Getting Smart About Smart Energy

Getting Smart About Smart Energy

Robert D. CormiaFoothill College

Agenda – Learning Goals

• Smart energy paradigm

• What problem are we solving?

• Benefits of smart energy

• Smart grid architecture

• Integrating renewables

• EV charging infrastructure

The right energy at the right time!

What is Smart Energy?• Robust transmission / distribution

grid (T&D)

• Omnidirectional communications

• AMI, DR, and energy informatics / analytics

• Integrating renewables

• EV charging networks

• New business models - electronomics

Smart Energy Defined

• Integrating key technologies– Power grid / distribution– Power generation (RE)– Power systems & AMI– Transportation systems– Telecommunications (HAN)– Information Technology (IT)

• A Smart Grid transforms the way power is delivered, consumed and accounted for. Adding intelligence throughout the newly networked grid increases reliability and power quality; improves responsiveness; increases efficiency; handles current and future demand; potentially reduces costs for the provider and consumer; and provides the communication platform for new applications (The Smart Grid in 2010 – Green Tech Media Research)

‘Right Sourcing’ Energy

• Smart energy vs. smart grid

• Bringing renewables into the mix

• Storing energy for transient release

• Metering for time of use (TOU) transactions– Demand Response (DR) Virtual Power (VPP)

• Smart EV charging infrastructure

The right energy at the right time!

Smart Energy Paradigm

Distribution

Generation

Storage

Demand

The ‘Right Energy at the Right Time’ – ‘Right Sourcing’ Generation, Distribution, and End Use of Energy

Five Key ‘Quadrants’

• Electrical Generation

• Transmission and Distribution – T&D

• Energy Storage (battery, hydro, fuel cell)

• Electrical Load (demand / management)

• Management (sensors and analytics)

Generation Types

• Fossil – coal and natural gas• Nuclear – base load• Hydro – clean and affordable• Wind – clean but intermittent• Solar – peak shaving• Geothermal – steam energy

Grid Overview (T&D)

• Generation• Transmission• Distribution• High voltage / AC• Substations

Grid Definitions

The electric grid delivers electricity from points of generation to consumers, and the electricity delivery network functions via two primary systems: the transmission system and the distribution system. The transmission system delivers electricity from power plants to distribution substations, while the distribution system delivers electricity from distribution substations to consumers. The grid also encompasses myriads of local area networks that use distributed energy resources to serve local loads and/or to meet specific application requirements for remote power, village or district power, premium power, and critical loads protection.

http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm

Traditional Power Grid

GHG Emissions by Source

http://eia.doe.gov/

Electrical Grid NetworksAn electric grid is a network of synchronized power providers and consumers that are connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated by one or more control centers. When most people talk about the power "grid," they're referring to the transmission system for electricity.

The continental United States does not have a national grid. Instead, there are three grids: the Eastern Interconnect, the Western Interconnect and the Texas Interconnect. In Alaska and Hawaii, several smaller systems interconnect parts of each state. 

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/electric-grid.html

Demand (Load)

• Voltage drops / current demand

• Distribution networks

• Appliances plug loads

• EV charging

• ESP – Energy Service Providers

• Storage (systems)

Power Management

• Management is everything!• Monitoring loads over time• Using predictive analytics• Storing energy for timely distribution• Holding load back (load shifting)• Coordinating load uptake (renewables)

Why Smart Energy?

• Our system is ‘load driven’

• One way communication

• Load isn’t ‘managed’

• ‘Right sourcing’ energy

• Power grid needs to act like an intelligent system

Smart Energy and Smart Grid

• Right sourcing energy

• Microgrids (transitional link between smart grid and smart energy)

• Smart grid merges Internet technology and power systems mgmt / distribution

• Maximizing integration of renewables

• Matching generation with demand

Transportation

• Transition to EV/PHEV• Load is significant• Need smart charging

infrastructure• Connected to storage• Integrated billing systems• Microgrid solutions?

A plug-in hybrid or full electric EV looks like an entire house to the utility. The majority of electric vehicles will need to draw power at about the same time of day. Need to coordinate EV charging through two-way Internet communications, including transfer of ‘stored power’

EVs use half to a quarter of the BTUs per mile compared to ICE (gasoline), and GHG emissions can be significantly lower if RE is used.

Wind Power – Real Power

Why Wind is the Answer to EV

• One motor winds up – another unwinds

• 1MW of wind supports 1,000 EV cars

• See the math (appendix 1)

• Need to ‘forward store’ wind energy for later EV charging (like email distribution)

• Predictive analytics, grid-scale storage, collaborative EV charging networks are key

Vanadium redox flow cells

Store excess power for later use!

Storage of Renewables

• Grid storage• Local storage• EV storage• Batteries• Flow cells• Tiered storage

Smart Metering – Time of Use (TOU)

• This is the impetus for energy analytics

• Smart metering is great for the utility

• Bill 15 minute intervals – dynamic pricing

• Building must have ‘smarts’ to respond to price signals, and manage demand (EMS)

• TOU can be a method to send price signals – buildings need a ‘response plan’

Monitoring Everything

Smart Energy Metering

• Smart grid

• Smart metering

• EMS/BMS

• HAN automation

• Electrical efficiency

• Smart energy

Home Area Networks (HAN) and residential Energy Management Systems (EMS)

AMI/EMS/BMS/HAN

Smart Energy Begins at Home!

Network Architecture Power Infrastructure

• Distribution network

• Metering network

• Communications systems

• Storage systems

• Wireless networks / HAN

• Data centers / management

• Building systems / BMS

Network Architecture

Energy NOC - Data Centers

http://www.enernoc.com/index.php

Internet Technologies

• Sensor integration• Phasor networks• Wireless protocols• Embedded systems• Grid management

Integrated communication - sensor networks powered by Internet Technology

IntelliGrid™ - Smart Grid

http://intelligrid.epri.com/

ZigBee Specification

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. The ZigBee Alliance is a group of companies that maintain and publish the ZigBee standard.

Smart Grid / Micro Grid

Distributed generation (localized) in micro grids and part of a larger smart grid

Smart Home Micro Grid

Cornell Microgrid - Instead of relying solely on large power plants, a portion of the nation's electricity needs could be met by small generators such as ordinary reciprocating engines, microturbines, fuel cells, and photovoltaic systems. A small network of these generators, each of which typically produce no more than 500 kilowatts, would provide reliable power to anything from a postal sorting facility to a neighborhood.

Electronomics

Cover design for the new book by Jesse Berst, Electronomics: How the Electricity Economy Will Create Wealth & Prosperity

http://www.cpowered.com/services.php

Demand Response Process

Demand Response

• Virtual Power Plant (VPP)

• Aggregate response• Sustained ‘load

shed’ ~ 30 minutes• Reduces peak

power demand• Monthly revenue and

‘per event’http://drrc.lbl.gov/newsletter/4-07/4CERTS.html

Smart Energy Ecosystem

Players

• Utilities (T&D)

• Networking giants

• HAN vendors

• Analytics firms

• Power systems

• EMS/BMS solutions

• Storage vendors

• EV charging networks

Consortia and Markets

• IntelliGrid

• GridWise alliance

• Smart Energy Alliance

• PNNL

• Galvin Institute

• ZigBee

• IEEE

Timeline / Deployment*

• 2005 – 2015 => Roof top solar• 2008 – 2015 => Demand response• 2009 – 2015 => Smart metering• 2010 – 2015 => Residential EMS/BMS• 2011 – 2016 => EV charging networks• 2012 – 2017 => Microgrid prototypes (US)• 2013 – 2018 => Smart grid / SCADA• 2014 – 2019 => Phasor network build-out • 2015 – 2020 => Grid scale storage• 2010 – 2030 => Renewables, T&D, EVs

*Approximate time frames for bracketing the ‘hype curve’ and building momentum

Skills & Opportunities

• Power systems knowledge

• Wireless networking

• Home Area Networking (HAN)

• Embedded (device) systems

• EMS/BMS implementation

• Electrical efficiency

• Energy informatics

A Subsystems Approach

• Renewable energy• Distribution systems• Smart energy• Energy efficiency• LEED / green building

• Electric vehicles• Alternative fuels• Batteries / fuel cells• Urban planning• GHG sequestration

Smart energy Smart cities

Smart citizens

Smart policy

Vision the Electron Economy

Summary

• Smart energy is pivotal to a new energy economy – meeting resource / GHG goals

• Infrastructure will be complex (to build)

• Three tiers of smart grid rollout:– Generation and transmission– Distribution and storage– Buildings and microgrids

• EMS/BMS/HAN is a great ‘services layer’

Where to Learn More• DOE smart grid -http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm

• Global Smart Energy - http://www.globalsmartenergy.com/

• Apollo Alliance - http://www.apolloalliance.org/

• PG&E Pacific Energy Center- http://www.pge.com/pec/

• Our Solar Power Future – http://www.sandia.gov/pv/docs/PDF/PV_Road_Map.pdf

• Wind Energy Report – AIWA http://www.awea.org/

• EPRI IntelliGrid - http://intelligrid.epri.com/

• Worldwatch Institute - http://www.worldwatch.org/