GIT 2 New Dr. Basu
Jan 17, 2016
GIT 2
New
Dr. Basu
Topic
• Malabsorption
• Diarrhea and Dysentery
• IBD– Ulcerative colitis– Crohns disease
Malabsorption : Classification
• Diagnosis: Steatorrhea, fat soluble vitamin Deficiency, protein and other deficiency.
1. Celiac sprue
2. Whipple disease
3. Disaccharide deficiency
Celiac sprueCeliac sprue
(chronic sprue)
Antigen involved: gluten. Genetic- HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8.
Morphology Atrophy of Villi, increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes ( CD4 and CD8 cells).
Clinical Diarrhea, flatulence, weight loss, and fatigue, dermatitis
Respond to gluten free diet.
Atrophy of VilliNormal
Complication of celiac sprue: Dermatitis Herpitiformis and NHL.
Tropical sprue
• Definition : malabsorption due to unknown ( ? Infection) etiology.
• Location: Caribbean and South America
• Treatment: antibiotics and B12 supplements.
WHIPPLE DISEASE
WHIPPLE DISEASE
Etiology: Bacterium Tropheryma whippelii
Morphology Macrophages contain PAS-positive, diastase-resistant granules and rod-shaped bacilli on electron microscopy
Other organ involvement
GIT, CNS, Joint and lymph nodes
Clinical Features
Age: 40-50 yr.
Malabsorption, Arthropathy, psychiatric complaints and Lymphadenopathy.
Electron microscopyLight microscope (H&E)Foamy macrophage in villi.
LACTASE DEFICIENCY
Etiology : Atrophy of the apical villous cells>deficiency of lactase.Clinical :
The infants develop explosive, watery, frothy stools and abdominal distention.Osmotic diarrhea with milk product.
Termination of which result in recovery.
Vitamin deficiency
Vitamin A Night blindness, xerophthalmia, blindness, Squamous metaplasia, infection.
Vitamin K Bleeding diathesis- not corrected by k injection.
Vitamin D Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin E Spinocerebellar degeneration
Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic pernicious anemia and myelin loss of spinal cord tracts.
DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY
DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY
• DIARRHEA Def; An increase in stool mass, stool frequency, and/or stool fluidity are perceived as diarrhea.
• DYSENTERY: Dysentery is a severe diarrhea illness often associated with blood in the feces.
Diseases
Viral enterocolitis Rota virus (dsRNA): child and self limiting.
Adenovirus (dsDNA): adult /child
E. coli - Shiga-like toxin (Undercooked beef products: hamburger)
Hemorrhagic colitis and
Hemolytic-Uremic syndrome (HUS): Hemolysis, Acute Renal failure and DIC.
Others
• Staphylococcus aureas : – Source is milk product and fatty food → Acute
explosive Exudative diarrhea.– Within a few hours (1-6 hr)
• Vibrio cholera: – Source is Water → Watery diarrhea, cholera,
pandemic spread.– Morphology of GI: normal mucosa
Cholera: pathogenesis of diarrhea
Cholera toxin A1↓
A1+ ADP-ribosylation factors (ARF)↓
catalyzes G protein ↓
stimulates adenylate cyclase ↓
high levels of intracellular cAMP ↓
stimulates secretion of chloride and bicarbonate, with associated sodium and water secretion.
Others Salmonella enteritidis→
Milk, beef, eggs, poultry
Self limiting diarrhea / dysentery pain, bacteremia.
Incubation: 12 to 72 hr
Shigella: Person-to-person. Milk, poultry
S. flexneri infection produce Reiter syndrome (chronic arthritis , red eye- conjunctivitis).
Fever, pain, mucosal ulcer.
Exudative diarrhea ,dysentery, epidemic spread
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile →
Following antibiotic use, nosocomial acquisition: Cytotoxin, local invasion
Fever, pain, bloody diarrhea, pseudo membrane formation over mucosa.
Neural reflex pathways increases epithelial fluid secretion In addition to
production intracellular cAMP
Pseudomembranous colitis from C. difficile infection morphology
Study unknown picture
Campylobacter Enterocolitis
Source: dog, ingestion of improperly cooked chicken.
Clinical: Diarrhea, dysentery.
Complications:
Reactive arthritis in HLA-B27 carriers
Guillain-Barré syndrome- myelin loss (PNS).
C. jejuni: immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.
Amebiasis
Agent Entamoeba histolytica (ameba)
Route Fecal oral
Morphology Produce flask shaped ulcer in submucoca.
Clinical features
Abdominal pain, bloody exudative diarrhea, or weight loss and amebic liver abscess- right upper Q pain.
Rest a while
Other intestinal disorders
• Necrotizing Enterocolitis
• Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Definition An acute, necrotizing inflammation of the small and large intestines
Age Neonate : premature or of low birth weight, when infants are started on oral foods
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Pathogenesis: factor• Intestinal ischemia
Clinical course : Bloody stools, abdominal distention, and development of circulatory collapse.
Site: involves the terminal ileum, cecum, and right colon.
Morphology of the gut: gross and micro
• Distended, friable, and congested, or it can be frankly gangrenous.
• Accompanying peritonitis may be seen.
• Morphology: sub mucosal gas bubbles formation.
Distended intestine
Submucosal gas bubbles
Prognosis
• High mortality
• Post-NEC stricture is COMMON.
Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Type
• Pathogenesis
• Comparative morphology of these two diseases
• Complications and clinical features
• Diagnosis
IBD• Types:
– Crohns disease– Ulcerative colitis
• Pathogenesis:A. Exaggerated local CD4 T-Cell immune
response- damage to mucosa
B. Inflammation
Crohn disease
• Features:– Occur any part of GIT– Transmural inflammation .– Noncaseating granulomas.– Fissuring with formation of fistulae.– Smoking is a risk factor.– Recurrent diarrhea, pain, fever common.– Blood in stool 50%.
Ulcerative colitis
• Features:
– Disease limited to the colon and affecting only the mucosa and sub mucosa.
– Smoking is a risk factor.
– Bloody mucoid diarrhea more common.
Gross Crohn disease ( gross) Ulcerative colitis ( gross)
Any part of bowel : common in ileocecal junction (regional ileitis)
Large intestine: Pan colitis.
Rectum→ colon: back wash ileitis
Produce “skip” lesions.
Transmural inflammation.
No skip lesion, entire length of bowel is involved.
Mucosal involvement
Cobblestone effect Pseudo polyps
GrossCrohn disease ( gross) Ulcerative colitis
( gross)
Diseased wall is rubbery and thick
Mural thickening does not occur in UC
Linear ulceration Broad-based ulceration
Mesenteric fat wraps around the bowel surface (creeping fat).
No such features
Crohn disease : Diseased wall is rubbery and thick and lumen is narrow that give rise to
String sing on X-ray
Study unknown picture
Gross of Ulcerative colitis :Pseudopolyps
Microscopy of IBD
Crohn disease Ulcerative colitis
Non Caseating granuloma
Crypt abscess
Pseudopolyps
Dysplasia +
Ulcerative colitis; crypt abscess and glandular
architectural distortion and dysplasia.
Study unknown picture
IBD: complication
Ulcerative colitis Crohn's
Complication:
Toxic megacolon
Adenocarcinoma.
Complication:
Fistula and fissure, obstruction
Fistula with other organ like U. Bladder, vagina and, skin (Enteroculaneous fistula)
Toxic mega colon in UC
No motility, lead pipe
Crohn disease: Fissure
Extra intestinal manifestation of IBD
Crohn disease Ulcerative colitis
Migratory poly arthritis ++.
Aphthous ulcer.
Migratory poly arthritis ++++
Uveitis++++++++
Erythema nodosum (painful skin lesion- show similar granuloma)
Hepatic primary sclerosing Cholangitis +++++++
Diagnosis/ treatment of IBD
Crohn disease Ulcerative colitis
Surgery not helpful Surgery helpful with steroid
pANCA : + pANCA: ++++++++,
HLA B27
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Intrinsic motility disorder ( ? Due to foods, stress- serotonin).
• Clinical: altered bowel habits, frequently suffering from constipation, diarrhea, or both.
• The episodes may subside with a bowel movement
Thank you