Geospatial Data Insfrastructures, Cybercartography and Open Data: The Need for Geomaticians

Geo The Big 5Challenges and Opportunities Rising from Open Geospatial

Association for Geographic Information (AGI)

Belfast, 13 May 2014

Tracey P. LauriaultNational Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis

(NIRSA)National University of Ireland at Maynooth (NUIM)

The Programmable City Project

Geospatial Data Insfrastructures, Cybercartography and Open Data: The Need for Geomaticians

Table of Contents

1. What is open?2. Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure• Multisectoral Collaboration• Operational Policies• Geomatics Round Table

3. Cybercartography• Nunaliit Cybercartographic Framework• Atlases and Data Management• Law

4. Open Data & Programmable City• Overview• Portals

5. The Role for Geomaticians

1. What is open?

Open Policy

Open Licences

Open Source/Formats/Specs

Open Infrastructure

2. Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure

1999

Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI)

200120052013

Discovery Portal

Federal Government Setting

CGDI Principles

1. Open:enables better decision making, the CGDI is based on open, barrier-free data sharing and standards that allow users to exchange data.

2. Accessible:allows users to access data and services seamlessly, despite any complexities of the underlying technology.

3. Evolving:the network of organizations participating in the CGDI will continue to address new requirements and business applications for information and service delivery to their respective users.

4. Timely:the CGDI is based on technologies and services that support timely or real-time access to information.

5. Sustainable:is sustained by the contributions of the participating organizations and broad user community and through the infrastructure’s relevance to these groups.

6. Self-organizingthe CGDI enables various organizations to contribute geospatial information, services and applications, and guide the infrastructure’s development.

7. User and community drivenemphasizes the nurturing of and service to a broad user community. These users, including Canadians in general, will drive the CGDI’s development based on user requirements.

8. Closest to sourcemaximizes efficiency and quality by encouraging organizations closest to source to provide data and services. Thereby eliminating duplication and overlap.

9. Trustworthyis continually enhanced to protect sensitive and proprietary data. The CGDI offers this protection through policies and mechanisms that enable data to be assessed for quality and trusted by users.

Source: : 2012, Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure Vision, Mission and Roadmap - The Way Forward

Canadian Geomatics Accord

(2001, 2007, 2014)http://www.ccog-cocg.ca/index_e.html

Operational Policies & Standards

Documents:

Protected Information• Confidential information• Sensitive Information• Private information• Intellectual Property

Access, Management & Dissemination

• Archiving and Preservation• Data Integration• Data Sharing• Licensing• Volunteered Geographic Information• Cloud Computing• Free and Open Source Software • Licensing

Semantics• Catalogue Services for the Web (CSW) • North American Profile of ISO19115:2003 -

Geographic Information – Metadata

Syntax and Encodings• Geography Markup Language (GML)• GeoRSS• Keyhole Markup Language• A Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD)• Symbology Encoding (SE)

Services• A Web Map Service (WMS)• A Web Feature Service (WFS)• A Web Processing Service (WPS)• Catalogue Services for the Web (CSW)• A Table Joining Service (TJS)• A Web Map Context (WMC)• A Web Map Tile Service (WMTS)• A Web Coverage Service (WCS)• Filter Encoding Standard provides XML and KVP• A Gazetteer

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/canadas-spatial-data-infrastructure/8902

Federal Geographic Data Platform

• Comprehensive collection & sharing of authoritative data

• Search, discovery, access, & visualization tools built once & reused many times, search once and find everything

• Common web-based environment enabling data integration, analysis, & visualization to support informed decision-making

• Shared governance & management of geospatial assets and capabilities, through operational standards & policies

2014-…

Federal Committee on Geomatics and Earth Observations (FCGEO)

1. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada2. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern

Development Canada3. Canadian Northern Economic

Development Agency4. Canadian International Development

Agency5. Canadian Food Inspection Agency6. CSA7. Dept. Fisheries and Oceans-Coast

Guard8. Dept. Fisheries and Oceans- -Science9. Dept. National Defence10. Elections Canada11. Environment Canada12. Health Canada13. Industry Canada14. Natural Resources Canada15. Parks Canada16. Public Health Canada17. Public Safety18. Royal Canadian Mounted Police19. Shared Services Canada20. Statistics Canada21. Treasury Board Secretariat22. Transport Canada

Established 12 January 20121. Provide proactive, whole-of-

government leadership in geomatics and EO to better support government priorities

2. Enhance the responsiveness, efficiency and sustainability of the federal geomatics and EO infrastructure

3. Improve access, sharing and integration of geospatial data at all levels (Federal/Provinvial/Territo-rial and international)

3. Cybercartography

Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre

• Directed by Dr D. R. Fraser Taylor• Research Themes• Indigenous Knowledge• Northern Research• Law, Society & Cybercartography• Geospatial Information Management• Archiving & Preservation• Cybercartography & the New Economy• Cinema• Sound• Open Source• Nunaliit Atlas Framework 2.0

Definition

Cybercartography is a theoretical construct proposed by D.R. Fraser Taylor (1997, 2003).

“the organization, presentation, analysis and communication of spatially referenced information on a wide variety of topics of interest and use to society in an interactive, dynamic, multimedia, multisensory and multidisciplinary format”.

Cybercartography offers an opportunity to deeply rethink how maps are created, including their design, how they are produced, disseminated and used on the Internet.

GCRC Atlases

of Indigenous Perspectives and Knowledge (Great

Lakes-St. Lawrence Region)

Atlas of Arctic Bay

Lake Huron Treaty Atlas

Inuit (Siku)Sea Ice Use and Occupancy

ProjectViews

from the North

Kitikmeot Place

Name Atlas

Atlas of the Risk of

Homelessness

Frontline Health Atlas

Atlas of Canada's

Trade with the World

Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica

Distributed Data Management Network for LTK

Requirements:

• On & Off-Line access and use

• Distributed access and storage

• Low Bandwidth

• Access permissions

• Many Knowledge Contributors

• Interoperable

• Flexible

• Replication

• Synchronization

Field Data Collection

Tablet Data Collection:• 1st Prototype on

Apple’s 2nd generation iPad

• Table copy of CouchDB w/simplified Nunaliit Interface

• Offline data collection

• Advanced Editor

• Online replication & synchronization functionality

• Android device prototype in progress

Offline Data Collection

Tablet Field Test:

• Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute

• Ingrid Kritsch used for 3 weeks

• Collected over 800 spoken place names, photos and videos w/elders on an iPad

• Data replicated back in Ottawa in a matter of hours

Data Collection

Photos © 2012 Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute

Consent and Metadata

Consent, Lineage, Metadata, Authorship:• LTK data documentation

• LTD data consent

• LTK use rights and access

Nunaliit Cybercartographic Atlas Framework

http://nunaliit.org/

https://github.com/GCRC/nunaliit/wiki

Preservation, Management, Law & Policy

GCRC Research Open Principles

• Products produced w/public funds belong to the public• Whenever possible open access comes first• BSD License• Use data from open access sources• Creative Commons• Share as much as possible• Publish in Open Access Journals• Create and use open source software, tools, widgets, etc.• Design for open source browsers• Participate in open access, open data, open source communities• Build in consent and data access protocols into data collection tools• Conduct research on access to data, consent, law and policy• Encourage these principles in public consultations• Education & Capacity building• Adhere to interoperability standards and specifications• Data Preservation

4. Open Data

Most Popular Open Data Defs.

1. Access2. Redistribution3. Reuse4. Absence of Technological

Restriction5. Attribution6. Integrity7. No Discrimination Against Persons

or Groups8. No Discrimination Against Fields of

Endeavor9. Distribution of License10. License Must Not Be Specific to a

Package11. License Must Not Restrict the

Distribution of Other Works

★ make your stuff available on the Web (whatever format) under an open license

★★ make it available as structured data (e.g., Excel instead of image scan of a table)

★★★ use non-proprietary formats (e.g., CSV instead of Excel)

★★★★ use URIs to denote things, so that people can point at your stuff

★★★★★ link your data to other data to provide contextTim Berners-Lee, 5 star deployment

scheme for Open Data

Open Data Definitions (sample)

• 1959 Antarctic Treaty• 1992 - UNCED – Agenda 21 Chapter 40,

Information for Decision Making • 1996 Global Map• 2005 - Open Knowledge Foundation

(OKNF) - 11 Principles (Licence specific) • 2007 GEOSS - Data Sharing Principles

for the Global Earth Observing System of Systems

• 2007 - US Open Government Working Group - 8 principles of Open Government Data

• 2007 Science Commons Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data

• 2007 Sunlight Foundation - 10 Principles for Opening Up Government Informatio

• 2007 OECD, Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding

• 2008 OECD, Recommendations on Public Sector Information

• 2009 W3C - Publishing Open Government Data

• 2010 Tim Berners-Lee 5 Star of Open Data

• 2010 Panton Principles for Open Data in Science

• 2010 Ontario Information Privacy Commissioner - 7 Principles

• 2013 Open Economics Principles

• US Association of Computing Machinery (USACM) – Recommendations on Open Government

• American Library Association (ALA) – Access to Government Information Principles

Data Sharing

ARTICLE III

1. In order to promote international cooperation in scientific investigation in Antarctica, as provided for in Article II of the present Treaty, the Contracting Parties agree that, to the greatest extent feasible and practicable:

(a) information regarding plans for scientific programs in Antarctica shall be exchanged to permit maximum economy and efficiency of operations;

(b) scientific personnel shall be exchanged in Antarctica between expeditions and stations;

(c) scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available

Agenda 21 – Chapter 40INFORMATION FOR DECISION-MAKING40.1. In sustainable development, everyone is

a user and provider of information considered in the broad sense. That includes data, information, appropriately packaged experience and knowledge. The need for information arises at all levels, from that of senior decision makers at the national and international levels to the grass-roots and individual levels. The following two programme areas need to be implemented to ensure that decisions are based increasingly on sound information:a. Bridging the data gap;b. Improving information

availability.

Cities take the lead in Canada

Licences & Collaboration

Ottawa, Toronto, Edmonton, Vancouver + Montreal

Open Data Cities

1. Banff Open Data Portal, (AB) Pilot2. City of Brandon (MB)3. City of Burlington (ON)4. City of Calgary (AB)5. City of Chilliwack (BC)6. City of Edmonton (AB)7. City of Fredericton (NB)8. Portail de données ouvertes de la ville de

Gatineau9. County of Grande Prairie (AB)10. Open Data Guelph (ON)11. Halifax Regional Municipality (NS)12. City of Hamilton Open and Accessible Data

(ON)13. City of Kelowna Open Data Catalog (BC)14. City of London (ON)15. Township of Langley (BC)16. Open Data Medicine Hat (AB)17. Town of Milton (ON)18. City of Mississauga (ON)19. Ville de Montréal Portails données ouvertes

(QC)20. City of Nanaimo (BC)20. City of Niagara Falls (ON)21. Region of Niagara (ON)

22. Regional District of Central Okanagan23. Regional District of North Okanagan (BC)24. District of North Vancouver (BC)25. City of Ottawa (ON)26. Region of Peel (ON)27. City of Prince George (BC)28. Ville de Québec Catalogue de données (QC)29. City of Red Deer, (AB)30. City of Regina (SK) 31. District of Saanich Open Data (BC)32. Open Data Saskatoon (SK)33. Données ouvertes Sherbrookes (QC)34. Strathcona County Open Data Portal (AB)35. City of Surrey (BC)36. City of Toronto (ON)37. City of Vancouver (BC)38. District of North Vancouver (BC)39. City of Victoria (BC)40. City of Waterloo (ON).41. Region of Waterloo (ON)42. City of Whitehorse (YK)43. City of Windsor (ON)44. York Region

Open Data Provinces

1. Data BC2. Alberta Open Data3. Open Data Saskatchewan, Citizen Led4. Ontario Open Data5. Données ouvertes Portail du Gouvernement du Québec,

Québec Ouvert – Citizen Led6. Newfoundland and Labrador

Open Data National

• Geogratis & Geobase & Discovery Portal & Atlas of Canada• Office of the Information Commissioners Open Government

Resolutions• OpenData.gc.ca• Research Data Canada• Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Open Data

Fed. Open Data Portal

Civil Society - Accessibility

Catherine Roy: [email protected] & http://montrealaccessible.ca/

Civil Society - Transparency

Les appels d’offres et certain contrats octroyés de la Ville de Montréal et la province du Québec (version détaillée ici)

Le registre des entreprises du Canada

Les dons au partis politiques du Canada

Les dons aux partis politiques du Québec

Le registre des lobbyistes du gouvernment fédéral(aussi registre et journal)

Licenses restreintes dans l'industrie de la construction

Les contrats octroyés par la Ville de Laval depuis 2007

Les contrats octroyés par la Ville de Montréal depuis 2006

Civil Society - Hackathons

http://www.rhok.org/

http://montrealouvert.net/2011/11/23/compte-rendu-du-3e-hackathon-montreal-

ouvert/?lang=en

http://www.livinglabmontreal.org/

TranspoCampMTL

Standardization - Transportation Planning

Au niveau municipal, les données sont accessibles indirectement sur le site de la ville de Montréal. En d'autres termes, ces données n'ont pas été prévues pour être utilisées de manière directe mais sont affichées sur une carte dans la section Info-Travaux.

Au niveau provinciale, les données viennent du Ministère des transports du Québec et de son service Québec 511. Là aussi le MTQ se démarque de ses homologues canadiens en étant a priori le premier à proposer des données GPS pour la localisation des chantiers.

http://zonecone.ca/ & http://open511.org/

Entrepreneurs

All 10,000 public and private foundations.

Exhaustive list of federal and provincial funding programs specifically for non-profits (over 700).

Corporate funders (500 and growing).

Civil Society - Advocacy

http://www.opendatabc.ca/index.html

http://opennorth.ca/

6. Role for Geomaticians

Research Data Canada

Archiving, Management and Preservation of Geospatial Data

National Consultation on Access to Scientific Data Final Report (NCASRD)

20101990 1995 2000 2005

National Data Archive Consultation (SSHRC)

Stewardship of Research Data in Canada: A Gap AnalysisThe dissemination of government geographic data in

CanadaResearch Data Strategy Working Group

Toward a National Digital Information Strategy: Mapping the Current Situation

(LAC)

Canadian Digital Information Strategy (CDIS)IPY

1985 2014

Mapping the Data Landscape: Report of the 2011 Canadian Research Data Summit

Digital Economy Consultation Industry Canada Resolution of Canada’s Access to Information and Privacy

Commissioners

Geomatics Accord SignedCanadian Geospatial Data

Policy

Liberating the Data Proposal

OD Advisory PanelOpen Government Partnership

G8

Subjectivities &Forms of Knowledge• Policies• Reports• Proposals• Recommendations• Consultation

20

08

MiningWatch Canada & Great Lakes United by

Ecojustice

Digital Infrastructure Leadership Council

Standing Committee on Industry, Science & Tech.

Community Data RoundtablePrivacy (Geo)

Sensitive Data (Geo)

Open Data Consultations

VGI Primer Cloud (Geo)

FCGEO

20101990 1995 2000 20051985 2014

Data Liberation InitiativeMaps Data and Government

Information Services (MADGIC)

Geogratis Data Portal

GeoBaseCanadian Internet Public Policy Clinic

GeoConnectionsGeoGratis

Census Data ConsortiumCanadian Association of Research Libraries(CARL)

Atlas of Canada Online (1st)

CeoNet Discovery Portal

Research Data Network

How'd they VoteCivicAccess.ca

Campaign for Open Government (FIPA)

Canadian Association of

Public Data Users

Datalibre.ca

VisibleGovernment.ca I Believe in Open Campaign

Change Camps Start

Nanaimo BC City of Toronto

4 CitiesData.gc.caGlobal TVHansard in XMLLet the Data FlowAid AgencyProactive.caDataBC

7 CitiesGovCampFed. ExpensesFed.Gov. Travel & Hospitality ExpensesOpen Data HackfestCitizen FactoryB.C.'s Climate Change Data CatalogueOpen ParliamentDatadotGC.ca

Hacking Health14 CitiesQuebecOntarioOGP

3 CitiesAlberta

G8

Community Data Program

FCM Quality of Life Reporting System

Geographic and Numeric Information System

Materialities / Infrastructures• Consortia• Portals/Catalogs/Maps• Open Data/Open Gov Events

2009

1979 National Atlas Information System

Epistemic Communities

Research Data

GovData

GeoDataPhysical Sciences

AdminData

Public Sector Data

Access to Data Open Data

Social Sciences

2005

GeoWeb

Not examined•Open source•Open access•Freedom of information•Law

Role for Geomaticians

Geomaticians need to transfer & translate their• Thematic knowledge • Programming abilities• Scientific practices

• Data management skills• Data sharing, interoperability and discovery

expertise• Infrastructure knowledge & systems thinking

• Multisectoral collaboration and consultation abilities

To other sectors & participate in the digital strategies & IT/IMS/ICT communities & perhaps

even lead them!

5. Conclusion

Programmable City Objectives

How is the city translated into software and data? How do software and data reshape the city?

Translation:City into Data

Transduction:Data Reshape

City

THE CITYDATA

Discourses, Practices, Knowledge, Models

Mediation, Augmentation, Facilitation, Regulation

Data & Infrastructures

do not exist independently of the ideas, techniques, technologies, people and contexts that produce,

process, manage, analyze and store them, regardless of them often being presented in this

manner...(The Data Revolution, Kitchin in Press 2014).

also mediate culture and society by constructing stories which create representations around which subjects are created & actions are taken shaping

and shaped by geographic imaginations(Data, Infrastructures and Geographical Imaginations,

Lauriault 2012)

Q & A

[email protected]@TraceyLauriault

http://www.nuim.ie/progcity/

Thank You!