andthe labour which we wonder at in the vast hallsrepresents so much solid masonry down by the Nilefor palaces which have long since vanished. Th ehall of this tomb is 85 feet long by 49 feet wide, andlofty in proportion ; probably some 4,000 or 5 000tons of stone have been removed. The dimensionsare, west of pillars 320 inches, pillar 50 betweenpillars 300, pillar 65, in front of pillars 293, totalE.-W. 1028 inches. Across, north of pillars 661pillar 60, between I 14, pillar 51, between 78, pillar 67,south of pillars 130, total N.-S. 586 inches.The southernmost great tomb is that of Khnumu-nofer. The engraved inscript ion is given by Mr. Griffithin Inscr tions o S d t andD&rRqek, pl. 16. The copiesof the drawings yet remaining are given here onPI. XI11 F and following. These are on the northwall ; on the west are the colossal figures of the manand his son, also a false door painted and t races of ascene of the deceased seated with inscription above it,but the deep well before it was too dangerous for


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I THE VIITH-XIITH DYNASTIES. RIFEHladder work on the wall. On the south are traces ofships, and short phrases. Th e west side of the chamberis 389, he north 458 nches. The south-east corneris entirely cut away, owing to Roman quarrying. Alsothe whole floor has been lowered from about three toten feet by quarrying, thus rendering it more difficultladders I found it best to make a very wide splayedladder, so that it was abundantly firm sideways; tohave a long top bar, projecting on each side ; and thento make a sling, of an old sack with rope tied at eachend of it, the ropes fastened over the top bar, andthe sack passing between the legs. Thus the wholeweight can be put sitting on one thigh, the feet merelysteadying the body, and both arms can be used quitefreely without any chance of tilting over. Many hourscan be thus spent on a ladder doing careful copying,without much strain, and with entire safety. Thetracing paper was attached to the wall by small spotsof seccotine; the rolls of paper were hung in a bag,and the drawing board, measure, and brush were allhung to nails on the ladder. I t is not worth whileto transport well-made ladders about the country ;a couple of bars three inches square, which can bebought in any town, and some sawn strips of boardfor steps, fastened with big nails, make an excellentladder in a few minutes.Beside these great tombs there were hundreds ofsmall chambers cut in the rock. These had nearly allbeen plundered anciently, and scarcely anythingremained in them ; the wooden head, P1. XI , is theonly noticeable piece left. But a few unopened tombswere found, as described below.

26. The tomb of Nekhtankh son of Aa-khnumuwas the richest. I t was at the east end of the southside of the courtyard, of the tomb with the inscriptionof Ramessu 111. A descending slope led to a smallchamber barely large enough to hold the funeralfurniture, 80 inches long, 70 wide at the south-eastback and only 5 in front. Th e positions of theobjects are shown in P1. XI11 E. The heads of thecoffins were toward the opening of the tomb. Th efinest coffin was that ne xt t o the canopic box, seethe upper one in P1. X A. I t contained (lying on itsside) the beautifully decorated body coffin with thename of the ha-prince Nekhtankh, the second on X B.In it were two figures of the deceased, see P1. X E.Th e second coffin and body coffin are much inferior,and are for the brother, Nekht. In it was the figurewearing a wig (Pl. X E). Th e canopic box, P1. X D,was in the corner of the tomb each side is similarly

I to reach the painted parts. For long work upon

decorated. Inside it is divided to half-way up bycross boards of wood. Each compartment has a softpacking of fibre placed in it ; and on that is a potterycanopic jar, painted yellow and inscribed. Each jarhas a carved wooden head, all human, stuccoed andpainted. Upon the box stood a pan containing stalksand leaves. In front of i t was a jar with similarstalks and leaves. Before that stood the two boats,P1. X C the one for sailing up the Nile, with themen gathered to pull the rope raising the yard heother with the mast laid down, and the sweeps out forrowing down the Nile. With these stood the twofemale figures of servants carrying offerings. Th ewhole of the funeral furniture and the larger coffinsare as fine as anything known of this period, as willbe seen from the photographs.

27. A little south of this along the edge of therock terrace was the untouched tomb of Khnumu-hotep. This contained four coffins, in a rock chamberonly just sufficiently large to hold them. There wasno furniture beyond the coffins, and most of themhad perished by white ants, although half a mile fromthe cultivation and about ZOO feet up the solid cliff.Th e first 331)was a square box coffin, painted red,with blue bands, and yellow inscription, much decayed;in it was a finely made white body coffin with giltface, see lower part P1. XI , of Khnumu-hotep son ofKetu. Th e next 332) was a box coffin, white, withyellow bands and blue hieroglyphs, of Khnumu-hotepdaughter of Sit-anhur ; all greatly decayed ; in it wasa finely made coffin of red, with elaborate diaperpattern (see X F) on a red ground, the face coveredwith silver foil, and the wig striped blue, green andred, top P1. XI. This coffin was so greatly decayed,that parts only could be saved, by the greatest care.Inside there was a scroll-pattern scarab on onefinger (Pl. XII I E), a string of small full blue beadson the neck, and a little armlet of lighter blue onone arm.Next was a finely painted box coffin, white groundwith doorways on the sides (Pl. X F) greatly decayedthe name had been painted out, and so this was notits original purpose. In it was a female body inbandages, with a cartonnage headpiece, like that ofP1: XI, but in worse state. Tied on to one fingerwas a scarab with a twist pattern and two nof rs(XIII E) ; also two carnelian beads on the wrist.Furthest in the tomb was a box coffin 334), darkyellow with blue hieroglyphs, not well painted ;inscribed for Ankhet daughter of Atha. In it was afemale body in bandages, with t he cartonnage head-


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THE SMALL OBJECTS 13piece shown in PI. XI. On the neck was a smallamethyst ball bead between two little silver beads.Th e bodies of all these were mere yellow dust, insidethe thick wrappings ; but the bones were beautifullypreserved.Near by, on the south, was a small tomb, with abox coffin, painted red, with yellow bands and bluehieroglyphs, roughly done and the name lost. Thebody was tha t of a young girl, and had on it a goldshell pendant, an inch across.One other tomb contained a thick plain box coffinof earlier style, with blue inscriptions on bare wood,which had been yellow-washed, without any stucco.The inscriptions are given on P1. IX ; the name isKheti. A vase of globular form, with very tallexpanding neck, was with i t ; see P1. XI11 B.

28. Th e main quanti ty of burials, were in thegravel shoal in the plain ; see P1. VIII. These wereall in graves about three or four feet deep originally,with the head to the north. Later washes of gravelover the shoal had buried them all about two feet ; soit was only by trial, and best by trenching east towest, tha t we could find them. All had been plundered,and hence no gold work was found ; but many stringsof beads, and some fine objects, were obtained. Th egraves are also described in connection with the soul-houses in the next chapter, sect. 34. The only potteryusually were two jars placed on a ledge above the head.

29. Th e most important figure found was the greygranite seated figure of Khnumu, P1. X. This lay atabout six feet down, below a burial a t the bottom ofa grave ; some green ball beads, the size of peas, ofregular XI It h dynasty type, were found in the grave.The surface of the figure had been considerablypainted with black, apparently on the whole of theflesh. Th e work is best in the expression, and themuscles of t he back and arms, which are as good asmost of the earlier art. The faults are a lack of pro-portion, the legs being too large, and coarse work inthe hands and wig. On the belt is an ink-writteninscription, with a name ending in u and only onesign before it, apparently heurn; as Khnumu is adivine name sometimes found used personally, it isprobably so here. Th e whole reads, Khnumu brotherof Henthotep ilnaakhem the sisters name is on thebase in front of the feet. Th e prominence of the godKhnumu in this region is due to his being the god ofthe town, Shashotep.Some wooden figures of this age were found, butall had lost the colour, and were somewhat injuredand none were of much merit. Th e head in Y1. XI1

is on a larger scale than the other carvings. A smallseated limestone figure is fair in detail but lacksproportion, the head being too large.Th e group of monkeys, P1. XI I, is cut in lime-stone in the usual sty le of such figures, and barredwith stripes of red paint. Th e subject is fresh to us ;the female ape is holding her young one, while themale turns his back on them and is preparing todrink from a large globular pot.The ivory wand, P1. XII, is an unusually large andfine specimen of this class. I t was found in a gravewithout any other objects. Th e type is as usual,the lions head at the root end, the jackal at the tip.There are 2 I neb signs, and nine mythological animalswith knives.30. About seventy alabaster vases were found ofthe XII th and X VII Ith dynasties ; hose of the earlier

period are shown in P1. XI A. With these should becompared the dated forms found at Hu (DiosflodisPama, xxix, xxx ). None of these are of the VI thdynasty types, or of the degraded forms of suchattributable to the VI Ith-VI Ith dynasties. Butof the types assigned to the Xth dynasty there is 194like D xviii, Y . 2 5 0 ; the wide foot vase, lastbeyond 215 like D xix, W. 157 ; and the golddisc like D xviii, 98. The evidence of the vasesthen would show tha t the cemetery dates from aboutthe Xth dynasty, but was mainly used in the XIIth.The taller round-based vase, 243 is of blue paste likeD xx, 188 461 and was found with the twoalabaster which are on either side. Th e almostcylindrical vase below it, 215 is closely like the vaseD xx, Y . 34 and that a t the base of the platefound with a group at Gizeh. Th e other two cups of215 are like the form D xx, 349. The spoutedtray 70 is a usual type of the XIIth dynasty, asin D xx, Y. 448. The general forms of thekohl vases are well known in the XIIth dynasty.

31. The beads were of the usual types of this age.None of the VI th dynasty amulets or the buttonseals were found. Th e earlier strings had the bullsheads in carnelian or amethyst, the hawks in amethyst,and other reminiscences of the Old Kingdom. Butthe greater part were purely of the XIIth dynastystyle of ball beads of blue or green glaze, carnelian,or amethyst. A few strings of small garnet beadswere found nd mud beads well blacked and polishedto resemble haematite, with poorer imitations down tomere rough mud. A feature here was the frequentoccurrence of a fish of carnelian in the centre of anecklace.


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14 THE VIITH-XIITH DYNASTIES. RIFEH32. The weapons found are shown on P1. XII,and the outlines on PI. XIII, which show furtherdetail and some larger wooden forms. The dagger

is in perfect condition, the blade showing portionsof the polish, the ivory handle and ebony inlaysbeing complete with the silver studs which fastenedthem. The narrqwer dagger blade is probablyrather earlier, but both belong to the XIIth dynasty.The two axe blades below are shown with theirfittings in the drawing, like that from Hu (Diospolis,xxxii, I . They are deeper than those of t he Vthdynasty shown at Deshasheh, but not so deep as inthe XIIth dynasty at Beni Hasan. Probably theymight be dated about the Xth dynasty. Two littlecakes of colour, red and black, and a piece of ivory,were found with 194. The thin edge of copperinserted in a stick, Pls. X II , XII I, is seen betterin the drawing where the binding holes are clear.This is an early form of weapon, much like that ofthe Vth dynasty (Deshasheh, iv) ; it is very rare, andis now in the Cairo Museum. Th e narrow-waistedaxes are of the early XVIIIth dynasty ; and thehard wood handle does not belong to the axe blade,but fitted one of exactly the same size of haft. OnXIII, 11 the drawing shows the place of a copperband, which has been removed. The long curvedstick, P1. XIII, IO, is like that in the hand of thechief seal-bearer Baqt in the tomb of KhnumhotepDenk. , ii, 127, top line). A broken throw-stick, 12,was found in the cemetery of the XIII-XVIthdynasties ; tha t of ebony, fig. 13, is of the XII thdynasty.33. The pottery has been discussed in sect. 24 onthe age of the cemetery. The most remarkable pieceis the bowl from grave 61, shown in drawing, andalso in photograph P1. XI A ; the three animals uponthe brim are a lion, a crocodile, and apparentlyTaurt with hippopotamus head and a crocodile onher back. By the scrabble pattern on the brim thisbelongs to the XII tli dynasty. Of an earlier date arethe pottery stands, P1. XI A, with holes in them tosupport libation vases : there are two, three, or fourholes, almost always in one line but sometimes in asquare. These accompany the later narrow-basedtype of libation vase, and were intended to hold suchin a row, like the vases in the Khent sign. They arefound with the earlier type of pottery and soul-houses.The well-formed cups with stems found in graves 52,53, 323 are a fresh type. A curious form reappearshere, the circular pot with a head and stump arms,and with two birds incised on the body, P1. X F.

CHAP T ER V ITHE SOUL-HOUSES. RIFEH.

34. FORmany years past, pottery trays of offeringshave been known from Upper Egypt, and a few havebeen approximately dated in recorded observations(Dendereh,26 . But they have not been very common ;only 1 5 were found in the whole cemetery of Den-dereh, and only IO existed in the Cairo Museum.Occasionally more elaborate models of dwellingsappeared, but none of these had any record of thediscovery or date. Further, many forgeries ofintricate models were made, and complicated thequestion.This years work at Rifeh has now produced about150 models of dwellings, more or less complete,beside trays of offerings. I t is possible from these totrace the order of development, and the purpose a nduse of this class of models. The cause of such modelshaving hitherto been rare, is explained by theirposition upon the surface of the ground over a grave,which we now find to have been the case. And thereason tha t they were preserved at Rifeh better thanelsewhere, is because the graves were made in a grow-ing shoal of gravel, which continued to grow and sogradually buried the models, until the present surfaceis usually about 20 inches above the level of themodel. Thus they have not been exposed for morethan a few centuries, and though mostly cut by sand-blasts, and partly broken, yet there was far morepreserved here than elsewhere. Th e more distinctiveare published here in thirteen Plates, XIV to XXII ,which show about a hundred examples, beside variousdetails of fragments.Regarding their position they were at variouslevels, but much the greater part were from 20 to 25inches below the present surface, and 35 to 40 inchesabove the floor of the grave. Thi s was thereforeprobably the dep th of the grave when cut. I t will beseen in the diagram on P1. XXI I E that there isa tendency to group, so that the depth of grave belowthe soul-house is inversely as the height of soil aboveit. Th at is to say that the soul-houses were occasion-ally put on a pile of earth IO inches high (at the SE.corner), or in a hollow IO inches deep (at the N. end) ;but not a quarter of them were thus irregular, thegreat majority having been just placed on the ordinaryground level. Th at they were gradually buried bywashed soil, and not intentionally buried at first, wasclear from their condition. Th e majority were wellpreserved at the base, but greatly weathered above ;


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ORIGIN OF SOUL-HOUSES I 5also many showed the successive lines of storm waterconcreting the blown sand at higher and higherlevels as they gradually became buried, absolutelyproving that they had been long exposed on thesurface.Th e position around the grave, and the directionof face, are shown in the other diagram, P1. XXII E.It will be seen that two-thirds are at the north end ofthe grave, a few east or west, and very rarely to thesouth. The face is so placed as to look inward tothe grave in more than three-quarters of the instances,and only one in ten stood with the back to the grave.As they were doubtless shifted about somewhatduring centuries of exposure, we cannot lay anyweight on the exceptions to the general rule, whichis evident. Th at they were not oftener placed on theeast side, and facing the east, like the ordinary tablesof offerings of earlier times, shows how greatly theyhad departed from the original conception, and howthey had become dwellings for the soul rather thanplaces of sacrifice for the living.35. The origin of such pottery trays of offeringsis obviously in the stone altars of offering whichpreceded them. In the earliest dynasties a mat waslaid on the ground, on the eas t of the tomb, and avase of offerings was placed upon it. These havebeen actually found (see Deshasheh, 35 , and the hotephieroglyph was formed from such a group as early asthe time of Mena. To this mat and vase succeededthe stone altars of offerings which are familiar to usin the Old Kingdom. These were imitated cheaplyin pottery, and gradual elaboration transformed theminto the models of houses for the soul. These havebeen here classified into consecutive types letteredfrom A to N. It is not certain whether the ha or theba-the ghost or the spirit-were supposed to usethese. On one hand we see tha t the formula is thata hotep is for the ka of a man, on the other hand thefood and drink provided in the cemetery by thesycomore goddess is always taken by the ba. Toavoid this uncerta inty we may simply call thesemodels soul-houses. Th e initial motive for suchdwellings may perhaps be seen in foreign influence.The hut-urn was usual in early Italy, and the buttonseals, which came in after the Old Kingdom, point toMediterranean immigration.36. How far were they models of actual houses,or how far merely an expansion of the hot@?Obviously we cannot suppose that joints of meatusually lay about in the courtyard of an actual house.Yet on the other hand we have what is an exact copy

of an actual house tank on a stone alt ar of offeringsin the Vth dynasty, with the different levels of watera t different seasons inscribed upon it (Cairo Museum).Thus even the stone altar had begun to borrow actualfeatures from a house, before the rise of the potterytrays. If the tank is thus represented, can it be sup-posed that a house usually had a tank in its court-yard, as shown in these models ? If we look at actualOriental houses, even as copied in Alger and Spain,we see that a tank in the courtyard is the essentialin any superior house. In Egy pt we see the tankspainted in the middle of each hall at Tell el Amarnaunder the XVIIIth dynasty TelZ e l Awzama, ii). Inthe XIIth dynasty at Kahun a tank was placed in themiddle of the courts of the mansions (Illahan,xiv, xvi).When we look at these models we see that thechannel or drain from the tank in the earlierexamples is often covered over by the threshold, aform which would be absurd if it had no reality, butwhich is obviously useful in an actual doorway(Pl. XVI, I . Also there are often the holes forposts to support a canopy over the tank, to screenit from the sun (Pls. XIV, 8 g ; XV, EOO ; XVI, I ;XX, below 46 ; such is obviously copied from anactual tank and screen, and would not be inventedfor the soul, which was supposed to come out atnight for its sustenance. From these actual examplesof the use of tanks, and the points of the modelscopied from working details, we must regard thecourt and the tank as copied from forms really in use.The portico, which seems essential to these houses,is seen copied in the rock tombs of the VI th to theXIIth dynasty, with a pole roof over it ; and it wasas constant a feature of every temple, which was thehouse of the god. That the court may have actuallyhad a low front to it, as in these models, is suggested bythe example where the portico is not closed at the endby the side walls i e . without antae), a feature whichwould hardly be made in the trays if without actualprecedent. We must conclude then that probably allthe features of these models are copied from actualhouses, excepting the offerings lying about; andthese gradually disappeared in the later models,which became houses pure and simple.37. The date of these models can only be inferredfrom the pottery; and the forms of that are datedby the examples found a t Dendereh. The uprightlibation vases are one of the most variable types.In the VIth dynasty they are well formed, slightlycurving out at the base (Dend. xvi, 5 7, 2 2 ; i n theXth and Xlth they are straight and coarse (U. xvii,


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16 THE SOUL-HOUSES. RIFEH124 , and they are not found in the XIIth dynasty.Comparing these and some other forms, we shouldbe led to class the models with which they werefound as follows :

Date Nos. TypeVIt h dynasty and later ? 126 A ?

IOO BI33 E

Xth-XIth dynasty . 33 E35 H61 HIOI J68 L78 M

XIIt h dynasty . 45 JI02 L46 M

No doubt the pottery styles, and also the types ofmodels, overlap each other's stages, and do not beginand end a t a word of command.Th e general order of the types of models goeswell in accord with the dating of the pottery ; but inview of the other evidence we can hardly place thebeginning earlier than the IXth or Xth dynasty, whilethe end lasts well into the XIIth. The trays pro-bably continued to be made as the cheaper formsthroughout; and the examples that could be datedat Dendereh, run from the I Xth to the middle of theXIth dynasty.38. The general characteristics of each of thesuccessive periods of these soul-houses may now bestated. The summary of all the actual examples isgiven in P1. XXII A, and the register of each examplein detail is in Pls. XXII B, C, D. Here we onlystate the main points which serve to distinguish oneclass from another. Some technical terms are usedhere for features which are the same as those inmodern Egypt; the satdh is a roof enclosed by adwarf wall, which is a usual safeguard on Orientalhouses ; the muZqaf is a hood to catch the wind anddrive it down into the house ; the esksha is a screenfrom the sun, supported on poles.Type A. A shelter with pillars in front, or portico,,, B. A portico with satdh on top; with or,, C.

no satdh.without a stairway.

A hut at the back with portico before it.

Type D. A chamber with portico, but no satdh.Generally 3 doors to it and 2 nzulqafswith or without eshska.,, E. Two muZqafs,with satdk between.,, F. From two to five chambers, no satdh or

muZqaf or stairway.,, G. Satdh across the mulqafs.,, H. 3 sata ks, on and between the mudqafs.,, J. 2 mdqafs across the whole, each with,, K. Closed door, no muZqafs.,, L. No muZqafs ; beginning of furniture.,, M. Court enclosed with high wall ; furniture.,, N Four stripes on the wall ; furniture.

satdh.

39 Trays o f oferings. P1. XIV. Th e earlieststyle of tray found is a massive corner of a thickslab of pottery, No. I with polished drab face ; it hasthe corner of a tank-hollow on it, and several holesas if for sticks to carry an eshska. I t is obviously animitation of a s tone table of offering. No. 2 is aslab rather less massive, with two tanks on it and arude trace of offerings, apparently ribs and a haunch.No. 3 is a fragment showing a tank, haunch andribs, with a border around, and holes at the corners,apparently for an eshsha. No. 4 shows the bull'shead but no tank; the ten little cups around it arepeculiar to it. In nos. 5 6, 7 we see well modelledfigures of the bull's head and other offerings, appar-ently made before they had sunk to mere conventions,and while there was some sense of the art of theOld Kingdom. Nos. 8, g show two tanks, with bull'shead, haunch and ribs, and holes for the esksha overeach tank. Nos. IO, I I have no eskska; apparentlya long-necked bird is shown sacrificed on 11. Thenos, 12 to 1 5 are very degraded forms, which probablybelong to a late period. We never find here the twoparallel water channels, which often occur at Den-dereh, and on those in the Cairo Museum from nearErment ; that seems to be a more southern type.

40. Type A. Sheher without sata k. P1. XV, 106 5.The number attached t o each example was placed onit in the order of discovery, merely for the sake ofidentification and registering. Perhaps the earliesttype of shelter is 106 where the roof is stretched upby two posts, much like a Bedawy tent, from whichit almost seems copied. Th e more usual form ofthis type, 5 is as a plain portico along the backof the tray; but without any roof edging or satahon the top. Sometimes the columns have plain discbases to them. A curious type, which does notagree with any other, is the little hutch, 126; it has


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TYPES OF SOUL-HOUSES 17some slight lumps that may be intended for offeringsinside it, but never had any tray of offerings. I tseems like a soul-shelter invented independently,apart from the traditional tray or altar.

41. ype B. Shelterwith atdh. P1. XV, 3 148,86, 72, 96, 100. This type has two, three, or fourcolumns. In 148 he portico is open at the ends.There may be a stairway to the satah, as in 86. Thetank in 100 has holes for an eshsha over it, and theseare marked by bits of stick put in them for the view.There is no order in the offerings of bull's head, ribsand haunch ; they are found on either side of the tank.The satah wall may be worked as a cornice over theportico, as in 100.

42. Type C. Hut chamber. P1. XVI, 7 21, I147. Here a hut is added beneath the portico. In 7the sides are broken, but the bases of columns remainin this order :, showing that a roof was carriedacross; but it seems only to have joined the sidewalls, as the back wall has a smooth top at halfheight. In 21 and I it is obvious that the roof wascontinuous above the hut. Th e apparent abacus onthe column in 21 is not original, but merely a propto hold up the broken roof for the view. In each thetop of the hut is complete in itself, eithe

Gizeh and Rifeh by W.M. Flinders Petrie

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