Getting Started with MATLAB: Slides

Getting Started with MATLAB

PsiPhiETC

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January 1, 2012

PsiPhiETC (www.psiphi.in) Getting Started with MATLAB January 1, 2012 1 / 74

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Motivation

Why are you interested in MATLAB?

Driven byPresent AssignmentCuriosityUrge for Value Addition

Reason

Belief

Action Reward


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Motivation

What is MATLAB?

MATrix LABoratoryHigh-performance scientific computationMATLAB System Integrates

1 Computation2 Visualization3 Programming

in an easy-to-use environmentMATLAB System Consists of

1 Desktop Tools and Dev Environment2 Mathematical Functions Library3 Programming4 Graphics5 External Interface


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Motivation

Features of MATLAB!

Library of Mathematical FunctionsInteractive Computations throughCommand WindowProgramming for Complex ProblemsGraphics for Data Analysis andVisualizationGraphical User Interface (GUIDE)Specialized Toolboxes (Simulink)


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Motivation

Course Contents

# Topic Reference1 Introduction RP Ch1&22 Getting Started RP Ch23 Interactive Computation RP Ch34 Programming and Scripts RP Ch45 Programming and Functions RP Ch46 Graphics-1 RP Ch67 Graphics-2 Notes8 GUIDE & Simulink Notes

No Promise, only Opportunity! No Teaching, only Learning!


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Motivation

Installation

Available for all major computingplatforms (Windows, Unix, Mac)World Wide Web:http://www.mathworks.com

Student and Professional VersionsRead the installation instructionscarefullyCheck Installation


http://www.mathworks.com

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Motivation

Desktop Tools & Development Environment

Menu [Desktop Tools (Layout), Help Browser], Editor, Current Directory [pwd,ls, window, M-Lint], Command Window [x=1, Workspace, x+1, ans], CommandHistory [Selection, Execution], Docking, Start, Ref:GSG-Ch7


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Motivation

Ways to Get Help!

Extensive and excellentdocumentationHelp Browser

DemosSearch

Commands:lookfor ’string’help topicwhich topic

edit, H1 Line, Help, Code

1 >> lookfor mean2 >> help mean3 >> which mean4 >> edit mean


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Motivation

Some General Commands

clc clears command windowclf clears figureclear: multiple variable, all variablescd change directorydir show directory contentspath [pwd, directories in path]copyfile copies filesmkdir make directorydate display datequit quit matlabdiary records the sessionsmart recall

1 >> diary2 >> pwd3 >> clc4 >> x=2;y=3;5 >> clear x6 >> clear all


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Motivation

Vectors and Scalars

Variable Namesrow vec ( [], col sep), col vec(row sep)’, . . . , ;a : ∆ : blinspace(a,b,n)+, -, cross, dot, .* , ./, .^sin, cos, log, sqrtformat

1 >> rv=[1,2,3]2 >> cv=[1;2;3]3 >> v1=1:1:34 >> v2=linspace(1,3,3)5 >> v3=v1'6 >> v4=v1+v27 >> v5=v1.*v28 >> v6=sqrt(v1)9 >> format long e


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Motivation

Simple Plots

plot (x,y)axis tight | equalxlabel (’string’)ylabel (’string’)title (’string’)grid on | off

1 x=linspace(0,2*pi,100);2 y=sin(x);3 plot(x,y);4 xlabel('x');5 ylabel('sin(x)');6 title('x vs sin(x)');7 axis tight;grid on;


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Motivation

MATLAB Editor

Menu BarTool BarEditing SpaceLine NumberCode AnalysisMessageDocument BarStatus BarExecution andDebugging


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Motivation

MATLAB Script

% for commentsH1 Line, HelpValid MATLABcommands andexpressionsComment %, KeywordsSavingExecution

1 % Script to find triangle area2 % The help for ScriptExample.m3

4 base=2; %triangle base5 height=1; %triangle height6 Area=(1/2)*base*height;

1 >> lookfor triangle2 >> help ScriptExample3 >> ScriptExample4 >> base5 >> height6 >> Area7 >> clear all


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Motivation

MATLAB Functions

function[argout]=FN(argin)H1 Line% for commentsSavingexist (FN)argin pass by valuevariable are local

1 function [A]=FunctionExample(b,h)2 % FunctionExample for triangle area3 % The help for FunctionExample.m4 % Syntax A=FunctionExample(b,h)5

6 A=(1/2)*b*h;

1 >> base=2;height=1;2 >> Area=FunctionExample(base,height);3 >> b4 >> h5 >> A6 >> Area


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Interactive Computations

Matrix Creation?

Enclosed within square bracket []Entered row wiseColumn Separator: space or ,Row Separator: ;. . . (ellipsis) is used for continuation

1 >> A=[1, 2, 3; 4, ...5, 6]

2 A =3 1 2 34 4 5 6


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Matrix Indexing

A(i,j)=aij

size(A)=[m,n]

A(m1 : m2,n1 : n2) =

am1n1 . . . am1n2...

......

am2n1 . . . am2n2

A(:,k:end)

1 >> A=[1,2,3;...2 4,5,6]3 >> size(A)4 >> A(2,3)5 >> A(1:2,2:3)6 >> A(2,2:end)7 >> A(:,2:end)


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Matrix Manipulation

Element: A(i,j)=aij

Row: A(m,:)=v1×n

Column: A(:,n)=vm×1

Submatrix: A(m1 : m2,n1 : n2) =B(m2−m1)×(n2−n1)

Appending: A=[A, vm×1], A=[A; v1×n]Deleting: A(m,:)=[], A(:,n)=[]eye(m,n), zeros(m,n), ones(m,n),magic(n)

1 >>A=[1,2,3;4,5,6];2 >>A(1,2)=9;3 >>A(2,:)=[9,9,9]4 >>A(:,3)=[9;9]5 >>A(1:2,2:3)=[9,9;9,9]6 >>A(3,:)=[9,9,9];7 >>A(:,4)=[9;9;9];8 >>A(3,:)=[]9 >>A(:,4)=[]

10 >>eye(3)11 >>zeros(3)12 >>ones(3)13 >>magic(3)


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Matrix Operations

Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, ^Relational: <, >, <=, >=, ==, ∼=

Logical Operations: &, |, NOT ∼Logical Functions: all, any, exists,isempty, isinf, isnan

1 >> A=eye(2,2)2 >> B=ones(2,2)3 >> C=A*B4 >> R1=A<B5 >> R2=A==B6 >> R3=A 6=B7 >> L1=A&B8 >> L2=A|B9 >> F1=all(A)

10 >> F2=any(A)11 >> F3=isempty(A)


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Elementary Maths Functions

Trigonometric: sin , asin, . . .Exponential: exp , log, . . .Algebraic: sqrt, nthroot, . . .Complex: abs, angle, conj, img, realRound-off: floor, ceil, fix, mod, remMatrix: expm, sqrtm

1 >> sin(pi/6)2 >> exp(1)3 >> sqrt(2)4 >> z=1+i5 >> abs(z)6 >> angle(z)7 >> floor(1.9)8 >> ceil(1.1)9 >> A=ones(2,2)

10 >> expm(A)


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Character Strings

Single Quote: ’string’Manipulating stringevalnum2str, str2numlower, upperstrcmp, strncmpstrcat, findstr

1 >> s='Hello World'2 >> s(2)='E'3 >> eval('x=2*3')4 >> y='2.3'5 >> zn=str2num(y)6 >> zs=num2str(x)7 >> s1=lower(s)8 >> s2=strcat(s,s1)9 >> strcmpi('Hello','hello')

10 >> findstr(s,'W')


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Saving and Loading Data

matlab.matsavesave (’fn’,’vn’)loadload datafile.txtd=load (’datafile.txt’)

1 >> x=linspace(0,2*pi,10)2 >> y=sin(x)3 >> save4 >> clear all5 >> load6 >> save('myfile','x')7 >> clear all8 >> load myfile9 >> load datafile.txt

10 >> d=load('datafile.txt')


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Programming in MATLAB

Script Files

.m file containing validcommandsName shall starts with a letterand can have letters, digitsand _Avoid clash with names ofbuilt-in function (exist(’fn’))Variable Name 6= File NameWorks on global workspacevariablesUse of clear all

1 % solvex.m (Ref: RP)2 % 5 x1+2r x2+r x3=23 % 3 x1+6 x2+(2r-1) x3=34 % 2 x1+(r-1) x2+3r x3=55 A=[5, 2*r,r;3, 6, 2*r-1; ...

2, r-1, 3*r];6 b=[2;3;5];7 x=A\b

1 r=1;2 solvex


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Function Files

function[argout] =FunctionName (argin)Local VariablesPass-by valueReadability: H1, helpModularity: subfunctionRobustness: nargin,error(‘message’)Expandability: varargin

1 function [det_A, x]=solvexf(r)2 % SOLVEXF solves eqn with par r3 % Function file solvexf.m4 % To call this function, type:5 % [det_A,x]=solvexf(r)6 % r is i/p and det_A & x are o/p7

8 A=[5, 2*r, r; 3,6, 2*r-1; 2, ...r-1, 3*r];

9 b=[2;3;5];10 det_A=det(A);11 x=A\b;


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Control Flow: if-elseif-else

1 if expression2 statements3 elseif expression4 statements5 else6 statements7 end

1 if I == J2 A(I,J) = 2;3 elseif abs(I-J) == 14 A(I,J) = -1;5 else6 A(I,J) = 0;7 end


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Control Flow: for loops

1 for variable = expression2 statement(s)3 end

1 sum=0;2 for i=1:1003 sum=sum+i;4 end


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Control Flow: while loops

1 while expression2 statements3 end

Example of while loop,

1 v=1; num=1; i=1;2 while (num≤4096)3 v=[v;num];4 i=i+1;5 num=2^i;6 end7 v


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Control Flow: switch-case-otherwise

1 switch flag2 case val1 block 1 computation3 case val2 block 2 computation4 otherwise last block computation5 end

1 color= input('color= ','s');2 switch color3 case 'red' c=[1, 0, 0];4 case 'green' c=[0, 1, 0];5 case 'blue' c=[0, 0, 1];6 otherwise error('invalid')7 end


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break, continue and return

break terminates for or while loopcontinue pass control to the nextiteration of for or while loopreturn return to invoking function


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Interactive Input: input, keyboard and pause

Age=input(‘Age plz?’)Name=input(‘Name plz?’, ’s’)script/function keyboard k �statements returnpause, pause(n)

1 Age=input('Age Plz?');2 Name=input('Name Plz?','s');3 keyboard;4 >> Age5 >> Name6 k>> Age=217 k>> Name='ABC'8 k>> return9 pause(10)

10 disp(Age)11 disp(Name)


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Input/Output

fid = fopen (fn, r|w|a)fclose (fid)fprintf (fid, format, x)x=fscanf (fid, format)sscanf, sprintffgets, fgetl

1 fid=fopen('a.txt','w');2 fprintf(fid,'pi=%10.8f \n',pi);3 s=sprintf('e=%10.8f\n',exp(1));4 fprintf(fid,s);5 fclose(fid);6 fid=fopen('a.txt','r');7 s1=fgets(fid);8 s2=fgetl(fid);9 PI=sscanf(s1,'pi=%f');

10 E=sscanf(s2,'e=%f');


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Creating Graphics Programmatically

Figure

h=figureh=gcffigure(h)Edit > Figure PropertiesProperty Editor > Figure

Name: ’string’Color: [r,g,b], (r ,g,b) ∈ [0,1]NumberTitle: {on}|off

More PropertiesMenubar: {figure}|nonePosition: [x,y,w,h]


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Setting Figure Properties

h=figure or h=gcfget (h) -> ‘PropertyName’,PropertyValueget (h) -> ‘PropertyName’{PropertyValueActive} |PropertyValueOptionalset (h, ’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)

1 set (h,'Name','myName')2 set (h,'NumberTitle','off')3 set (h,'Menubar','none')4 set (h,'Color',[1,0,0])5 set (h, 'Position', ...

[500,200,400,300])


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Axes

axesa=axes –> Handle aa=axes(’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)Important Properties:

ColorFontSize,FontWeight, . . .LineWidth, . . .XGrid, YGridXLim, YLimXTick, YTickXTickLabel,YTickLabel

1 a=axes;2 get(a);


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Setting Axes Properties

p=axes()get (p)set (p)set (p,’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)

1 set (a, 'Color' , [1,1,0])2 set (a, 'LineWidth' , 3)3 set (a, 'XGrid' , 'on')4 set (a, 'YLim' , [-1, 1])5 set (a, 'XTick' , [0.2,0.6,0.9])6 set (a,'XTickLabel',{0.2,'six',0.9} )7 set (a, 'YTick' , [0.3,0.6,0.9])8 set (a,'YTickLabel',{'y1',0.6,'y_2'} )


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Plot

plot (y)plot (x,y)plot (x,y,’LineSpecs’)

Color: r,g,b,. . .LineStyle: -, –, . . .MarkerStyle: *, + . . .

plot (x,y, ’LineSpecs’,’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)LineStyle, LineWidth, Marker,

MarkerSize

1 x=0:10;2 y=x.^2;3 plot(x,y,'r-*', ...

'Linewidth', 3,...'MarkerSize', 12)


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Setting Plot Properties

p=plot (x,y)get (p)set (p)set (p, ’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)

1 x=0:10;y=x.^2;2 p=plot(x,y);3 set(p , 'Color' , [0,1,0]);4 set(p , 'LineWidth' , 3);5 set(p , 'LineStyle' , '-');6 set(p , 'Marker' , 'o');7 set(p , 'MarkerSize' , 12);


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Overlay Plot

plot (x1,y1,x2,y2)plot ( x1,y1,’LS1’, x2,y2,’LS2’)plot (x1,y1,’LS’, ’PropName’,PropValue)hold onplot (x2,y2, ’LS’, ’PropName’,PropValue)hold off;line (x, y, ’PropName’,PropValue)

1 x1=-5:5; y1=x1.^2;2 x2=-5:5; y2=x2.^3;3 p1=plot(x1,y1,'r-*');4 set(p1,'Linewidth',3);5 hold on;6 p2=plot(x2,y2,'b:o');7 set(p2,'Linewidth',4);8 hold off; grid on;9 set(gca,'Linewidth',2);


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Text on Plot

text(x,y,’string’)text(x,y,’string’,’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)t=text(x,y,’string’)get(t) , set (t)set (t,’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)gtext (’string’)gtext (’string’,’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)To Get Coordinate of a point:[x,y]=ginput (1)

1 x=0:10;y=x.^2;plot(x,y);2 t=text(1,20, 'P(1,20)');3 set(t,'FontSize',14);4 [x1,y1]=ginput(1);5 t1=text(x1,y1,'(x1,y1)')6 gtext('gtext','FontSize',14);


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Axis

axis ([xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax])axis equalaxis squareaxis tightaxis normal

Semi Control of Axis:axis (xmin,inf,-inf,ymax)

1 x=linspace(0,2*pi,100);2 y=sin(x);3 plot(x,y);4 axis([0,2*pi,-1,1]);


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Legend

legend (’string’)legend (’string1’,’string2’,. . . )legend (’string1’,’string2’,. . . ,’PropertyName’,PropertyValue)

1 x1=-5:5; y1=x1.^2;2 x2=-5:5; y2=x1.^3;3 p=plot(x1,y1,'r',x2,y2,'g');4 set(p,'Linewidth',4);5 l=legend('data x1-y1', ...

'data x2-y2');6 set(l,'Location','NorthWest');


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Subplot

subplot (m,n,p)m: Number of rowsn: Number of columnsp: plot number

1 x1=-5:5; y1=x1.^2;2 x2=-5:5; y2=x2.^3;3 subplot (1,2,1);4 plot (x1,y1,'g','Linewidth',3);5 subplot (1,2,2);6 plot(x2,y2,'r','Linewidth',3);


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Findobj

h=findobjh=findobj (’PropertyName’,’PropertyValue’)h=findobj (ObjectHandles,’PropertyName’,’PropertyValue’)

1 x1=-5:5; y1=x1.^2;2 x2=-5:5; y2=x2.^3;3 plot (x1,y1,'r',x2,y2,'g');4 h1=findobj('Color','r');5 set(h1,'Linewidth',3);6 h2=findobj('Color','g');7 set(h2,'Color','b','Linewidth',3);


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Creating Graphics Interactively

Graphics Objects Hierarchy

FigureAxesPlot ObjectsAnnotation Objects


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Plotting Process

Creating GraphExploring DataEditing Graph ComponentsAnnotation GraphsPrinting and Exporting GraphsAdding and Removing ContentsSaving Graph for Reuse


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Figure Tools

ZoomPanData CursorBasic FittingData Statistics


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Plotting Tools

plottoolsFigure PalettefigurepalettePlot BrowserplotbrowserProperty Editorpropertyeditor


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Figure Palette: New Subplots

subplot(m,n,p)


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Figure Palette: Variables and Plot Catalog

Figure PaletteWorkspace VariablesSelect VariableRight click for plot catalog


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Figure Palette: Annotations

LineArrowDouble ArrowText BoxArrow Box. . .


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Plot Browser

Displays all plot objectsSelect Plot ObjectChange ObjectPropertiesDeselect Plot ObjectAdd Data


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Property Editor

Enable Edit PlotSelect ObjectGo to Property EditorChanging PropertiesMore PropertiesContext Menu


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Printing

File > Print PreviewFigure Placement onPage, Paper Size andOrientation etcLine and TextPropertiesColor etc


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Exporting

File > Export SetupChange PropertiesExportsaveas


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Saving

File > Saveas.fig.m (function)saveas


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Publishing Report

Introduction

Formatted report in HTML, PDF, LATEX, MS Word or MS PowerPointSteps Involved

Create a script fileDivide script into ‘code cells’Insert Text Markup for formattingEdit Publish ConfigurationPublish


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Publishing Report

Code Cells

Open MATLAB editorEnable Cell modeWrite ScriptDivide Script into Cells by %%Color change and cellseparation lineCan evaluate individual cell

1 %% Create vectors2 theta=linspace(0,10*pi,200);3 r=exp(-theta/10);4 %% Plot using polar plot5 polar(theta,r);


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Publishing Report

Document Title and Introduction

Defined in first code cell, starting from1st line%% Document Title% Introduction% IntroductionMust put %% after introductionContents

1 %% This is the Title2 % Introductory text3 % Introductory text4 %%


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Publishing Report

Section and Section Titles

New cell in existing section%%New cell that starts newsection %% Section TitleNew section in existing cell%%% Section Title

1 %% New Section2 % introduction3 %%4 % Cell in Existing Section5 %%% New Section in ...

Existing Cell


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Publishing Report

Other Text Markup

*bold text *_ italic text_|monospace text|Bulleted List

* Item 1* Item 2

Numbered List# Item 1# Item 2

Hyperlinked Text < www.psiphi.in>

1 %% Other Text Markup2 % *bold text*3 % _italic text_4 % | monospace text |5 %6 % * Item 17 % * Item 28 %9 % # Item 1

10 % # Item 211 %12 % <www.psiphi.in>


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Publishing Report

Other Text Markup. . .

Including Image <<IMAGE.JPG>>LATEX Markup% <latex>% LATEX stuff% </latex>TEX Equations $$ eπi + 1 = 0 $$HTML Markup

1 %% More Text Markup2 % <IMAGE.JPG>3 % $$ e^{\pi i}+1=0 $$


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Publishing Report

Configuration

Output SettingsOutput File format : HTML, PDF,DOC, PPTOutput File Folder

Figure SettingImage FormatImage Size

Code SettingInclude CodeMax number of lines

publish for changing configurationfrom script

PDFHTMLDoc

FigureCode


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Publishing Report

Displaying Results

Command Window o/p:No ;disp display the resultsprintf is useful forformatted o/p

1 %% Displaying Output2 phi=1.618;3 PHI=(1+sqrt(5))/2;4 s=sprintf('phi=%5.3f, ...

PHI=%10.8f',phi,PHI);5 disp(s);6 disp(PHI);7 phi


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Publishing Report

Example File

1 %% Document Title2 % Introductory text3 %% Section4 % Section introduction5 %% Other Text Markup6 % *bold text* , _italic text_ , |monospace text|7 % <www.psiphi.in>8 %% More Text Markup9 % The TeX equations can be inserted like:

10 % $$\phi=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}$$11 %% Displaying Output12 phi=1.618; PHI=(1+sqrt(5))/2;13 s=sprintf('phi=%5.3f, PHI=%10.8f',phi,PHI);14 disp(s); disp(PHI); phi15 %% Plot16 theta=linspace(0,10*pi,200);17 r=exp(-theta/10); polar(theta,r);


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Building GUI

Building GUI

Graphical Display forPerforming Tasks InteractivelyEvents→ callback (function,string)Interactive GUI Construction(GUIDE)Programmatic GUIConstruction


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Building GUI

GUIDE

guideGetting HelpGUIDE Layout EditorFile > Preference > GUIDE >Show Names in Componentpalette > OKGUI Figure Size > Click andDrag CornerCreating Components

AxesPush ButtonStatic TextPop-up Menu


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Building GUI

Creating Simple GUI

simple_ guiAdding Components

AxesThree Push ButtonStatic TextPop-up Menu

Align Pushbuttons > Tools >Align Objects


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Building GUI

Creating Simple GUI. . .

Adding Text To ComponentsView > Property Inspector >Push Button: Select PushButton > String > Change itPopup Menu : Select PopupMenu > String >Components in differentlinesStatic Text: Select > String> Change it

Save SimpleGui


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Building GUI

Programming Simple GUI

Generating Data to PlotProgramming The PopupMenu: Context Menu, ViewCallbackProgramming The PushButton: Context Menu, ViewCallbackSave and Run GUI


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Simulink

Simulink

Dynamic SystemModeling : Comprehensive block library of sources,sink, linear and nonlinear components, connectorsetcSimulation : Wide choice of Integration MethodAnalysis: Linearization, MATLAB


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User Interface

User Interface

simulink orSimulink Library Browser

- Commonly Used Blocks- Continuous (Derivative,

Integrator, Transfer Function)- Math Operations (Gain, Sum)- Sources (sine wave, step)- Sinks (Scope, To Workspace)- Routing (Mux)

Simulink Model Window- Simulation (Start,

Configuration)- save, printPsiPhiETC (www.psiphi.in) Getting Started with MATLAB January 1, 2012 70 / 74

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Example 1: Sine wave and its Integration

Example 1: Sine wave and its Integration

Display: sin(t) ,∫ t

t0sin τ dτ

Simulink >File > New > Model >SaveDrag from Library to Model Window

- Source > Sine Wave- Sink > Scope- Continuous > Integrator

- Signal Routing > Mux

Connect blocks- Select 1st > hold Ctrl > Select 2nd- Similar way for branching

Simulation: Configuration, StartScope: Zoom, Export Data


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Example: Spring Mass System (Direct Approach)

Example: Spring Mass System (Direct Approach)

x =1m

(f (t)− cx − kx)

Drag Components to model windowTo Rotate: Ctrl+R, To Flip: Ctrl+FGain Parameters by double clickMore input to Sum BlockConnect ComponentsSimout for variables to WorkspaceUnder damped, overdampedSee variables in workspacesim command


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Example: Spring Mass System (Transfer Function)

Example: Spring Mass System (Transfer Function)

x =1m

(f (t)− cx − kx)

Drag components to Model WindowConnect ThemDouble click transfer function block forparameter settingDouble click save output to file blockand set file path/nameRun simulationLoad mat file and plot data


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Example: Capacitor Charging

Example: Capacitor Charging

V (s) =1s

(1

RCU(s)− 1

RCV (s)

)

Drag components to Model WindowConnect ComponentsSet parameters for variouscomponentsPlay with Configuration (Solver etc.)SimulationSee results in scope


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Getting Started with MATLAB: Slides

Documents

spring mass system

model window

desktop tools

interactive computations

context menu

push button

direct approach

sine wave