Abstract
Wireless technology improvement has become follower in todays
modern life. One of the greatest improvements made on wireless
technology field was inventing a new Wireless Technology (Gi-Fi).
Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless is the worlds first transceiver
integrated on a single chipthat operates at 60GHz on CMOS process.
Gi-Fi is a wireless transmission system which is ten times faster
than Wi-Fi and its chip delivers short-range multi-gigabit data
transfer in an indoor environment. It will allow wireless transfer
of audio and video data up to 5 gigabits per second, low power
consumption, usually within a range of 10 meters .This technology
providing low-cost, high broadband access, with very high speed
large files exchange within seconds. It is required that Gi-Fi to
be the preferred next generation wireless technology used in home
and offices.Keywords WI-FI; Wireless Technology; Gi-Fi; Gigabit
wireless; Bluetooth1. INTRODUCTIONMelbourne University researchers
have achieved up to 5Gbps data transfer rates on a wireless chip.
This is a lot faster than any current Wi-Fi speeds. The world's
first Gi-Fi wireless network chip developed at Australia's peak
federal technology incubator has entered its commercialisation
phase.The NICTA (National ICT Australia Limited) Gi-Fi research
team has succeeded in taking complex 60GHz transmission technology
and shrinking it to the point where it can be built on a single
silicon chip. The NICTA teams expertise in wireless transmission
technology means this technology is now at the point where it can
have a dramatic impact on the way consumer electronic devices are
used in the home. The GiFi chip is a good news for personal area
networking because there is no internet infrastructure available to
cop it with. It can have a span of 10 meters. With the help of
Gi-Fi chips the videos sharing can be possible without any hurdles.
The Gi-Fi chip is one of Australia's most lucrative technology.
Integrated on a single chip that operates at 60GHz on the CMOS
process. Gi-Fi is a wireless transmission system which is ten times
faster than Wi-Fi and its chip delivers short-range multi-gigabit
data transfer in an indoor environment. It will allow wireless
transfer of audio and video data up to 5 gigabits per second, low
power consumption, usually within a range of 10 meters. The size of
the Gi-Fi chip is 55 millimetre and can be placed in different
devices such as mobile phones. The best part about this new
technology Gi-Fi is its cost effectiveness and power consumption,
it only consumes 2 watts of power for its operation with antenna
(1mm) included and the development of Gi-Fi chip costs
approximately $10 (Rs380) to manufacture.
2. NETWORK EVOLUTIONThe Fig.1 characterize the network evolution
which gives the abbreviation of the paper.
D. Bluetooth
Fig.5 Bluetooth
E. WI-FIWi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area
network (WLAN) specification. Actually it was designed to be used
indoors at close range for example home user and office
environment. The main goal of Wi-Fi technology is to provide
service for mobile computing device like laptop.
F. Wi-MaxIEEE standard 802.16, also known as Wi-MAX, is a
technology for last-mile wireless broadband as an alternative to
cable and DSL and where the cost is high. Its intended to deliver
high speed data communication.
Fig 7. Wi-Max
G. Gi-FiGi-Fi technology provides many features such as ease of
deployment, small form factor, enabling the future of information
management, high speed of data transfer, low power consumption etc.
With growing consumer adoption of High- Definition (HD) television,
low cost chip and other interesting features and benefits of this
new technology it can be predicted that the anticipated worldwide
market for this technology is vastFig.8 High speed data
transmission through Gi-Fi3. TECHNOLOGY USED BY GIFI 3.1 CMOSGiFi
uses CMOS technology. Complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS)
is a technology for constructing integrated circuits. CMOS
technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static
RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used
for several analog circuits such as image sensors,data converters,
and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication.
Frank Wanlass patented CMOS in 1967 (US patent 3,356,858).CMOS is
also sometimes referred to as complementary-symmetry
metaloxidesemiconductor (or COS-MOS). The words
"complementary-symmetry" refer to the fact that the typical digital
design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of
p-type and n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect
transistors (MOSFETs) for logic functions.CMOS (complementary
metal-oxide semiconductor) is the semiconductortechnology used in
the transistors that are manufactured into most of today's computer
microchips. Semiconductors are made of silicon and germanium,
materials which "sort of" conduct electricity, but not
enthusiastically. Areas of these materials that are "doped" by
adding impurities become full-scale conductors of either extra
electrons with a negative charge (N-type transistors) or of
positive charge carriers (P-type transistors). In CMOS technology,
both kinds of transistors are used in a complementary way to form a
current gate that forms an effective means of electrical control.
CMOS transistors use almost no power when not needed. As the
current direction changes more rapidly, however, the transistors
become hot. This characteristic tends to limit the speed at which
microprocessors can operateTwo important characteristics of CMOS
devices are high noise immunity and low static power consumption.
Significant power is only drawn while the transistors in the CMOS
device are switching between on and off states. Consequently, CMOS
devices do not produce as much waste heat as other forms of logic,
for example transistor-transistor logic (TTL) or NMOS logic, which
uses all n-channel devices without p-channel devices. CMOS also
allows a high density of logic functions on a chip. It was
primarily this reason why CMOS won the race in the eighties and
became the most used technology to be implemented in VLSI chips.The
phrase "metaloxidesemiconductor" is a reference to the physical
structure of certain field-effect transistors, having a metal gate
electrode placed on top of an oxide insulator, which in turn is on
top of a semiconductor material. Aluminum was once used but now the
material is polysilicon. Other metal gates have made a comeback
with the advent of high-k dielectric materials in the CMOS process,
as announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometer node and
beyond.
2. In CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) technology,
both N-type and P-type transistors are used to realize logic
functions. Today, CMOS technology is the dominant semiconductor
technology for microprocessors, memories and application specific
integrated circuits (ASICs). The main advantage of CMOS over NMOS
and bipolar technology is the much smaller power dissipation.
Unlike NMOS or bipolar circuits, a CMOS circuit has almost no
static power dissipation. Power is only dissipated in case the
circuit actually switches. This allows to integrate many more CMOS
gates on an IC than in NMOS or bipolar technology, resulting in
much better performance.The following applets demonstrate the
N-type and P-type transistors used in CMOS technology, the basic
CMOS inverter, NAND and NOR gates, and an AOI32 complex
gate.Finally, it demonstrates the CMOS transmission-gate and a
transmisson-gate D-latch.The first applet illustrates the function
of both N-type and P-type MOS transistors.The source and gate
contacts of the transistors to toggle the corresponding voltage
levels and watch the resulting output value on the drain contacts.
The applet uses colors to display the different voltages.(1) A
logical '1' corresponding to electrical level VCC (typical values
for current technolgies are +5V or +3.3V) is shown in red,(2) A
logical '0' (corresponding to 0V or GND) in blue.(3) A floating
wire (not connected to either VCC or GND) is shown in orange.N-type
transistor is conducting when its input is '1', while the P-type
transistor is conducting when its input is '0'. The applet displays
the channel of a conducting transistor as a rectangle filled with
color of its source voltage. The channel of a nonconducting
transistor is shown as rectangle outline in black. The most
important CMOS gate is the CMOS inverter. It consists of only two
transistors, a pair of one N-type and one P-type transistor. The
applet demonstrates how the inverter works. If the input voltage is
'1' (VCC) the P-type transistor on top is nonconducting, but the
N-type transistor is conducting and provides a path from GND to the
output Y. The output level therefore is '0'. On the other hand, if
the input level is '0', the P-type transistor is conducting and
provides a path from VCC to the output Y, so that the output level
is '1', while the N-type transistor is blocked. If the input is
floating, both transistors may be conducting and a short-circuit
condition is possible.
3.2 Transmission of image in GiFiCMOS uses image sensor for
transferring image and those image sensors can have much more
functionality on-chip than CCDs. In addition to converting photons
to electrons and transferring them, the CMOS sensor might also
perform image processing, edge detection, noise reduction, and
analog to digital conversion. What's more, sensor and digital
camera designers can make the various CMOS functions programmable,
providing for a very flexible device.This functional integration
onto a single chip is CMOS' main advantage over the CCD. It also
reduces the number of external components needed. Fig 2. Image
SensorUsing an integrated CMOS sensor allows the digital camera to
devote less space to other chips, such as digital signal processors
(DSPs) and ADCs. In addition, because CMOS devices consume less
power than CCDs, there's less heat, so thermal noise can be
reduced.The breakthrough for CMOS sensor technology came in the
early 1990s, when Active Pixel Sensors (APS) were successfully
implemented by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). A
theoretical technology that was understood for decades but not
effectively used until 1993, APS adds a readout amplifier
transistor to each pixel. This allows the conversion of the charge
to voltage to happen at the pixel. It also provides for random
access to the sensor's pixels, similar to the row-column memory
cell access in RAM technology.3.3 Color creation in GiFiAll image
sensors are grayscale devices that record the intensity of light
from full black to white, with the appropriate intervening gray. To
add color to a digital camera image, a layer of color filters is
bonded to the silicon using a photolithography process to apply
color dyes.3.3.1 Photolithography :Photolithography (or "optical
lithography") is a process used in micro fabrication to selectively
remove parts of a thin film or the bulk of asubstrate. It uses
light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photo mask to a
light-sensitive chemical "photoresist", or simply "resist," on the
substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either engraves the
exposure pattern into, or enables deposition of a new material in
the desired pattern upon, the material underneath the photo resist.
In complex integrated circuits, for example a modern CMOS, a wafer
will go through the photolithographic cycle up to 50
times.Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with
photography in that the pattern in the etching resist is created by
exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or
with a projected image using an optical mask. This procedure is
comparable to a high precision version of the method used to make
printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more
in common with etching than to lithographic printing. It is used
because it can create extremely small patterns (down to a few tens
of nanometers in size), it affords exact control over the shape and
size of the objects it creates, and because it can create patterns
over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main disadvantages are
that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very
effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require
extremely clean operating conditions.A single iteration of
photolithography combines several steps in sequence. Modern
cleanrooms use automated, robotic wafer track systems to coordinate
the process. The procedures followed are mentioned here :-
(i)CleaningIf organic or inorganic contaminations are present on
the wafer surface, they are usually removed by wet chemical
treatment, e.g. the RCA clean procedure based on solutions
containing hydrogen peroxide(ii)PreparationThe wafer is initially
heated to a temperature sufficient to drive off any moisture that
may be present on the wafer surface. Wafers that have been in
storage must be chemically cleaned to removecontamination. A liquid
or gaseous "adhesion promoter", such as Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine
("hexamethyldisilazane", HMDS), is applied to promote adhesion of
the photoresist to the wafer. (iii)Photoresist applicationThe wafer
is covered with photoresist by spin coating. A viscous, liquid
solution of photoresist is dispensed onto the wafer, and the wafer
is spun rapidly to produce a uniformly thick layer. The spin
coating typically runs at 1200 to 4800 rpm for 30 to 60 seconds,
and produces a layer between 0.5 and 2.5 micrometres thick. The
spin coating process results in a uniform thin layer, usually with
uniformity of within 5 to 10 nanometres. (iv)Photoresist
removalAfter a photoresist is no longer needed, it must be removed
from the substrate. This usually requires a liquid "resist
stripper", which chemically alters the resist so that it no longer
adheres to the substrate. (v)EtchingIn etching, a liquid ("wet") or
plasma ("dry") chemical agent removes the uppermost layer of the
substrate in the areas that are not protected by photoresist. In
semiconductor fabrication, dry etching techniques are generally
used, as they can be made anisotropic, in order to avoid
significant undercutting of the photoresist pattern. (vi)Light
sourcesPhotolithography has used ultraviolet light from
gas-discharge lamps using mercury, sometimes in combination with
noble gases such as xenon. These lamps produce light across a broad
spectrum with several strong peaks in the ultraviolet range. This
spectrum is filtered to select a single spectral line.
Fig 5. Color creation in image during transmission through
GiFi4. FEATURES OF GIFI1. Multi-gigabit wireless technology that
removes the need for cables between consumer electronic devices.2.
More than 100 times faster than current short-raqnge wireless
technologies.3. Allows wireless streaming of uncompressed
high-definition content.4. Operates over a range of 10 metres
without interference.5. Entire transmission system can be built on
a cost effective single silicon chip. 6. Operates in the
unlicensed, 57-64 GHz spectrum band.5. BENEFITS1. Removes need for
cables to connect consumer electronics devices2. Low-cost chip
allows technology to be readily incorporated into multiple devices
3. Secure encryption technology ensures privacy and security of
content4. Simple connection improves the consumer experience5.
Enhancements to next generation gaming technology
6. USES OF GIFI(A) Wireless video transmission using GiFi
chipElectrical Engineerings Professor Stan Skafidas (BE Elec. Eng)
1993; MEngSc 1996; PhD 1998) has successfully demonstrated a
transmission of wireless video using the world-first Gigabit
Wireless (GiFi) technology. The demonstration, attended by
Victorian Government Minister for Innovation, Gavin Jennings
earlier this year, was the first time it has been on public
display.The GiFi chip is the worlds first transceiver integrated on
a single chip operating at 60GHz on the CMOS (complementary
metaloxidesemiconductor) process, the most common semiconductor
technology. The breakthrough will lead to wirelessly connected
environments that will enjoy audio and video transfer rates of up
to 5 gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless
transfer rate, at one-tenth the cost.In the future, Gigabit
wireless technology will be used to show DVD movies on High
Definition Digital TV without a wired connection and for very fast
downloads of content from devices such as PDAs, games consoles and
wireless digital cameras.The Gigabit Wireless Project was recently
selected as a finalist in the INNOVIC 2009 Next Big Thing Award
.(B) For communication processGiFi provides 5 Gbits per second it
better be able to transmit 10 videos without buffer delays.(C) GiFi
wireless chip to bring 5Gb per second speedThe University of
Melbourne announced on Friday a new technology they are calling
GiFi, which promises some serious game-changing wireless transfer
speeds for all types of consumer gadgets. The tiny silicon chip
invented by professor Stan Skafidas is able to move data through
the air as fast as 5 gigabits per second at a distance of just over
30 feet.This short-range wireless technology would potentially be a
competitor or more than likely a replacement for WiFi, and things
like Bluetooth might want to look out as well. The transfer speeds
combined with the constantly increased storage capacities of small
handheld devices could really take media down some new avenues as
well. The Age newspaper uses an example of transferring a high-
definition movie from a kiosk at a store to your mobile phone in
seconds. Then that same movie can be transferred just as quickly
from the phone to your home computer or entertainment system to
watch(D) Provides high resolutionThe higher megapixel count on our
cameras, the increased bitrate on our music files, the higher
resolution of our video files, and so on. We demand more than ever,
but we also want this content to be transfered in the most
expedient manner possible. 802.11g and 802.11n are fine and all,
but some people want to push the envelope even further.(E) Provides
short-range wirelessA new wireless technology has been developed
that should serve as an extremely fast replacement for technologies
such as Bluetooth and ultra-wideband (UWB), says Australian
research group NICTA. Nicknamed GiFi, the process would use a chip
(not pictured) that transmits at an extremely high 60GHz frequency
versus the 5GHz used for the fastest forms of Wi-Fi. The sheer
density of the signal would allow a chip to send as much as five
gigabits per second. While the spectrum would limit the device to
the same 33-foot range as Bluetooth or UWB, it could theoretically
transfer an HD movie to a cellphone in seconds, the researchers
claim.The technology could also be used for beaming full HD video
in real-time and could be used by notebooks and other computers to
wirelessly connect virtually all the expansion needed for a docking
station, including a secondary display and storage.
(F) A Tiny GiFi Chip provides Big Wireless Capabilities
The "GiFi" chip, which measures 0.2 of an inch on each side, was
developed at Melbourne University- based labs of the National
Information and Communications Technology research center,The Age
reported. The high transmission rate of the chip would make it
possible, for example, to transfer a high-definition movie from a
video kiosk to a mobile device in a few seconds.Skafidas and his
team claim to be the first to demonstrate a working
transceiver-on-a-chip that uses CMOS, or complementary metal oxide
semiconductor. CMOS is a particular style of digital circuitry
design used in microprocessors.The chip uses an antenna 0.04 of an
inch wide, less than two watts of power, and would cost about $9.20
U.S. The device transmits over the 60-GHz spectrum, which the
researchers said is nearly unused. Wi-Fi technology, in contrast,
shares its spectrum with other devices such as cordless phones,
which can cause disruptions. In addition, GiFi is faster than the
average Wi-Fi device. However, Wi-Fi can transmit over longer
distances.The chip is about a year away from being ready for
market, Skafidas told the newspaper. As to its uses, the researcher
said the processor could be used to transfer video and other
data-intensive content between storage and display devices in the
home. It also could be used to turn a mobile device into a
"shopping cart" for digital movies and other content that could be
bought elsewhere and played in the home.The 27-member team
developing the new chip worked with companies such as IBM in the
research. 7.FUTURE ASPECTS:1. The GiFi team is looking for partners
interested in commercialising its 60GHz chips2. Demonstrations of
the technology can be arranged showing the huge potential it has to
change the way consumers use their in-home electronic devices3.
With growing consumer adoption of highdefinition television, the
anticipated worldwide market for this technology is vast.