German Naval Strategy in the First Half of the 20th Century Prof. Dr. Michael Epkenhans
Strengths of German and British Fleets in 1914
Dreadnoughts
Pre-Dreadnoughts
Battlecruisers
Armoured cruisers
Small cruisers
Torpedo-boats/destroyers
High Seas Fleet
13
8
3
1
7
90
Grand Fleet
21
8
4
8
13
42
+ Channel Fleet
The German Navy in the Baltic
German operations in
Baltic
Securing iron-ore transports from Sweden
Keeping the Russian Navy away from the entrances
Keeping the Royal Navy out of the Baltic and thus prevent landings in the back of theGerman Army
Supporting the German army in ist operations against the Russians
Support of the OttomanEmpire
Defence of theDardanelles and theBosphorus
Threat to Allied transports(submarines)
Naval Warfare in the Mediterranean
Z- Plan 1938
To be built until 1948 1948
10 battleships (6 H-type, BISMARCK, TIRPITZ, SCHARNHORST, GNEISENAU) 15 pocket battleships
4 aircraft carriers 5 heavy cruisers 16 Light Cruisers 8000 t / 6 Light Cruisers 6000 t
22 Scouting Cruisers 68 Destroyers / 90 Torpedo boats
249 submarines
10 Minesweepers 227 vessels of different types
„Our navy is so inferior to theBritish navy as far as itsnumbers as well as ist
strength is concerned that all it can do is to show that it knows how to die gallantly and that it is thus willing to pave the way for
a new builtup.”
Naval strengths in 1939
Britain France Germany Italy
Battleships 15 (5)* 7 (3) 2 (2) 4
Aircraft carriers 7 (3) 1 (1) (2) -
Pocketbattleships - - 3 -
Heavy cruisers 17 7 3(2) 7
Light cruisers 48 (16) 12 6 15
Destroyers and torpedo-boats 183 70 33 (17) 126
Submarines 57 (12) 77 (9) 57 (56) 105 (13)
*( )= building
World War II at sea
Cruiser warfare
Operation „Weserübung“
Commerce war with capitals ships
Submarine warfare
Operation „Rheinübung“18.05. – 27.05.1941
-Commerce warfare in the Atlantic with Bismarck and Prinz Eugen
Why did Gemany lose the tonnage war?• Allied air superiority• Improved anti-submarine capabilities• Cracking of German enigma
Result of submarine warfare
• losses• 1167 (859 in action)• 30.000 dead submariners out of 40.000
• Successes• Sinking of 2600 merchant and 178 warships (only 10 per cent of Allied
tonnage)
Biber-type midget submarine
Besatzung:: 1 Mann
Länge: 9,035 m
Breite: 1,570 m
Bewaffnung: Je Seite 1 x 53.3 cm Gefechts E-Torpedo
Reichweite: 100 sm bei 6.5 kn aufgetauchtgetaucht 8.5 sm bei 5.3 kn
Geschwindigkeit: Aufgetaucht 6,50 kn / getaucht: 5,3 kn