Gerundinf 1

Ecole Supérieure du Commerce Extérieur

Basic WrittenCommunication

(AN1S1M3)

Course Pack2012-2013

Department of

Communication in

English

First YearFirst Semester

Module 3

Table of Contents

Page

Syllabus, Course description and objectives, Weekly schedule 3

Webography 5

Correct the mistakes 7

The present and past simple and continuous tenses: explanations and exercises

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The infinitive versus the gerund: explanations and exercises

15

The present perfect: explanations and exercises 20

Countable and uncountable nouns 26

Indefinite/definite/zero article: explanations and exercises

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Future tenses: explanations and exercises 34

Model CV and cover letter for internship 37

Indirect questions 40

Reported speech: explanations and exercises 41

Conditional tenses: explanations and exercises 45

The past perfect: explanations and exercises 52

Prepositions and Prepositional verbs 54

Phrasal verbs 58

Linking/connecting words 60

Modals: explanations and exercises

Crosswords

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l’ESCE dispose, à des fins pédagogiques, de l’autorisation du CFC pour la reproduction d’extraits d’ouvrage, de journaux et de périodiques 

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Course SyllabusBasic Written Communication (AN1S1M3)2012-2013 First Year English, First Semester

Professors: Roly AKNIN Alan BOSWELL Maria [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Olivier SERAFINOWICZ Sylvie [email protected] [email protected]

Course DescriptionBasic Written Communication (AN1S1M3) is a 90-minute per week English class during 13 weeks designed for first-year students with an expected level of B1 on CEFR scale (Common European Framework Reference). The content of the class focuses on improving basic written language skills through systematic grammar reviews and corrections and allows students to measure their language awareness. Also included is an introduction to written business communication and the production of a CV and application letter.

Course objectivesUpon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

Recognize and identify the usual grammatical French-speaker errors, Analyse why the mistakes were made. Apply grammatical awareness to written business communication. Compose an appropriate C.V. and application letter for an internship centred on

individual goals for the year.

Student Activities and Assignments1. Students will be required to produce formal, commercial, grammatically correct

written documents2. Students will regularly produce homework, to be corrected in class.3. Students will work in groups. Peer assessment and self-assessment will be

encouraged.4. Students will be required to produce a CV and application letter for an internship.

Evaluation Continuous assessment: 50% of final grade

Students will be required to 1.Demonstrate a grasp of grammar in a one hour test half-way through the semester. 2.Students will be tested on their use of grammar and vocabulary in an oral assessment.3.The acquisition of business vocabulary will be tested once in a written assignment

towards the end of the semester.

Final examination 50% of final gradeThe final examination for this course will test grammatical correctness and writing skills.

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Schedule

Week Content

1 Course Overview and Assignments Introductions/Grammar games

2 The present tenses The past tenses

3 Infinitive v. gerund The present perfect

4 Countable/uncountable nouns Indefinite/definite/zero article

5 Future tenses Model C.V. Model application letter for internship

6 Individual meetings to correct CVs and application letters Reported speech

7 Conditionals Past perfect

8 Prepositions Phrasal verbs

9 Linkers Modal verbs

10 Grammar test

11 Grammar test correction/ Vocabulary test

12 Oral activity: case study

13 Revision

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5

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Tips for writing - The 12 Commandments:

(1) Write a plan in English (this will help you structure your work)

(2) Do not translate literally (word for word)

(3) Avoid internet translators (looks English but often does not make sense)

(4) Use a dictionary (check context) also see www.wordreference.com

(5) Write short sentences (don’t waffle or beat around the bush)

(6) Use a rich vocabulary with linkers

(7) Be explicit – no jargon

(8) Be professional- would you say that in a professional context?

(9) Read over at least 3 times

(10) Do a grammar check (articles, 3rd person, gerund, prepositions)

(11) Peer correction – get you colleagues to read over it- synergy!

(12) Use Word spell check (tools-language)

Good luck and start writing!

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All these sentences have a mistake! Correct them.

I’ll go on holiday next month. I’ve booked my ticket

I’ve been to Japan last month

I work in Paris since August

We were often going to visit my grandmother when I was a child

This is the first time I come to London

I’ll phone you when she will arrive

I’m tired of to tell her the same thing every day

A so charming woman

I like the Baroque music

I had dinner with John and her sister last night

The news are good

You don’t have to smoke in here, it’s forbidden

The essential is to get the timing right

The book who made the biggest impression on me

My brother isn’t at all as I am. I am shy whereas he’s really outgoing.

She wants that you come right now

He’s married with my sister

I’m agree with you!

I am the responsible for the department

It depends of lots of things

He told me that he thinks he’ll come

The sun is always rising in the East

I met him during I was on holiday

If I knew what he was like, I would not have invited him

You really must stop to smoke, it’s so bad for you

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QUESTION FORMS

We make questions by:

1: moving an auxiliary to the front of the clause:

Everybody is watching >> Is everybody watching? They had worked hard >> Had they worked hard? He's finished work >> Has he finished work? Everybody had been working hard >> Had everybody been working hard? He has been singing >> Has he been singing? English is spoken all over the world >> Is English spoken all over the world? The windows have been cleaned >> Have the windows been cleaned?

2: … or by moving a modal to the front of the clause:

They will come >> Will they come? He might come >> Might he come? They will have arrived by now >> Will they have arrived by now? She would have been listening >> Would she have been listening? The work will be finished soon >> Will the work be finished soon? They might have been invited to the party

>> Might they have been invited to the party?

3: The present simple and the past simple have no auxiliary. We make questions by adding the auxiliary do/does for the present simple or did for the past simple:

They live here >> Do they live here? John lives here >> Does John live here? Everybody laughed >> Did everybody laugh?

Questions - common mistakes

Common mistakes Correct version Why?

What meant you by saying that?

What did you mean by saying that?

You like this film? Do you like this film?

If there is no auxiliary (helping) verb, we put do, does or did before the subject.

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Where you are going this afternoon?

Where are you going this afternoon? We put an auxiliary verb

before the subject.

You did read the letter? Did you read the letter?

Who did give you the information?

Who gave you the information?

We don't use do, does or did when we use what, which, who or whose as the subject.

Does he knows your sister?

Does he know your sister?

When there is an auxiliary verb, the main verb is in the infinitive form.Where will she studies? Where will she study?

Can you tell me where can I buy a good camera?

Can you tell me where I can buy a good camera?

Word order in indirect question is the same as in a normal sentence: SUBJECT + VERB + ...

1) When begins the race? - ?

2) Sell you fish? - ?

3) Who does the trumpet play? - ?

4) Where flew the plane? - ?

5) Do you have got a brother? - ?

6) Plays Mike volleyball? - ?

7) Can the man the car drive? - ?

8) Why wrote you this letter? - ?

9) Do you can remember her name? - ?

10) Think you not that it's time to go? - ?

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Write fourteen questions based on the answers in this short text.

Frank was born in Buenos Aires in 1977. He went to school in Buenos Aires for before moving to Denver. He misses Buenos Aires, but he enjoys studying and living in Denver. In fact, he has lived in Denver for over four years. Currently, he is studying at the University of Colorado where he is going to receive his Bachelor of Science next June. After he receives his degree, he is going to return to Buenos Aires to marry Alice and begin a career in research. Alice studies Art history at the University in Buenos Aires and is also going to receive a degree in Art History next May. They met in Peru in 1995 while they were hiking together in the Andes. They have been engaged for three years.

1. ___________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________

5. ___________________________________________________________

6. ___________________________________________________________

7. ___________________________________________________________

8. ___________________________________________________________

9. ___________________________________________________________

10.__________________________________________________________

11.___________________________________________________________

12. _________________________________________________________

13._________________________________________________________

14._________________________________________________________13

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PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE

FormSimple Present Present Progressive

infinitive(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's')

I speakyou speakhe / she / it speakswe speakthey speak

form of 'be' and verb + ing 

I am speakingyou are speakinghe / she / it is speakingwe are speakingthey are speaking

In general or right now? Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something is happening right now?

Simple Present Present Progressivein general (regularly, often, never)

Colin plays football every Tuesday.

present actions happening one after another

First Colin plays football, then he watches TV.

right now

Look! Colin is playing football now.

also for several actions happening at the same time

Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.

Signal words always every ... often normally usually sometimes seldom never first

then

at the moment at this moment today now right now Listen!

Look!

Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present:be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want

Timetable / Schedule or arrangement? Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or are you referring to a time set by a timetable or schedule?

Simple Present Present Progressiveaction set by a timetable or schedule

The film starts at 8 pm.

arrangement for the near future

I am going to the cinema tonight.

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Daily routine or just for a limited period of time? Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?

Simple Present Present Progressive

daily routine

Bob works in a restaurant.

only for a limited period of time (does not have to happen directly at the moment of speaking)

Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.

The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the progressive form).

state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit possession: belong, have senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish brain work: believe, know, think, understand Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say

Exercise1. We (not/send) out any orders this week, because

we (wait) for the new lists.2. I (deal) with Mr Matsumi’s clients this week, because he is

away.3. Go down this road, turn right, and the road (lead) to the

industrial estate.4. Because of the euro/dollar exchange rate, EU exports

(not/do) very well at the moment.5. The stock market is risky because the price of shares

(vary) according to economic conditions.6. At the moment, we (carry out) a survey to find out what

sort of after-sales service our customers (want).7. We’ve got a competition on at work for a name for our new brand of

cosmetics. The marketing people (try) to find a brand name that (sound) natural and sophisticated.

8. Do you know what Mrs Ericson (do)? She’s not in her office.9. I (apply) for a transfer to our London office. It

(depend) on whether they have any vacancies.10.Their new brand instant coffee (taste) very good, it isn’t

surprising that it (become) more and more popular.

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Fill in the appropriate verb in the right tense.

analyze block dependlook pay prefer require

sound speak specializetake try

1. We a 10% deposit for orders of this kind2. He to be self-employed, rather than have a permanent

job.3. The switchboard outside calls from this extension.4. I the statistics, so I can’t give you a decision yet.5. We to boost our sales in the Japanese market6. He rudely whenever I call him on the intercom7. We our agents a 12.5% commission on net sales8. Our firm in acquiring real estate in Southern

California.9. I know it like our original model, but we updated it with

new features.10. I can’t give you a definite date, it on our suppliers.

Vocabulary

1. An order2. Exchange rate3. The stock market4. A survey (to carry out)5. After-sales service6. A range7. A brand8. To apply for9. A vacancy10.An order11.To require12.A deposit13.The switchboard14.An extension15.To boost16.Net sales17.Real estate18.To update19.A feature20.A supplier

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SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVESimple Past Past Progressive

I spoke

regular verbs: verb + ed

I worked

past form of 'be' + ing form of verb 

I was speakingyou were speakinghe / she / it was speakingwe were speakingthey were speaking

After another or at the same time? Do you want to express that the actions in the past happened one after another or at the same time?

Simple Past Past Progressiveafter another

She came home, switched on the computer and checked her e-mails.

at the same time

Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watching TV.

New action or already in progress? If you want to express that a new action happened in the middle of another action, you need both tenses: Simple Past for the new action and Past Progressive for the action already in progress.

Simple past Past Progressivenew action

My mobile rang (when I was sitting in a meeting.)

action already in progress

While I was sitting in a meeting, (my mobile suddenly rang.)

Only mentioning or emphasising progress? Do you just want to mention that an action took place in the past (also used for short actions)? Or do you want to put emphasis on the progress, e.g. that an action was taking place at a certain time?

Simple Past Past Progressive

just mentioning

Colin played football yesterday.

emphasising progress

Yesterday at six o'clock, Colin was playing football.

The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Past

state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit possession: belong, have senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish brain work: believe, know, think, understand introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say

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Signal wordsSimple Past Past Progressive

first then

after

when while

as long as

While we (negotiate) the contract, my boss (phone) me to say that he wanted completely different conditions.

The last time something like this (happen), she (call) a press conference immediately.

Anne (explain) her position when Pedro (interrupt) her.

We never got the chance to interview him, while we (investigate) the incident, he (resign).

When he (finish) reading the article, he (give) it to me.

Everyone (wait) for the meeting to begin when he (call) to say he was stuck in traffic.

When I (clean) the vase, I (drop) it.

I (find) the missing file while I (look) for some other documents.

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Grammar module (1) Gerund or infinitive? Example: I enjoy learning grammar and this semester I’ve managed to improve my vocabulary.

Put the following verbs into the appropriate column……………………

ING INFINITIVE consider help decide put off give up begin afford pretend carry on refuse risk continue promise finish involve intend deserve deny admit avoid start succeed guarantee manage agree Explain the differences between the following:

(1) I stopped to smoke. I stopped smoking (2) I stopped to buy something for my assistant. We stopped buying from that supplier. (3) I regret to inform you…. I regret saying no. (4) I will help you to do the report. I can’t help thinking about ….. (5) I meant to email you, but I forgot. Globalisation means being competitive (6) I remembered to post the letter. I remember posting the letter. I must remember to call him. Remember to call him.

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SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

We use Simple Present for general statements about the present and for actions taking place regularly in the present. We use Present Perfect Progressive to express how long an action has been going on.

Simple Present Present Perfect Progressiveinfinitive

(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's')

Example:I / you / we / they speakhe / she / it speaks

form of 'have' + been + ing-form 

Example:I / you / we / they have been speakinghe / she / it has been speaking

General statements (when/how often) or how long already?

Do you want to make a general statement about the present, e.g. say when or how often an action usually takes place? Or do you want to express, how long an action has already been going on?

Simple Present Present Perfect Progressivegeneral statement, when / how often

I write a letter every day.

how long already

I have been writing for an hour.

Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

Form of Present Perfect  Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they

I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?

he / she / it He has spoken.He has not spoken.Has he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form. For regular verbs, just add “ed”.

Use of Present Perfect

puts emphasis on the result

Example: She has written five letters, she’s finished now.

action that is still going on

Example: School has not started yet.

action that stopped recently

Example: She has just cooked dinner, it’s ready

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finished action that has an influence on the present

Example: I have lost my key, I can’t get into the house.

action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect

already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Present Perfect Progressive

The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.

Form of Present Perfect Progressive  Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they

I have been speaking.

I have not been speaking.

Have I been speaking?

he / she / itHe has been speaking.

He has not been speaking.

Has he been speaking?

puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)

Example: She has been writing for two hours!

action that recently stopped or is still going on

Example: I have been living here since 2001.

finished action that influenced the present

Example: I have been working all afternoon, I’ve got a headache.

Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

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Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

FormPresent Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs

Example:I / you / we / they have spokenhe / she / it has spoken

regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed

Example:I / you / we / they have workedhe / she / it has worked

form of 'have' + been + verb + ing 

Example:I / you / we / they have been speakinghe / she / it has been speaking

Use

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.

Result or duration?

Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect ProgressiveResult (what / how much / how often)

I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.

Duration (how long)

I have been writing for an hour.

Certain verbs The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).

state: be, have (for possession only)

Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.

senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He has touched the painting.

brain work: believe, know, think, understand

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Emphasis on completion or duration?

Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

Emphasis on completion

I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)

Emphasis on duration

I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

Result or side effect?

Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

desired result

I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)

unwanted side effect

Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?

In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has passed since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

since the last time

I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It was years ago that I last played that game.)

since the beginning

I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

Permanent or temporary?

If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we will usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

permanent

James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)

temporary

James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

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1. Yesterday I (phone) the bank about my overdraft.2. I (work) here since the end of last year.

3. Your taxi (arrive).

4. We’re enjoying our trip. We (make) a lot of useful contacts.

5. I (saw) Hugh a couple of days ago. He sends his regards.

6. We (go) to an interesting seminar last week.

7. Today (be) really busy and it’s only lunchtime!

8. Today really busy. It’s 7 p.m. I’m going home!

9. I’m afraid Patricia ( leave) the office an hour ago.

10. I’m afraid Patricia isn’t here, she (leave) the office.

Present simple/past simple/present perfect (simple or continuous)

The company is doing really well. Last year, sales (go up) by 15% and so far this year they (go up) another 12%

We (operate) all over Latin America. Recently, we (set up) branches in Peru and Ecuador.

This (not look) like the right block. Are you sure we (come) to the right address?

I (just/meet) Andrew from Sales. (you/know) him?

I (never/speak) to him, but I (speak) to his assistant yesterday.

I (work) for Worldcom since last year, but now I (want) to change jobs. (You/hear) of any vacancies?

Perfect Simple or Continuous?

What’s the matter? You look worried!

Yes, I am, I (look at) the contract in detail and I (notice) a lot of potential problems. Also, I (phone) Carol all day, but there’s no reply. I (think)

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of a few questions for her, and (look forward to) getting her input.

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Haven’t I seen you somewhere before? Corrections

Correct the following mistakes:

(1) I am unemployed since I have graduated in 2010.

(2) I live in Paris since 2010 and I lived in Asia.

(3) I set up my company since 2016

(4) Weren’t you working in Toulouse?

(5) Did you study in Paris?

(6) What do you do currently?

(7) Have you been in London last month?

(8) I’ve not relationship with her for 3 years;

(9) “I’ve done an internship last year.” “So am I”

(10) Have you been graduated in 2016?

(11) I just went to Madrid.

(12) Where were you working the last few years?

(13) What have you been up to last year?

(14) I’ve made my studies in ESCE 10 years ago.

(15) We mustn’t have seen us at La Défense.

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Grammar module: Are the following sentences correct (T) or wrong (X)? Correct them if you think they are wrong and explain why.

(1) I’m waiting here for ages

(2) How long are you working here?

(3) Today was really busy – and it’s only lunchtime!

(4) Did you know that Shakespeare has written 39 plays?

(5) She is sending emails all week but hasn’t placed an order yet.

(6) I didn’t give a presentation before, so I’m a bit nervous.

(7) We can’t supply the goods because they didn’t pay the deposit.

(8) We couldn’t supply the goods because they haven’t paid the deposit.

(9) The markets experienced a fall this week.

(10) The markets have experienced a fall last week.

(11) I’ve seen the results a few days ago.

(12) They have been knowing the manager for 3 months.

(13) Recently we set up a subsidiary in Peru.

(14) I’ve been starting the report.

(15) I’ve been losing my laptop. Did you see it?

(16) I’ve been cutting my finger.

(17) She’s out of breath because she has run.

(18) He’s falling asleep because he’s worked all night.

(19) I’ve been writing 23 reports this week.

(20) The company has been investing 15 million euros in the project.

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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Uncountable or mass nouns are the names of materials, liquids, abstract qualities, collections and other things which we do not see as separate objects. Most uncountable nouns are singular with no plurals. Examples are: wheat, sand, weather, water, wool, milk

We cannot use numbers with uncountable nouns. They are also not normally used with the article a/an.

accommodation (a place to live)advice (a piece of advice) baggage (a piece of baggage; a bag, a case) behaviour (a piece of behaviour)

bread (a piece of bread; a loaf; a roll) chess (a game of chess) chewing gum (a piece of chewing gum) equipment (a piece of equipment; a tool) furniture (a piece/article of furniture) grass (a blade of grass)

homework (a piece of homework)information (a piece of information) knowledge (a fact) lightning (a flash of lightning) luck (a bit/stroke of luck) luggage (a piece of luggage; a bag)

machinery (a piece of machinery)money (a note; a coin; a sum) news (a piece of news)

permission poetry (a poem)

rubbish (a piece of rubbish)

scenery (a piece of scenery)thunder (a clap of thunder)

traffictravel (a journey/trip)

weatherwork (a job; a piece of work)

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Countable or uncountable

Sometimes it is not easy to see whether a noun is countable or uncountable. For instance, travel is normally uncountable, while journey is countable. It is impossible to give complete details. The following rules, however, should help.

Illnesses

The names of illnesses are usually uncountable in English. Examples are: chickenpox, measles, cancer, diabetes, flu etc.

If you have had chickenpox, you can’t get it again.

But note that the words for some minor ailments are countable. Examples are: a cold, a headache

I have a bad headache. I’ve been having headaches.

Mixed uses

Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses, sometimes with a difference in meaning.

Words for materials are usually uncountable. But note that the same word is often used as countable noun to refer to something made of the material.

Have you got some typing paper? (uncountable) I want a paper. (countable) Have you got any coffee? Could I have two coffees? (= two cups of coffee)

Many abstract nouns are uncountable when used in a general sense. The same noun can be countable in a particular sense.

She hasn’t got enough experience for the job. (uncountable) It was a strange experience. (countable) Take your own time. (uncountable) Have a good time. (countable)

Plural uncountable nouns

Some uncountable nouns are plural. They have no singular forms with the same meaning, and cannot be used with numbers. Examples are: trousers, jeans, pyjamas, pants, scissors, spectacles, glasses, arms, goods, customs, groceries, clothes and thanks

Have you bought the groceries? Many thanks for your help.

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ARTICLES

A/an is called the indefinite article, we use it to introduce new information, or to mention one of a group of things.

The is called the definite article, we us it when the listener knows which person or thing we are talking about.

‘No article’ is the noun by itself, without an article. We use no article when we want to speak generally.

I read an interesting report last week (the report is mentioned for the first time) Have you read the report I gave you? (the listener knows which report)

Reports are sent out 3 times a year (speaking generally)

Grammar rule 1 When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen".

Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'.

Grammar rule 2 Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice".

Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.

Grammar rule 3 You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.

"Please pass me a pen" – any pen."Please pass me the pen" – the one that we can both see.

"Children grow up quickly" – children in general."The children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know.

"Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general."The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.

(NO the) Information is (NO the) Power

(NO the) Unity is (NO the) Strength

(NO the) Time is (NO the) Money

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You imagine 3 similar sayings without articles, work with the person sitting next to you.

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FUTURE TENSES

DON’T FORGET THERE IS NO FUTURE AFTER when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, by the time, the next time,

Future “going to”

Future “will”

Simple “Present”

Present Progressive

Future continuous (will+be+ing)

Future perfect (will have + past participle)

action in the future that we see as a fact and a spontaneous decision action set by a timetable or schedule action already arranged for the future a future prediction with some evidence in the present and a future intention activity in progress in the future or to compare what we are doing now with

what we’ll be doing in the future. to look back from a point in the future to an earlier event

Name the tense and say why it is used

1. By the time we prepare our proposal, they’ll have found another supplier

2. The train leaves at 9 a.m.

3. Next year, I’ll have been working here for five years

4. The company will be 50 years old next year

5. We’re having a meeting at 3 p.m.

6. It’s going to be difficult to persuade the sales team to change their operation

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Future tenses : Explain the concepts in the following sentences :

(1) What time does your flight get in ? My flight arrives at 22:00

(2) I’m having an appraisal with my project manager tomorrow.

(3) She’s going to hand in her resignation next month.

(4) I have nothing planned for this afternoon. I know I’ll update my C.V.

(5) Shall we take a break?

(6) I’ll give you a 5% discount if you pay within 30 days.

(7) ‘I’ve got a problem with my laptop!’ ‘ Don’t worry I’ll lend you mine.’

(8) If you do that again, I’ll report you to the manager.

(9) Have you seen the balance sheet! We’re going to have some financial problems.

(10) Look at the clouds! It’s going to rain.

(11) If he continues being late the management will fire him.

(12) By the time she arrives you’ll have left.

(13) This time next week I’ll be travelling to Lisbon.

(14) This week I’ll be prospecting customers and updating the database.

(15) By the end of the term I will have improved my grammar.

(16) I will have changed jobs by the end of the year.

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Curriculum Vitae

Personal information

Sabine Marchand Address 13 avenue de la République, 75012 (France)

Telephones (+33)1.40.70.74.18 Mobile (+33)6.12.36.23.87E-mail [email protected]

Nationality French

Date of birth 26/5/1992

Objective Dynamic, open-minded and professional 1st year student looking for a 2 month internship in a marketing department

Education and training

2011-2012

Principal subjects covered

First year of a Masters in International Business. ESCE. (www.esce.fr)Leading Paris based business school specialised in Foreign Trade

Marketing, Economics, Accounting, Foreign relations, Foreign Trade, Law

Baccalaureate in science with honours (Equivalent to High School Diploma).Jules Ferry High School, Conflans Sainte Honorine (France) 2010

Work experience

July 2011

Main activities and responsibilities

Name and address of employer

Sales Assistant

Welcomed and advised customers, carried out stock controls, learnt in-house software, improved my interpersonal skills H&M, 1-3 rue Lafayette, 75009 Paris (France)

June 2011 Project Manager’s Assistant in the IT Department

Main activities and responsibilities

Name and address of employer

Developed my interpersonal and organizational skills, updated projects, familiarised myself with the Office pack, helped to organize meetings and training sessionsAllianz Global Investors, 22 rue le Peletier, 75009 Paris (France)

July 2010 Waitress

Main activities and responsibilities

Name and address of employer

Personal skills and competences

This experience enabled me to know how to work under pressure, to develop my interpersonal, language and organizational skillsDomaine de Presle, 2425 Route de Cholet, 49400 Distré (France)

Mother tongue French

Other languages English – Advanced level (CEFRL- B2)Spanish- Advanced level (B1)

Soft skills Developed communication skills when I worked as a sales assistant and waitress. Talent for organization proven during my training period at Allianz (organized meetings, training, updated power point presentations)

Computer skills and competences

Community Service

Internet and Office pack (Excel, Powerpoint, Word). Proficient

Voluntary help in clearing traces of oil spill and polluting waste from the beaches in Brittanny every year

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Additional information

Interests: Salsa, swimming, at competition level, the International press, movies and travel

Full driving licence

Referees : Danielle Roger- Personnel manager at Allianz. [email protected] Simon Belzanne- General manager at Domaine de Presle. [email protected]

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Politely does it ! ………………….Indirect questions

Could you tell me…..

Do you know …..

Do you happen to know …..

I wonder ……..

I haven’t a clue ……………

Have you any idea …………

Put the following direct questions into the indirect form:

(1) Has the meeting been put off?

(2) How long will the meeting last?

(3) Has J.P. handed in the report on time?

(4) Did Audrey send the agenda to all staff members yesterday?

(5) When will the C.F.O. be free?

(6) Has the service provider been contacted?

(7) Did Peter remember to invoice the clients last month?

(8) What’s the due date for the monthly time sheet?

(9) Has the steering committee contacted their counterparts in India?

(10) Has the conference call been put forward?

If/how/whether/when

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Exercise Put the following into reported speech

“I can’t live on my basic salary; I’ll have to work overtime!”

He said

“I must hurry. The boss is always furious if we are late”.

She said

“There’s been an accident and the road won’t be clear for a while.”

The policeman said

“”You must hurry if you don’t want to miss your train, because they always leave on time”.

She told me

“He could read when he was three”

She said____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

“I was waiting for the bus when I saw her”

My brother said______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

“We had never been there before”

They said__________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________

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THE CONDITIONALS

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Form

if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seem rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

I want to send an invitation to a friend. I just have to find her address. I am quite sure, however, that I will find it.

Example: If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.

I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves Ferraris. So I think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a Ferrari.

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Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible, but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Form

if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

Were instead of Was

In IF Clauses Type II, we can use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.

Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine “what would happen if …“

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked everywhere for her address, but I cannot find it. So now I think it is rather unlikely that I will eventually find her address.

Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.

I know John very well and I know that he doesn't have much money, but he loves Ferraris. He would like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams). But I think it is very unlikely that he will have the money to buy one in the near future.

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Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Form

if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find her address, however. So in the end I didn't send her an invitation.

Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.

I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.

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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form of Past Perfect SimpleAuxillary had + past

participle

Use of Past Perfect

action taking place before a certain time in the past(putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)

Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.

Signal Words

already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day, after, once, by, meanwhile

Past Perfect Progressive

The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place up to a certain time in the past.

Form : Had been + ing

A: He had been talking. N: He had not been talking. Q: Had he been talking?

Use

action taking place (continuity/duration) before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action

Signal words

for, since, the whole day, all day, before,

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Past perfect/past simple/past continuous

While I (look for) my keys, I suddenly

(remember) I I (leave) them at home.

After they (buy) the company, they (start)

to make people redundant.

I was sure that I (lock) the door to my office, but

it (be) open this morning.

I (go back) to the restaurant to look for my

umbrella, but (find) that someone (take)

it.

While I (have) breakfast, I (look)

at the financial papers, and (see)

that my original investment (grew)

by over 4%.

Invent 3 sentences with the person sitting next to you.

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PREPOSITIONSEven advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English and learning useful phrases off by heart

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

TimeEnglish Usage Example

on days of the week on Monday

in

months / seasons time of day year

after a certain period of time (when?)

in August / in winter in the morning in 2006

in an hour

at

for night for weekend

a certain point of time (when?)

at night at the weekend

at half past nine

since from a certain point of

time (past till now) since 1980

for over a certain period of

time (past till now) for 2 years

ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago befor

e earlier than a certain point

of time before 2004

to telling the time ten to six (5:50) past telling the time ten past six (6:10) to /

till / until marking the beginning and

end of a period of time from Monday to/till Friday

till / until

in the sense of how long something is going to last

He is on holiday until Friday.

by

in the sense of at the latest

up to a certain time

I will be back by 6 o’clock.

By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Place (Position and Direction)English Usage Example

in

room, building, street, town, country

book, paper etc. car, taxi

picture, world

in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi

in the picture, in the world

at meaning next to, by an at the door, at the station

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English Usage Exampleobject

for table for events

place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)

at the table at a concert, at the party

at the cinema, at school, at work

on

attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left,

right) for a floor in a house for public transport

for television, radio

the picture on the wall London lies on the

Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane

on TV, on the radio by,

next to, beside

left or right of somebody or something

Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.

under on the ground, lower than

(or covered by) something else

the bag is under the table

below lower than something else

but above ground the fish are below the

surface

over

covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side

(also across)

overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge

climb over the wall

above higher than something

else, but not directly over it a path above the lake

across

getting to the other side (also over)

getting to the other side

walk across the bridge

swim across the lake

through something with limits on

top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel

to

movement to person or building

movement to a place or country

for bed

go to the cinema go to London / Ireland

go to bed

into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the

house

towards movement in the direction

of something (but not directly to it)

go 5 steps towards the house

onto movement to the top of

something jump onto the table

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English Usage Example from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

Other important PrepositionsEnglish Usage Example from who gave it a present from Jane

of who/what does it belong to

what does it show

a page of the book

the picture of a palace by who made it a book by Mark Twain

on

walking or riding on horseback

entering a public transport vehicle

on foot, on horseback

get on the bus

in entering a car  / Taxi get in the car

off leaving a public transport

vehicle get off the train

out of leaving a car  / Taxi get out of the taxi

by

rise or fall of something

travelling (other than walking or horseriding)

prices have risen by 10 percent

by car, by bus at for age she learned Russian at 45

about for topics, meaning what

about we were talking about you

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Thank you your interest in our products

We are interested purchasing 5,000 units

Do you give discounts an order of this size?

We will be happy to deal any further questions

Is it possible to buy credit?

We need these items the end of the month

We need to reach an agreement this matter

We have 20 items order you

In reference discounts, our terms are 5% orders £500

With regard your request a discount…

The goods will leave our warehouse 3 days

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Linking words

Linking words 

Example of use

  As long as  provided (that)  providing :

 You can take my car as long as/provided (that)/ providing  you don't damage it. (I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.)

  Although/even though :

 Although/ even though he is rich, he lives in a small house. (In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.)

  Even if :

 He is poor and has no house, but even if he had a lot of money,  he wouldn't buy a house. (He has no money and no house, but supposing he had money,   he still wouldn't buy a house.)

  In case :          

 Take an umbrella in case it rains. (There is a possibility that it will rain,  so it's a good idea to take an umbrella.)

  In spite of / despite :   

 In spite of/despite the rain, she walked to the station. In spite of/despite being blind, she walked to the station. ( = without being affected by the rain, or by being blind.)

  So that : 

 She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues. (She arrived early for the purpose of helping her colleagues.)

  Whereas :         Tom is rich whereas Jack is poor. (Tom is rich.  In contrast, Jack is poor.)

  Whatever : 

 You can count on me whatever you decide to do. (No matter what you decide to do, you can count on me.)

  Whenever :     

 I will lend you my car whenever you need it. (No matter when you need my car I will lend it to you.)

  Wherever :    My thoughts will be with you

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wherever you go. (No matter where you go my thoughts will be with you.)

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Match the English to the French

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1. Given that/seeing as

2. Whereas

3. Even if/although

4. However

5. Whatever

6. Eventually

7. On the other hand

8. At the same time

9. Anyway

10.Overall

11.Besides

12.Ultimately

13.Actually

14.Having said that

15.Consequently

16.Since

17.Despite/in spite of

18.Obviously

19.Apparently

20.Nevertheless

21.Along with

22.Furthermore

23.Meanwhile

Ceci étant dit

Étant donné que

Même si

De surcroit

Pendant ce temps

Il parait que

Tandis que

Cependant

Par conséquent

Quoi que

En tout cas

En outre

Puisque

Bien évidement

Ainsi que

Malgré

A la fin

Tout compte fait

D’autre part

Néanmoins

Finalement

En parallèle

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MODAL VERBS

All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.

The modal verbs are:-

CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD / HAVE TO/DON’T HAVE TO

Modal Example Uses

Can They can control their own budgets.

We can’t fix it.

Can I smoke here?

Can you help me?

Ability / Possibility

Inability / Impossibility

Asking for permission

Request

Could Could I borrow your dictionary?

Could you say it again more slowly?

We could try to fix it ourselves.

I think we could have another Gulf War.

He gave up his old job so he could work for us.

Asking for permission.

Request

Suggestion

Future possibility

Ability in the past

May May I have another cup of coffee?

China may become a major economic power.

Asking for permission

Future possibility

Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.

They might give us a 10% discount.

Present possibility

Future possibility

(less sure than may)

Must We must say good-bye now.

They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary.

Necessity / Obligation

Prohibition

Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or correct

Shall (More

common in the UK than the

Shall I help you with your luggage?

Shall we say 2.30 then?

Shall I do that or will you?

Offer

Suggestion

Asking what to do

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US)

Should We should sort out this problem at once.

I think we should check everything again.

Profits should increase next year.

Saying what’s right or correct

Recommending action

Uncertain prediction

Will I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.

I'll do that for you if you like.

I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday.

Profits will increase next year.

Instant decisions

Offer

Promise

Certain prediction

Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?

Would you pass the salt please?

Would you mind waiting a moment?

"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine."

Would you like to play golf this Friday?

"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."

Don’t have to/needn’t Absence of obligation.

You can come if you like, but you don’t have to

Asking for permission

Request

Request

Making arrangements

Invitation

Preferences

!Note The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.

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Modals

Degrees of probability100% certainty will, be certain to

95%- 100% deduction must, can’t

80% expectation should, ought to, be likely to, shouldn’t,

ought not to, be unlikely to

30%- 70% uncertainty may, might, could, may not, might not

0% certainty won’t

Degrees of probability in the pastAssumption You will have seen the ad. It’s really eye-catching and you

can’t miss it!

Deduction She must have been on the phone as her line was engaged.

He can’t have got the job as he didn’t seem very pleased.

Expectation You should have received the goods. I sent them 10 days ago.

They ought to have contacted the sales manager before

drawing up the offer.

Uncertainty I might have made a mistake in the figures. I didn’t have

enough time to look over them.

Assumption You won’t have seen the new Michael Moore film as it

hasn’t been released yet.

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Match the sentence with the translation

She can write it Il se peut qu’elle l’écriveShe could write it Elle devra l’écrireShe was able to write it Il se pourrait qu’elle l’écriveShe could have written it Elle aurait dû l’écrireShe’ll be able to write it Ce n’était pas la peine qu’elle l’écriveShe must write it On ne lui a pas permis de l’écrireShe’ll have to write it Elle n’avait pas besoin de l’écrireShe had to write it Elle aurait pu l’écrireShe must have written it Si elle l’écrivaitShe should write it Il se pourrait qu’elle l’ait écritShe should have written it Elle devrait l’écrireShe would have written it Elle doit l’écrireShe may write it Elle a pu l’écrireShe might write it Il se peut qu’elle l’ait écritShe may have written it Elle a du l’écrire (hypothesis)She might have written it Elle a du l’écrire (obligation)She didn’t need to write it Elle peut l’écrireShe needn’t have written it Elle l’aurait écritShe wasn’t allowed to write it Elle pourra l’écrireShould she write it Elle pourrait l’écrire

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