ICELAND GEOSURVEY GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD and THEIR UTILIZATION Benedikt Steingrímsson Iceland GeoSurvey (ÍSOR), Reykjavík, Iceland [email protected]
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ICELAND GEOSURVEY
GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD and
THEIR UTILIZATION
Benedikt Steingrímsson Iceland GeoSurvey (ÍSOR), Reykjavík, Iceland
Outline
• Iceland GeoSurvey (ÍSOR)
• Geothermal systems and their classifications
• Low Temperature Geothermal Fields
• High Temperature Geothermal Fields
• Unconventional Geothermal Systems.
• Geothermal Utilization
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Iceland GeoSurvey
O Owned by the Icelandic Government.
O Provides specialist services to the Icelandic power
industry, the Icelandic government and
international companies.
O Operates on the free market on competitive basis.
O Profit goes exclusively into scientific research and
to strengthen Iceland GeoSurvey .
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
www.isor.is ICELAND GEOSURVEY
History of Iceland GeoSurvey
O It is based on six decades of continuous experience in the field
of geothermal and hydropower research and development.
O Established in 1945 as a part of the State Electrical Authority
O A division in the National Energy Authority (Orkustofnun) 1967-
2003.
O Independent company from 2003.
www.isor.is
Organization chart
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
www.isor.is
72 employees 1. January 2013
O Geologists 26
O Geophysicists & physicists 18
O Geochemists & chemists 5
O Civil engineers & engineers 8
O Other academic persons 9
O Other education 6
72
www.isor.is ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Fields of expertise
O Geothermal Exploration
O Drilling Consultancy
O Well Testing and Evaluation
O Resource Assessment and Management
O Environmental Studies
O Groundwater Studies
O Engineering Geology
O Marine Geophysics
O Geothermal Training
Geothermal training
UNU –geothermal training
programme for developing countries
since 1979.
Specialised geothermal training courses at
different levels for technical or academic staff
and decision makers. Held both in Iceland
and abroad.
www.isor.is
Transfer of geothermal knowledge
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
For more than 30 years, specialists from ISOR have been the main trainers of the Fellows of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme in Iceland.
The internal heat of the Earth
Geothermal heat means literally
the heat contained within the earth
but is used nowadays to indicate
that part of the Earths´s heat that
can by exploited by human kind
(Dickson and Fanelli, 2005).
The heat comes from decay of
radioactive isotopes mainly in the
crust and the mantel.
0.1% of the energy that is stored in
Earth’s crust could satisfy the
world energy consumption for
> 5000 °C
> 3000 °C
> 1000 °C
~ 30 °C/km
10,000 years.
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
1. Utilized in more than 90 countries worldwide
2. Low-temperature resources are distributed throughout the world;
they are not restricted to volcanic regions
3. They are suitable for various direct applications, in particular
space-heating, spas ....
4. High-temperature resources are found in the volcanic regions of
the world and in regions of abnormally high geothermal gradients.
5. They are suitable for electricity generation, drying, …..
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Conventional Geothermal System
Fluid recharge
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TEMPERATURE
• High-temperature if reservoir temperature at 1 km depth is above
200°C
• Low-temperature if reservoir temperature at 1 km depth is below
150°C
• Also on the basis of energy content [high- or low-enthalpy], physical
state [liquid-dominated, two-phase or vapour-dominated] (see paper)
LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL FIELDS
• are spread over most of the Earth.
• are found in different geological settings
• depend primarily on the regional geothermal gradient,
permeability of the rock and depth of circulation
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Shallow low temperature systems
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
From BRGM
Sedimentary systems
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
From BRGM
Geothermal systems in Sedimentary Basins
A. Found in many of the great sedimentary basins of the world
B. Sedimentary basins with permeable layers at great depth
C. Fractures and faults in the permeable zone sometimes play an
important role.
D. Fluid salinity sometimes very high (brine).
E. Limited fluid recharge. Re-injection therefore important.
F. Exploitation most often through doublette boreholes.
G. Geo-pressured systems are special type of a sedimentary system
where pressure is close to lithostatic pressure (resemble oil
systems)
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Geothermal systems in sedimentary basins
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Fracture controlled convective geothermal systems
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
High Temperature Geothermal Fields
• are all in volcanically active areas on plate
boundaries or hot spot areas.
• heat source magmatic
• Water of meteoric or oceanic origin
• water saturated, boiling or vapour
dominated reservoirs
• permeability fracture dominated
There are several types of high temperature
geothermal resources
I will discuss briefly the main types
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
The type of plate boundaries
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
High temperature Geothermal Fields on
Divergent Plate Boundaries
A. At the ocean bottom on the mid ocean spreading
ridges: Black Smokers, not well known and their
number also. The Assal geothermal field in Djibouti is
probably the closest “black smoker equivalent” that we
see on land.
B. Supra-marine oceanic rifts: Iceland, Djibouti, Imperial
Valley
C. Continental rifts: East African Rift Valley
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Volcanic geothermal system
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Hot spot volcanism and high temperature
geothermal systems
A. off plate boundaries: Yellowstone-Newberry, Hawaii
B. on divergent plate boundaries: Iceland, Kenya
C. in flank zones or transform plate boundaries: Iceland,
Azores, The Geysers
D. on convergent plate boundaries?
The majority of geothermal fields utilized today are at
converging plate boundaries
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
High temperature Geothermal Fields on
Convergent Plate Boundaries
A. Young island arc volcanoes and inter arc basins: The
Caribbean, the Philippines
B. Micro-continental arc volcanoes: Japan, Indonesia and
New Zealand, Central America
C. Continental margin arc volcanism: The Andes, Central
America
D. Batholith driven geothermal systems: Larderello, Geysers
E. Continental collision: Himalayas (Yangbajang)
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Conceptual Model of Ahuachapan
Ahuachapan – El Salvador
Unconventional geothermal fields.
Three main types:
Hot-dry rock systems (HDR)
Fenton Hill (US), Cornwall (UK)
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
Soultz (France) , Cooper Basin (Austr.)
Supercritical Geothermal Systems (SGS)
IDDP (Iceland), Geysers (USA)
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Enhanced geothermal system (EGS)
Artificially enhanced permeability
In case of HDR systems there is no primary permeability, otherwise similar
Injection well
Productionwell
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Australia – Modelled temperature at 5 km depth
(From Andy Barnicoat and Ralf Ernst
2008)
Huge areas with temperature
of 200-300°C at ~5 km
depth
In the top of a huge granite
complexes insulated by
sediments above.
Horizontal fractures
expected at 4-5km depth.
Expected production in
closed loops.
Simplified model of a high-temperature geothermal
system, within a volcanic complex
IDDP-1 : Superheated well capable of producing 25-35 Mwe
Pilot Studies have been carried out
12 kg/s of super heaated steam
410°C at 140 bar
IDDP-1 :
World hottest geothermal
well
and one of the most
powerful
GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Classification of geothermal energy Resources – various definitions Low-temperature utilization if the temperature of the source is below 150°C at
1 km depth
Intermediate temperature resources 150-200°C
High-temperature utilization if the temperature of the source is higher than 200°C at 1 km depth
Utilization Electricity generation
Direct heat uses
Co-generation
The Lindal diagram emphasizes two important aspects: Possible to enhance the feasibility of
geothermal projects with cascading and combined uses
The resource temperature limits the possible uses
Lindal Diagram, 1973
Direct-use – oldest and most common form of using geothermal energy. WGC2010 data from 78 countries
Direct-use includes: Space and district heating Greenhouse heating Aquaculture pond and raceway heating Industrial applications Agricultural drying Snow melting and cooling Bathing and swimming (spas and balneology) Geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps
Direct use data
Source: John W. Lund et. al., WGC2010, Bali
Ground source heat pumps
utilize the heat in shallow
(~100-200m) boreholes
using closed loop borehole
heat exchangers.
Has grown rapidly during the
last decades and is now the
most common geothermal
low temperature utilzation.
This is due to improved
technology but also “green”
energy policies.
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Geothermal direct uses worldwide 2010 (TJ/year)
Source: John W. Lund et. al., WGC2010, Bali
Mexico 1118 China 20932
Russia 1707
Turkey 10247
New Zealand 2654
USA 15710
France 3592
Sweden 12585
Japan 7139
Argentina 1085
Canada 2465
Iceland 6768
Italy 2762
Hungary 2713
Switzerland 2143
Brazil 1840
Germany 3546
Denmark 695
Austria 1036
Finland 2213 Norway
3000
Netherlands 2972
India 707
Israel 609
Korea 543
Slovakia 852
Algeria 583
Bulgaria 381
Jordan 428
Poland 417
Serbia 392
Geothermal direct use 2009 (GWh/y) Top 30 countries
Geothermal electricity generation High degree of availability (>98% and 7500 operating hrs/annum common)
Low land use
Low atmospheric pollution compared to fossil fuelled plants, and almost zero liquid pollution with re-injection of effluent liquid
Insignificant dependence on weather conditions
Comparatively low visual impact
Reliability and long life: Reservoirs last for >100 years; wells for 20-40 years, plant equipment for 20-50 years
Proven technology: Several fluid handling procedures available against corrosion and scaling
2010 Geothermal World: 10,7 GW & 67,2 TWh
Source: Ruggero Bertani, WGC2010, Bali
Top 15 countries in geothermal use Data presented at WGC2010 in Bali
GWh/a GWh/a
USA 16,603 China 20,932
Philippines 10,311 Unated States 15,710
Indonesia 9,600 Sweden 12,585
Mexico 7,047 Turkey 10,247
Italy 5,520 Japan 7,139
Iceland 4,597 Norway 7,001
New Zealand 4,055 Iceland 6,768
Japan 3,064 France 3,592
Kenya 1,430 Germany 3,546
El Salvador 1,422 Netherlands 2,972
Costa Rica 1,131 Italy 2,762
Turkey 490 Hungary 2,713
Papua–New Guinea 450 New Zealand 2,654
Russia 441 Canada 2,465
Nicaragua 310 Finland 2,325
Geothermal electricity generation Geothermal direct use
1.440
26.802 23.617
10.882
4.506685
22.422
41.300
54.567
2.719
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
Africa America Asia Europe Oceania
Electricity
Direct use
Source: Ruggero Bertani and John W. Lund et.al., WGC2010, Bali
ICELAND
GEOSURVEY
Geothermal map of Iceland
High temperature area
Low temperature area
www.isor.is
Primary energy consumption in Iceland 1940-2011
0
50
100
150
200
250
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
PJ
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Relative consumption
Hydro
Geothermal
Oil
Coal
Peat
Hydro
Geothermal
Oil
Coal
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Geothermal utilization in Iceland 2009
Electricity generation
37.6%
Space heating45.2%
Greenhouses1.8%
Fish Farming4.5%
Industrial process heat
4.3%Snow
melting3.4%
Swimming pools3.2%
Installed
power
MW TJ/year GWh/year
Space heating 1,500 19,044 5,290
Greenhouses 45 744 207
Fish Farming 75 1,900 528
Industriy 75 1,817 505
Snow melting 125 1,440 400
Swimming pools 80 1,335 371
Direct uses total 1,900 26,280 7,300
Electricity generation 573 15,840 4,400
Geothermal utilization total 2,473 42,120 11,700
Energy consumption
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Electricity consumption 1965-2010
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
GWh/year
Losses
General consumption
Energy intensive industry
Space heating in Iceland 1970-2011
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
OilElectricity
Geothermal 89.5
9.8%
0.7%
Geothermal Power Stations in Iceland
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Bjarnarflag Hellisheiði
3 MW 303 MW
1969 2006-2011
Húsavík (Kalina) Krafla
1,7 MW 60 MW
2000 1977-97
Nesjavellir Reykjanes
120 MW 100 MW
1996 and 2005 2006
Svartsengi I-III Svartsengi IV (Isop.) Svartsengi V and VI
8 MW 8,4 ORC Binary 60 MW
1977-80 1989-93 1999 and 2007
Iceland GeoSurvey has been involved in all exploration, drilling consultancy, resource assessment and management of all geothermal power plants in Iceland
www.isor.is
Geothermal District Heating in Iceland
A few key figures for geothermal district heating systems in Iceland:
O Reykjavík: 900 MWth
O Húsavík : 40 MWth
O Hitaveita Suðurnesja: 150 MWth
O Hveragerði: 65 MWth
O Akureyri: 80 MWth
ICELAND GEOSURVEY
Iceland GeoSurvey has been key actor in all developments of district heating in Iceland.
Concluding remarks
• Exploitable geothermal resources are found
throughout the world
• Geothermal utilization has grown steady but slowly
during the last decades
• The geothermal potential is enormous and only a
small fraction of it has been utilized
• Considerable efforts are now made to improve
geothermal technology.
A bright future is therefore waiting for
Geothermal
Geothermal information can be found on the
IGA website www.geothermal-energy.org
50
Takk fyrir
Photo: G. Ívarsson
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