GEOTHERMAL POWER GEOTHERMAL POWER Ken Williamson Ken Williamson General Manager, General Manager, Geothermal Technology & Services, Geothermal Technology & Services, Unocal Corporation Unocal Corporation WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS November 29 - December 1, 2000 Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Ken Williamson General Manager, Geothermal Technology & Services, Unocal Corporation WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS November 29.
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GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL POWERPOWER
Ken WilliamsonKen Williamson
General Manager, General Manager, Geothermal Technology & Services,Geothermal Technology & Services,
Unocal CorporationUnocal Corporation
WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMSNovember 29 - December 1, 2000
Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA
GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL POWERPOWER
Ken WilliamsonKen Williamson
General Manager, General Manager, Geothermal Technology & Services,Geothermal Technology & Services,
Unocal CorporationUnocal Corporation
WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMSNovember 29 - December 1, 2000
Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA
Heat in the EarthHeat in the Earth (Rybach et al., 2000)(Rybach et al., 2000)
Stored in the earthStored in the earth 10 103131 J J
Example: Liquid-Dominated Example: Liquid-Dominated High Enthalpy ResourceHigh Enthalpy Resource
Medan
S u m a t r a
Kalimantan Sulawesi
Jakarta
SALAK PROJECT
330 MW
JAVA
SALAK PROJECT
INDEX MAP
100KM0
SCALE 1:30.000.000
Unocal 330 MW in Java, Indonesia
Liquid-dominated 225 - 310º C
1 - 3 km deep
CROSS-SECTION THROUGH AWIBENGKOK FIELD
During Project Life:
Produce >10 12 lbs steam
Inject 16 billion bbl brine
TurbineandGenerator
Proposed Research TimelineProposed Research Timeline2000 - 20302000 - 2030
» Optimize exploited geothermal systems & Optimize exploited geothermal systems & reduce development cost of high enthalpy systemsreduce development cost of high enthalpy systems
» Locally enhance permeability in the tight margins Locally enhance permeability in the tight margins of existing systems (EGS)of existing systems (EGS)
» Explore for and develop “hidden” high Explore for and develop “hidden” high enthalpy systems, with no surface featuresenthalpy systems, with no surface features
» Develop impermeable systems with Develop impermeable systems with artificial fracturing (HDR)artificial fracturing (HDR)
Life Cycle of a Geothermal Field Life Cycle of a Geothermal Field (Lovekin, 1998)(Lovekin, 1998)
Time ---->
develop maintain decline sustain
MW
OpportunityOpportunity
Only a fraction (~20%) of available heat is Only a fraction (~20%) of available heat is currently extracted from a high enthalpy currently extracted from a high enthalpy reservoirreservoir
Smart injection management could greatly Smart injection management could greatly increase efficiency and longevityincrease efficiency and longevity
The Salak “natural laboratory” presents a The Salak “natural laboratory” presents a unique opportunity to examine fractured-unique opportunity to examine fractured-system behaviorsystem behavior
ChallengeChallenge
Reservoirs have km-scale fracturing: Reservoirs have km-scale fracturing: » hard to map permeability at km-scalehard to map permeability at km-scale» heat transfer properties poorly knownheat transfer properties poorly known» current models inadequatecurrent models inadequate
Injected liquids are channeled along fractures Injected liquids are channeled along fractures and heat sweep is inefficientand heat sweep is inefficient
Research: Research:
Characterize permeability and heat Characterize permeability and heat transfer in fractured systemstransfer in fractured systems
Image Log: Salak Well FMIImage Log: Salak Well FMI
U.S. Government RoyaltiesU.S. Government Royalties
0
50
100
150
200
Wind Solar Biomass Geothermal
$ Millions$ Millions
ConclusionsConclusions
Ultimate geothermal resource is hugeUltimate geothermal resource is huge Present research focus should be:Present research focus should be:
– extend life of existing fields, extend life of existing fields, – reduce cost of developing new high enthalpy reduce cost of developing new high enthalpy
projectsprojects
Artificially stimulated systems (HDR/EGS) Artificially stimulated systems (HDR/EGS) hold greatest opportunity in the long term hold greatest opportunity in the long term
HDR/EGS research should focus on HDR/EGS research should focus on technology which can be tested in existing technology which can be tested in existing fieldsfields