GERD: The Real Other Silent Killer Michael Krease, D.O.
GERD: The Real Other Silent Killer
Michael Krease, D.O.
GERD: The Real Other Silent Killer
Michael Krease, D.O.
prevalence
20%
Eusebi LH, Ratnakumaran R, Yuan Y, et al Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis Gut 2018;67:430-440.
• Heartburn - a burning pain
or discomfort behind the
breast bone in the chest
• Acid regurgitation - a bitter-
or sour-tasting fluid coming
into the throat or mouth
Locke et al. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1448-1456
• Heartburn - a burning pain
or discomfort behind the
breast bone in the chest
• Acid regurgitation - a bitter-
or sour-tasting fluid coming
into the throat or mouth
Locke et al. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1448-1456
What is GERD?
Classic symptoms:
• Heartburn – burning
sensation in retrosternal
area
• Regurgitation – perception
of flow of gastric contents
into mouth
1 Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:1900.2 http://www.thefdotlife.com/a-few-signs-you-may-be-getting-old/i-think-that-we-have-discovered-the-cause-of-your-severe-heartburn/
What is GERD? – atypical symptoms
Extraesophageal Symptoms and Diseases Attributed to GERD: Where is the Pendulum Swinging Now? Vaezi, Michael F. et al. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Volume 16, Issue 7, 1018 - 1029
Pathophysiology – Risk Factors
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940
BMI 25-30
BMI >30
Hampel H, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:199-211
Pathophysiology – Protection
• Saliva
• Esophageal motility
• GE junction
• Fundic relaxation
• Gastric emptying
Why does reflux happen? • Part of normal physciologic mechanism of belching
• Last >10s
• Unaccompanied by protective mechanisms
Esophageal dysmotility
Ineffective barrier:
• Hiatal hernia
• TLESR
• Obesity
• Gastroparesis
Diagnosis
• Presumptive diagnosis of GERD made based on typical sx.
of heartburn / regurgitation
• Upper endoscopy is not required in the presence of typical
GERD symptoms, unless alarm features present
Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:308–328
Diagnosis – pH monitoring
Bravo pH system – 48-96 hrs.
• Pre-op
• Refractory GERD
• Diagnosis in ?
Why do we care?• Strictures
• Erosive esophagitis
• Barrett’s esophagus → esophageal adenocarcinoma
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175098-overview
https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/classifications/reflux-esophagitis-los-angeles-classification/
Eliakim R., Sharma V.K. (2014) Esophageal Capsule Endoscopy. In: Keuchel M., Hagenmüller F., Tajiri H. (eds) Video Capsule Endoscopy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Why do we care?• Strictures
• Erosive esophagitis
• Barrett’s esophagus → esophageal adenocarcinoma
Management• Lifestyle modifications:
Management• Lifestyle modifications:
Management• Lifestyle modifications:
Management• Lifestyle modifications:
Management• Lifestyle modifications:
Management• Lifestyle modifications:
Management• Lifestyle modifications:
Management• Lifestyle modifications:
Management• Medication:
• Antacids
• H2 antagonists
• PPIs
Management• Medication:
• Antacids
• H2 antagonists
• PPIs
Management• Medication:
• Antacids
• H2 antagonists
• PPIs
Management• Medication:
• Antacids
• H2 antagonists
• PPIs
Management – PPI vs. H2
Chiba N , De Gara CJ , Wilkinson JM et al. Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal refl ux disease: a meta-analysis . Gastroenterology 1997 ; 112 : 1798 – 810
Management – PPI vs. H2
Chiba N , De Gara CJ , Wilkinson JM et al. Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal refl ux disease: a meta-analysis . Gastroenterology 1997 ; 112 : 1798 – 810
Management – ACG Guidelines• 8 week course of PPI for symptom control and healing erosive
esophagitis
• PPI therapy initiated at qday dosing, tailor dosing based on
response or switch
• Maintenance PPI should be used for recurrent symptoms after
discontinuation – lowest effective dose
• H2 antagonist can be added at bedtime for nocturnal symptoms,
tachyphylaxis can occur after several weeks
• No role for sucralfate in non pregnant GERD patient
Management – ACG Guidelines• 8 week course of PPI for symptom control and healing erosive
esophagitis
• PPI therapy initiated at qday dosing, tailor dosing based on
response or switch
• Maintenance PPI should be used for recurrent symptoms after
discontinuation – lowest effective dose
• H2 antagonist can be added at bedtime for nocturnal symptoms,
tachyphylaxis can occur after several weeks
• No role for sucralfate in non pregnant GERD patient
Management• Omeprazole
• Omeprazole – bicarbonate
• Lansoprazole
• Pantoprazole
• Rabeprazole
• Esomeprazole
• Dexlansoprazole
• No convinving RCT data one is
superior to another
• All dosed 30-60 minutes prior to meal
except:
• Omeprazole – bicarbonate
• Dexlansoprazole