Environmental Assessment/Analysis Reports _____ Report E0049 G -. Ghana - Mining Sector Management &.Envionment. Project . EA Category B Environmental Analysis June 1994 This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
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EnvironmentalAssessment/AnalysisReports _____
Report E0049
G -.Ghana -
Mining Sector Management&. Envionment. Project .EA Category B
Environmental Analysis
June 1994
This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
GHANA
MINING SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
AND
ENVIRONAMENT PROJECT
PROJECTIFORMAATIONDOCUAMENT
Emrvnme,xAmess=e Caftgory B
hIsued by the Environental Protection Council (EPQGovmwnt of Ghana
anne 2,91994
Environmental Anlsis
GHANA
Overview
1. The objective of the above project is tD establish capacity in the Government to ensurethe sustainable development of the country's mining sector. This is expected to be achievedthrough the setting up of an effective regulatory framework to carry out all mining activitiesin an envir y sound manner. Pilot tesfting of different mechanisms and techniqueswill be used tD improve the productiviy and financial viability of small-scale miners while atthe same time reducing environmental impact of these activides. The aim is to provideincentives to small-scale miners to contain their activities tD clearly demarcated areas of land,providing them with access to geological inmormation and technology as well as extensionservices to enable mining activities to be carried out in an environmentally sustainablemanner. In addition, the project will address the environmental impact of past miningactivities through the pilot testing of different techniques and mechanisms for reclamation and -.
rehabilitation of priority areas.
2. The project aims to provide assistance to the Goverment to achieve the followingobjectives with regard to environmental management in the mining sector: (i) minimization orpre-emption of envirommental impact of new mines; (ii) contaiment of the impact ofestablished mines; and Ciii) assessment of best practices and options for ensuring thereabilitation of disturbed land. In order to achieve these objectives, the project will providetechnical assistance and capacity building support to the mining sector agencies. In addition,the project will carry out pilot testing of alternative techniques including equipment andprocessing technology which will increase the productivity of small-scale miners while at thesame time containing the environmental impact of these activities. The equipment andtechnology to be pilot tested, will be limited to those that are already operational and havebeen approved as being environmentally responsible in the source countries. They will betested for applicability to local conditions and acceptability by the small-scale miningcommunities. The project will also address the reclamation and rehabilitation of land degradedthrough past small-scale mining activities. The reclamation and rehabilitation activities will becarried out on a pilot basis, to test best practices and cost-effective mechanisms.
3. Ihis project has been classified as Category B, according to the Bank guidelinespertaining to environmental review procedure. The design of the project benefitted fromseveral studies that were carried out by the Minerals Commission of Ghana, to ascertain theimpact of small-scale mining activities on the ecology and on communities. These studieshave assessed the social, environmental, health and safety impact of small-scale mining.Summaries of two of these reports (Socio-economic Impact of Small-sale Mining andEnvironmental Audit to Study Effects of Small-scale Mining Activities on Vegetation), areattached to this document, as Annex I and Annex IL
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Nature of the Project and Environmental Analysis
4. The project is mainly a technical assistance project and the only investments are of apilot nature. The project contains a significant degree of flexibility in design, unlike atraditional project where the type of investment and the resulting impacts on the eco-systemsand communities could be asessed during the preparatory stages of the project. In thisproject the equipment to be utilized would be detrmined during the course of projectexecution, depending upon the applicability to local conditions and acceptabBity by thecommunities concerned. Likewise, the reclamation of land would be carried out on Landsdetemined by the Govemment and by communities, as being priority. Reclamation will becarried out using community involvement and participatory methods. Once the types ofequipment and processing techniques are determined under the project, and the reclamationmethods and locations are demined in consultation with the recipients, specificenvtironmentalanalysis will be carried out as part of project implementadon, to determine bestpractices and midgation measures.
5. During appraisal of the project, a Beneficiary Particpation Workshop will be held, ina location where small-scale miners are active to enable inputs of all stakeholders to beincorporated into the details of project design and arangements for implementation. Ideas ofbeneficiaries will be sought, particularly with regard to the implementation of the pilotacivities.
Prject Components as they address Enviromnental Management in the Mlnii8 g Sector
6. A brief description of the project components in the context of how they addressenvironmental management in the mning sector is provided below:
Strengthing of Mning Sector Institutions
7. This component comprises four sub-components:
(a) hnproved Regulatory Framework. Under this sub-component, the projectwould provide assistance to the mining sector agencies to review existinglegislation, regulations and monitoring and enforcement activities in order todetermine modifications for the improvement of the institutional andregulatory frmework. Guidelines and standards would be developed forenvironmental monitoring and control of all mning activities. This activitywould be carried Out by the Minerals Commission (MC) in Ghana, in closecollaboration with and under the guitance of the Environmental ProtectionCouncil (EPC).
(b) Improvement in Enforcernent. Support will be provided under this sub-component to the Mines Department (M) to caury out inspection, monitoringand enforcement responsibilities, particularly with regard to environmentalinpact and health hazards. Equipment will be procured for the MinesDeparanent to carry out monitoring and sampling of air, soil and water in andaround mine sites.
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(c) Environmental Informatdon. Assistance under the project would extend tothe setting up of a mining/environmental data base which would be part of acomprehensive mineral information system. The environmental data gatheredby the Wmes Department, petaining to soil and water quality in and aroundmine sites and information pertaining to mine effluents would be fed into thedata base. This data base would fully consistent with and compatible to theEnvironmental Information System being developed at the EPC.
(d) Studies. Studies to be carried out under this component include an analysis ofappropriate mechanisms to enforce regulations, including (i) an assessment ofthe applicability of performance bonds and other measures to ensure that mineoperators carry out eavironmental mitigation; and (ii) a pollution abatement,water and sanitation strategy for the township of Obuasi, where pastenvironmental degradation is especially severe.
Assistance to Smalkscale Mining Enterprises
8. Under this component, equipment and technology known to be environmentallyresponsible, would be pilot tested to determine their acceptability to local small-scale miners.The dissemination of these as well as processing technology which is environmentallysustainable is aimed at reducing the environmental impact of small-scale mining activities.The project aims to provide incentives to small-scale miners to contain their activities tospecific locations in order to minimize environmental impact on extensive land areas.Extension services would be provided under the project to carry out mining activities in aresponsible manner, which would include traWing in activities such as the safe disposal ofmine wastes, handling of toxic or hazardous materials, safety in mne operations and therestoration of the land utilized to an acceptable state.
9. Under this component, degradation of lands through past mining activities of small-scale miners would be addressed through the pilot testing of methods to reclaim andrehabilitate priority areas. The MC has already commenced the idetification of priority landareas that have been degraded, in consultation with the EPC and with the departments of landand forestry. Reclamation work has already begun on some priority areas in the GreaterAccra area. The project would build upon the work already carried out, and carry out pilottesting of different mechanisms for rehabilitation including participatory approaches wherecommunity involvement would be sought in the reclamation and reforestation activities. Theaim of this sub-component would be to determine cost-effective methods for futurereclamation activities. Reclamation activities will include the closure of abandoned shafts andsurface dumps and filling of mined out areas. Rehabilitated land will be planted with fast-growing indigenous vegetation, mobilizing community participation in the selection of plantvarieties as well as with regard to the methods of afforestation.
PID.M&E
&A X
06
SMALL SCALE GOLD AND DIAMONDMINING IN GHANA
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY..
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Prepared For
THE MINERALS COMMISSION ANDGTZ
(TECHNICAL COOPERATION FEDERAL REPUBUC OF GERMANY)
by
L Dr. M. Y. Boateng (Team Leader)
Ms. E. Ofei-Aboagye
Mr. T. K. Nsiah
January, 1993
-- .- - -- ~-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .-
~~. * ~EXE-CU!ZXYE SmuXN RE 0 MYE SYUDY1.0 INTROD=NT
W 1.1 Small Scale Mining had been fraught with illegalities due
mainly to foreign exchange restrictions. Resulting from the
t cStructural Adjustment Programme (SAP) the sector was legalized in
May 1989 by PNDCL 218. The Minerals Commission was charged with
the responsibility of implementing the law, thus the -Small Scale
Mining Project. The purpose of this study is to conduct a socio-
economic impact study of the project and to provide guidelines f'or-
the second phase.
1.2 Study Area and Tarcet Group and Kethodologa
The study area comprised all the Small Scale Mining areas
(except Kibi and Konongo areas), and the target groups were
considered to be the Project Management Unit (PMU), the Extension- Officers (Field Officers), and importantly, the Concession Owners,
Workers and the Licenced Buying Agents (LBA's).
The study used both Primary and Secondary Data.
2.0 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC8 OF THE S8 MINERS
2.1 Family Size Age and Marital Status
General characteristics of the target group (the Miners) are
III very vital for planning purposes. The average age of the Miners
(including the Buyers) is 38; however the Workers seem to be much
younger, with an average age of 33. Eighty-eight percent of the
target group are married with a family size of seven persons, five
of whom are dependants.
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mlI-
pl~2.2 ocaupation ad Re119i@n
The major occupation for about 65% of the respondents is
mining business, the rest have farming as their major occupation.
Those who have mining as their major occupation have farming as
N their minor occupation and vice versa. There are two main
N religions at the target area, namely: Christian and Muslim. About
77% of the Survey are Christians while 19% are Muslims, the rest
being pagans.
N 2.3 Education
It is interesting to note that about 89% of the respondgnts
PU have had formal education ranging from Middle to Post Secondarya School. The LBA's have all had formal education that will enable
them to read and write some English. About 87% of the Workers have
N had Middle School education. Just 11% of the respondents have not
had any formal education.
2.4 EthnicitY
Most of the operators are Akans (84%), followed by North-
;l erners (12%), and then Ewes (4%). About 63% of the LBA's and the
Workers respectively are migrant operators however 64% of the
N concession owners are indigene. On the whole less than half (43%)
of the operators are indigene while majority (57%) are migrant
operators.
N. .
~~.rn-. ~~~~~~xiv
N-
3. 0 DENEIICTCRY PERCEPTION OF THE PRQJECT
3.1 The Minerals Commission was charged with the responsibility
of implementing the SSM Project which made the PNDCL 218 operative.
The most important beneficiaries of the law, viz-a-vis the project,
are the Small Scale Miners, which comprise the Concession Owners,
the Licence Buying Agents, and the Workers. In order to ascertain
the authenticity of their responses, the study tested the miners
awareness of the project/law.
3.2 Awareness*
The study indicated that virtually all the three groups of
respondents were aware of the project and the Law, except-some 3%
of the Workers who expressed unawareness of the project. They all
got to know about the project/law mostly through the radio and
through friends; and most of them got to know about it in 1989.
3.3 Peroeetion
The first impression the miners got was that the project was
going to make them rich because they could then operate without
apprehension and going through cumbersome registration procedures.
They perceived the project to be job creating, also.
xva-
3.4 P*resnt Situation
Several responses were recorded from the respondents
concerning the benefits of the project. The Concession Owners and
the LBA's h'ave similar responses, ranging from (top priority) "I
now have enough money to look after my children in school; I am
able to expand my farm and other jobs" to "I am able to build a
hoUse". As regards the workers their first relief was that they
had no fears in working since they could now operate under 0
Licenced Concession Owners. Their main benefits can be read from
their responses. "I can now get a regular source of income to look
after myself and family; My living conditions have changed for the
better, "and, "I have been able to improve upon my farming
business". Few of the workers however expressed negative feelings
about the project, alleging that they saw no improvement in the'ir
lives because the mineral content in the land where they worked was
very low, so they got very little after hard work.
3.5 Work Problem
There is some light animosity between the LEA's and the
Concession owners since each operator is under different entities.
Thus the linkage between the LBA's and the Concession Owners is one
of uneasy Co-existence through the Workers/Diggers.
'qZ
" ~~~~~~~~~xvi
U1.
4.0 * CZNLfi&UBDNx
4.1 The marketing function is performed by the Precious Minerals
Marketing Corporation (PMMC), although under the Minerals
. Commission, but outside the project domain. The study observed
very pertinent marketing problems from the Miners.
4;2 Differeaces in Valuation
The Cencession Owners and the LBA's find vast differences in
valuation between them and PNMC. The LAB's complained that when
M they sent their minerals to PMKC the valuers would not allow them
to see toe process of carat determination. The Concession ouners
5J see another difference from the type of machines or Scales-, both
parties use, in addition to the LBA's observation.
- _ Both the LBA's and the Concession Owners feel the present
M -mariEgtIig arrangement is too expensive and risky. They all have to
travel to Accra to sell their stuff, incurring very high
transportation cost, hotel bills and exposing them to risks of
keeping their stuff and money safe. This encourages illegal buying
_ and selling of the minerals, since the risk of selling at Accra is
= higher than selling a chunk of the stuff to illegal buyers. The
* ! Workers alleged that there are fewer buyers in their areas of
" operation so the buyers dictate the price and thus makes the
business unlucrative. There is always the temptation to find
illegal buyers to ;ell to them. PMMC's monopoly position is
_ therefore hurting the project.
xvii
rn- '
4.3 PN0C4 PriCing PrOgAt=r
The basis for forecasting weekly prices by PMMC is by using
the weekly prices on the world market, and supplementing with their
perception of the future price trends. Using the estimated and
real prices documented by PMMC, the consultants observed that the
procedure was not based on scientific method of forecasting where
econometric or simulation methods are employed. Thus any increase
in price is due to the depreciation of the local currency not on
demand and supply of gold in the world market.
4.4 gold and Diamond Pur-chases During Proieat Pariod
One of the objectives of the project is "to increase-the
official earnings from the sector". The available data indicate
that the SSM produced (or sold) 7,717 ounces of gold valuing P984
million in 1991 only, while the PMMC purchased 548,782 carats of
diamonds worth p6.5 billion in the same year. It is estimated that
an average of J5 billion or US$13.3 million could be realized each
year during the project life. (This estimation is very
conservative), from production of gold and diamond from the Small
Scale Mining. There is therefore a high prospect for the second
phase of the project if management would implement sone very
important suggestions by the Consultants.
xviii
T.
5.0 ISOCIO-EcONOKZC
5.1 Nmg thu obi.atiTia or the Proiect axm:
- To create employment in the rural and urban areas,
especially to absorb the retrenched labour;
- To improve mining skills of the Small Scale Miners and to
improve the production process or techniques;
- To improve Small Scale Miners' access to equipment,
capital and marketing outlets.
5.2 EmblovUent
The study revealed that about 1,200 retrenched workers-were
absorbed by the project, while the total estimated employiient by
the project is in the range of 24,000 and 30,000 if we consider
those operators who are not yet registered but are operating behind
some association names. It was thus observed that each Concession
owner employed an averaged of over 60 workers, while an LBA
_ employed an average of 4 people. The the project therefore, has
fulfilled the first objective.
5.3 !mproovem9at of Minig Slcills
Mining Skills were measured in our study through training
and types of training attended by or given to the SSM's. Although
very few SSM's were trained in adulterated gold, health aspects,
Safety aspects and Operation of Simple Equipments and Methods of
N * working, as well as Emergency and First Aid Procedures, the
xix
N-~~~~~~~~~~~~~_U
number is so negligible that it can be concluded that the trainings
wie not effective. Perhaps the second phase will consider this
objective very seriously.
5.4 Sourc. of Iinance/Credit
One of the important aspects of the project was to improve
SSM access to equipment and capital. The study tried to find out
where the operators obtained finance/or credit. The main source of
finance at the target area is Private Money Lender, followed by
Family Money, and Own savings. Sometimes they obtained some money-
from fiends. None of the respondents obtained credit from :the
project or the bank. The study revealed that the objective quoted
above has not been addressed. It is hoped that the second phase of
the project will tackle it seriously, if the miners are to adopt
new technology and improve their mining skills.
6.0 HOUSEHOLD INCON END WELFARE OF THE S SAL c 89AI"MNERS
6.1 The ultimate aim of any project is to make the beneficiaries
better off. Among the terms of reference of the study is one which
* requests for determination of (household) income, consump-tion, and
welfare patterns of the target group of the project.
S
-~--
6.2 No.s.hold Incomes in the 8urvey area- The household incomes were measured via expenditure pattern
-||g and how much respondents were prepared to sell their services. The
LBA, on the average, spends ¢188,5OO every month and the breakdown
is as follows: 32% on food, 29% on housing, 10% each on clothing
and transportation, and the rest on Education, donations etc. This
- suggests that an LBA in 1992 was earning approximately X2.3 million
W||S per annum. The monthly expenditure for a Concession Owner was
calculated to be S142,384 on the average. The distribution is
similar to that of the LBA. Thus the annual estimated income for
a Concession Owner was 91.7 million. Similar analysis was done for
No the worker, and his monthly expenditure was 9O,O00, suggestinn an
annual Income/Expenditure of X1.08 million. Asked how much they
would sell their labour/services for, the worker who spends C90,000
g a month would sell his services for about g70,000 a month, the LBA
will settle for Z145,000 a month, while the Concession Owner will
" be content with C122,321 a month. Probing for more information the
" . .-.iners said that they also earned substantial money from their
secondary occupation. The LBA earns ¢166,000 a month from his
* secondary occupation, the Concession Owner earns gS3,000 while the
worker earns £28.000 a month from his secondary occupation. If you
q add the value of his services to the secondary occupation it can be
* concluded that the monthly income far exceeded the monthly
expenditure, suggesting that the excess is saved. For example the
worker's total monthly estimated income is C97,400 which exceeds
--! ehe expenditure by Z7,400. Thus income via expenditure is a
urn~~~~~~~~~x'' -U
conservative measure. If we accept the expenditure as income,i it
can be safely said that those in the Small Scale Mining
sector/business are far better off financially than Chief Directors
in the Civil or Public services.
6.3 8Lvinas
The above analysis shows that some of the respondents make
some savings (difference between expenditure and income). The
study showed that less than 40% of the survey actually save. Those
who save more are the Concession Owners. The most common use of
savings of respondents is for investment in tools and equipment for
the business, however a few use their savings for consumptionq~~~_ goods, especially electrical appliances, while some invest in'off-
mining business like farming. The usual reason for not saving is
that the proceeds are not enough.
U 6.4 Welfare of Resoondents
The welfare measurement in our study was assessed through
ownership of homes, work-days, and sick-days. A quarter (25%) of
the respondents own their own homes; 46% of the concession owners
4' own their own homes, followed by 31% of the LBA's and lastly 12% of
the workers. On the average the miners work 6 days a week as
compared with the civil service of 5 days. * This may explain why
* they earn more than the civil or public service. About 7 days a
month was recorded as sick-days. The LBA's reported much more
xzii
U
U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
sick-days (lO) than any of the other two. The Concession Owners
q are more healthy than the LBA's. About 7 sick-days a month for
_ workers are acceptable due to the labourous nature of their work.
7.0 KM.Q2MZAZIQN
7.1 The project has as part of its strategy to encourage the use
U of improved equipment and appropriate technology, and this calls
for a viable credit scheme. Such credit schemes can be effici-
ently effected through groupings like the Smallholder Credit Input
* and Marketing Project (SCIMP) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA.):
The study revealed that out of the 104 respondents only 2B%-.(29
people) belong to some organizations. Asked why they did not
belong to any organization in their community those who responded
negatively said there were no mass organisations in their
flu communities. Others said they had been disappointed by
organizations before. The workers who do not belong to any
organization said they were not convinced by the objectives of
organizations. All this suggests that there has not been any
deliberate effort by the project to organize the target group .nto
associations to benefit from some credit scheme. Efforts should be
made towards this direction if objective 5 of the project is to be
achieved.
U xx~~~~~~~~ziii
S..
8 .0 CONB!RAIN!S OF T1E OPERKTOR&
8.1 Several objectives for the successful implementation of the
project have been addressed in the study. The study has traced the
activities. of the target groups (the miners) and how the
objectives/strategies impacted on these activities. Small Scale
Miners face several very important constraints that together limit
their ability to expand production.
8.2 Constraints Identified
The survey revealed that the most constraining resource is
mineral land, followed by money or finance/credit for operativ^t.
|lnll Tools and EauiDment/Machines for mining ranked third. The highest
constraint outside the domain of the project is good Drfce for
Rroduct, viz-a-viz marketing problem. It is hoped that the second
~ phase of the project will address these issues very fervently.
zziv
I 9.0 AN ASBEBSXENT OF TNE ACHIEVEKENTS OF THE PROJECT 'I BOECTXVESFROMX THE PONT OF VXEW OF TRE PROJECT/FIELD OFFICERS
9.1 The Nine Project/Field Officers interviewed indicated that
_ the objectives of the Project had been achieved to some extent.
They all mentioned that the objective of generating legitimate
employment in particular had been met. Another important objective
- that a sizeable proportion (67%) mentioned as having been met was
the reduction in smuggling of minerals and increased earnings in
" foreign exchange to the state.
9.2 Constraints ExDressed by the Project officers
"U Some of the constraints to the effective performance and
subsequent achievement of the project's objectives were
U identified. The majority of the Project Officers (90%) stated that
the riaiditv of the lega1 framework was a major constraint. More.
than half felt that the lack of adequate financial support and
aDDrobriate eguipment for mining and processinc operations had
hamPered the success of Small Scale Miners under the auspices of
the Project. Other salient constraints mentioned was conflict
with/lack of co-operation from the staff of the Mines Department
and some district administrators.
An assessment of the delivery of the various components of
the Project that had been proposed was also made. These included
- training for project staff; and technical, financial and
administrative assistance to Small Scale Miners.
xZV
2
9.3 Training for Proisot Offiar.
All project staff had benefitted from short-term (i.e. less
than three months) professional development programmes both locally
and externally under the auspices of the project.
Some programmes had been related to "Objectives-Setting" and
Project Planning. Other programmes had facilitated the develop-
ment of technical skills such as the testing and use of improved
equipment, gold metallurgy, extraction and assaying. Eighty-nine
per cent had benefitted from study-tours in Zimbabwe.
9.4 TeChniIa1 Uxuertise
The aim of the Project which is to give Small Scale Miners
access to technical expertise was considered to have been achieved
ff _ to some extent. All Project Officers provide assistance to Small
Scale Miners by way of exposing them to more efficient methods of
mining processing and use of equipment. Other forms of assistance
< related to technical aspects of the job given include issues in
health and safety, land reclamation and the tracing of rich gravel
zones.
9.5 Work-gethods
More than half (67%) of the Project Officers considered the
working methods of their clients economically acceptable. The
three officers who felt that their working operations could be made
more efficient economically suggested that efforts should be made
to employ methods that will enhance recovery of the ore.
.. Km' ;
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~ov
The majority (89%) considered the working methods of their clients
environmentally unacceptable. More than half of them stated that
while small Scale Miners destroyed the eco-system, they did not
seem to have any plans for reclamation. As such there was the need
to step up education for both Project Officers and Small Scale
Hiners..
on financial and finance - related assistance given by the
Project or under its auspices, the major form of assistance
provided has been credit/loan facilities for the purchase or hiring
of equipment.
9.6 Pro_Jet Officers' ssistance to the SSK
As part of the package to assist Small Scale Miners, Project
Officers aee expected to provide them with administrative and
organisational assistance. All the Project Officers interviewed
indicated that they give this form of assistance. However in
certain key areas such as in records keeping, the formation and
management of co-operatives and the. acquisition of relevant
permits, the officers indicated that they have not assisted Small
Scale Mining ventures to a large extent.
. vii
9r7 ONMention for WorX Xugroveimt
Xn view of the fact that the Field/Project Officers have
in their work, been confronted with the practical difficulties and
bottlenecks, their suggestions on improving the implementatioz? of
the project were solicited.
Their suggestions for improvement included the following:i
- Regular training and uDdate of skills of both Proj'ect
Officers and Small Scale Minera; the Project Officers
suggested training in Business, Progect or Production
Manaaement for themselves. They also suggested training
in the provision of extension services and
_ - environmentally-friendly mining practices.
--., - Amendment of Small Scale Gold Ninina Law to allow for
-limited RrosDectinc, "blasting" and the inclusion of
other precious minerals (in addition to gold) in the law.a - Intervention of authorities in the allocation of
concessions; namely, that government should intervene in
t- __ -the re-allocation of mined-out lands of large scale
mining concerns to Small Scale Miners. Other viable
lands should be located, demarcated and made ready for
allocation.
xxviii
- A more conscious effort should be made to provide credit
at reasonable interest rates and ecuiDment to intended
benef iciaries; the possibility of establishing a Plant
Pool to assist Small Scale Miners was alsp to be
considered,
- - Sg=ice centres should be stb hd at strategic places
(e.g. District Centres) to offer such services: as
geological assistance and assaying. PMMC centres could
even be sited at the District Centres.
- The streamlining of *relationships with the Mines
Department and District Administration Offices; and.
- Enhancing co-ordination and communication links between
the district offices and the headouarters.
FF:
I. 1 ' is
3ECOIO3NDaZoNs FOR TRn mIDY
The study has shown that employment,. legalization of SSM,
enhancement of SSM activities, and increase of official earnings
enshrined in the project objectives have been effectively achieved.
However, two of the objectives, namely: improving mining skills,
and access to equipment and capital, have not been effectively
addressed. Marketing of the precious minerals by the SSM leaves
much to be desired.
The project officers also have observed similar achieve-
ments and bottlenecks of the project impact as stated above, and in
addition have observed anomalies in the legal framework of the
project and limitation in their capacity to deliver effective
extension services to the SS, as. vell as discordant elament
between the mines department and the district administration.
In view of the above, the study recommends that:
1. More mineral lands of the large scale mining concerns be
released to SSM.
2. The project should form the SSM into some groupings or
co-operatives to enable them benefit from credit, tools
and equipment lease or high -purchase.
3. Government amend the Small Scale Gold Mining Law to
include limited prospecting and "blasting", and the
inclusion of other precious minerals, in addition to
gold, in the law.
Z=
4. Harketink p which is the backbone of the project success
needs to be overhauled to break the monopoly position of
P3UC:
a) there should be more buyers preferably at every
mining area.;
b) precious minerals marketing should be decentra-
lized;
c) the equipment for weighing and carat determination
should be standardized like that of the Cocobod;
d) the pricing method should be improved to reflect
supply and demand forces of the market. -
5. Relationship between the project and the PMNC sKould be
streamlined to encourage transparency.
6. Relationship between Mines Department and District
Administration should be streamlined to ensure success of
the second phase of the project.
7 There should be proper needs assessment of the Project
-- _Officers to enable the project develop a training
programme to develop their human resources to enable them
better serve the SSM in the second phase of the project.
X=i
7.~~~~~~~~~~~~~A e m1.
SMALL SCALE MNING PROJECTL;
13 ENVRONMENTAL AUD1T TO STUDY TE EFFECrS OFSMALL SCALE MNING ACTIVTITES ON VEGETATION
FINAL REPORT
:1 BY
'9 DR. ANGELINA JUMAHPRINCIPAL CONSULTANT
AND
JAMvES ADOMIAKO & DANIEL ABBIWASSOCIATE CONSULTANTS
J * DEPARTMENT OF BorTNY, UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON
SEEMBER, 1993
*~~~~~~~~~~* .- , .. _,~'
AN.W '
rlACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our appreciation to Prof. B.C. Clerk of the
Department of Botmny, University of Ghana, Logon for stimulating
discussions during the planning of the proJect, deigning bf the
questionnaire and preparation of tho manuscript.
We will like to thank staff of the "inerals Commission at the various.
centres for assisting in the field organization of the work.
Technical assistance by fr. JY. Amponsah is gratefully acknowledged.
.a
.,I
.I
[j CONTENTS
Page
; SUMMARY ......... .......................... ***** I
scleroxylon, Obeche, (Akan: uawa) and Zanthexyuan leprleurli
(Akan: oyaa).
* ~Southern Marxinal type.
q ~~Trees in this type of forest are rather short. rarely7.
exceeding Z-m. Species which are normally understorey trees
may form the main canopy with isolated emergents towering above
them and. forming a discontinuous upper canopy. Characteristic
species include Cynometra neg&JophyJla (Akan: anan-ta-akoal;
I ~Dialium guineense, Velve-t Tamarind, CAkan: asena; Ca: yooyi);
Dzospyros abyssinica (Ga: gblitso) and Nesogardanra papaveri-
fera (Akcan: danta).
Owing to years of human interference and dlisturbances, the
close-canopy forest is -virtually all lost except for few
pockets of fetish groves, sacred forests and burial grounds.
The original vege-tation has been replaced, in most cases, by
one or more of the following: permanent crop farms, food farms,
-' secondary vegetation, riverine vegetation and bare ground. The
nature of degradation which has gone' on in the areas- studied
EFFECTS OF SMALL SCALE 115N5 ACTIVITIES ON VE6ETATZOM Pap, 9
' vould bo dsucw1bed in stotis1 in Section 5. A 1 ut of the con-
cessions atiidisd ta prasonted. in Table 3.
11.
. iin
.4
Ji
.1
1.
* .-_ 1 . b. ' ' '-
Table 3. Particulars of Concessions Studied
BRANTNAME LOCATION DISTRICT CENTRE SIZE DATEA.L. Issarrah Co. Ltd. Akatin Wust-Akim Akim Oda 25.0 5/2/90* No.SMP117ERClub one Man. Soc. Dochi Kwaebibirem Akim Oda 25.0 11/6/90No.SMP172ER
Kensworth Contract & Near West Akim Akim Oda 21.2 14/11/91Mining Ltd. Sesease
No. SMP273Ek*is1mLInga Yaaba Hin. Soc. Asuboa Dirim South Akim Oda 14.0 19/8/92No. SMP3 1 9ER
Abusuapanyin Korankye & Akim ICwaebibirem Akim Oda 6.0 15/2/93Group Scabe
Table 45. FAMILIES AND THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE PLANTS
Family and Species Common/Local Name Economic Importance
ACANTHACEAE zAsystasla Calycina Leaves for yaws ores and craw-crew
LJ I Brillantaisia patula (Buare-ansera) Decorativel poultice for sore feetElytraria harginota Leaf infusion for whooping coughJusticia flava Familiar medicinal plant for fevorni Phaulopsis ciliata Dried plant as dressing for woundsRuspoliaL hypocrateri- Decorative
forome
AGAVACEAESansevieriz Jiberica African Bowstring Fibre for fishing lines, etc.
A Hemp
-- AMARANTHACEAEAchyrantnesaspera Roots used against *corpion stingAerva lanata Pot-herb, medicine for sore throatAlternanthera sessilis Poultice for boils
ANNONACEAECleistopholis patens Salt & Oil True Leaf infusion as febrifugeZsolona cooperi Dark for anti-witchcraft charms!ronodora myristica Calabash Nutmeg Seeds as condiment and spiceUharia globosa Fruits edibleXylopia aethif.*pica Ethiopian Pepper Seeds as condiment and spice
X. quintasii Wood useful, bark medicinal
ANCYSTROCLADACEAEAncystrocladus abbre- Leaf as possible AIDS cure
vlatus
APOCYNACEAEAlstortza boonei Wood for carvingBaissea nultiflora Stem used as house ropeFuntumza africana False Rubber Tree Adulterant, wood for carvingj F. elastica West Africa Useful rubber, wood for carving
Rubber -TreeLamdolphia owariensis Vine Rubber Latex useful as rubber
'1 Rauuolffia vowitoria Rauvolfia Root decoction as sedativeSecaaone afzelii Latex used as galactogogueStrophanthus hispidus Arrow Poison Seed extract for arrow poisonTabernaenontana crassa Latex as coagulant] Voacanga africana Voacanga Latex as adulterant
ARACEAEA*nch oeHanes difformis Tubers as famine foodCercestis af:-elii Fibres used as house rope
4 Culcasia anqolensis DecorativeC. scandens Leaf macerate as fish poison
Dieffenbachia species House plantp1 Dracaena cameroonensis Decorative house plant
I D. perrotettii Decorative house plant
FPaV7 EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE NINII6 ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATINI.
Table 45 (Continued) 0 t
D. iurculota Dccorative house plantPistia strataptes Water Lettuce Weed, but useful as pigs foedRaphidophora afrecan Decorative
_ Xanthosona affatfa Cocoyam Cormel as food, leaf as veg.
il ARALIACEAECussonia nigerica Indicative of swampy areas
n ASCLEPIADACEAE1 urmGngroneea jaEifolium Tie-tie, leaf infusion for colic.Pergularia daeeia Leaf for sore eyes, boils, etc.
BALANOPHORACEAEih^nnangza sanguinea Crown of the Earth Grated rhizomes for asthma
BEGONIACEAEB4egonia species . Decorative house plant
BORAGINACEAEEIriefTi cyosa Root decoction for dysentery
BISNONIACEAEKzgelia atricana Sausage Tree Fetish plant, symbol of fertility.Hembouldia laevis (Sasramansa) Fetish plant, live fenceSpathadea canpanulata African Tulip Decorative, and planted as such
UUrIDhLNLL.tWSnf3yTErEVIus;c Red sepa:s eaten as poc-nwro
Ceiba pentandra Silk Cotton Tree Useful as timber and for kapok(Onyina)
BURSERACEAECanarium schweinfur- Incense Tree Wood as timber, gum as copal
thiiDacryodes edulis *(Adwea) Fruits edible
CAESALPINIACEAE.. bAphimas ptirocarpoi- (Yaya) Latex as source of resin
desAnthonotha fragrans Bark yields gumBussea occidentalis (Kotoprepre) Heavy hard wood for hand toolsCassia absus Leaf Jor dressing ulcerC. siamea Cassia Useful for fuelwood plantation
Cynonetra ananta (Ananta) Hard timber for railway workDanielJii ogea Gum Copal Tree Useful timber, source of gum-copalDialius aubrevMllei Fuelwood
-i D. dinklage' Powdered bark for rheumatismDisteeonanthus bentha- (Bonsamdua) Fetish tree, wood for sle pers
elan usGriffania sinplic Ifo- (Kagya) Fodder, seed contains BS6! lectin
,1 liaPentaclethra nacrophy- *Ataa, Fruits edible, wood for bowls, etc.
CARICACEAE.Garxca papaya Pawpaw Fruits eaten, latex as papain
* jg . CERATOPHYLLACEAECeratophyllun drener- Ceratophyllum Decorative in aquarium
_ ~~~~~~~suitCOMBRETACEAE
id Coubretum oyeaense DecorativePetersianthus macrocar- Useful timber, bark for lumbago
pus* Terminalia ivorensis (Emare) Useful as timber and shingles
EFFECTS OF SHALL SCALE MINIHG ACTs !I!ES ON VEGETATION Pae 79
* .: .~*n - -.
Tablm 45 (Continued)
T. superba Afara Wood suitable for furnitureCOMMELINACEAELoRMe6izva iricta WeedC caitata WeodC. species Weed
.. Palisota hirsuta CNzahuara) Decoction as analgesic
COMPOSITAEAgeratuu conyzoides Billy Goat Weed We-dAspilia africana Haemorrhage Plant Weed, but useful as stypticBidens piz1sa Spanish Needles WeedChrouolaena odorata Siam Weed Weed, but useful as stypticEmilia sonchifoiia WeedHelanthera scandens WeedSynedrulla nodiflora Nodew-ed WeedTridux procumbens Coat Buttons WeedVernonia anygdaliRna. Bitter Leaf Pot-herb, febrifuge
V. cinerea Little Ironweod WeedV. colorata Nectar as source of honey
CONNARACEAEARqlaei ter folia Stems as roofing materialCnustis ferrugmnea (Akitase) Fruits as teetn cleanerCor*narus africanus Seeds as purge and vermifuge
CONVOLVULACEAEAn-ifseaar i-nicensis Decorative
;;Ud .4 :_-> i3Decorative, aeecs as r.zffaea st._
CUCURBITACEAEHomordica charantia African Cucumber Fetish plant, seeds for abortion
(Nyanya)
I CYPERACEAEcyperus compressa Weed
* ,Fmibristylis triflora WeedFuirena umbellata WeedKylinga puuila WeedHlapania baldvinii Indicative of fertile soilMariscus uabellatus Tuberous base edibleScleria boivinii Nuts useful as beads
DILLENIACEAETetracera aLnifolia Sierra Leone Cut stem source of potable water
-EUPHCRBIACEAEAlchornia cordifulia Christmas Bush Pulverised leaf for ulcer treatmentAntidessa laciniatuu FuelwoodBridelia aicrantha (Opam) Wood useful as charcoalDiscog!ypreuna calo- (Fetefre) Wood useful for rice-bowl
neuraEuphorbia cyatho- Weed of cultivated land
phora* E. hirta Australian Asthma Herb Plant decoction for asthma
FaqeBQ k EFFECTS OF SMAL SCALE U1M1L6 ACTIVITIES GETATION
Table 45 (Continued)
Hevea brasiliensis Para Rubber Source of economic rubberHurl crepitans Sandbox True Avenue and shade treeJatropha curces Physic Nut Planted as live fenceHacarang. burifolia Wood as fuel bark as purgeHallotus upposVtifo- (Satadua) Vermifuge ana hammostatic*LJ 11 ~~~lusHanihot *sculenta Cassava Both tuber and leaf eatenJanniophyton fulvue Bark yields fibrerezon.uron benthaeia- (Ekoo-bowerew) Bark decoction for gonorrhoea
nusficrodesu.s puberula (Fema) Wood for tools, leaf medicinalPhyllanthus discoi- (Popea) Good fuelwood
deusP. uuellerianus Twigs as chewstickII P. naruroides Leaves chewed for hiccup
Pycnocora macrophylla (Akofeakofe) Leaves as popular purgativeRic.nodendron heud#lo- (Wama) Seeds oaten, wood for carving
Carapa procera Yields resin, wood lor carpentaryGuaroa cedrata Guarea Class I1 timber treeS. thompsonii Black Guarea Class II timber tree
Khaya ivorensis . Mahogany Class I timber treeTrlchilia sonadelpha (Tandro) Wood for general carpentaryT. prieuriana Ctakadikro) Fuelwood, bark pulp for gonorrhoea
MORACEAEArtocarpus coumunis Breadfruit Avenue or shade tree, seeds edible
* fl Cecropia peltata Early colonizer in forest regrowthU Ficus asperifolia Sandpaper Tree Leaves used as sandpaper
F. exasperata Sandpaper- Tree Leaves uaed as sandpaperF. gnaphalocarpa Decorative fig
1I F. platyphylla Gutta-Percha Latex is source of gutta-perchaTree
F. sur Fig Tree Symbol of fertilityHilicia excelsa Iroko (Odum) Class I timber
39 fusanga cecropioides Umbrella Tree Early colonizer, pulp for paperHyrianthus arboreus (Nyankoma) Fruits edibleH. libericus Fruits edible
Trilepisium madagasca- (Okure) Latex as adulterantriernse
MUSACEAEMusa paradisiaca Plantain Staple food
EFFCTS !F SHLL SCALE N1ft!ri AC!;TIVIIIES ON VEki7ATION Page 53
I.
Table 45 (ContinuedY'
MYRISTICAEAE_ycnanthasaqolmensis Komb Bean Class III timber, seeds yield oil
(Otis)NYMPHAEACEAE
r7 Nymphaea Iotus Water Lily Decorative, symbol of regeneration
u OCHNACEAELophzra alta Red Ironwood Class III timber, good for sleepersFl Scottellia cheivaieri Class [II timber, source of potash
OLACACEAEAptandra zenkeri - Used traditionally as purgativeCoula eduJis Gaboon Nut Fruits like wallnut,edibleOlax subscorpioides Twigs useful as broomPtycopetalum anceps Roots used to assist conceptionStroabosia glaucescens (Afena) Poles excellent as electric posts
F] ONAGRACEAELudmigia Fctovalvi: a semi-aquatic weed
PALMAEjEaeis quineensis Oil Palm Fruits yield oil, sap as palm-wineErewospatha nacrocarpa3 Rattan Palm St-ms for basketry & allied craftLaccosperma opacux 3 (Ayike)Phoenix reciinata Wild Date Palm Dates edible, sold in the marketn Raphia hookeri3 Wine Palm Tree tapped for wine, petiole usefulR. vinifera 3 as poles, posts and for buildino
PANDACEAE'1 Panda oleosa (Kokroboba) Coagulant, crushed fruit $or ulcer
-' PAPILIONACEAEAbrus precatorius Prayer Beads Seeds poisonous, but used as beadsAganope leucobotrya Flowers decorativeBaphia nitida Camwood Source of red dye
.8 pubescens Stems useful as umbrella ribsCentrose,a plumi'- Cover crcp, ..e@ ;..tro9encrotalarza retu.a Devil Bean Common weed, fixes nitrogenDesmodiux adscendens Plant decoction for hypertensionD. Qangeticus Medicine for chest complaintsD. raaosissimus Common weed
Duparquetia orchidacea Decorative, bark for elephantiasisLonchocarpus cyanesceris west African Source of indigo dye
IndigoPhysostigua venenosua Calabar Dean Ordeal plant, ophthalmic usesPlatysepaluu hirsutum Common weed in cocoa farmsPteracarpus santalinoi- Useful wood, roots as febrifuge
PIPERACEAEPiper guineense WJest African Spice and condiment
black PepperP. umbellatum Young leaves as pot-herb
RUBIACEAE|ulacocalyx jasminiflara Young roots as aphrodisiac
Psge4 EFFECCS OF SAL4! SCALE XINING ACTIVITIES OH VEGETATIONI.
I.
Table 45 (Continued)
Borreria scabra Weed of cultivated landCurynaanthe pachyceras Corynanthe. Source of yohimbine, an aphrodisiacCraterispwraum 1auriruu Stem for thatching, bark for feverGeophila obvallata Decorative flowars and fruitsHymenocoleus species Decorativeflitracarpus scaber Common weed of cultivationtitraqyna stipulosa Class II timber treeMorinda lucida Brimstone Tree Yields yellow dye, roots medicinal
1 Nussaenda elegans DecorativeNauclea diderrichii (Kusia3 Class I timber tree, best for mortarOldenJandia coryabosa Common weed, root as aphrodisiacOxyanthus racemosus Stems for hut constructionPentodon pentandrus Semi-aquatic waed, useful as pot-herbPsychotria calceata Fuelwood and hut constructionP peduncularis Whole plant used as febrifuge
Psydrax subcordata (Teteadupon) Good for fuelwood and charcoalRothmannia whitfieldii DecorativeSabicea calycina Ground leaves to induce walking
S. welwitschii Avenue and shade tree, decoritiveCardiospersum halica- Balloon Vine Seeds as counters, root as appetizer
cabusLecaniodiscus cupa- (Dwindwira) Good fuelwood and charcoal
niozdesPaullznia pinnata (Toa-ntini) Crushed plant for joining broken bone.
SAPOTACEAErn.rysaphnup albidum Star Appie Fruits edible, sold in the marketGluena ivorenszs Latex for mending broken potsflalacantha alnifolia Wood used in carving bowls, plates, etcSynsepaluw dulcificun Miraculous Eaten fruits impart sweet after effect
Berry
SCROPHULARIACEAECipraria bifiora DecorativeScoparia dulcis Sweetbroom Woed Infusion as diuretic and for coughStriga hersontheca Witchweed Notorious weed of Sahel crops
SIMAROUBACEAERiTnia klazneana (F6tie) Bark infusion for colic
EMILACACEAESaizax kraussiana West Africa Tuber for syphilis and gonorrhoea
SOLANACEAE Sarsapari1laCapsicun annuu. Pepper Important spice and condiment
;J Physalis anqulata Wildcape Common weed, fruit for sterilityGooseberry.
Solanum niqrun Black Common weed fo cultivated landNightshade
J S. torrum rrickly Solanum Fruits edible and medicinalS. verbasciroliuo Weed of Farmland
EFFECTS OF ;'-AL 4SC_ ;!.!H 7IIT1iS. ON VEGETATION Page 95
a.
E {~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-. *-Sb
Table 45 (Continued)
STERCULIACEAECoLa chLamydantha Stems for pestles and house building
C 9gqantea (Watapuo) Powdered bark for syphilisC. asl Anii Wood has been used for gun stock
ITi C. nitida Bitter Cola (BDse) Seeds as kola-nut of commerce Heritiora utilis (Nyankom) Class I timber tree
Li Heso ordonia papave- (Danta) Class II timber tree, carvers choicerifera
m rl Sterculia oblonga Wood for planks bridges, etc.A S. tragacantha African Gum edible, Ied as kenkey wrapper
Tragacanth' Triplochiton sclero- Obeche, (Wawa) Class I timber tree, best for boards
NxylonTACCACEAETacca zeontop.talaides Tuber may be eaten as famine food
TILIACEAE3esplatzia subeficarpa The fruit yields a black dyeGlyphaea brevis Leaves applied to sores and ulcersGrewia hookerana Stems for basketry and alliedtrr-aftTriuufetta rhoaboidea Burweed Stem yields fibre, leaves as pot-herb
TYPHACEAE -Typha doaingensis Bulrush Leaves for matting, tubers may be eaten
* ULMACEAECeitis nsldbraedzz %Esa-fufuo) Class III timber tree, good for pestleHolootelea C-fnlif W:. ' has been used for canoesTrema ortertralis (Sesea) Early colonizer in forest regrowth -
URTICACEAELapportea aestuans (Hunhon) Leaves used as pot-herb
VERDENACEAE4 f4eroaendrum capitatum Decorative, stem used by tappersGnelina arbores Shade, avenue and plantation treeHoslundia opposita (Asifuaka) Plant used as lactogenic.a.a. cab. a L.antana Common notorious weedPriva lappulacea Introduced weed
1 Vitex aicrantha Useful as fuelwood and charcoal
ZINGIDERACEAECostuz arer Ginger Lily Used traditionally for purificationAfra.oeua geocarpus Rhizomes medicinal
PER
*1
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si
n~~~~~~~ h
ri ....__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Table 46. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE CONCESSIONS
GRANTNAME NATURE TOPO- VE6E- AREA STATE REHA-OF GRAPHY TATION WORKED OF BILITA-
MINING WORKED TIONLq (Acres) AREA
q , AKIM ODA CENTRE
A.L. Ismatrah Co. Ltd. A Flat Regrowth 5.00 R --' Club One Min. Soc. A Flat Regrowth 1.00 R -
Kensworth Contract & A Flat Sec. For. 0.50 +D *Mining Ltd.
Amunga Yaaba Min Soc. AD Flat Sec. Th. S.00 +D +Swamp
Abusuapanyin Korankye AD Flat Sec. For. 0.50 +D +& Group Swamp
. .
ASS IN FOSU CENTRE
Geisendorfer Min. Co. Ltd. A Flat Grass 0.25 -D -* II Kwame Otabil/Boampong AD Flat Sec. Th. 2.00 +D +
SwampRobert Kof. Akraoo & iroup AD Flat Farm Reg. 3.00 +D +Kweku Seidu & Group AD Flat Sw. For. 1.75 +D -
j SwampJacob K. Asmah & Group A Hilly Farm Reg. 2.00 +D/R -
SwampBIBIANI CENTRE
-Sunsum Mining Co. Ltd. H Hilly Sec. For. 0.50 -D -Nsuo Akyi Small Scale H Hilly Cas. PI. 1.50 -D -Miners
Yaw Adomako H Hilly Sec. For. 0.50 -D -
DUNKWA CENTRE
* @ Tonto Mining Enterprise A Hilly Sec. For. 12.50 SD -Flat Sec. Th.
Samuel Okra H Hilly Sec, For. 0.25 -D -
ENCHI CENTRE
Askwa Mining Group H Hilly Sec. For. 1.50 +D -I Lorando Mining Company H Hilly Sec. For. 5.00 +D -Prestige Mining Group H Hilly Sec. Th. 5.00 R -Ablordeppey Geological A Flat Sec. For. Nil- - -
ConsultI 3B. Mining Co. Ltd. H Hilly Farm Reg. - -D -Atuabo Small Scale Mining H Hilly Rub. PI. 0.50 -D -Group
g.Page! 19 EFFECTS oF SHALL SCAL£ 5111MG ACTIITIES ON VEGERTATII .
II
Table 46 (Continued)
Bawdie Small Scale Mining H Hilly Farm Reg. 3.00 D -
Group SBc. Th.
nl KIBI CENTRE
Semfind Company Ltd. A Hilly Farmland 0.50 -D -
TARKWA CENTRE
_, Nana Yaw Asante Group A Ri ver Sec. Th. 1.50 -D -
1 BankYalsaj Co. A River Sec. For. l5.00 +D -
BankMbease Nsuta Wood Co. Ltd. A Valley Sec. For. 5.00 D -U Kysrenyianan Co-Ojp Gold Soc. A Valley Sec. For. 2.50 +D -
Kadadwen Co-Op Gold Soc. A Valley Sec. For. 0.50 R -
'7 Kanyankaw Co-Op Sold Sac. A Valley Sec. For. 20.00 +D +Huni-Valley Co-Op. H Hilly Sec. For. 1.00 -
Esuoso Co-Op Sold Soc. A Swamp Sec. For. 15.00 +D +Flat
I Sunwini Aboie Co-Op Soc. A Hilly Farm Reg. 6.00 +D -
ValleyDenkyembrom Co-Op Soc. A Valley Sec. For. 3.00 -D -
Huniso Obuoho Co-Op Soc. A Valley Sec. For. 0.50 +D -
Bompieso Min. Co-Op Soc. H Hilly Sec. Th. 2.00 +D -
Kennedy & Thomas Group A Hilly Sec. For. 0.50 -D -
RiverBank
Dakete Company Ltd. H Hilly Sec. For. 0.25 -D -
Modern General Electrical A Hilly Sec. For. 5.00 +D +Ali Alhassan & Brothers A Valley Sec. For. 3.00 D -
Bosomtwe Group H/A Hilly Sec. Th. 5.00 *D -
Valley-- Donkoh & Yaw Afeme Group A Hilly Sec. For. 5.00 eD -
RiverBank
Tetrem Small Scale Mining H Flat Thicket 4.00 D -
| ~~~GroupAlpha, Botwe & Group A Hilly Sec. For. 3.00 +D -