GESTIONE INTEGRATA GESTIONE INTEGRATA DELLE MICOTOSSINE IN PRE‐ E POST‐RACCOLTO Antonio F. Logrieco Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPA‐CNR, Bari, Italy V Congresso Nazionale: Le Micotossine nella filiera agro‐alimentare 28‐29‐30 settembre 2015 V Congresso Nazionale: Le Micotossine nella filiera agro‐alimentare 28‐29‐30 settembre 2015
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GESTIONE INTEGRATA GESTIONE INTEGRATA DELLE MICOTOSSINE
IN PRE‐ E POST‐RACCOLTO
Antonio F. Logrieco
Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni AlimentariConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,
ISPA‐CNR, Bari, Italy
V Congresso Nazionale: Le Micotossine nella filiera agro‐alimentare 28‐29‐30 settembre 2015
V Congresso Nazionale: Le Micotossine nella filiera agro‐alimentare 28‐29‐30 settembre 2015
Similar factors influence the development of disease and resulting
i l i ( l i mycotoxin accumulation (overlapping triangles)
HOST•Susceptibility
h
ENVIRONMENT•Temperature
•Growth Stage•Flowering synchrony
p•Moisture •Radiation
Diseaseand Mycotoxins
PATHOGENImportant differences in the relationships between host PATHOGEN
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
LIMITED SOURCES OF RESISTANCE
NO GM SOLUTION APPROVED IN EU
( )
Resistant varietiesNO GM SOLUTION APPROVED IN EU
RESISTANT VARIETIES NOT ALWAYS HIGH‐YIELDINGCrop rotation
Soil treatmentSoil treatment
In‐planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological controlBiological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)( )
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatmentSoil treatment
In‐planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological controlBiological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
Crop rotationEffect of different previous crop on DON
level in wheat plants ?level in wheat plants ?
Clark et al., 2009
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
ECONOMIC CONTRAINTS
( )
Resistant varietiesECONOMIC CONTRAINTS
POLITICAL INCENTIVES
Crop rotation
Soil treatmentSOIL EROSION
Soil treatment
In‐planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological controlBiological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)( )
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatmentSoil treatment
In‐planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological controlBiological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
In‐planta detoxificationBioBio‐‐Degradation of Degradation of AflatoxinAflatoxin B1 by B1 by ActinomycetesActinomycetes
AFB1 degradation by cultures of Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277, Streptomyceslividans TK 24 and S. aureofaciens ATCC10762 after 24 h incubation at 30 °C and pH 6.0lividans TK 24 and S. aureofaciens ATCC10762 after 24 h incubation at 30 C and pH 6.0
Deoxynivalenol (DON) resistance phenotype Deoxynivalenol (DON)‐resistance phenotype conferred by expression of candidate barley UDP‐
glycosyltransferases (UGT) in yeastConversion of deoxynivalenol (DON) into DON‐3‐O‐glucoside (D3G) and release into the culture fluid by transformed yeasty y
Schweiger et al., 2010
In‐planta detoxificationZearalenoneZearalenone (ZEN) is detoxified by ZHD101, a (ZEN) is detoxified by ZHD101, a lactonohydrolaselactonohydrolase from from ClonostachysClonostachys rosearoseayy yy
Degradation of ZEN by protein extracts from transgenic rice plants
Higa‐Nishiyama et al., 2005
Degradation of ZEN by protein extracts from transgenic rice plants transformed with zhd101
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)( )
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatmentSoil treatment
In‐planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological controlBiological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
DON contamination in wheat plants untreated and treated with fungicideg
• after 6 months in field conditionsFumonisinFumonisin producingproducing FusariumFusarium speciesspecies ((commonlycommonlyF. F. verticillioidesverticillioides and and F. F. proliferatumproliferatum, in Italy), in Italy)
84% reduction after 3 months
88% reduction after 6 months
57% reduction after 3 months
82% reduction after 6 months
Clonostachys rosea can be considered a potentially useful antagonist in controlling fumonisins‐producing Fusarium species and F. graminearum
Environmental conditions have a strong influence on the capability of microbial antagonists to control the o o o o g o p y o o go o o odiseases in the field
Somma et al.
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)( )
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatmentSoil treatment
In‐planta detoxificationEXPENSIVE
UNRELIABLE (variation in the application due
Fungicide application
Biological control ( ppto environmental conditions)
LIMITED EFFICIENCY (survival)
Biological control
Weed and pest management
IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM?Agronomic measures
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)( )
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatmentSoil treatment
In‐planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological controlBiological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
Bt corn
Bt corn hybrids (left) can reduce mycotoxin contamination in corn compared to non Bt corn hybrids (right) corn compared to non‐Bt corn hybrids (right)
(Courtesy G. Munkvold)
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
PREPRE‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)( )
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatmentSoil treatment
In‐planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological controlBiological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
Agronomic measuresEffect of the density of previous maize crop residues on the soil surface on FHB incidence and severity and DON contamination in wheat kernels
AMOUNT OF RESIDUES
Blandino et al., 2010
Importance of different crop management practices for reducing the risks of mycotoxin contamination in maize
++ = major effect; + = minor effect; ? = uncertain or insufficient evidence++ = major effect; + = minor effect; ? = uncertain or insufficient evidenceaCaused primarily by F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinansb Caused primarily by F. graminearum and F. culmorum (Gibberella zeae)a Caused primarily byA. flavus and A. parasiticus
Munkvold, 2014
POSTPOST‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
POSTPOST‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
SortingSorting
Storageg
Detoxification
Intake prevention
POSTPOST‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
POSTPOST‐‐HARVEST CONTROL HARVEST CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINSOF MYCOTOXINS
SortingSorting
Storageg
Detoxification
Intake prevention
SortingVisual inspectionVisual inspection
CleaningCleaning
Reduction of aflatoxins in maize by combining mechanical and optical sorting technologies