1 Treatment of Peaty Clays using Treatment of Peaty Clays using Treatment of Peaty Clays using Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns Grouted Stone Columns Dr. V. R. Raju Dr. V. R. Raju Managing Director Keller Asia Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns Content Content o Introduction to Peaty Soils o Common Treatment Solutions for Peaty Soil o Introduction to Grouted Stone Columns (GSC) o Applications of GSC
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Treatment of Peaty Clays usingTreatment of Peaty Clays usingTreatment of Peaty Clays using Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone ColumnsGrouted Stone Columns
Dr. V. R. RajuDr. V. R. RajuManaging DirectorKeller Asia
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
ContentContento Introduction to Peaty Soils
o Common Treatment Solutions for Peaty Soil
o Introduction to Grouted Stone Columns (GSC)
o Applications of GSC
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Introduction to Introduction to Peaty SoilsPeaty Soils
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Origin of PeatOrigin of Peat
Lake developed in low laying area
Plants grew along lake’s bank, Plants died &
Dead plants fill d th Plants died &
accumulated at the bottom of lake
filled up the entire lake
Swamp / Wetland
New plants grew, died & accumulated on top. Swamp / Wetland
become elevated. Peat layer is formed deep in the ground.
Source: www.roadex.org
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
o Soil with organic content• Organic Soil (5% - 50% organic content)
What is Peat ?What is Peat ?
• Highly Organic Soil (> 50% organic content)
o In geotechnical engineering, “peat” refers to soils with more than 20% organic content.
o Typical Characteristics of Peat• Low bulk density (900 1 100 kg/m3)
Source: Peat Engineering Handbook by S.Noto
• Low bulk density (900 - 1,100 kg/m3)• High water content (200% - 2,000%)• High permeability / Large void ratio (e0 = 7.5-30)• Low shear strength• High compressibility• Highly acidic
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Peaty ClayPeaty Clay
o Typical Characteristics of Peaty ClayClay• Organic Content (10 - 30 %)• Bulk density (1,300 - 1,500 kg/m3)• Water content (70 - 110%)• Shear strength (15 – 25 kPa)
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Common Treatment SolutionsCommon Treatment Solutionsfor Peaty Soilfor Peaty Soil
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Pros :o Relatively
PVD & Heavy SurchargePVD & Heavy Surcharge
o Relatively economical
Cons :o Long treatment
periodo Large area treatment
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Pros :o Low settlemento Load transfer to hard
PilingPiling
o Load transfer to hard stratum
o Does not require support of surrounding soil
Conso High costo High costo Requires use of
suspended slab
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Pros :o Improve Strength
Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)
o Improve Strength, Stiffness & Permeability
o Deep treatment
Cons :o High Cement / limeo High Cement / lime
content required o Unpredictable strength
gain / Low strength
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Effect of Cement mixing in Peaty soilEffect of Cement mixing in Peaty soil
UCS[MPa]
Clay
Sand
Cement content [kg/m3]
Peat
C ay
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Introduction toIntroduction toGrouted Stone Columns Grouted Stone Columns
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Reinforcement using Stone ColumnsReinforcement using Stone Columns
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Penetration Material charging & Toe formation
ConstructingGSC
Construction Sequence of GSCConstruction Sequence of GSC
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Vibrocat
EquipmentEquipment
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Completed GSCsCompleted GSCs
o Reinforcement by stiff, self-supporting columnscolumns
o Compaction of in-situ ground due to lateral displacement of GSC
Caution: Since the columns are unreinforced, they should not be subject to tension forces.
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Key Aspects of GSC InstallationKey Aspects of GSC Installationo Installation is governed by BS EN 14731:2005, which require the use of
a deep vibratora deep vibrator.
o The compacted column has to be built up by adding successive discrete charges of specific granular material and compacting each one to a chosen level of power consumption, ensuring proper column compaction.
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Depth of treatment AmperageQuality ControlQuality Control
Charge of grouted stones
Column
Tim
e
o Real time monitoringColumn Construction
o Print-out of each GSC built
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Load TestsLoad Tests
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Strength TestsStrength Tests
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Applications of GSCApplications of GSC
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
o High speed railway constructed adjacent existing railway embankment in Hamburg, Germany
GSC for Railway EmbankmentGSC for Railway Embankment
o Typical soil : 2.5m (Loose sand) and 3m (Organic clay)
o GSC to prevent long term settlement & address the embankment stability
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
GSC for REGSC for RE--WallWall
N b id b k t (4 lo New bridge embankment (4-lane driveway) in USA
o Height Fill-embankment ~ 3–8.5m
o GSC to prevent uneven settlement
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
o 30-unit condominium in USA
o Soil : 5 5m of sandy fill and 4 0m of organic clay
GSC for Building raft foundationGSC for Building raft foundation
o Soil : 5.5m of sandy fill and 4.0m of organic clay
o GSC to improve bearing capacity and control settlements
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
GSC for Driveways
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
DescriptionDescription
o ~865 m – Proposed Driveways
o Minimizing the settlement under 20 kPa load.
o Allowable settlement : 40mm
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
GSC Treatment SchemeGSC Treatment Scheme
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
ConstructionConstruction
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
QA / QCQA / QC
Cube test
Plate Load test :o Settlement : 3 -11 mmo Average : 6 mm
Cube testo Strength : 8 – 25 MPa
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
GSC for RC Tank Foundation
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Jelutong Sewarage Treatment Planto Upgrading old sewerage system for Georgetown (Penang)
DescriptionDescription
o Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) Tanks, with load = 96-126 kPa
o Allowable total settlement : 75mm
o Differential settlement < 1:360
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Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Aerial View of SiteAerial View of Site
Treatment of Peaty Clays using Grouted Stone Columns
Typical Soil ConditionTypical Soil ConditionDepth [m] Description Average