Getting to California brinksmanship – the willingness to go to war in hopes that the opposing side will back down. This was justification for the nuclear.

• brinksmanship – the willingness to go to war in hopes that the opposing side will back down. This was justification for the nuclear buildup during the Cold War

• End of Korean War – When Eisenhower was elected he threatened to use nuclear weapons to end the war. The Chinese and North Koreans agreed to the 38th Parallel

• Nikita Khrushchev – became the new Premier of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin

• summit meeting – a proposed meeting between Khrushchev and Eisenhower in Paris that never happened because the Americans were caught lying about a U2 spy plane over Soviet airspace in 1959

• Military Industrial Complex – when Eisenhower stepped down from the Presidency he warned not to let the ones who build weapons have to much power in government

Ch 21 Sec 4 - Brinksmanship

Intro 2

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Textbook Assignment (pp. 673-680)

1) In order to survive a nuclear attack, what were Americans suppose to do and what were they asked to build? (p. 674)

2) Eisenhower’s new defense policy wanted to get more “Bang for the Buck”, how was this accomplished? (p. 676)

3) What was Sputnik, how did it effect the American psyche and what did the U.S. government do to respond to this challenge? (p. 677)

4) How did the uprising in Hungary and the launching of Sputnik change Nikita Khrushchev’s policies towards dealing with the United States? (p. 680)

Ch 21 Sec 4: Eisenhower’s Policies

Intro 5

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Chapter ObjectivesSection 4: Eisenhower’s Policies

• Evaluate Eisenhower’s military policy known as the “New Look.”

• Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s foreign policy.

Section 4-1

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Guide to Reading

As president, Eisenhower developed plans to reduce world tensions while containing and competing with communism.

• massive retaliation

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• Sputnik • brinkmanship • covert

• Central Intelligence Agency

• developing nation

• military-industrial complex

Brinkmanship In Action

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• President Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace worried some people.

• Critics argued that brinkmanship, the willingness to go to war to force the other side to back down, was too dangerous.

(pages 677–679)(pages 677–679)

• The Korean War ended with the signing of an armistice in 1953.

• This came after Eisenhower had gone to the brink and threatened to use nuclear weapons.

• The battle line became the border between North Korea and South Korea.

• Although there was no victory, it had stopped communism from spreading.

Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)

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(pages 677–679)(pages 677–679)

• In 1954 China threatened to take over two of the islands from the Nationalists in Taiwan.

• Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear weapons if China tried to invade Taiwan.

• China retreated.

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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)

(pages 677–679)(pages 677–679)

• Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab nations in the Middle East from aligning with the Soviet Union.

• To gain support, the United States offered to help finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River for Egypt.

• Congress forced the United States to withdraw the offer.

• Egyptians took control of the Suez Canal to use its profits to pay for the dam.

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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)

(pages 677–679)(pages 677–679)

• British and French troops responded by invading the Suez Canal.

• Soviets threatened rocket attacks on Britain and France.

• Eisenhower put American nuclear forces on alert, and through strong American pressure the British and French called off their invasion.

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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)

(pages 677–679)(pages 677–679)

Fighting Communism Covertly

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• Brinkmanship would not work in all situations, and it could not prevent Communists from revolting within countries.

• To prevent this, Eisenhower used covert, or hidden, operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

• The CIA operations took place in developing nations, or those nations with mostly agricultural economies.

Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)

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(pages 679–680)(pages 679–680)

• Covert operations did not always work.

• After Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1956.

• He delivered a secret speech to Soviet leaders, which the CIA broadcast to Eastern Europe.

• Eastern Europeans, frustrated by Communist rule, staged riots, and a full-scale uprising took place in Hungary.

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Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)

(pages 679–680)(pages 679–680)

Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)

(pages 679–680)(pages 679–680)

• Soviet tanks entered Budapest, the capital of Hungary, and stopped the rebellion.

• Eastern Europeans, frustrated by Communist rule, staged riots, and a full-scale uprising took place in Hungary.

Continuing Tensions

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• Eisenhower and Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to a summit in Paris in order to improve relations.

Continuing Tensions

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• Khrushchev stopped the summit after the Soviets shot down an American spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers.

• In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned Americans to be on guard against the influence of a military-industrial complex in a democracy.

• It was a new relationship between the military establishment and the defense industry.

Continuing Tensions (cont.)

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(page 680)(page 680)