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Chng
Viet Nam,mot so netchu yeu
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Chng 1. Viet Nam, mot so net chu yeu
Viet Nam nam pha ong cua ban ao
ong Dng, co bien gii giap vi Trung
Quoc pha Bac, vi Lao va Campuchia
pha Tay, co bien gii vung them luc a va
vung ac quyen kinh te tren bien vi Trung
Quoc, Campuchia, Thai Lan, Malaysia,
Indonesia va Philippin.
Viet Nam nam trong pham vi t 8030v o Bac en 23002 v o Bac, keo
dai t
Lung Cu (huyen ong Van tnh Ha Giang)
en xom Mui (huyen Nam Can tnh Ca
Mau). at nc co chieu dai khoang 4 lan
chieu rong. Ni rong nhat chng 500 km
(Mong Cai, Quang Ninh - ien Bien); ni
hep nhat khoang 50 km (t bien gii Viet
Lao en ong Hi, Quang Bnh) (Hnh 1.1va 1.2). Dien tch tren at lien
la 329.229
km2.
pha ngoai lanh tho at lien, Viet Nam
co them luc a, rat nhieu cac quan ao va
cac ao bao boc nh cac ao cua vnh Bac
Bo, cac quan ao Hoang Sa, Trng Sa
Bien ong cung nh cac ao Phu Quoc,
Tho Chu vnh Thai Lan.Khoang hai phan ba dien tch lanh tho
Viet Nam la oi nui. Mien nui hiem tr
nhat la Tay Bac t thng nguon song Ma
en thung lung song Hong. Phang Xi Pang
la nh cao nhat ong Dng (3.148m).
Mien nui oi Viet Bac nam hu ngan
song Chay chay ve en thung lung song
Hong, co cac nh Tay Con Lnh (2431m),
Kieu Lieu Ti (2402m). Mien nui oi ongBac trai rong t thung lung
song Lo song
Gam en tan b bien Quang Ninh co hnh
dang cac canh cung loi ra pha bien (canh
cung song Gam, canh cung Ngan Sn, Yen
Lac, Bac Sn va canh cung ong Trieu).
Day Trng Sn chay t Nam cao
nguyen Xieng Khoang (Lao) cho en cc
Nam Trung Bo co cac nh Pu Lai Leng(2.711m) va Rao Co (2.335m) va
cac nh
Ngoc Linh, Ngoc Niay, Ngoc Pan, Ngoc
Kring; mot khoi cao nguyen cc Nam
gom cac cao nguyen Lam Vien, Bao Loc,
Di Linh va Mnong.
ong bang chau tho song Hong la san
pham boi tu cua he thong song Hong song
Thai Bnh. Dien tch cua toan chau tho tnht ng bnh o 25m tr xuong
la khoang
Viet Nam la mot quoc gia ong Nam A co lch s tren bon nghn nam
xay dng va phat
trien, trai qua nhieu cuoc au tranh chong thien tai va giac
ngoai xam. T thang 5 nam 1975
Viet Nam thong nhat t Bac ch Nam, va han gan vet thng chien
tranh va phat trien at
nc, ng vao hang ngu cac nc ang phat trien tren the gii.
1. a ly Viet Nam
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
15.000 km2, hien nay van tiep tuc c boithem ra pha bien khu vc b
bien Ninh
Bnh khoang 100 m/nam.
ong bang song Cu Long co dien tch
tren 40 nghn km2la san pham boi tu cua
song Mekong. PhnomPenh (Campuchia)
song Mekong tach ra thanh hai nhanh goi
la song Tien va song Hau; hai nhanh nay
khi ra en gan bien lai chia thanh 9 nhanho ra 9 ca (Cu Long - 9
con rong).
Cac ong bang ven bien mien Trung
c phan bo t Thanh Hoa en Phan Thiet;
la san pham boi tu cua cac con song chay
t sn ong Trng Sn xuong bien.
Viet Nam c bao boc bi Bien ong,
co hai vnh ln la Vnh Bac Bo va Vnh
Thai Lan. Dien tch cua Bien ong khoang3,5 trieu km2.
a hnh them luc a khac nhau phanBac, Trung va Nam cua bien ong.
a
hnh ay bien t Mong Cai en Hai Phong
rat phc tap do co hang nghn ao ln, nho
thuoc hai vnh Bai T Long va Ha Long.
a hnh ay bien vnh Bac Bo hi nghieng
ve pha ong Nam, o sau trung tam vnh
khoang 70-80 m; ca Vnh 90-100 m,
ra them luc a khoang 200m. T NamHai Phong en Nghe An, a hnh them
luc
a tng oi n gian, thoai dan t b ra
khi.
T nam Nghe Tnh en a Nang xuat
hien cac day e cat ngam chay song song
vi ng b, con pha ngoai khi cac
dang a hnh am dng xen ke phc tap
(Hnh 1.2).Them luc a mien Trung rat doc, ng
Hnh 1.1. Viet Nam trong ong Nam A
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Chng 1. Viet Nam, mot so net chu yeu
ang sau 100 m chay rat gan b. T b en
o sau 40-80 m a hnh b chia cat manh.
T o sau 40-80 m en 150 m co be mat
go ghe, sau o sau en 800-1.000 m ra
them luc a.
Them luc a pha Nam co a hnh
tng oi phang, xen ke a hnh am co ay
rong.Quan ao Hoang Sa nam trong khoang
150en 170 v Bac tren cao nguyen ngam b
chia cat co dien tch ln hn 100.000 km2.
Quan ao bao gom hn mot tram ao noi,
a, bai nong, bai ngam vi hn 60 ni a
c at ten, c chia thanh 3 cum ln la
Li Liem, Vnh An va Macclesfield.
Quan ao Trng Sa nam trong khoang
50en 120v Bac tren cao nguyen ngam bchia cat co dien tch ln hn
300.000 km2.
Hnh 1.2. Ban o Viet Nam (Theo Atlat a ly Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban
Giao duc, 2004)
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
Quan ao bao gom hang tram ao noi, a,
bai nong, bai ngam vi hn 130 ni a c
at ten, c chia thanh 8 cum ln la Song
T, Th T, Loai Ta, Nam Yet, Sinh Ton,
Bnh Nguyen, Trng Sa va Tham Hiem
(theo Bien ong, tap III, a chat-a vat
Hnh 1.3. Ban o kh hau Viet Nam (Theo Atlat a ly Viet Nam, Nha
xuat ban Giao duc, 2004)
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Chng 1. Viet Nam, mot so net chu yeu
ly bien. 2003. NXB ai hoc Quoc gia Ha
Noi).
Viet Nam nam gon trong vong ai noi
ch tuyen chu anh hng cua kh hau nhiet
i gio mua nen quanh nam co nhiet o caova o am ln (Hnh 1.3).
Phan Bac cua lanh tho Viet Nam (tnh
en v tuyen 180Bac) chu anh hng cua
kh hau nhiet i gio mua co mua ong
lanh. Mac du ch co 3 thang nhiet o trung
bnh di 200C nhng cung co khong t ngay
ret en 50C. Mua he la mua ma keo dai t
thang 4 en thang 10, la mua co thang conhiet o cao nhat trong
nam (trung bnh 31-
320C, cc ai vt 400C) va cung thng
co bao.
Phan Nam cua lanh tho Viet Nam ac
trng cho kh hau nhiet i gio mua ien
hnh. Nhiet o trung bnh hang nam ong
bang khoang 26-270C, s chenh lech nhau
gia thang nong nhat va lanh nhat chkhoang 3-40C. Hai mua ma va
kho phan
biet ro ret hn mien Bac. Mua ma t
thang 4-5 en thang 10-11. Lng ma ri
chiem en 90% lng ma trong nam. Co
t bao.
Mien Trung va Nam Trung Bo co kh
hau chuyen tiep gia hai mien kh hau
noi tren. Vao mua ha trong khi ca nc co
lng ma rat ln th ca dai ven bien keo
dai t Nam eo Ngang en Phan Thiet lai
co thi tiet hanh kho nong nhat trong nam.
Nhng vao cac thang mua ma lai thng
co ma bao ln, lu lut.
Viet Nam co 2.360 song suoi co chieu
dai t 10 km tr len, nhng ch co 8% la cac
song ln, o la cac he thong song Hong,
song Cu Long, song Thai Bnh, song KyCung- Bang Giang, song Ma,
song Ca,
song Thu Bon, song Ba (hay a Rang) va
song ong Nai.
Rng Viet Nam ch con lai khoang
66 nghn km2trong o co 7 nghn km2rng
bao ve. Trong so cac loai rng co rng banthng xanh (37 nghn km2so
vi 136 nghn
km2 rng nguyen thuy), rng thng xanh
kho a hnh thap (10 nghn km2), rng
thng xanh nui (8 nghn km2), rng rung
la (3 nghn km2), rng kho ho Dau (2 nghn
km2), rng nui a voi (2 nghn km2), rng
la kim (gan 2 nghn km2), rng ngap man
(tren 1 nghn km2
)Viet Nam la mot at nc co 54 dan toc
vi 54 nen van hoa ac sac, trong o dan
toc Kinh (Viet) chiem 84% tong so dan.
Cac dan toc khac co so lng t 1 trieu en
vai nghn hay vai tram ngi. Ngon ng:
tieng Viet (chnh thc) va cac ngon ng
sac toc. Ton giao: Phat giao khoang 67%
dan so, Cong giao 8%, tn ngng ban a(Cao ai, Hoa Hao..) Tin lanh,
Hoi giao.
Dan so Viet Nam a vt qua con so 82
trieu ngi (2004). Mc tang trng dan so
khoang 1,4-1,8%/nam. Thap tuoi dan so la
thap tuoi tre, ac trng cho cac nc ang
phat trien. Mat o dan c trung bnh trong
ca nc la 250 ngi tren 1 km2. Nhng
cung co cac tnh 2mat o dan thap hn 50
ngi tren 1 km2(Lai Chau, Kon Tum..) va
t 1.000-2.000 ngi tren 1 km2(Thai Bnh,
Thanh Hoa...) [theo 6].
Tai nguyen khoang san Viet Nam a
dang va phong phu. Tren ban o khoang
san Viet Nam a ang ky c hn 5.000
mo va iem quang vi khoang 60 chung
loai khoang san. Quang sat vi tong tr
lng tai nguyen d bao 1,2 ty tan; 22,82trieu tan oxyt crom; 22
trieu tan titan; 3,6
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
ty tan than; 6 ty tan bauxit; 0,1 trieu tan
thiec-wonfram; 1,2 trieu tan ong; 0,152
trieu tan nikel; 2,92 trieu tan ch, hang tram
tan vang; 2,1 ty tan apatit, 17 trieu tan at
hiem; nhieu ty tan cac khoang san vat lieuxay dng, vat lieu gom,
s thuy tinh; co
nhieu vung quang a quy... [theo 5]. Tiem
nang tai nguyen than anthracit va than m
la 10 ty tan vi tr lng anh ga la 2,1
ty tan; tiem nang than nau la 250 ty tan.
Rieng ve tai nguyen dau kh c trnh bay
trong chng 3 quyen sach nay.
Tiem nang nc di at cua Viet Namrat ln, tong tr lng ong t nhien
toan
lanh tho cha ke phan hai ao la 1.513.445
m3/sec. Con tong tr lng khai thac nc
di at tren c s ket qua tm kiem tham
do 136 vung tren toan quoc vi tr lng
a c phe duyet cap A+B la 1.946.869
m3/ngay, cap C1la 2.780.637 m3/ngay, cap
C2la 17.505.395 m3
/ngay [theo 9].Tai lieu khao sat cua 87 song va oan
song tren lanh tho Viet Nam co tiem nang
ly thuyet cua thuy ien Viet Nam khoang
308 ty kwh/nam vi tong cong suat khoang
70 nghn MW. Tiem nang ky thuat cua thuy
ien Viet Nam c xac nh da tren so
lieu cua 363 v tr thuy ien va va ln
(cong suat tren 10 MW) tren 31 song va
oan song la 72 ty kwh/nam vi cong suat
17.566 MW [theo 4]
2. Chnh quyen
Viet Nam ten goi ay u la Cong hoa
Xa hoi Chu ngha Viet Nam. Chnh the
la Nha nc Xa hoi Chu ngha. Thu o la
Ha Noi. Co 64 tnh va thanh pho. Ve hanh
phap ng au Nha nc la Chu tch, ngau Chnh phu la Thu tng.
Ve lap phap co Quoc hoi la c quan co
quyen lc cao nhat.
Ve t phap co Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan
Toi cao va Toa an Nhan dan Toi cao.
3. S phat trien kinh te xa hoi
3.1. Cau truc ha tang
Tong chieu dai ng bo trong ca nc
khoang 106.048 km, trong o co 11.353
km ng quoc lo, 14.499 km ng cap
tnh, 24.624 km ng cap huyen, 3.211
km ng o th, 5.451 km ng chuyen
dung. Cac con ng nay phai i qua 5.802
cau va nhieu ben pha.
Tong chieu dai ng sat Viet Nam
la 3.259,5 km.
He thong ng song dai khoang 90-10
nghn km, ke ca cac kenh rach, he thong
nay phat trien manh ong bang song
Hong va song Cu Long.
Viet Nam co ng b bien hnh ch S
dai tren 3.200 km nam ngang tren cac tuyen
hang hai quoc te Tay Thai Bnh Dng nen
co tiem nang phat trien van tai ng bien
xay dng cac cang bien va cac can c dch
vu dau kh.
Hang khong Viet Nam ang m rong
khong gian bay. Ca nc co 3 san bay quoc
te va 12 san bay noi a.
Bu chnh vien thong Viet Nam ang
c phat trien vi toc o nhanh va s dung
cac cong nghe tien tien. Mang li ien
thoai di ong phu tren ca nc. D kien
trong thi gian ti Viet Nam se co ve tinh
vien thong rieng cua mnh.
Hien nay tong cong suat cua nganh ien
khoang 8.806 MW; thuy ien chiem khoang50% tong cong suat. Li ien
quoc gia a
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Chng 1. Viet Nam, mot so net chu yeu
a en 506/517 huyen trong ca nc. Nam
2003 san lng ien la hn 41 ty kwh, d
kien en nam 2005 la 53 ty kwh, 2010 la 93
ty kwh [theo 1, 2, 6].
3.2. Cac nganh kinh te-xa hoi chu yeu
Toc o tang trng Tong san pham
trong nc (GDP) bnh quan trong 5 nam
(2001-2005) la 7,5%. Ty trong nong lam
ng nghiep trong GDP (nam 2005 la 19%)
giam nhng van tang kha ve tr so tuyet
oi. Xuat khau gao khoang 4,0 trieu tan,
ng th hai the gii.
Cong nghiep va xay dng tang 14,5-15% chiem ty trong 42% trong
GDP. Cac
nganh dch vu chiem ty trong 39% trong
GDP.
Nam 2004 ca nc co 2,2 trieu tre em
theo hoc mau giao, 17,5 trieu hoc sinh pho
thong, gan 1 trieu sinh vien theo hoc 187
trng ai hoc, cao ang. Cac c s y te
cua nha nc va t nhan phat trien manh.au t trc tiep nc ngoai (tnh
ti 20-
12-2002, ch tnh cac d an con hieu lc) la
3.669 d an (trong o cong nghiep dau kh
29 d an). Tong von ang ky au t la 39
ty USD (trong o dau kh la 3,2 ty USD),
a thc hien 20,7 ty USD (trong o dau kh
3,5 ty USD).
Thu ngan sach Nha nc tang 11,3%,boi chi van c kiem che khong qua
5%
GDP. Trong 5 nam (2001-2005) a tao c
7 trieu viec lam, giam ty le that nghiep
(5,8% thanh th). Tong au t phat trien
bang 35,6% GDP la mot ty le cao so vi
cac nc trong khu vc [theo 3, 7].
4. Chien lc phat trien kinh te-xa hoi
giai oan 2001-2010
ai hoi IX ang Cong san Viet Nam
(4-2001) a quyet nh Chien lc phat
trien kinh te-xa hoi giai oan 2001-2010nh sau:
a nc ta ra khoi tnh trang kem
phat trien; nang cao ro ret i song vat
chat, van hoa, tinh than cua nhan dan; tao
nen tang e en nam 2020 nc ta c ban
tr thanh mot nc cong nghiep theo hng
hien ai hoa. Nguon lc con ngi, nang
lc khoa hoc va cong nghe, ket cau ha tang;tiem lc kinh te, quoc
phong, an ninh c
tang cng; the che kinh te th trng nh
hng xa hoi chu ngha c hnh thanh ve
c ban; v the cua nc ta tren trng quoc
te c nang cao.
Muc tieu cu the cua Chien lc la:
a GDP nam 2010 len t nhat gap oi
nam 2000.. Tch luy noi bo nen kinh te at tren 30%
GDP. Nhp o tang xuat khau gap tren2 lan nhp o tang GDP.
Ty trong trong GDP cua nong nghiep16-17%, cong nghiep 40-41%,
dch vu42-43%. Gia tang gia tr nong nghiep(ke ca thuy san, lam
nghiep) bnh quanhang nam 4-4,5%, cong nghiep khoang
10-10,5%. Bao am cung cap u va antoan nang lng (ien, dau kh,
than)Phat trien manh ket cau ha tang va dchvu.
Nang len ang ke ch so phat trien conngi (HDI) cua nc ta. Toc o
tangdan so en nam 2010 con khoang 1,1%.Giai quyet viec lam ca thanh
th vanong thon. Hoan thanh pho cap trunghoc trong ca nc. Tang tuoi
tho trung
bnh len 71 [theo 8].
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
1. Bao Nhan Dan so 17632 th t ngay
5-11-2003
2. Bao Thanh Nien so 300(2865) th hai
ngay 27-10-2003
3. Bao cao cua Chnh phu tai ky hop lan
th 4 Quoc hoi khoa XI. Bao Nhan
Dan so 17618 ngay 22-10-2003.
4. Chng trnh khoa hoc cong nghe
cap Nha nc giai oan 1999-2000.
Xay dng chien lc va chnh sach
phat trien nang lng ben vng. Ma soKHCN.09. Ha Noi 12-2001.
5. inh Van Dien va nnk, 1995. Tai
nguyen khoang san Viet Nam. Nhng
net khai quat ve lch s phat trien. Mot
so quy luat sinh khoang chu yeu. a
chat, Khoang san va Dau kh T.2 tr. 7-
30. Cuc a chat Viet Nam xuat ban.
Ha Noi-1995.
6. Le Ba Thao, 2002. Viet Nam lanh tho
va cac vung a ly (tai ban lan th hai).
Nha xuat ban The Gii.
7. Nguyen Manh Hung (chu bien), 2003.
Kinh te xa hoi Viet Nam 2002. Ke
hoach 2003. Tang trng va hoi nhap.
Nha xuat ban Thong Ke 2003.
8. Van kien ai hoi ai bieu toan quoc
lan th IX, 2001. Nha xuat ban Chnhtr Quoc gia.
9. Vo Cong Nghiep va nnk, 1995. Tiem
nang nc di at cua Viet Nam.
a chat, Khoang san va Dau kh. T.2.
tr.107-119. Cuc a chat Viet Nam xuat
ban. Ha Noi. 1995.
Tai lieu tham khao
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Chng
Hoat ongieu traa chat,
tham do vakhai thacdau kh
2
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
Dung cu, di vat co bang a t cac thiai o a cu c tm thay nui o
(ThanhHoa), o a gia cua van hoa Hoa Bnh roien o a mi thuoc van hoa
Bac Sn cachay khoang 100 nghn nam chng to ngiViet co a biet khai
thac che bien nguyenlieu khoang (Tran Quoc Vng, 1978).
Vao thi Hung Vng cach ay hang
nghn nam, ngi Lac Viet a chuyen dansang thi ai o ong the hien
qua cac dich Phung Nguyen (Vnh Phu), Quy at(Quang Bnh), Ha Long
(Quang Ninh)(ao Duy Anh, 1964).
2. Thi ky phong kien
Thi ai kim kh thi Hung Vng
phat trien qua cac giai oan o ong, ongthau ma rc r nhat la van
hoa ong Snkhoang the ky 13 trc cong nguyen, trongo co trong ong noi
tieng (Ha Van Phung,1981).
Vao cac trieu ai phong kien inh, Le,Ly, Tran, Le en trieu
Nguyen, tuy nhieunam lien phai chong ngoai xam, nhng
viec khai thac va s dung tai nguyen vanc m mang ngay cang nhieu.
So lieu
thong ke qua cac trieu ai en the ky 19 aco tren 150 mo c khai
thac Viet Namgom cac kim loai c ban, sat va hp kim sat,nhien lieu,
khoang chat cong nghiep (PhanHuy Le, 1963, Le Van C,
1979-1983).
Qua nhng s lieu tren, cac hoat onglien quan en a chat, khai
khoang cuangi Viet a at c nhng trnh o nhat
nh rat ang t hao.
3. Thi ky Phap thuoc (1858-1945)
T khi thc dan Phap o bo vao aNang nam 1856 en suot thi ky o
hoViet Nam, cac to chc ve mo va a chata c thanh lap, ieu hanh viec
ieu traa chat va khai thac tai nguyen khoang
san cua nc thuoc a.S Mo Nam Ky c thanh lap vao
nam 1868, roi en Nha Mo ong Dng-1884, Cong ty Than Bac Ky -
1888, S achat ong Dng-1898 (tren giay t lanam 1894) thuoc Nha Canh
nong va thngmai ong Dng, en nam 1904 thuoc BanCong chnh cua S Mo,
nam 1921 nhap
vao Nha Mo ong Dng, nam 1939 thuocBan Tong Thanh tra Mo va Ky
nghe ong
Lch s hoat ong lien quan en a chat, tham do, khai khoang, che
bien va s dung tai
nguyen khoang san Viet Nam nhng mc o khac nhau gan lien vi qua
trnh phat trien
t thi nguyen thuy en nay a c ghi nhan qua nhieu di tch khao co
va s lieu.
1. Thi ky tien s
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14
a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
Dng (Saurrin E., 1951; Hoang Th Than,1973).
Tren thc te, t the ky 16, 17 a conhng nha buon, cha co phng Tay
en
Viet Nam a co nhng nhan nh ay lamot v tr can c chiem lay, v
chiemc v tr nay th cac thng gia chauAu se thu c mot nguon li rat ln
vimot kha nang tai nguyen rat oi doi dao(Alexandre de Rhodes,
1650]. Mot so nhaa chat Phap nh Arnoux E., 1852; PetitonA.,
1868-1895, a co nhng khao sat thc
a va cong bo mot so cong trnh a chatve Nam Ky, ong Dng; Fuchs
E., SaladirE., 1882 ghi chep ve tham do cac iemnhien lieu va kim
loai ong Dng,
S a chat ong Dng a nhanh chongxuc tien viec ieu tra c ban lap
ban o achat cac ty le 1:4.000.000 (1882, 1928);1:2.000.000 (1928,
1931, 1937, 1952, 1971).
Tiep theo la viec lap ban o a chat ty le1:100.000 tren cac t
That Khe (1907), TuLe (1910), Bac Ha, Ha Giang, Malipo, YenMinh
(1915), Cao Bang (1924), Ha Lang(1925), Van Yen (1929) nhng do
khongat c muc tieu va keo dai qua lau nen achuyen sang ty le
1:500.000 tren cac t HaNoi (1927-1937), Vinh (1928), Cao
Bang(1930), Hue (1935), a Nang (Tourane)(1935), Nha Trang (1937),
Sai Gon (1937),Quy Nhn (1942), Khong (1942), Montzeu(1942), Vnh
Long (1962).
Ngoai cong viec lap ban o a chat,nghien cu co sinh, a tang
(Zeiller R.,1886-1903; Mansuy H., 1908-1921; ColaniM., 1916-1927;
Fontain H., 1954-1994),thach hoc (Lacroix A., 1893-1935); kien
tao
(Deprat J., 1911-1917, Dussault L., 1921-1929; Jacob CH.,
1920-1932; Fromaget J.,
1927-1952; Saurine E., 1930-1970;) acbiet la cong tac ieu tra
khai thac tai nguyenkhoang san c bat au rat sm (ArnouxE.,
1854-1855; Fuchs E., Saladin E., 1882;
Sarran E., 1888, 1898; Bel JM., 1898-1901;Counilon H.,
1899-1914; Beauverie E.,1911; Bordeaux A., 1925-1928; Blondel
F.,1927-1952)
Nam 1922 Vien Hai dng hoc ongDng c thanh lap. T nam 1923-1927tau
De Lanesssan (Phap) a khao sat osau ay bien va thu thap mau ay
Bien
ong. Nam 1930 ngi Phap a o o sau,khao sat a hnh cac khu vc bien
nongven b nh vnh Bac Bo, vnh Thai Lan,cac ao Hoang Sa, Trng Sa, Phu
Quoc.
Cac cong trnh chuyen sau ve a chatdau kh rat t so vi a chat khu
vc noichung va khoang san ran noi rieng. Tuynhien cac tai lieu con
e lai cung ghi c
nhng thong tin ve dau kh Viet Nam vaong Dng a biet c kha sm.Vao
nam 1901 a khoan mot vai gieng
khoan tai a Nang nhng khong gap khchay t nhien. Nam 1910 a khoan
va aogieng vung nui Lch -Yen Bai. Trongcuoc hop ngay 23-3-1914 cua
Vien Hanlam Khoa hoc Phap D. Launay a trnh bayghi chep cua P.
Durandin Ve s co the tontai mo dau kh ong Dng thuoc Phaptheo cac ch
dan a danh [4].
Van e dau mo Bac Bo va nhngvung con lai thuoc ong Dng a cneu ro
trong bao cao chung ve cong nghe,nhan cuoc thanh tra cac nc thuoc a
vaothang 3/1922 gom nhng vung chnh nhsau [8, 9,18]:
1. Be tram tch e Tam ong Ho (QuangNinh) cha cac va than lignit
ang
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
c khai thac va a phien dau daykhoang 15 m, khi chng cat cho
3-8%dau khoang (huile minerale) boc chayde dang co the s dung lam
chat ot khitron vi lignit.
2. Tram tch e Tam Tuyen Quang.Tren mai lp lignit con gap a
phienset-voi mau socola, khi chng cat cho
ra cac dau khoang ty le khac nhau. Haithanh tao tren rat giong
nhau, nhng cacbe o rat han che nen tr lng cac aphien s bo thay rang
kho ma xay dngc mot nha may dau nc thuoca nay. Tuy vay, s ton tai
cac lp aphien cha bitum khong co ngha la dauhieu cho s ton tai
khoang dau nhng
vung nay.3. Tram tch Paleozoi vung nui Lch,
hu ngan song Hong, pha Nam th xaYen Bai 3-4 km co dai a voi nt
ne,graphit hoa bieu hien hydrocarbon xamnhiem tao thanh mong cua be
tram tchsong-ho e Tam day khoang 1.000 mb uon nep Yen Bai doc thung
lung
song Hong (Viennot P., 1924, SarranE., 1899; Fromaget J.,
1941)
Vao nam 1910, Nha Mo ong Dnga tien hanh khao sat a chat, thi
congmot so cong trnh hao, ho thngnguon Ngoi Ac, Ngoi Giao, ac biet
lakhoan sn pha ong Nui Lch enngay 12/1/1911 a ti o sau 52 m va oan
35 m a xuyen qua lp cat ketmau en co mui dau mo nhng sau o
a ngng bo. (La question du petrole,1922; Viennot P., 1924). Sau
o vaonam 1922 theo e xuat cua GuidonLavallee thuoc S Mo Ha Noi
PiereViennot a cung vi ong ta khao sat laivung Nui Lch, Ngoi Ac,
Ngoi Giao lapban o tai lieu thc te ty le 1:50.000 vamat cat a chat
qua nh Nui Lch (242
m) va gi mau phan tch tai Phong thnghiem cua S Mo cho ket qua co
cachp chat hydrocarbon [9]. Trong baocao ve Nghien cu mo dau Yen
Bai..tai Hoi ngh cua Hoi a chat Phap vaongay 1/12/1924 do F.
Delafond lamchu toa, P. Viennot, 1924 [19] a iemqua cac nghien cu
ve a chat cua
Beauverie E., 1911, Zeiller R., 1893,Dussault L., 1922, 1929
lien quan en
Hnh 2.1.Mat cat a chat qua vung nui Lch (theo Pierre Viennot,
1922)
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
vung Yen Bai gom cac thanh tao bienchat, cac tram tch Paleozoi
va be eTam co nhan nh s xuat lo dau ay,tuy khong co kha nang ton
tai mot mo
dau nhng co the ay la dau hieu totcho cong tac tm kiem dau mo x
snay (Hnh 2.1 va hnh 2.2).
4. Vung Tourane (a Nang) ngi ta athong bao ve s ton tai cat ket
chadau mo va c xac nhan cua nha thamdo (Prospecteur) ieu tra cho
biet aco dau khoang ro r trong 20 nam qua
t khi lam cac nen mong cong trnh vung nay va trong mau cat c
phongth nghiem cho ket qua co le la hon hpcua hydrocarbon [8].Ve
phng dien a chat neu s ton taihydrocarbon la co kha nang trong
beMesozoi Nong Sn Tay Nam a Nangth no lai t co kha nang gan thanh
phonay ni ngi ta ch biet ngoai boi tchhien tai la a bien chat ket
tinh, vieckeo dai cua be nay di nhng boi tchco le khoang 10 km pha
Nam aNang.
5. iem lo dau vung am Th Nai QuyNhn c phat hien vao nam 1920
vaSaurin E., 1944 mo ta lang Hoi Loc,chan pha Tay nui Eo Vc ni b
bien
doc ng co dau r lo ra loang tren bemat bun, cat lap ay cac khe
nt trong
a granit khi thuy trieu rut xuong. Dauthu c do chng cat dung dch
maunau, nang co thuoc tnh Parafin va chso khuc xa la 1,425 nhiet o
280C.
Ong ta cho rang dau hieu gia nh cos ton tai dau trong tram tch
vung vnh sau di tram tch hien ai va khongnghi ng g no thuoc Neogen,
hoac cothe la phan thap cua e T.
Tai ay, vao nam 1944, ngi Phapa tien hanh khoan tham do cac
vungpha Tay Hoi Loc, ong Ky Sn thuoc
vnh Quy Nhn en o sau 40 m gap among granit va tren o la lp bun
catbien mau xam nhng khong phat hienra dau. Sau o vao nam 1945
ngiNhat cung tien hanh khoan them motso gieng nhng cung khong cho
ieu gmi [5]. en nam 1957, Saurin E. trlai nghien cu iem dau nay gan
lang
Hoi Loc ben di lp cat bien 20 cm lalp bun cat mau en, mui thoi
co nhngvang dau loang tren lp bun sapropelphong phu nhng mang vun
thc vat(tao) nh la a me cua dau phan tan,rai rac vnh Quy Nhn. T
nhng ketqua nghien cu mi nay, cong vi tailieu tham do 1944, Saurin
E., 1964 lai
co nhan nh rang dau ay khongphai t tram tch Neogen hay e T coma
chnh la lp bun Sapropel giau munthc vat vnh Quy Nhn.
4. Thi ky t Cach mang thang 8 (1945)
en nay
4.1. Giai oan 1945-1954
Cach mang Thang 8 (1945) a a VietNam t mot nc thuoc a tr thanh
mot
Hnh 2.2.Mat cat a chat qua iem lo dau nuiLch (theo Bao cao S mo
ong Dng, 1922)
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
nc oc lap. Chnh phu Viet Nam Dan chuCong hoa a to chc lai nganh
a chat vamo.
Nam 1945 Nha Ky nghe, S Tong
Thanh tra Khoang chat va Ky nghe cthanh lap trc thuoc Bo Quoc
dan Kinh te.Nam 1946 S a chat va S Khoang chatc tach ra nhng van
nam trong Bo Quocdan Kinh te.
Trong khang chien chong thc dan Phap(1945-1954) ch co mot so
hoat ong achat va mo vi quy mo nho c tien hanh
nham phuc vu trc tiep cho quoc phong vadan sinh.Trong vung Phap
tam chiem, S a
chat ong Dng c a vao Trung tamnghien cu khoa hoc va ky thuat t
nam1951, sau o chuyen vao Sai Gon t nam1954 at trong Tong Nha Mo,
Cong nghiepva Thu cong nghiep thuoc Bo Ke hoach
va sau thuoc Bo Tai chnh va Kinh te quocdan. Hoat ong a chat
khong co g nhieu,ngoai viec mot so nha a chat Phap nhFromaget J.,
Saurin E., cong bo mot socong trnh nghien cu a chat Lang Sn,Hai
Phong va mot so hon ao, angke la viec tai ban cong trnh ban o a
chatong Dng ty le 1:2.000.000 do FromagetJ., Saurin E., thanh lap
(1952).
4.2. Giai oan 1954-1975
a. Mien Bac Viet Nam
Sau khi mien Bac Viet Nam c giaiphong (1954), Chnh phu Viet Nam
aymanh hoat ong a chat va mo vi s giup cua Lien Xo (cu), Trung Quoc
va cacnc ong Au. Chnh phu ac biet quan
tam en viec ao tao chuyen gia trong ncva gi i ao tao nc
ngoai.
Mot khoi lng to ln cac cong trnhkhao sat a chat, tm kiem, tham
do va khaithac cac khoang san a c hoan thanhtrong giai oan nay. oc
gia co the tm hieu
trong Th muc a chat Viet Nam (Cuca chat va Khoang san Viet Nam.
Ha Noi1998); chang han nh a chat mien BacViet Nam va ban o a chat
mien BacViet Nam (1965) (do Dovjikov A.E. chubien. 1965); Ban o a
chat Viet Namphan mien Bac ty le 1:1.000.000 (do TranVan Tr chu
bien. 1973) Di ay chung
toi ch neu cac hoat ong lien quan en achat dau kh.Nam 1956 Vien
sy Griaznov N.K. (Lien
Xo cu) nhan nh mien Bac Viet Nam cotrien vong dau kh. T
1959-1961 KitovaniS.K. cung vi cac ong nghiep Viet Nama nghien cu
tai lieu cua cac nha a chatPhap, khao sat 11 tuyen khoang 25.000
km
lo trnh a hoan thanh bao cao a chatva trien vong dau kh Viet Nam
Dan chuCong hoa [13]. ay la cong trnh tong hpau tien ve a chat va
anh gia trien vongdau kh Viet Nam. Theo tac gia, mienBac Viet Nam
co 4 vung trien vong (Hnh2.3):
1. Vung trung gia nui tam giac chausong Hong.
2. Vung c cau tao bi cac tramtch luc nguyen Mesozoi tren
nenCaledoni b bien chat Paleozoi sm.
3. Vung c cau tao bi tram tch lucnguyen Mesozoi tren tang
Hercyni blun chm khong sau.
4. Vung c cau tao bi tram tch lucnguyen Paleozoi gia-tren.
Ngay 27-11-1961 oan a chat 36 trcthuoc Tong cuc a chat c thanh
lap.
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
a tien hanh khao sat t hang khongty le 1:200.000 tren toan mien
Bac VietNam (Ivanhiukov I.D. 1961). o trong lcty le 1: 200.000 tren
dien tch 12000 km2vung trung Ha Noi (Epstein N.V. 1961-1963); sau o
la ty le 1: 500.000 tren toan
mien Bac (Nguyen Hiep 1964-1973); ty le1:200.000 vung trung An
Chau va vungtrung Ninh Bnh, ty le 1:50.000 va 1:25.000 ong Nam vung
trung Ha Noi (NguyenHiep, Giang Cong Thnh 1965-1973).
Cong tac tham do a chan bat au tnam 1962 vi phng phap phan xa
ctien hanh 2.260 km ong Nam vung trung
Ha Noi (Macsiutova, Ho ac Hoai, TrngMinh), 232 km tuyen khuc xa
(Nguyen TrLien).
Cong tac tham do ien c bat aut nam 1964 vi tren 1.532 km tuyen
chuyeu tap trung ong Nam vung trung HaNoi (Pornhiagin M.A., Tang
Mi, NguyenTan Kch).
Cong tac khoan cau tao c bat au tnam 1962 tap trung chu yeu vung
trung
Ha Noi vi chieu sau cac gieng khoan t150 m en 1.200 m vi tong so
khoang 20nghn met khoan. Cong tac khoan sau batau t nam 1970 vi
gieng khoan thongso 100 tai Tien Hng (Thai Bnh) at osau ky luc luc
bay gi (1970) la 3.303 m.
Cho en nam 1975 a khoan c 7 giengkhoan sau vi tong 17684 m
khoan. Giengkhoan 61 cau tao Tien Hai C a phathien dong kh lan
condensat cong nghiep tcat ket thuoc he tang Tien Hng.
Co the noi rang ket qua khao sat achat, a vat ly va khoan trong
giai oannay a cho thay bc tranh toan canh cau
truc a chat cua mien Bac Viet Nam lienquan en viec anh gia trien
vong dau kh;va ac biet cau truc a chat sau ben dilp phu tram tch e
T kha day cua vungtrung Ha Noi lan au tien c nghiencu; a phat hien
c nhng he thongt gay phc tap (song Chay, song Hong,song Lo, Vnh
Ninh), cac dai nang Kien
Xng-Tien Hai, cac vung sut lun ongQuan, Phng Ngai co chieu day
tram tch
Hnh 2.4.Khao sat a chat tai vung An Chau (anh t lieu)
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
e Tam vt tren 3 km, cung a phat hiennhieu cau tao a dang chu tac
ong cuacac hoat ong kien tao manh me
Cac nghien cu ve thach hoc, tram tch,co sinh (vi co sinh, bao t
phan hoa) ac trien khai (Tram tch va ieu kienthanh tao tram tch
Neogen-e T mientrung Ha Noi. Glovenok V.K., Le VanChan. 1966,..)
trong o phai ke en congtrnh tong hp tai lieu au tien la bao caoCau
truc a chat va trien vong dau khcua mien trung Ha Noi cua
KisliakovV.N., Golovenok V.K. (1970). Trong giaioan nay a hnh thanh
dan quan iem trienvong dau kh vung trung Ha Noi tang danve pha
bien.
Ngoai vung trung Ha Noi, cong tackhao sat a chat, a vat ly
(trong lc va
ien) va mot vai gieng khoan cau tao tmkiem cung c trien khai
vung trungMesozoi An Chau (Nguyen Quang Hap,1965-1967; Nguyen Hiep,
1972; Tran NgocToan, 1974), cac ket qua a c tonghp trong bao cao
Cau truc a chat vatrien vong cha dau vung trung An Chau
(1967-1970) do Ngo Thng San chu bien.Song mot so chuyen gia a
chat (Makarov.1972) lai cho rang vung nay khong co trienvong dau kh
v cau truc a chat vung naykhong thuan li cho kha nang sinh,
cha,chan dau kh.
b. Mien Nam Viet Nam
Trong khi mien Bac Viet Nam hoat
ong a chat noi chung va tm kiem thamdo dau kh noi rieng c ay
manh th
Hnh 2.6.Gieng khoan tham do phat hien khau tien Tien Hai C Mien
Vong Ha Noi
(anh t lieu)
Hnh 2.5.Gieng khoan tham do chau thosong Hong (anh t lieu)
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
mien Nam Viet Nam chnh quyen Sai Gonkhong tien hanh g nhieu hoat
ong a chattren at lien, ngoai viec mot so nha a chatPhap nh Saurin
E., Fontaine H. va mot so
nha a chat Viet Nam nh Ta Tran Tan,Nguyen Lan Tu, Hoang Th Than,
TranKim Thach, Nguyen An C hoac chnhly cac nghien cu trc ay hoac
nghiencu ve kien tao, a tang, hoa a, suoi ncnong mot so vung tren
at lien va motso hon ao. Cung a xuat ban mot so tban o a chat ty le
nho 1:500.000 (cac t
Nha Trang, Vnh Long, Sai Gon), ang kenhat la cong trnh cua
Fontaine H., tai banlan th ba ban o a chat ong Dng tyle 1:2.000.000
do Fromaget J. va Saurin E.thanh lap, co hieu nh phan Nam v tuyen17
(1971) va T ien a tang ong Dngcua Saurin E., 1956 [23].
Nam 1967, S Hai dng Hoa Ky o t
hang khong tren toan mien Nam Viet Namty le 1:250.000.Nam 1968
Bo Phat trien hai ngoai Anh
tien hanh khao sat a chan khuc xa (khoang290 km tuyen) va phan
xa (370 km tuyen)ngoai khi khu vc ao Tho Chu, ket quacho biet chieu
day tram tch Mesozoi ayco the ti 3-4 km [2]. Cung nam cong tyAlpine
Geophysical Corporation o 19.500km tuyen a chan va lay mau
Bienong.
Nam 1969-1970 cong ty RayGeophysical Mandrel khao sat 12.121
kmtuyen a chan, t va trong lc them luca Nam Viet Nam.
Nam 1969 Ho Manh Trung da trentai lieu t hang khong cong bo Khao
lc
cau truc ong bang song Cu Long va thaoluan ve van e dau mo [11].
Sau o (1971)
Bosum W.E., Kind E.G., Ho Manh Trungnghien cu cau truc chau tho
Mekong datren tai lieu t hang khong cho rang cacbon tram tch Can
Th, Ca Mau tram tch
day t 3-5 km. Cac tram tch Lias, Trias vaco the tre hn cung vi a
voi Permi co theco gia tr tm kiem dau kh [1].
Ngay 1-12-1970 chnh quyen Sai Gonban hanh ao luat so 011/70 an
nh viectm kiem khai thac dau mo cung ieu kienthue khoa va hoi oai.
Thang 1-1971 Uyban Quoc gia dau mo c thanh lap theo
sac lenh so 003-SLKT ngay 7-1-1971. Sauo thanh lap Tong cuoc dau
hoa va khoangsan.
Thang 6-1971 Bo Kinh te cong bo Nghnh so 249/BKT/UBQGDH ngay
9-6-1971ve cap quyen ac nhng tm kiem thamdo dau mo tai them luc a
Viet Nam Conghoa va quy nh cho au thau ac nhng.
Tong cong co 61 lo c a ra au thau.Nam 1972 cong ty GSI
(GeologicalService Inc.) khao sat 5.000 km a chan2D khu vc mien
Trung va quan ao HoangSa.
Thang 6-1973 cong ty RobertsonResearch International Limited
(Anh) vaBEICIP (Bureau dEtudes Industrielles etde Cooperation de
lInstitut Francais duPetrole - Phap) phoi hp lam bao cao achat va
khai thac hydrocarbon ngoai khiNam Viet Nam tap trung anh gia
khanang sinh, cha, chan, bay be Cu Long,vnh Thai Lan va be Sai Gon
[22].
Cung thi gian nay chnh quyen SaiGon to chc au thau t 1 tren 8 lo
cho4 nhom cong ty: Pecten Viet Nam (lo 06,
07, 08. TL); cong ty Mobil Oil (lo 03, 04TL); cong ty
Sunningdale (lo 01, 02.TL)
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
va cong ty ESSO (lo 05 TL) vi tong dientch 57.223 km2, trong o 4
lo be CuLong, 4 lo be Nam Con Sn (Hnh 2.7).
Hnh 2.7.D nh ac nhng tm kiemkhai thac dau kh (dung trong ngh
nhgoi thau ngay 19/2/1974)
Thang 4-1974 au thau t 2 vi 9 locho 5 nhom cong ty: cong ty
Mobil-Keiyo(lo 12A, 12B TL); Pecten BHP (lo 09TL); IOL (lo 10 TL)
Marathon (lo 11TL), OMO (lo 10, 14, 19, 23 TL) vidien tch moi lo la
4.500 km2 (Hnh 2.8).
Hnh 2.8.Khu vc hp ong giai oan 1973-1975
Sau khi trung thau cac cong ty a tienhanh o a chan vi mang li
8x8 km,
4x4 km tren toan lo va 2x2 km tren cacdien tch co trien vong.
Tong chieu dai o
a chan trong thi gian nay len ti 87.908km.
Cuoi nam 1974 au 1975 cong ty Pectenva Mobil a khoan 6 gieng tm
kiem tren
5 cau tao, trong o co 4 gieng khoan va 1gieng cha ket thuc be
Nam Con Sn, 1gieng khoan be Cu Long.
Gieng Hong-1X (lo 8 TL) at chieusau 1640 m, phat hien dau trong
lp cat ketnhng khong co gia tr thng mai.
Gieng Da-1X (lo 8 TL) sau 4.039 mgap dau o sau 3.048-3.352 m th
va cho
lu lng 1.514 barel (240 m3) dau/ngay va164.000 m3kh/ngay.
Gieng Bach Ho-1X (lo 04 TL) sau3.026 m gap nhieu lp cat ket cha
dau o sau 2.750-2.860 m. Th va cho lulng 2.400 barel (380 m3)
dau/ngay va25.000 m3kh/ngay.
Gieng Da-2X (lo 08 TL) vi o sau
3.652 m ngay 1-4-1975, bo d khoan.Gieng Ma-1X (lo 06 TL) sau
3.353 mgap ap suat cao khong th va c.
Gieng ai Hung-1X khoan en o sau1.829 m (thang 4/1975) th bo d
khoan.
4.3. Giai oan t 1975 en nay
Sau khi Viet Nam thong nhat hai mienNam Bac (30-4-1975), Chnh
phu Viet Nam
ay manh cong tac a chat, tm kiem thamdo khoang san noi chung va
ac biet la tmkiem tham do dau kh tren ca nc.
Ngay 3-9-1975 Tong cuc Dau mo vaKh ot Viet Nam c thanh lap trc
thuocChnh phu. Thang 8-1977 Cong ty Dau khquoc gia Viet Nam goi tat
la Petrovietnamc thanh lap trc thuoc Tong cuc Dau
kh. Thang 4-1990 Tong cuc Dau kh nhapvao Bo Cong nghiep nang.
Thang 7-1990
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
thanh lap Tong cong ty Dau kh Viet Namco ten giao dch quoc te la
Petrovietnam.Thang 4-1992, Tong cong ty Dau kh VietNam tach khoi Bo
Cong nghiep nang trcthuoc Thu tng Chnh phu. Theo quyetnh so 330/TTG
ngay 29-5-1995 cua Thutng Chnh phu, Tong cong ty Dau khViet Nam la
Tong cong ty Nha nc co tengiao dch quoc te la Vietnam Oil and
GasCorporation viet tat la Petrovietnam, cocac chc nang nhiem vu:
nghien cu, tmkiem, tham do, khai thac dau kh, che bien,
tang tr, van chuyen, dch vu dau kh, xuatnhap vat t thiet b dau
kh, dau tho va sanpham dau kh; phan phoi san pham dau khva cac hoat
ong kinh doanh khac phu hpvi luat phap Viet Nam va cac nhiem vuc
giao khac.
mien Bac Viet Nam Tong cuc Daukh tiep tuc ch ao cac n v trong
nganh
trien khai khao sat trong lc chi tiet (tyle 1:50.000; 1:25.000)
vung ong Nam
trung Ha Noi va vung nc nong ven bienThai Bnh, Nam nh (Giang
Cong Thnh,Phan Quang Quyet 1976-1982); khao sata chan phng phap iem
sau chung ty le
1:50.000 vi 3.197 km tuyen ong Namva Bac trung ong Quan, Kien
Xng,Tien Hai, ong Hoang va 223 km vungnc nong vnh Bac Bo (o Van Lu,
aoQuang An, Pham Dng, o Van Hau1975 - 1981). Cuoi nam 1981 tien
hanh2.555 km tuyen a chan mat o quan sat5x5 km tren dien tch 6.500
km2 vnh Bac
Bo bang tau a chan Bnh Minh (o VanHau, 1981) (Hnh 2.9). Trong
giai oan naya tien hanh 32 gieng khoan vi 78.842 mkhoan. a phat
hien c mo kh Tien HaiC (Hnh 2.10).
Nam 1977, Sevostianov K.M., LeTrong Can va nnk. hoan thanh bao
caoCau truc a chat, trien vong dau kh va
phng hng cong tac tiep theo mientrung Ha Noi [20], nam 1983
Skorduli
Hnh 2.9.Tau a chan Bnh Minh (anh t lieu)
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
Nam (1975-1980) [14].Ngay 3-7-1980 Hiep nh hp tac gia
Lien Xo (cu) va Viet Nam ve viec tham dova khai thac dau kh them
luc a Viet
Nam c ky ket. Ngay 19-6-1981 Chnhphu Viet Nam va Lien Xo (cu) ky
ketHiep nh thanh lap X nghiep lien doanhdau kh Viet-Xo (viet tat la
Vietsovpetro).Ngay 7-11-1981 Vietsovpetro chnh thc ivao hoat
ong.
Khao sat a vat ly (t, trong lc, achan) c tien hanh tren them luc
a Viet
Nam do Lien oan a vat ly Vien ongLien Xo thc hien vi cac tau
POISK,ISKATEL, Vien sy Gambuaxev, Malgintheo cac mang li t khu vc
en chi tiet.
Tren c s tai lieu a vat ly, a phathien c nhieu cau tao co trien
vong daukh. X nghiep lien doanh Vietsovpetro batau tien hanh khoan
tm kiem tren cac cautao Bach Ho, Rong (Hnh 2.12).
Hnh 2.12.Tau khoan Mikhain Mirchin phat hienthay dau trong tang
Miocen tai gieng so 5 mo Bach
Ho (thang 5-1984) (anh t lieu)
Gieng BH-5 khoan ngay 31-12-1983bang tau khoan Mikhain Mirchin
phannh vom Nam cau tao co o sau 3.001m, th va 2.782-2.826 m trong
tram tchMiocen di cho lu lng 26,3 m3 dau/
ngay qua ng knh ong xa 7,9 mm (thang5 - 1984).
Gieng BH-4 khoan phan ong Baccua nh vom pha Bac cau tao, dng
o
sau 3.501 m, th va khoang 2.519-2.845 mtrong tram tch Miocen di
cho lu lng206,3m3dau/ngay; th 7 va trong tram tchOligocen khoang
3.100-3.470,5 m cho lulng t 90 en 338 m3dau/ngay.
Gieng Rong-1X c khoan nh cautao Rong a gap mong bien chat o
sau2501 m, phat hien 1 va dau vi lu lng
53m3dau/ngay.Ngay 6-11-1984 chan e gian khoan co
nh au tien cua nganh dau kh Viet Namc ha thuy va sau o gian
khoan co nh(MSP-1) c hoan thanh xay lap. Ngay26-6-1986 t gian khoan
nay khai thac tandau au tien tai mo Bach Ho (Hnh 2.13).
Hnh 2.13.Xay lap gian khoan au tien(anh t lieu)
Neu nam 1981 anh dau bang s kienkhai thac met khoi kh thien
nhien au tien Viet Nam t mo kh Tien Hai C (ThaiBnh) tren at lien,
th nam 1986 anh daumoc khai thac tan dau tho au tien cuamo Bach Ho
ngoai khi Viet Nam (Hnh2.14).
Tai gieng khoan BH-6 ngay 11-5-1987
a phat hien tang dau trong a mong co tuoitrc Kainozoi va sau o
tai gieng khoan
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
N0-1(MSP-1) a khang nh ieu nay vi
lu lng tren 1.000 tan dau/ngay. Ngay
6-9-1988 bat au khai thac dau t tangmong mo Bach Ho m ra mot
trien vong
mi khong nhng tang ang ke san lng
khai thac mo Bach Ho ma con thay oi
rat ln ve oi tng tm kiem va khai thacdau kh truyen thong be Cu
Long noi
Hnh 2.14. Tau ch dau mo Bach Ho (anh t lieu)
Hnh 2.15.Gian cong nghe trung tam mo Bach Ho (anh t lieu)
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
rieng, them luc a Viet Nam noi chung(Hnh 2.15).
Ngoai phat hien mo Bach Ho va Rong,ngay 18-7-1988 gieng khoan
H-1 tai cau
tao ai Hung cung a phat hien thay dau,va ngay 14-10-1994 barel
dau au tien ac khai thac tai ay.
T nam 1988 Chnh phu Viet Nam thchien ng loi oi mi. Luat au t
ncngoai Viet Nam c ban hanh (1987),sau o la Luat Dau kh (1993) c bo
sung
va sa oi vao nam 2000 va nhat la khico Ngh quyet 15 (1988) cua
Bo Chnh trang Cong san Viet Nam ve phng hng
Hnh 2.16a.So lng hp ong va tong chi ph
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
va nhiem vu phat trien nganh dau kh thhoat ong dau kh c trien
khai mot cachmanh me bao gom tat ca cac lnh vc tthng nguon, trung
nguon va ha nguon.
Lan au tien Viet Nam hp ongtm kiem, tham do, khai thac dau kh
didang Hp ong chia san pham (PSC-Production Sharing Contract) c ky
ket
Hnh 2.16b.Hoat ong dau kh Viet Nam
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
nhu cau LPG hien nay cua ca nc (Hnh2.17, 2.18, 2.19).
San lng khai thac dau tho va kh thien
nhien hang nam eu tang (xem Hnh 3.14,3.19, Chng 3), nhat la khi
cong ty BP,ONGC va Petrovietnam a mo kh LanTay, Lan o vao khai thac
va van hanh he
thong ng ong Nam Con Sn 26 inches(76,02 cm) dai tren 370 km bien
va ngong 30 inches (76,2cm) t b bien en PhuMy vi cong suat 20 trieu
m3 kh/ngay(2002) e cung vi kh ong hanh mo BachHo, Rang ong cung cap
kh cho cac nhamay ien Ba Ra, Phu My (3.000 MW)va nha may am Phu My
(gan 0,8 trieu tan/
nam) (Hnh 2.19, 2.20, 2.21).Hien nay Petrovietnam ang xuc
tienviec xay dng nha may loc dau DungQuat (Quang Ngai) vi cong suat
6,5 trieutan/nam va lap luan chng kha thi khu lochoa dau Nghi Sn
(Thanh Hoa), ong thiang ay manh xay dng he thong ngong dan kh t cac
mo khu vc PM3-CAA(chong lan gia Viet Nam va Malaysia) ve
Hnh 2.20. Tram phan phoi kh Nam Con Sn (anh t lieu)
Hnh 2.19. He thong ng ong dan kh Rangong-Bach Ho-Phu My va Lan
Tay-Phu My
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
nh:1. Hp tac vi Uy ban ieu phoi cac
chng trnh a chat ngoai khi vai duyen hai khu vc ong va ong
Nam A (CCOP) cac chng trnh anhgia tai nguyen dau kh (WGRA)
1986-1990; Chng trnh quan ly tai nguyen(OGRM) 1991-1996; Chng trnh
anhgia tai nguyen va ke hoach hoa (REP-II) 1996-1999
2. Hp tac vi Cuc a chat an Mach vaGreenland (GEUS) nghien cu be
song
Hong, Phu Khanh; Vien a chat Nhat(JGI) nghien cu be Phu
Khanh.
3. Chng trnh nghien cu khoa hoc congnghe bien ma so KT-03
(1996-2000);Chng trnh KHCN-09 (1996-2000):Phat trien nang lng ben
vng ennam 2020; Chng trnh trong iemcap Nha nc KC.09
(2001-2005):
ieu tra c ban va nghien cu ngdung cong nghe bien
Hnh 2.23.Phong th nghiem Vien Dau kh(anh t lieu)
Tong cong ty Dau kh Viet Nam aau t nhieu tien cua e nang cap cac
nv nghien cu khoa hoc cong nghe (Viennghien cu va thiet ke bien trc
thuoc
Vietsovpetro, Vien Dau kh, Trung tamnghien cu va phat trien che
bien dau kh,
Trung tam an toan va bao ve moi trng,Trung tam thong tin t lieu
dau kh Hnh2.23).
Tong cong ty Dau kh a gi hang nghn
lt ngi i hoc trong nc va nc ngoai,hang tram sinh vien, nghien cu
sinh sauai hoc c gi ao tao cac trng aihoc nc ngoai. Hien nay nhieu
cong nhanky thuat, chuyen gia Viet Nam am nhiemcac chc danh trc ay
phai thue nginc ngoai .
5. ong gop cua hoat ong tm kiem,
tham do, khai thac dau kh vao kinh
te xa hoi Viet Nam
Ke t nam 1959 khi bat au trien khaihoat ong khao sat a chat dau
kh choen nam 1986 tan dau tho au tien ckhai thac t mo Bach Ho, Chnh
phu VietNam (co s giup cua chnh phu Lien
Xo (cu)) phai au t moi chi ph va chaco nguon thu t dau kh. Nhng
t khi sanlng khai thac dau kh tang th nguon thucho ngan sach Nha nc
(nhat la ngoai te)t viec xuat khau dau tho cang ngay cangln. Tuy
theo gia ca cua dau tho tren thtrng ma hang nam nguon thu t
xuatkhau dau tho chiem t 20%-24% tong kimngach xuat khau cua Viet
Nam, va t 22%en 25% tong thu ngan sach cua Nha nc.Nhat la vao nhng
nam 1987-1993 kinh te-xa hoi Viet Nam gap rat nhieu kho khan,moi
trng the gii khong thuan li (LienXo tan ra, nguon cung cap san pham
dau tLien Xo b giam han), khai thac va xuatkhau dau tho cua Viet
Nam a gop phanquan trong a Viet Nam thoat khoi khung
hoang kinh te - xa hoi vao cuoi nhng nam80 cua the ky trc.
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
Hien nay, ngoai viec khai thac vaxuat khau dau tho, viec khai
thac va chebien kh thien nhien (ong hanh va khongong hanh) ngay
cang tang, cung nh cac
hoat ong dau kh khac (san xuat xang tcondensat, phan am, PVC,
cac loai dchvu dau kh, cac san pham loc hoa dau..) song gop cua
hoat ong dau kh vao nen
kinh te-xa hoi Viet Nam lai cang to lnhn. Nganh dau kh Viet Nam
xng angla mot trong nhng nganh kinh te mui nhoncua at nc. Tong cong
ty Dau kh Viet
Nam se cang ngay cang phat trien e trthanh mot Tap oan kinh te
manh cua atnc [24].
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bosum W.E., Kind E.G., Ho ManhTrung. 1971. Interpretation of
theaeromagnetic map covering the Mekong
delta (Giai thch ban o t hang khongvung tam giac chau Mekong).
CCOP.Tech. bull. Vol 4. june-1971; pp. 93-102.
2. Dash B.P., Ahmed K.O., Hubral P..1970. Seismic investigation
in theregion of Poulo Pajang, offshore fromsouthwestern Vietnam
(Khao sat achan trong khu vc Poulo Panjang ngoaikhi tay nam Viet
Nam).CCOP. Tech.bull. Vol. 3. May 1970 pp.37-54.
3. Durandin P., 1914. Le petroledans lIndochine francaise.
Indicesmineralogique et toponymiques delexistence de gisement
petroliferes
(Dau mo ong dng. Cac ch danve khoang vat va a danh cua s tontai
cac mo dau kh). CR. Assoc. franc.Av. Sci. 43 sess., 1914. pp.
1029-1035.Paris.
4. Durandin P., 1914. sur lexistencepossible de gisement
petroliferes danslIndochine francaise dapres les indices
toponymique (Kha nang co mo dau kh ong Dng da theo cac ch dan
vea danh). CR. Acad. Sci. France, 158,pp. 900-903. Paris.
5. oan Thien Tch. 2001.Dau kh Vietnam. Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc
Gia.Tp. Ho ch Minh.
6. oan Thien Tch. 1977.Cau truc ia
chat trung Cu Long va ra ke can, trienvong dau mo va kh thien
nhien. Lu
tr Tong Cong ty Dau kh Viet Nam.
7. Golovenok V.K., Le Van Chan. 1966.Tram tch va ieu kien thanh
tao tramtch Neogen - e T mien trung HaNoi. Lu tr Vien Dau kh Viet
Nam.
8. Gouvernement general delIndochine. Service des mines.
Laquestion du petrole au Tonkin et dansle reste de lIndochine.
Extrait de raportgeneral sur lindustrie miniere etabli
pour linspection des colonies (Mars1922). (Van e dau mo Bac ky
vavung con lai cua ong Dng. trch baocao tong quat ve cong nghiep mo
thanhlap e thanh tra cac thuoc a (thang 3-1922)].
9. Gouvernement general delIndochine. Service de mines.
1922.
Note sur un prelevement dechantillonseffectue dans la region
petroliferes deNui Lich (province de Yen bai) (Ghichep ve chiet
xuat t cac mau trongvung dau mo nui Lch tnh Yen Bai).
10.Ho ac Hoai, Ngo Thng San. 1975.Cau truc a chat va trien vong
dau khthem luc a Viet nam. Lu tr Tong
Cong ty Dau kh Viet Nam.11.Ho Manh Trung. 1969. Esquisse
structural du Delta du Mekong.Discussion du problem petrolier
(Phacthao cau truc tam gac chau Mekong.Ban ve van e dau kh).
ArchievesGeologique du Vietnam, Saigon, No12, pp. 195-211.
12.Kisliakov V.n., Golovenok V.K., 1970.Cau truc a chat va trien
vong dau kh
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Chng 2. Hoat ong ieu tra a chat, tham do va khai thac dau kh
cua mien trung Ha Noi. Lu tr Viendau kh Viet Nam.
13.Kitovani S.K., 1959-1961.a chat va
trien vong dau kh Viet Nam Dan chuCong Hoa. Lu tr Vien dau kh
VietNam.
14.Ngo Thng San (chu bien), 1976-1980. Cau truc a chat va trien
vongdau kh them luc a pha Nam CongHoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam.
Lutr Tong Cong ty Dau kh Viet Nam.
15. Nguyen Giao,1984. Cau truc a chatva tiem nang dau kh tram
tch e tamong bang Cu Long. Lu tr TongCong Ty Dau Kh Viet Nam.
16. Nguyen Van ac va nnk.,1987. Ketqua cong tac tham do a chat
dau khmien vong Ha Noi giai oan 1980-1985. Lu tr Tong Cong Ty Dau
Kh
Viet Nam.17.Piere Viennot. 1924.Etude du gisement
petrolifere de Yen Bai et de ses environs(Tonkin) (Nghien cu mo
dau YenBai va cac vung phu can (Bac Ky)).Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. 1924.
pp. 592-603.
18.Pierre Viennot. 1924. Etude dugisement petrolifere de Yen Bai
etde ses environs (Tonkin). Extrait ducompte rendu sommaire des
seancesde la societe geologique de France.Seance du 1erDecembre
1924. P.179-.Presidence de M. Delafond, President.(Nghien cu mo dau
Yen Bai va cacvung phu can (Bac Ky). Trch bao caotom tat cac phien
hop cua Hoi a chat
Phap. Phien hop ngay 1 thang 12 nam
1924. trang 179. Di s chu toa cua M.Delafond; Chu tch).
19.Rapport sur lactivite du bureau
detudes geologique et minierescoloniales. 1934-1935.
20.Sevostianov K.M. 1977. Cau truc achat, trien vong dau kh va
phnghng cong tac tiep theo mien trungHa Noi. Lu tr Vien Dau kh
VietNam.
21.Skorduli V.D., Khuduk M.N., Nguyen
Ngoc C, 1983.Tong ket nghien cutham do a chat dau kh
1962-1982mien trung Ha Noi. Lu tr Vien Daukh Viet Nam.
22.The geology and hydrocarbonprospects of offshore Vietnam.
1973.Technical report prepared by RobertsonResearch International
Limited (UK)
in association with Bureau dEtudesIndustrielles et de
Cooperation delInstitut Francais du Petrole (France).June 1973.
23.Th muc a chat Viet Nam. 1998.Cuca chat va khoang san Viet
Nam.
24.Tong Cong ty Dau kh Viet Nam.2005. Chien lc phat trien nganh
daukh Viet Nam en nam 2015 co tnh en2025.
25. Vu Van Knh, Nguyen Van ac vannk., 2002.Tong hp anh gia ket
quatm kiem tham do dau kh Viet Namgiai oan 1988-2000 va phng hngtm
kiem tham do tiep theo. Lu trTong Cong Ty Dau Kh Viet Nam.
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Chng
Tong quan vetai nguyen
dau kh cuaViet Nam
3
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Chng 3. Tong quan ve tai nguyen dau kh cua Viet nam
Cong tac tm kiem tham do dau kh Viet Nam c bat au t au nhng
nam60 cua the ky trc, nhng hoat ong tm
kiem tham do ch thc s c trien khaimanh me t khi thanh lap Tong
cuc Daumo va kh ot Viet Nam vao nam 1975.Sau 30 nam xay dng va phat
trien Tongcong ty Dau kh Viet a co nhng bctien vt bac, nhat la t
khi Luat au tnc ngoai tai Viet Nam c Nha ncban hanh (29/12/1987), a
thu hut c
hang chuc cong ty dau kh the gii au tvao tham do dau kh vi so
von au t chotham do khai thac tren 7 ty USD, phat hiennhieu mo dau
kh mi, san lng khai thacdau kh tang nhanh, am bao an ninh nanglng
Quoc gia, gop phan a at nc rakhoi khung hoang kinh te cuoi thap
nien 80cua the ky 20 va a Viet Nam vao danhsach cac nc xuat khau
dau tren the gii.
Tr cac hp ong nhng a c kytrc nam 1975, t hp ong PSC au tienc ky
vao nam 1978 cho en nay (31-12-2004) a co tren 50 hp ong dau kh(JV,
PSC, BCC, JOC) c ky, trong o chuyeu la cac hp ong vung them luc aen
200m nc, ch co 1 hp ong atlien va 1 hp ong vung nc sau. Hien
nay co 27 hp ong ang hoat ong gom 15hp ong giai oan tham do, 12
hp ong
ang phat trien va khai thac (xem chi tiet chng 2).
Ket qua cong tac tm kiem tham do
trong thi gian qua a xac nh c cacbe tram tch e Tam co trien vong
dau kh:Song Hong, Phu Khanh, Cu Long, NamCon Sn, Malay- Tho Chu, T
Chnh-VungMay, nhom be Trng Sa va Hoang Sa,trong o cac be: Cu Long,
Nam Con Sn,Malay-Tho Chu va Song Hong gom caat lien (mien vong Ha
Noi) a phat hien
va ang khai thac dau kh (Hnh 3.1). Tuynhien do ac iem hnh thanh
va phat trienrieng cua tng be tram tch nen chung coac iem cau truc,
a tang tram tch cungnh cac ieu kien ve he thong dau kh khacnhau, do
vay tiem nang dau kh cua moi beco khac nhau vi cac ac trng chnh
vedau kh a phat hien cua cac be nh sau:
Be Cu Long:Chu yeu phat hien dau,trong o co 5 mo ang khai thac
(BachHo, Rong, Rang ong, Hong Ngoc, S Ten) va nhieu mo khac (S T
Vang, ST Trang...) ang chuan b phat trien. ayla be cha dau chu yeu
them luc a VietNam.
Be Nam Con Sn:Phat hien ca dau vakh (ty le phat hien kh, kh -
condensat cao
hn) trong o co 2 mo ang khai thac la modau ai Hung va mo kh Lan
Tay-Lan o,
1. Gii thieu
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
ngoai ra con mot so mo kh ang phat trien
(Rong oi-Rong oi Tay, Hai Thach...).Be Song Hong:Chu yeu phat
hien kh,
trong o mo kh Tien Hai C ong bang
song Hong (mien vong Ha Noi)ang ckhai thac va mot so phat hien
khac ngoai
Hnh 3.1. S o phan bo cac mo dau kh Viet Nam
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Chng 3. Tong quan ve tai nguyen dau kh cua Viet nam
khi vnh Bac Bo.Be Malay - Tho Chu:Phat hien ca dau
va kh trong o cac mo dau- kh: BungaKekwa-Cai Nc, Bunga Raya,
Bunga
Seroja vung chong lan gia Viet Nam vaMalaysia ang c khai
thac.
Nhn chung cac phat hien dau khthng mai them luc a va at lien
VietNam cho en nay thng la cac mo nhieutang cha dau, kh trong cac
dang play cotuoi khac nhau: mong nt ne trc e Tam(play 1), cat ket
Oligocen (play 2), cat ket
Miocen (play 3), carbonat Miocen (play4) va a phun trao (play
5), trong o playmong phong hoa nt ne trc e Tam laoi tng cha dau chu
yeu be Cu Longvi cac mo khong lo. Tuy thuoc vao aciem thanh tao cac
play nay lai c chiara cac play phu (xem bang 3.1).
Tong quan tr lng va tiem nang dau
kh Viet Nam c neu trong chng nayda tren c s ket qua cac bao cao
tnh tr
lng cac mo, cac phat hien dau kh hangnam cua cac nha thau va cac
n v thamdo khai thac dau kh cua Petrovietnam cungnh ket qua cua e
an kh tong the nam
1996 Vietnam Gas Master plan va ean Vietnam Total Resource
Assessment(VITRA) nam 1997 c cap nhat en31-12-2004. He thong phan
cap tr lnghien tai ang ap dung Viet Nam theo2 he thong. Cac nha
thau dau kh (hpong PSC, BCC, JOC) ap dung he thongphan cap cua Hoi
ky s dau kh (SPE), con
XNLD Vietsovpetro van tiep tuc apdung he thong phan cap cua Nga
c saoi ban hanh nam 2001. He thong phan captr lng mi cua nganh dau
kh Viet Namc bien soan tng t theo he thong phancap cua SPE, CCOP d
kien se hoan thienban hanh trong nam 2005. Con so tr lngthong ke
trong e an VITRA a tnh ti
cac yeu to cua he thong phan cap mi cuaPetrovietnam cho hau het
cac mo (tr cac
B Min vng Sng Ph Cu Nam TChnh Nhm b Malay
Play HNi Hng Khnh Long Cn Sn Vng My T.Sa, H.Sa Th Chu
Pliocen 3d Turbidit
Miocen 3d Turbidit Turbidit
trn 3c Ht vn
4 Carbonat, Carbonat
Miocen gia 3b Ht vn Ht vn Ht vn Carbonat/ Ht vn Ht vn
Miocen di 3a Trm tch Ht vn
2d Ht vn
Trm tch chu th,
Oligocen 2c bin nng
TT chu th, Trm tch ht vn
2b m h
Trm tch
2a/5 chu th Phun tro
Mng trc 1 Mng (granit, granodiorit) phong ho nt n, Carbonat hang
hc
Kainozoi
Play c xc minh Play cha c xc minh
Bang 3.1.Phan chia Play cac be tram tch e Tam Viet Nam
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
mo Bach Ho, Rong thuoc Vietsovpetro).
Con so tr lng dau kh tnh en 31/12/2004
phan anh cap tr lng thng mai cua cac
mo a phat trien ang khai thac va cac phathien ang c anh gia (ky
thuat - thng
mai) co trien vong thng mai. o chnh
la tai san co gia tr ma nganh dau kh Viet
Nam can phai quan ly va am bao khai
thac an toan co hieu qua e gop phan phat
trien nen kinh te quoc dan.
2. Thanh cong trong tm kiem tham do
Tnh en 31-12-2004 a co tren 70 phat
hien dau kh, tuy nhien ch co 51 phat hien
c a vao anh gia thong ke tr lng,
trong o co 24 phat hien dau chu yeu be
Cu Long, 27 phat hien kh (ke ca phat hien
kh-dau) phan bo cac be: Nam Con Sn,
Malay-Tho Chu, Cu Long va song Hong
(Hnh 3.2a, 3.2b). Tr lng phat hien chu
yeu vung lanh hai va them luc a en
200 m nc, ch co 2 phat hien kh at
Hnh 3.2c.Tr lng dau kh phat hien gia tang hang nam
Hnh 3.2a. Phan bo cac phat hien dau kh Hnh 3.2b. Tr lng dau kh
phat hien
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Chng 3. Tong quan ve tai nguyen dau kh cua Viet nam
lien (MVHN).Tr lng dau kh phat hien gia tang
hang nam va tnh cho giai oan 1982-2004c minh hoa hnh 3.2c,
3.2d.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1982 1992 2002 2004
Triu
tn
Du Kh
Hnh 3.2d. Tr lng dau kh giai oan 1982-2004
Hoat ong tham do co bc ot bienva phat trien lien tuc t khi Luat
au tnc ngoai Viet Nam c ban hanh vanhat la t khi nha nc ban hanh
Luat Daukh nam 1993. Mc o hoat ong tham dophu thuoc vao chu ky tham
do cua cac hpong dau kh va gia dau bien oi tren thtrng the gii lien
quan chat che vi thtrng dau OPEC. So gieng khoan tham docao nhat
vao cac nam 1994-1996 la 28-32gieng, trung bnh trong giai oan 1991
en
nay la 15 gieng/nam. Trong thi gian t1997-1999 do khung hoang
kinh te khu vcong Nam A va gia dau giam manh xuongen 14USD/ thung
vao thang 8 nam 1998
phan ln cac khu vc tren the gii baogom ca Chau A -Thai Bnh Dng a
anhhng khong nho en cong tac tham donen so gieng tham do trong nhng
nam naych con 4-6 gieng/nam. T nam 2000 khigia dau the gii tang len
tren 20USD/thungnhp o khoan tham do lai c tang lenva at 20 gieng
tham do trong nam 2004.
So gieng phat trien en nay tren 320 gieng,trung bnh 17 gieng/nam
(Hnh 3.3). au tcho cong tac TKTD trong giai oan 1988-2000 be Nam
Con Sn la ln nhat, thapnhat la be Malay-Tho Chu (Hnh 3.4).
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Chip
h(TriuUSD)
Cu Long Nam CnSn
SngHng
ML ThChu
Hnh 3.4. Chi ph TKTD 1988-2000 (theo VPI)
Ty le thanh cong cac gieng tham do phu
Hnh 3.3. Bieu o khoan tham do, khoan phat trien va gia dau hang
nam
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Sging
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.0060.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
GiduUSD/thng
Ging thm d Ging pht trin Gi du theo nm Gi du qui v nm 2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Sging
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.0060.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
GiduUSD/thng
Ging thm d Ging pht trin Gi du theo nm Gi du qui v nm 2002
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
la 814,7 trieu tan dau qui oi, xap x 67%tai nguyen dau kh a phat
hien. Tr lnga phat hien tnh cho cac mo dau kh gomtr lng vi he so
thu hoi dau kh c ban
(khai thac bang nang lng t nhien) va trlng thu hoi bo sung do ap
dung cac bienphap gia tang thu hoi (bm ep nc) ctnh cho cac mo a
tuyen bo thng mai,phat trien va ang khai thac c phanbo nh sau: tr
lng dau va condensatkhoang 420 trieu tan (khoang 18 trieu
tancondensat), kh 394,7 ty m3 trong o tr
lng kh ong hanh 69,9 ty m3
, kh khongong hanh 324,8 ty m3. Tr lng dau akhai thac 169,94
trieu tan, kh ong hanhva khong ong hanh a khai thac khoang37,64 ty
m3 trong o lng kh a vao bs dung ch at 18,67 ty m3kh (50%), sokh con
lai c dung tai mo va ot bo ebao ve moi trng. Hien nay (en
31-12-2004) tr lng con lai 250,06 trieu tan dauva 357 ty m3kh.3.2.
Tr lng dau kh Viet Nam trong
khung canh dau kh toan cau
Viet Nam la Quoc gia co tiem nang daukh. Cac mo dau kh a c phat
hien MVHN (ong bang Song Hong), be NamCon Sn va Cu Long thuoc them
luc aNam Viet Nam t nam 1975, nhng vi trlng khong ang ke nen trc
nam 1990,tr lng dau kh cua Viet Nam cha cthong ke trong khu vc va
the gii. Chsau khi phat hien va khai thac dau t mongnt ne trc e Tam
cua mo Bach Ho beCu Long tr lng dau cua Viet Nam mic a vao thong ke
au tien vao nam1990 va sau khi phat hien mo kh Lan Tay
- Lan o be Nam Con Sn tr lng khcua Viet Nam mi c a vao bang
thong
ke cua the gii t nam 1992. Theo thongke cua BP (BP 2004
Statistical Review ofWorld Energy) tr lng dau the gii vangi c mc
tang trng so vi nam 1992
va at 1.147,8 ty thung cuoi nam 2003 chuyeu tap trung khu vc
Trung ong (63%),ieu o cho thay tam quan trong cua cacnc trong khu
vc nay oi vi viec cungcap dau tren the gii. Trong khi o khuvc Chau
A-Thai Bnh Dng t nam 1992en 31-12-2003 tr lng dau tang khoang3 ty
thung t 44,6 ty thung len 47,7 ty
thung ch chiem khoang 4% tr lng dauthe gii (hnh 3.9a). Mac du tr
lng daucua Viet Nam a tang len khoang 1,7 lanso vi nam 1992 t 250,9
trieu tan (1.930trieu thung) len 420 trieu tan (3.203 trieuthung)
vao cuoi nam 2004 nhng van la ratnho so vi tr lng dau cua the gii
va chchiem khoang 7,8% tr lng dau cua khu
vc Chau A - Thai Bnh Dng, ng hangth 6 (sau Malaysia) trong khu
vc ChauA- Thai Bnh Dng (Hnh 3.9b). Tong trlng kh cua the gii en
cuoi 2003 khoang175,78 nghn ty m3 (6204,9 TSCF), trongo cac nc khu
vc Chau A - Thai BnhDng co tr lng kh khoang 13,47 nghnty m3(475,6
TSCF) chiem khoang 8% trlng kh the gii, ng th 4 sau Chau Phi(hnh
3.10a). Tr lng kh cua Viet Nammac du tang 3 lan t 120 ty m3(4,3
TSCF)vao nam 1992 len 395 ty m3(14 TSCF) vaonam 2004 nhng ch chiem
khoang 2,9%tr lng kh khu vc Chau A-Thai BnhDng (Hnh 3.10b) va xep
th 9 sau PapuaNew Guinea.
Nghien cu xu hng bien ong tr
lng dau kh khu vc Chau A-Thai BnhDng cho thay trong khi cac nc
Trung
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Chng 3. Tong quan ve tai nguyen dau kh cua Viet nam
Quoc, An o, Indonesia, Malaysia tr
lng dau giam so vi nam 1992 th Viet
Nam lai co s tang tr lng nhanh ca dau
va kh. Thanh cong trong tham do gia tang
tr lng dau kh cua Viet Nam la do hang
loat cac hp ong dau kh c ky cac
vung mi va hoat ong tham do soi ong
m rong ra toan them luc a en vungnc sau 200m. Mat khac khoan
tham do
va phat trien mo Bach Ho lan au tien a
phat hien dau trong mong trc e Tam
bo sung nguon tr lng rat ln e duy tr
va tang san lng khai thac. Nh vay ngay
ca nh nhng phat hien mi b giam i, so
lng va qui mo, tr lng co kha nang
tang manh ang ke cac vung xung quanh
mo san sang khai thac. ieu o nhan manhtam quan trong cac hoat
ong phat trien
Hnh 3.9a. Phan bo tr lng dau cac khu vc tren The gii
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
NghnTriuthng
Trung
ong
Chau Au
vaA-Au
Nam va
Trung My
Chau Phi Bac My Chau A-
TBD
Hnh 3.9b.Phan bo tr lng dau cac nc khu vc Chau A- Thai Bnh
Dng
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nghntriuthng
TrungQuoc
Ano
Indonesia U
c
Malaysia
VietNam
Brunei
ThaiLan
PapuaNewGuinea
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
cac mo a phat hien trong viec tham do
hp ly cac tiem nang dau kh co the.
4. Phan bo tr lng dau
4.1. Phan bo tr lng dau chi tiet.
Tr lng dau cua Viet Nam tnh en 31-
12-2004 cho 24 mo co kha nang thng mai
vao khoang 402 trieu tan (~3.100 BSTB).
Nh hnh 3.11 tr lng dau Viet Nam
c tang hang nam rat nhanh ke t nam
1988 sau khi phat hien dau trong mong nt
ne trc e Tam mo Bach Ho. Nam 1988tr lng c tnh vao khoang 113
trieu tan
(860 BSTB) dau co kha nang thu hoi (thuhoi c ban). Sau thi gian
tren 10 nam ac bo sung vao nguon tr lng khoang289 trieu tan nang
tong so tr lng dau en31-12-2004 at 402 trieu tan. Cung trongcung
thi ky a khai thac 169,94 trieu tanchiem 42% con lai 232,06 trieu
tan. Trongso tr lng con lai, tr lng a va angphat trien la 200,4
trieu tan (~80%) 9 moang khai thac (ke ca mo dau-kh), so conlai
chuan b phat trien trong thi gian ti.Tr lng dau tap trung chu yeu
be Cu
Long chiem ti 86% (khoang 340,8 trieutan) tr lng dau Viet Nam,
trong o tr
Hnh 3.10a.Phan bo tr lng kh cac khu vc tren The Gii
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nghntm
3
Trung
ong
Chau Au
vaA-Au
Chau Phi Chau A-
TBD
Bac My Nam va
Trung My
Hnh 3.10b. Phan bo tr lng kh cac nc khu vc Chau A- Thai Bnh
Dng
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Nghntm3
Indonesia U
c
Malaysia
TrungQuoc A
no
Pakistan
ThaiLan
PapuaNew
Guinea
VietNam
Myanmar
Brunei
Bangladesh
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Chng 3. Tong quan ve tai nguyen dau kh cua Viet nam
lng dau t mong nt ne trc e Tam la262 trieu tan chiem 63% tong tr
lng daucua Viet Nam (Hnh 3.12). Theo qui mo moco 7 mo co tr lng
tren 13 trieu tan (>100MMSTB) chiem 80% tr lng dau thuocmo dau
co qui mo ln - khong lo, trong omo dau Bach Ho co tr lng tren 190
trieu
tan (~56%) be Cu Long la mo ln nhat them luc a Viet Nam (Hnh
3.13). Da
tren gii han chat lng dau gia 22ova 31oAPI theo phan loai cua
Hoi ngh nang lngthe gii (WEC), dau cua cac mo ang khaithac them luc
a Viet Nam chu yeu thuocloai nhe co ty trong t 38oen 40,2oAPI,
laloai dau ngot co ham lng lu huynh ratthap (0,03-0,09%TL), sach
(ham lng cac
chat gay nhiem nh V, Ni, N thap), co nhieuparafin (ham lng
parafin ran 15-28%TL),
Hinh 3.11. Bieu o tang trng tr lng va dau tai cho theo nam
0
200
400
600800
1000
1200
1400
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Dutich,
trlng(triutn)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
Dukhaithc
(triutn
Tr lng Du ti ch Du khai thc cng dn
Hnh 3.12. Phan bo tr lng dau theo cac be
Cu Long
340.8(85%)
MLTh Chu31.1(8%)
Nam Cn Sn30.1(7%)
Oli+Mio (CL)78.8
(20%)
Mng(CL)262
(65%)
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
co iem chay rat cao (22-36o C).4.2. Xu the nguon tr lng bo
sung
Mac du san lng khai thac tang nhanh
trong thi gian qua t 5,5 trieu tan (nam1992) len 20,34 trieu tan
(nam 2004),nhng tr lng van duy tr tang cao hnsan lng khai thac, ieu
o cho thay sthanh cong tham do gia tang tr lng buap c khoi lng dau
a khai thac (Hnh3.11). S thanh cong trong viec gia tang trlng la do
Nha nc a co chnh sach thuhut au t nc ngoai nham ay manh va
m rong hoat ong tham do ra cac vungmi co tiem nang va s thanh
cong trongtham do, tham lng gia tang tr lng cac mo a phat hien cung
nh cac moa phat trien vi s tang tr lng trongthi gian qua t cac mo a
phat hien chiemkhoang 45% tr lng c bo sung. ongthi giai phap tang
he so thu hoi dau (bm
ep nc duy tr ap suat va) cung a cnghien cu ap dung lan au mo
Bach Ho
va sau o c trien khai cac mo khacnh: ai Hung, Rong, Rang ong va
ST en a gop phan ang ke tang nguontr lng bo sung. ac trng cua cong
tac
tham do dau kh la vi mc o rui ro cao,ngay ca nhng mo a phat
trien van conco rui ro, bi vay s thanh cong tham dogia tang tr lng
chang nhng phu thuocvao s hieu biet cac oi tng t cac thongtin thu c
t khoan tham lng va phattrien, ma con phu thuoc vao ap dung cacgiai
phap cong nghe mi trong tham do ac
biet la cong nghe thu no, x ly, minh giaitai lieu a chan 3D
(PSDM, AVO, AVD,SI...) e lam ro cau truc a chat cua cacoi tng tham
do. o chnh la cha khoacho s thanh cong trong tham do gia tangtr lng
trong tng lai.4.3. Phat trien va khai thac dau
Tat ca tr lng dau cua cac mo c
phat hien cho en thi iem hien tai eu them luc a di 200m nc. Phat
trien
Hnh 3.13. Qui mo tr lng cac mo dau Viet Nam
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Trlng(triutn)
BchH
S
Ten
Rng
ng
Rng
Ruby
iHng
STVng
BungaRaya
BK-C
iNc
CNg
Vng
Phng
ng
Topa
zNorth
Da
BaV
Ng
cHin
ThanhLong
CCh
PhTn
KimCngTy
Diamond
VoiTrng
N
mCn
NW
.Raya
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Chng 3. Tong quan ve tai nguyen dau kh cua Viet nam
va khai thac cac mo ngoai khi oi hoi snghien cu chuyen mon trong
tham do,tham lng, phat trien va khai thac mo.Tr lng va kha nang
khai thac cua gieng
khoan can thiet cho viec xac nh gia tr tihan (ngng) e xac nh chi
ph au t, vanhanh va thi gian keo dai cua e an moitrng ngoai khi.
Cong nghiep khai thacdau ngoai khi Viet Nam a c bat au,m rong va
tang trng nhanh t 0,04 trieutan/nam (1986) len 20,34 trieu tan/nam
vaonam 2004 (Hnh 3.14). Sau 5 nam thanh lap
(1981-1986), XNLD Vietsovpetro a amo dau au tien (mo Bach Ho) be
CuLong them luc a pha Nam Viet Nam vaokhai thac t thang 6 nam 1986,
anh dauthanh tu to ln s hp tac gia Viet Namva Lien Xo cu, m au
nganh cong nghiepkhai thac dau kh tren bien cua Viet Nam.T nam 1988
sau khi phat hien va a vao
khai thac dau trong mong phong hoa nt netrc e Tam cua mo Bach
Ho, san lngkhai thac dau tho hang nam cua XNLDVietsovpetro noi
rieng va cua nganh daukh noi chung tang len khong ngng. T
nam 1988 en 2004 ngoai mo Bach Ho ac a vao khai thac t giai oan
trc,Tong cong ty Dau kh Viet Nam cung vicac nha thau a phat trien
va a vao khai
thac nhieu mo dau mi. Sau 18 thang kyhp ong PSC nha ieu hanh BHP
a amo ai Hung vao khai thac sm (10-1994),XNLD Vietsovpetro a mo dau
th 2(mo Rong) vao khai thac thang 12-1994.Mo Bunga Kekwa - Cai Nc a
vao khaithac thang 7-1997 la ket qua cua s hptac gia Petrovietnam
va Petronas vi nha
ieu hanh IPC vung thoa thuan thngmai (CAA) gia hai nc Viet Nam
vaMalaysia. Tiep theo nha thau JVPC (lo 15-2) a a mo Rang ong vao
khai thac 8-1998 va cung nam nay Petronas Carigali aa mo Hong Ngoc
(lo 01) vao khai thac.Trong nhng nam au bc sang thien nienky mi,
Cong ty ieu hanh chung Cu Long
JOC a phat trien mo S T en va avao khai thac t thang 10-2003,
anh daus thanh cong cua hnh thc hp ong JOCau tien Viet Nam. Tong
san lng khaithac dau en het 2004 la 169,94 trieu tan
Hnh 3.14. Bieu o khai thac dau hang nam va cong don t au
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Snlngdukh
aithchng
nm(triutn)
0.00
20.00
40.0060.00
80.00100.00
120.00140.00
160.00
180.00
Dukhaithctu(triutn)
Sn lng khai thc du hng nm
Sn lng du khai thc t mng trc Tam
Tng du khai thc t u
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Snlngdukh
aithchng
nm(triutn)
0.00
20.00
40.0060.00
80.00100.00
120.00140.00
160.00
180.00
Dukhaithctu(triutn)
Sn lng khai thc du hng nm
Sn lng du khai thc t mng trc Tam
Tng du khai thc t u
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
(~1300 trieu thung) visan lng khai thachien tai khoang 60 nghn
tan/ngay (460nghn thung/ngay), trong o tong san lngdau khai thac t
mong nt ne trc e Tam
la 139,63 trieu tan chiem 82% tong lngdau a khai thac. Vi tr lng
dau conlai van co the duy tr mc san lng khaithac nh nam 2004 trong
mot thi gian t5 en 7 nam, sau o san lng se dan dangiam xuong, tuy
nhien thi gian khai thaccon co the duy tr keo dai c khoang 15nam
na.
Cac mo dau ang khai thac themluc a Viet Nam eu c phat trien
vakhai thac dau trong a cha cat ket thuoca tang Miocen, Oligocen va
oi tnga mong phong hoa nt ne trc e Tam,trong o mong nt ne trc e Tam
la oitng khai thac chnh cac mo: Bach Ho,Rong, Rang ong, Hong Ngoc
va S T
en-S T Vang thuoc be Cu Long. Hauhet cac mo dau a va ang c thiet
kekhai thac ban au che o nang lng tnhien an hoi cua dau va kh hoa
tan. enang cao he so thu hoi dau, lan au tienmo Bach Ho a ap dung
giai phap bm epnc duy tr ap suat va ca 2 oi tng catket Miocen,
Oligocen va ac biet mong ntne. Cong nghe khai thac th cap (bm epnc)
a cho phep gia tang ang ke thu hoidau so vi khai thac s cap n thuan
ch sdung nang lng t nhien cua va, he so thuhoi dau cuoi cung co the
at ti 0,35 - 0,4theo cac phng an phat trien mo Bach Hoa c phe duyet
va trien khai. Chnh vvay giai phap bm ep nc duy tr ap suatva a lan
lt c ap dung m rong cac
mo: ai Hung, Rong, Rang ong va moS T en - S T Vang.
Vi quan iem phat trien nhanh, linhhoat he thong thiet b khai
thac c lachon ap dung phu thuoc vao o sau ncbien, qui mo mo... He
thong khai thac gian
co nh (gian au gieng, x ly), hoan thienau gieng be mat va tau
cha/x ly dau(FSO/FPSO) a c ap dung e khai thaccac mo co o sau nc
bien t 40-70 m.Thc te cho thay he thong nay to ra khathch hp, hieu
qua oi vi cac mo vungnc nong be Cu Long (mo Bach Ho,Rong, Hong
Ngoc, Rang ong, S T en)
va be Malay -Tho Chu (Bunga Kekwa- Cai Nc, Bunga Raya, Bunga
Seroja).Duy nhat mo ai Hung vung nc sautren 100 m a s dung he thong
khai thacnoi di ong (Mobile Offshore ProductionUnit/Floating
Production Unit), ket noi vicac gieng khai thac c hoan thien bangau
gieng ngam ay bien (subsea well
completion), ng ong dan mem va taucha xuat dau noi FSO e phat
trien khaithac sm phan pha Bac cua mo.
He thong nay tuy linh hoat va a movao khai thac nhanh song cong
viec sacha, bao dng (workover) trong gienggap nhieu kho khan hn,
cha ke cac ruiro tiem anve an toan.Kinh nghiem khaithac dau tren
the gii cho thay cac gian conh bao am khai thac mo an toan hn mavan
kinh te ngay ca o sau nc bien entren 200 m. Bi vaytrong tng lai can
cannhac gia giai phap gian co nh va giannoi (ban chm) e phat trien
khai thac cacmo co o nc sau tng t mo ai Hung be Nam Con Sn.
e co the gi on nh trong thi gian
dai vi mc khai thac khoang 50-60 nghntan/ngay (400-450 nghn
thung/ngay)
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Chng 3. Tong quan ve tai nguyen dau kh cua Viet nam
Petrovietnam cung vi nha thau ay manhphat trien m rong cac mo
ang khai thacva sm a cac mo mi vao khai thac. Motso e an phat trien
mi a cam ket hoacang trong giai oan au anh gia ky thuat-thng mai.
Trong tng lai khai thac daungoai khi Viet Nam so lng mo nho,hay con
goi la mo bien tren goc o kinh tengay cang tang. e khai thac hieu
qua cac
mo nay, he thong khai thac can nghien cuap dung theo quan iem
(concept) thiet b/
gian toi thieu vi cac kieu gian nhe au
gieng va mot tau noi co cong suat thch hp
cho cha/x ly/xuat dau (FPSO). ong thi
ay manh cong tac nghien cu ap dung cac
giai phap tang cng thu hoi dau sau khi a
ap dung khai thac th cap, ac biet cho cac
oi tng mong nt ne trc e Tam cua
cac mo dau be Cu Long ang la van e
cc ky cap thiet khi san lng cac mo naybat au suy giam nhanh.
Hnh 3.15. Mat cat ien hnh qua mo dau-kh them luc a Viet Nam
(theo Lundin)
km
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
5. Phan bo tr lng kh
Tnh en 31-12-2004 co 27 mo kh cphat hien, chu yeu them luc a di
200mnc, ch co mo kh Tien Hai C va D14 at lien thuoc MVHN (ke ca mot
so mokh cung vi cac mo dau nh: mo Bunga
Kekwa, S T Trang...). Cac mo kh-daunay la cac than kh t nhien c
tch tucung cac than dau trong mot bay hoac cacthan cha chu yeu la
dau va mu kh cuacau tao ma trc ay cho la mo dau (Hnh3.15). Vi muc
ch bao cao tr lng khch a vao cac mo co tr lng thu hoi ticung d tnh
(EUR) ln hn 0,9 ty m3oi
vi cac mo at lien (mo kh Tien Hai Cang khai thac) va cac mo them
luc aco tr lng ln hn 1,8 ty m3 gan cac moa phat trien (mo Hoa Mai
ang anh giae a vao phat trien). T nam 1990 cokhoang 370 ty m3 kh
thien nhien co khanang thu hoi a c phat hien bo sung atong so tr
lng kh len 394,7 ty m3, trong
o tr lng kh khong ong hanh la 324.8ty m3va kh ong hanh la 69,9
ty m3. Cung
trong cung thi gian a phat hien c 23mo kh ngoai khi va 1 mo kh
at lien.Do cac phat hien kh cua cac hp ong daukh ky nam 1988 va
1992 ma nha thau thchien trong cac chien dch tham do, tr lngkh (d
kien thu hoi kh c ban vi he so thu
hoi kh cua mo khoang 70%) tang ot biensau khi phat hien 2 mo kh
Lan Tay-Lano trong nam 1992, mo Rong oi (1994)va Hai Thach (1995).
Hnh 3.16 minh hoatr lng kh thien nhien bo sung tang lent nam
1975-2004.
Trong so 27 mo co tr lng ap ngc ieu kien neu tren ch co 5 mo kh
co
tr lng > 30 ty m3(>1 TCF) chiem khoang40% tr lng kh. Kch
thc mo va trlng phat hien minh hoa hnh 3.17.5.1. Kh khong ong
hanh
be Nam Con Sn kh khong onghanh c phat hien 9 mo vi 159,3 tym3
chiem 40% tr lng kh, be MalayTho Chu co 13 mo kh, 2 mo kh-dau
vi
tr lng 138,2 ty m3chiem 35%, be SongHong ke ca phan at lien
(MVHN) phat
Hnh 3.16. Bieu o tang trng tr lng kh theo nam
0
10
20
30
4050
60
70
80
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Trlngtheonm(
tm3)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Tngtrlng
(tm3)
Tr lng kh pht hin hng nm Tng tr lng kh
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Chng 3. Tong quan ve tai nguyen dau kh cua Viet nam
hien 1 mo kh vnh Bac Bo va 2 mo kh at lien vi tr lng 7,5 ty m3ch
chiem2% tong tr lng kh, be Cu Long co 2mo dau kh vi tr lng 19,8 ty
m3chiem5% (Hnh 3.18). Qua cac so lieu cho thaybe Nam Con Sn co tr
lng kh ln nhatvi nhieu mo co qui mo ln, be Malay-Tho
Chu phat hien nhieu mo nhat va co nhieumo nho. Tr lng kh cua cac
mo kh a
phat trien, ang khai thac va a vao kehoach phat trien trong vai
nam ti khoang250 ty m3(chiem khoang 63%).5.2. Kh ong hanh
Kh ong hanh phan bo chu yeu beCu Long vi tr lng 58,4 ty m3
(15%)tap trung trong cac mo dau ln: Bach Ho,Rang ong, Hong Ngoc va
cac mo dau-kh:
Hnh 3.17. Phan bo cac mo kh theo qui mo tr lng
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Trlng(Tm
3)
LanTay
KimLong
AcQuy
HaiThach
Rongoi
Emerald
STTrang
MocTinh
CaVoi
ThanhLong
Lano
BungaOrkid
N.Pakma
BungaC
KhanhMy H
RongVai
ThienNga
Bunga
amDi
UMinh
HoaMai
Vangen
D14
TienHai
Hnh 3.18. Phan bo tr lng kh theo cac be
MLTh Chu
11.5(3%)
Kh ng hnh
69.9
(18%)
Cu Long
58.4
(15%)
Cu Long
19.8
(5%)Nam Cn Sn
159.3
(40%)
Sng Hng
7.5
(2%)
MLTh Chu
138.2
(35%)
Cu Long Nam Cn Sn Sng Hng MLTh Chu
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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
Emerald, S T Trang. Ngoai ra mot lngkh ong hanh rat nho (3%) con
phan botrong cac mo kh-dau nh: Bunga Kekwa-Cai Nc, Bunga Raya thuoc
be Malay
Tho Chu.5.3. Tr lng condensat
Tr lng condensat a vaohydrocarbon the long trong ieu kien onnh
da tren khoi lng thu hoi tiem nangt C5 va C5+ cua tong tr lng kh
khaithac t cac e an cung cap kh hien co vacac e an a khang nh trong
tng lai bao
gom cac mo Lan Tay-Lan o, Rong oi-Rong oi Tay, Hai Thach va
Emerald. Trlng condensat ti 31-12-2004 khoang 18trieu tan, tap
trung chu yeu cac mo cuabe Nam Con Sn va Cu Long.5.4. Xu the bo
sung tr lng kh thien
nhien
Tr lng kh thien nhien tang nhanhtrong thi gian qua chng to s
thanh congto ln trong cong tac tham do. Trong 14nam qua (1990 2004)
a phat hien c24 mo kh, bnh quan tang khoang 26 ty m3/nam t cac mo
mi va tham lng cac phathien. Hau het cac mo c phat hien t cacvung
tham do mi thuoc cac hp ong daukh lan au, ch co mot so t mo c
phat
hien trong cac vung a tham do c giaothau lan 2. S bo sung tr lng
kh conlai nh hng trong tng lai mot phan lado tang trng cua cac mo
phu thuoc vaoket qua khoan tham lng va phat trien motren c s ket
qua nghien cu tot hn vea chat, a vat ly va cong nghe mo, phancon
lai chu yeu hy vong phat hien cac mo
kh mi cac vung tham do mi cua cacbe Song Hong, Phu Khanh, T
Chnh-Vung
May va cac dang bay phi cau tao, bay honhp cac vung a tham do
thuoc be NamCon Sn, Cu Long va Malay-Tho Chu.Cung vi s bo sung tang
trng tr lng
kh thien nhien tr lng condensat cung sec tang, ac biet cac be
Nam Con Sn,Song Hong ni cac mo thng o sau lnvi ieu kien nhiet o va
ap suat va caonen tr lng condensat se tang ang ke cac be nay. Ngoai
ra Viet Nam con phathien mot so mo kh khong lo pha Nam beSong Hong,
nhng co ham lng kh CO2
rat cao (>60-90%) nen cha a vao thongke tr lng hien tai. V
vay viec nghiencu cac giai phap cong n