Getting Ready for TAKS!!! Objective 2 Cells, DNA, Kingdoms and Body Systems.

Getting Ready for TAKS!!!

Objective 2

Cells, DNA, Kingdoms and Body Systems

Levels of Organization

•Atom•Molecule•Organelle•Cell•Tissue•Organ•System•Organism

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

How do things go in and out of the cell?

DiffusionMolecules move from

areas of high concentration to an areas of less concentration.

i.e. from where there are a lot of them to where there are none…

Ex. Mom is mopping in the kitchen and you can smell it in your room…the Pine Sol molecules have diffused across the house!

Osmosis: Another way a cell maintains homeostasis

Water moving in and out of cells…Hyper”skinny”tonic Solution

More water in cell than out Cell Shrinks

Hypo”hippo” tonic SolutionMore water outside cell than in

cell swells and blows up Isotonic Solution

Equal amounts of water in and out of cell Cell is Happy

Photosynthesis:Energy from the Sun

LeavesPhotosynthetic organ

of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food

Stomata: pores within the leaf that open to let CO2 in and O2 out. Guard cells open and close.

Cuticle: waxy covering on leaf that prevents water loss

Cellular Respiration: Energy from food!!

ENERGY: Monster Drink for Cells

Carbon Dioxide + Water

Light

Water

Oxygen + Sugar

Chloroplasts

(Photosynthesis

(Plant C

ells)

Mito

chon

dria

(Cel

lula

r Res

pira

tion)

Pla

nt a

nd A

nim

al C

ells

All About

That Energy

Nucleic Acids

DNADouble StrandedComposed of

nucleotides:Deoxyribose

SugarPhosphateNitrogen Bases

• A-T G- C

Is the “Blueprint for the building”

RNASingle StrandedComposed of

nucleotidesRibose SugarPhosphateNitrogen Bases

• A-U, G-C Is the “Construction

Worker who builds Proteins”

Replication: Copying DNADNA

Cells Copy DNA before they divideOccurs in nucleus

A=T, G=C (visa/versa)Sometimes mistakes occur

Mutations:Changes in DNA

Transcription: From DNAmRNA

Uses DNA info to make mRNA

Occurs in NucleusNo T in mRNA only U

A=U T=A G=C C=G

Mistakes in replication are carried on through transcription!!

Translation: The FinalemRNA Protein

Occurs in CytoplasmPlayers:

RibosomesAmino AcidsmRNAProtein

Mutations during replication and transcription make wacked out proteins that may not work well!!

Wanna know how to make a protein?

Okay Solve the Puzzle

Find the protein:

-AUG CCA UUA

Met – Pro – Leu

-AUG GGU UCA

Met – Gly – Ser

-AUG ACU UUU

Met – Thr – Phe

Human Body Systems

Circulatory System

Major Structuresheart, blood

vessels, blood, lymph

Functionstransports

nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases

Digestive System

Major Structuresmouth, throat,

esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines

Functionsextracts and absorbs

nutrients from food;

Immune System

Major Structureswhite blood cells, lymph

nodes and vessels, skin

Functionsdefends against

pathogens and diseases

Stuff that makes you Sick!!!

Integumentary System

Major Structuresskin, nails, hair

Functionsprotects against injury,

infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature

Muscular System

Major Structuresskeletal, smooth, and

cardiac muscle tissues

Functionsmoves limbs and trunk;

moves substances through body; provides structure and support

Nervous System

Major Structuresbrain, spinal cord,

FunctionsRegulates behavior;

maintains homeostasis;

Respiratory System

Major Structures lungs, nose, mouth,

trachea

Functionsmoves air into and out of

lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs

Skeletal System

Major Structuresbones and joints

Functionsprotects and supports

the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Endocrine System

Major Structureshypothalamus, pituitary,

pancreas, pineal, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries

Functions regulates body

temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems

Taxonomy:Classifying and Organizing

Eight Levels1. Domain - Broadest level DID

2. KINGDOM - KING

3. PHYLUM - PHILLIP

4. CLASS - COME

5. ORDER - OVER

6. FAMILY - FOR

7. GENERA - GOOD

8. SPECIES - most specific SPAGETTI

- Species can interbreed and produce offspring

Classifications

There are only 2 Domains:Prokayota - All BacteriaEurkaryota - Everything Else

There are 6 KingdomsArchaebacteria & EubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia

Cell MembranesCytoplasmRibosomes

Animals

Plants

Fungi

EukaryotesProtists:

Uni/MulticellularAutotro/HeterotrophsMembrane-bound

organelles

Prokaryotes:BacteriaCell Wall

Unicellular OnlyAuto/heterotrophs

EukaryotesCell Wall

AutotrophsMembrane-

Bound Organelles

EurkaryotesHeterotrophsMembrane-

Boundorganelles

EukaryotesCell Wall

HeterotrophsMembrane-bound

OrganellesMulti/Unicellular

DNA/RNA

• I can not reproduce

on my own• I’m Non-

living• I’m just a

Little “Robot”

• I cause HIV, Influenza, Small Pox

Bacteria vs. Viruses: Living vs. Non-Living

• I can reproducethough BinaryFission• I’m Alive• I have all this Cool cell stuffInside!!• I cause strep, Staph, E. coli, Diptheria…Yuck!

Killer T-cells (really bigWhite blood cells) are

Our arch-enemies!!

Virus…”How it’s All Done”

Attaches Injects Viral DNA

Forces cell to build virus parts

Oooh..it’s crowded in here!!

Virus explodeOut of cell

Evolution:Change over Time

FossilPreserved or

mineralized remains or imprint of organism that lived long ago

How do we know evolution has occurred?

Homologous StructuresStructural features with a

common evolutionary origin

Vestigial StructuresBody structure in a

present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.

Natural Selection:Decent with Modification

Natural SelectionOrganisms best adapted to

their environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their “super genes”!!

Ex. A strange mutation occurs which makes a moth white…well it snows. Who survives best the white moth or the black moth!!

•Ecology

•Begins with the SUN

•Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2

Energy Transfer

ProducersAutotrophs

Gather energy from the sun (Photosynthesis)

Have the most energy!!

ConsumersHeterotrophs

Have to consume (eat) other organisms in order to survive

Energy Pyramid

Tertiary Consumer.1% Energy

Smallest Biomass

Secondary Consumer1% Energy

Even Smaller Biomass

Primary Consumer10% Energy

Smaller Biomass

Producers100% EnergyLarge Biomass

Food Web: Arrows point to where the energy is flowing

Draw as many food chains as possible!!

Food Web

Arrows point toWhere energy is flowing!!

Ecosystem

Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives It’s home!!

Niche is an organism’s total way of lifeKinda…like its day job!!

Symbiosis

Interactions between species can become so intimate that one or both become dependent on the other

PARASTISMCOMMENSALISMMUTALISM

Parasitism

One species benefits at the expense of the other.

Ex. Leech sucking

your blood!!!

Commensalism

One species benefits while the other is unaffectedEx. Epiphytes are

plants that grow on trees. They do not harm or help the trees that live on.

Mutualism

Both species benefit

Ex. Insects and birds often eat the nectar made by flowers and while doing so they will get pollen attached to their feet. When they fly away they spread the pollen onto nearby flowers which aides in the reproduction of the plant.

Predation

Organisms eating other organismsOuch..that’s gotta

sting a little!!