THIRD OF FORTH CROSSED NICOL How a dastardly deed polarised opinion RESCUE DIGS New website gathers fleeting geoinformation Geoscientist The Fellowship magazine of The Geological Society of London | www.geolsoc.org.uk | Volume 21 No 11 | Dec 11/Jan 12 geolsoc.wordpress.com NEW! GEOLSOC BLOG [ ] Engineering geology of the new Firth of Forth road crossing
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DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 03
CONTENTS GEOSCIENTIST
07 19
12 COVER FEATURE: THIRD OF FORTHGround investigations redefine the geology of theFirth of Forth, say John Brown and Tom Berry
IN THIS ISSUE
19 DOUBLE-CROSSED NICOL Dr Howard Falcon-Langdigs the dirt on how a dastardly palaeobotanist tried tosteal William Nicol’s microscopic glory
05 WELCOME Pure and applied science are inseparable,says Ted Nield
06 GEONEWS What’s new in the world of geoscientific research
08 SOCIETY NEWS What your Society is doing at homeand abroad, in London and the regions
11 SOAPBOX Know your limits! - Martin Lack reminds usthat this is a finite world with finite resources
22 LETTERS We welcome your thoughts
24 PEOPLE Geoscientists in the news and on the move
26 BOOK & ARTS Two reviews by Ian Sims and Joanna Wragg
27 CALENDAR Society activities this month
28 OBITUARY A distinguished Fellow remembered
29 CROSSWORD Win a special publication of your choice
n BOUNDARY ISSUE Nicol Morton, Former Chair of the International Subcommission on Jurassic Stratigraphy, describes the mystic-awful process of defining the System’s base, and hammering in a ‘golden spike’
FEATURES
ONLINE SPECIALS
REGULARS
DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
Image: A
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Lyell Meeting 2012
Keynote Speakers:Chris Stringer Ancient Human Occupation of BritainHenk Brinkhuis IODP Wilkes Land Glacial HistoryKen Johnson EU Indonesian Throughflow projectBridget Wade Tanzanian Drilling ProjectWolfgang Kiessling PBDB – coral biodiversityPaul Upchurch PBDB – Cretaceous vertebrate biodiversityMark Sutton Imaging and Virtual PalaeontologyRichard Twitchett Co-evolution of Life and the PlanetRichard Edmonds Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site
Thursday, 29 March, 2012
Further information
For further information about the conference,please contact:
Ellie Duncanson-Hunter, Conference Office, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG
Large-scale projects, involving multidisciplinary geoscience teams from numerous institutions,are playing an increasingly important role in modern palaeontological research. This meetingwill showcase the science being undertaken in these projects across the range ofpalaeontological disciplines, including key contributions from junior researchers. We willdiscuss the benefits and logistics of running these large-scale projects including funding,outreach and training opportunities.
Convenors: Drs Jeremy Young (UCL) and Tom Dunkley Jones (University of Birmingham)
‘Big Palaeontology’, The Geological Society, London
DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 05
DR TED NIELD EDITOR
THE CANTILEVEREDRAIL CROSSING, OPENED INMARCH 1890, WAS THE FIRSTENGINEERING MARVEL TOSPAN THE FIRTH OF FORTHFront cover image Rob vanEsch/Shutterstock
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EDITOR’S COMMENT GEOSCIENTIST
sk Mme. Nield, and she will tell you– I will travel miles out of my way toadmire a good bridge or a hole inthe ground. I suspect that the log-suffering spouse of any geologist,even a ‘recovering’ one, will tell asimilar tale. From the Roman
aqueduct at Segovia to the Rössing uranium mine inNamibia (Geoscientist 12.12, December 2002), eye-rolling accounts of holiday diversions past willcome pouring out over the Christmas apéritifs.
As this double-issue of Geoscientist bridges the oldyear and the new, it is a particular pleasuretherefore to welcome two pieces – our feature on theengineering geology of the third Firth of Forthcrossing, currently under construction, and a storyabout a new ‘citizen science’ initiative from BGS toenable geological information from temporaryexcavations to be recorded for posterity.
Since the transport revolution - brought about byhydrocarbons, the internal combustion engine andsymbolized by such engineering feats as the Forthroad bridge - mass materials transport hasprogressively banished local quarries, mines andbrick pits from our landscape. The local quarry,worked sporadically to satisfy local demand forEarth materials such as lime, dimension stone or gravel, has been replaced by the distant mega-quarry serving national – or eveninternational markets. Meanwhile, old quarriesslowly fill and become overgrown - not onlyinaccessible, but even indistinguishable from thecountryside around them.
For these reasons, temporary excavations openedduring construction work have assumed evergreater importance to our understanding of localgeology – as John Brown and Tom Berrydemonstrate in their article. For even those civilengineering works that one might have expected tolead to permanent exposures are, in today’s world,increasingly not doing so. One expects a deepbasement or underground car park to eventually fillthe hole dug for it. But these days even roadcuttings are covered by netting, or worse, byshotcrete and reinforced concrete abutments. Therealmost seems to be a conspiracy afoot to blinker usagainst all evidence of the landscape’s past.
Lacking the sort of legal backing that demandsthe presence of qualified archaeologists atexcavations, geologists have struggled to record theinformation that temporary holes so fleetinglyreveal. This new IT venture, harnessing amateurand professional together through new technology,will help to bridge that lamentable gap in ourlegislative framework.
ABUILDING BRIDGES
Geoscientist is theFellowship magazine ofthe Geological Societyof London
The Geological Society,Burlington House, Piccadilly,London W1J 0BGT +44 (0)20 7434 9944F +44 (0)20 7439 8975E [email protected](Not for Editorial)
EDITORIAL BOARDDr Sue Bowler FGSDr Robin Cocks FGSDr Martin Degg FGSDr Joe McCall FGSDr Jonathan Turner FGSDr Jan Zalasiewicz FGS
Trustees of the GeologicalSociety of LondonDr J P B Lovell OBE(President); Professor P AAllen (Secretary, Science);Miss S Brough; Mr MBrown; Professor R AButler; Mr D J Cragg;Professor J Francis;Professor A J Fraser; Dr S AGibson; Mrs M P Henton(Secretary, ProfessionalMatters); Dr R A Hughes DrA Law (Treasurer); ProfessorR J Lisle; Professor A R Lord(Secretary, Foreign &External Affairs); Mr PMaliphant (Vice president);Professor S B Marriott (Vicepresident); Professor SMonro OBE; Mr D T Shilston(President designate); Dr CP Summerhayes (Vice president); Professor J H Tellam; Dr J P Turner(Secretary, Publications);Professor D J Vaughan; Mr N R G Walton
Published on behalf of theGeological Society ofLondon byCentury One Publishing Alban Row, 27–31 VerulamRoad, St Albans, Herts, AL3 4DGT 01727 893 894F 01727 893 895
Copyright The Geological Society ofLondon is a Registered Charity,number 210161.ISSN (print) 0961-5628 ISSN (online) 2045-1784
The Geological Society of Londonaccepts no responsibility for theviews expressed in any article in thispublication. All views expressed,except where explicitly statedotherwise, represent those of theauthor, and not The GeologicalSociety of London. All rightsreserved. No paragraph of thispublication may be reproduced,copied or transmitted save withwritten permission. Users registeredwith Copyright Clearance Center: theJournal is registered with CCC, 27Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970,USA. 0961-5628/02/$15.00. Every effort has been made to tracecopyright holders of material in thispublication. If any rights have been omitted, the publishers offertheir apologies.
No responsibility is assumed by thePublisher for any injury and/ordamage to persons or property as amatter of products liability,negligence or otherwise, or from anyuse or operation of any methods,products, instructions or ideascontained in the material herein.Although all advertising material isexpected to conform to ethical(medical) standards, inclusion in thispublication does not constitute aguarantee or endorsement of thequality or value of such product or ofthe claims made by its manufacturer.
Subscriptions: All correspondencerelating to non-membersubscriptions should be addressesto the Journals SubscriptionDepartment, Geological SocietyPublishing House, Unit 7 BrassmillEnterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane,Bath, BA1 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225445046. Fax: 01225 442836. Email:[email protected]. Thesubscription price for Volume 21,2011 (11 issues) to institutions andnon-members is £108 (UK) or £124/ US$247 (Rest of World).
Above (inset): Blacksquare indicatesstudy area against areconstructedpalaeogeography ofthe North AtlanticOcean during theLate Palaeocene
GEODYNAMICS
Fossil drainage system reveals rapid ancient uplift and subsidence strongly suggesting that
convection currents in the mantle were responsible. Monique Tsang reports
CONVECTION CANACTUALLY PUSH THESURFACE UP AND DOWNVERY RAPIDLYRoss Hartley
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1 Ross A Hartley, Gareth G Roberts,Nicky White and Chris Richardson,
August 2011: Transient convective upliftof an ancient buried landscape, Nature
Geoscience v 4.8
2 Philip A Allen, August 2011: Surfaceimpact of mantle processes Nature
Geoscience v 4.8
FURTHER READING
06 DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 07
GEONEWS GEOSCIENTIST
Glimpses of the pastJohn Powell*, Gemma Nash and Patrick Bell urge everyone to
get logging with the new citizen science website hosted by BGS
Geologists have long recognised how
often scientifically important
information revealed in temporary
exposures of bedrock and superficial
Quaternary deposits is lost to science.
Many holes are quickly filled in, and by
the time a geologist gets to hear
about it, it’s often too late. The
Geological Society’s Stratigraphy
Commission has for many years
recognised the potential of such
information from pipeline trenches,
shallow excavations, road cuttings
and embankments, if it were only
captured in time, archived and made
freely available.
At the British Geological Survey
(BGS), this imperative coincided with
the web development team’s wish to
develop a ‘citizen science’ website –
and the result is ‘GeoExposures’.
Powered by the new ‘Ushahidi’
crowd-sourcing software (developed
to assist with communicating events
during major emergencies such as
the Haiti earthquake) GeoExposures
is concerned only with recording
temporary exposures. It is not aimed
at documenting natural exposures
(inland and coastal cliffs, disused
quarries etc.), nor with the
conservation of geological sites1.
AMATEUR &PROFESSIONALUsing GeoExposures, amateur and
professional geologists will be able
locate a temporary exposure on a
Google map, briefly log the site
geology on a form and upload JPEG
photos either via a smartphone or
computer. Some may prefer to use
more traditional methods, using
notebook, OS maps or BGS
geological maps and upload the
information at their convenience from
a computer later. The essential
ingredients will be accurate
descriptions and good quality digital
photographs as a permanent record.
To assist recording, the site
provides the user with links to
background information on the
geology and stratigraphy of the UK
such as digital BGS maps, the BGS
Above(left):The firstGeoExposuresrecord, submitted byAndrew Hunn,showing minor faultsin the Upper TriassicBranscombeMudstone Formationrecorded in apipeline trench near Tirley,Gloucestershire(Worcester Graben)
The Library operates a sponsorshipscheme to help preserve and restore itsrare books. For more information, contact Michael McKimm in the library, or see the Sponsor A Book page on theSociety’s website:www.geolsoc.org.uk/sponsorabook
Above: Among themany objects carvedon the planted stoneswere shooting stars, spiders on their webs, and thename of God inHebrew characters
10 DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS
SOCIETYNEWS...lectures][
The World will not run out of the natural resources
required to grow sustainably, and to remove more and
more people from poverty in the foreseeable future. The
Earth has adequate supplies of the raw materials for
steel-making, fertilizers, aluminium, energy and plastics
to secure rising living standards for generations to
come provide an effective and economically-viable
response to climate change and, deliver fresh water to
a growing population.
Andrew Mackenzie is currently the Chief Executive of
Non Ferrous Materials at BHP Billiton, the world’s
largest mining company with a significant oil and gas
production arm, and a non-executive director of
Centrica, the operator of British Gas.
n Programme – Afternoon talk: 1430 Tea & Coffee:
1500 Lecture begins: 1600 Event ends.
n Programme – Evening talk: 1730 Tea & Coffee:
1800 Lecture begins: 1900 Reception.
FURTHER INFORMATIONPlease visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/shelllondonlectures11. Entry to each lecture is by
ticket only. To obtain a ticket please contact Leila Taleb
around four weeks before the talk. Due to the
popularity of this lecture series, tickets are allocated in a
monthly ballot and cannot be guaranteed.
Mineral Deposits and their GlobalStrategic SupplySpeaker – Andrew Mackenzie
14 December 2011
Shell LondonLecture Series
Contact: Ellie Duncanson-Hunter, The Geological Society,Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG, T: +44 (0) 20 7432 0981 E: [email protected]
Geological Society Club
The 2012 round of Society Research Funds remains open for applications.Applications for support from any of the Society funds must be made on the form
which can be downloaded from www.geolsoc.org.uk/awards.
The form must be completed in full and accompanied by two letters of support
from Fellows of the Society. Please send to the Awards Secretary at the Geological
Society. In order to be considered at the next available committee meeting,
applications and supporting documents should reach the Society no later than 1
February 2012. The average award has been about £1000.
The Geological Society Club, successor to the body that
gave birth to the Society in 1807, meets monthly (except over
the field season!) at 18.30 for 19.00 in the Athenaeum Club, Pall
Mall. Once a year there is also a special dinner at Burlington House. New diners are
always welcome, especially from among younger Fellows. Dinner costs £50 for a
four-course meal, including coffee and port. (The Founders' Dinner, in November, has
its own price structure.) There is a cash bar for the purchase of aperitifs and wine.
PROPONENTSOF ‘SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT’AND/OR ‘ECOLOGICALMODERNISATION’WOULD HAVE USBELIEVE THAT WE CAN DECOUPLEENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATION FROMECONOMICDEVELOPMENTMARTIN LACK
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SOAPBOX GEOSCIENTIST
BY MARTIN LACKAs European countries struggle to return to growth,
Martin Lack reminds us that this is a
finite world with finite resources
clothe,and supply
energy to an ever-growingpopulation for the next seven billionyears.” However, the stupidity of such anassertion was exposed two years later byPaul and Anna Ehrlich, who pointed outthat if growth did not decline from 1994levels it would take less than 2000 years forthe mass of the human population to equalthe mass of Earth.
Neil Carter suggests that‘dematerialisation’ (the reduction ofenvironmental resources consumed perunit of production) in manufacturingprocesses is essential. This may be true, butdematerialisation alone cannot deal withthe problem of resource depletion unlessthe increase in unit efficiency is alwaysgreater than the increase in unitproduction; something that is impossible tosustain indefinitely.
Although many sceptics havedenounced those who warn thathumankind’s environmental bank accountis seriously overdrawn, nothing hashappened in the last 40-odd years toinvalidate the Limits to Growth hypothesis:Annual percentage growth in anything,however small, is still exponential. I believeit is time we stopped denying this andacted accordingly.
As Herman Daly pointed out: “...theEarth may be developing; but it is notgrowing”. Therefore, economic growthcannot always be the answer to ourproblems. In fact, our predicament is thatgrowth is our ultimate problem.
The accumulation ofpersonal wealth hasbecome the sole objectiveof many people inmodern society; andperpetual growth is positedas a means whereby even thepoorest might achieve it. Theformer World Bank economistHerman Daly called this“growthmania”.
David Mackay’s bookSustainable Energy –without the hot air is dedicated to “...thosewho will not have the benefit of two billionyears’ accumulated energy reserves”. Thisimmediately focuses the reader’s mind onwhat Meadows et al. called “thepredicament of mankind” in theirimmensely influential Limits to Growthreport to the Club of Rome in 1972.
In the first chapter of Small is Beautiful –a study of economics as if people mattered, E FSchumacher described our predicament asbeing deluded that we have solved what hecalled “the problem of production”. This isthe problem that production andconsumption are inextricably linked topopulation and/or economic growth and,like it or not, we live on a finite planet withfinite mineral resources and finiteecological carrying capacity. This is thestarting point for organisations like theOptimum Population Trust, which hasspent much of the last 20 years arguingwith those who deny there is a problem.However, as John Dryzek puts it: “The driver of an accelerating car about tohit a brick wall might well say ‘so far sogood’ – but that does not mean that thewall is not there.”
Proponents of ‘sustainable development’and/or ‘ecological modernisation’ wouldhave us believe that we can decoupleenvironmental degradation from economicdevelopment, but this still does notacknowledge that perpetual growth isunsustainable. In 1994, Julian Simonclaimed that “humanity now has the ability(or knowledge) to make it possible to feed,
Know your limits!
*Martin Lack CGeol FGS is the author of ‘Lack ofEnvironment’ (lackofenvironment.wordpress.com) - ‘atruly biospheric blog on the politics of the environment’.
he Forth Road Bridge openedin 1964, and has deterioratedto such an extent that recentinspections (2005) showed thatthe main suspension cables ofthe bridge had suffered
significant corrosion, leading to a loss ofstrength. The Scottish Governmentconcluded that, because replacement orrepair of the suspension cables wouldcreate an unacceptably high level ofdisruption, a replacement crossing isrequired to safeguard this vital artery1.
Thus, on 15 December 2010, theScottish Parliament passed a bill for theconstruction of a Forth ReplacementCrossing (FRC)1. The proposed bridge,the third to span the Forth Estuary, willbe a cable-stayed bridge structure 2.67kmlong, stretching from a southernabutment west of South Queensferry toits north abutment west of NorthQueensferry. The crossing will consist ofa main bridge of two (650m) spans andtwo associated backspans supported bythree towers, together with southern andnorthern approach viaducts carrying thebridge deck from the back spans of themain bridge to the abutments. The maincontractor for constructing the bridgeand connecting roads, Forth CrossingBridge Constructors (FCBC), wasappointed on 18 April 2011. Works arenow underway and on track forcompletion in 20161.
In preparation for a new crossing,Transport Scotland has commissionedseveral ground investigations across theFirth of Forth in recent years. These haveled to a better understanding of thestratigraphy and provided interestinginsights into the history of intrusive
igneous activity in this part of theMidland Valley of Scotland (MVS).
CROSSING HISTORYThe narrowing of the Firth of Forth atthis location is certainly of historicsignificance; ferries probably operatedhere as early as Roman times2.Increased transport demand frompilgrims making their way north to theabbeys of Dunfermline and St Andrewsin the 11th & 12th centuries resulted infurther development of the crossing andof both North Queensferry and SouthQueensferry3.
The first fixed crossing - the ForthBridge – was begun in 1883 andcompleted seven years later. At the timeit was considered one of the greatestengineering feats of civilisation and isstill the world’s second longestcantilever bridge2. But the rise of themotor-car fuelled demand for a second,vehicular fixed crossing. Constructionof the Forth Road Bridge began in 1958and completed in six years. At that timethe new suspension bridge was thelongest in Europe3.
The proposed Forth ReplacementCrossing, will not only maintain thishistorically important crossing. It willalso complement the other two bridges,in that they illustrate the evolution ofbridge design from balanced cantilever,through suspension and finally multi-span cable-stay.
MIDLAND VALLEYThe Forth Replacement Crossing andthe Forth Valley itself lie within ageological area known as the MidlandValley. The MVS, defined to the north
T
John Brown and Tom Berry* reveal howground investigations for the proposedForth Replacement Crossing areredefining the geology of the Firth of Forth
OF FORTHTHIRD
GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE
▼
The first two crossings of 1890and 1964, looking east from the
location of the new bridge
14 DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE
by the Highland Boundary Fault and tothe south by the Southern Uplands Fault,began to develop late in the Silurian(416–443Ma) as its two boundary faultsfirst became active. In Carboniferoustimes (360–299Ma) marine transgressionsand regressions resulted in rhythmiccycles of marine, deltaic, freshwater andfluviatile sedimentation that now formsthe bedrock of the area4.
During the Variscan Orogeny (380–280Ma,) gentle folds and basins wereformed as a result of plate collision to thesouth of the British Isles, whichgenerated compressive forces within theMVS. Subsequent release of these forcescreated major east–west trendingfractures and extensional faulting, suchas the two (un-named) indicative faultson either side of the central island ofBeamer Rock. Decompression resultingfrom this extensional regime is thoughtto have induced mantle melting, givingrise to various igneous intrusions4.
During the Neogene (23–2.6Ma) aneastward-flowing drainage patterndeveloped. This east-tilted slope gaverise to the Forth Valley and to thepredominately north-easterly flowingstreams. The form of the Forth Valleywas subsequently modified during theQuaternary (2.6Ma to present) byglaciations. These caused erosion of theForth Valley, with eroded materialsmainly being deposited on the lowerslopes, burying the solid rock surface.Relative changes in sea level due to theglaciations and subsequent isostaticrebound created the raised beaches socharacteristic of the area4.
EXPECTATIONSFrom preliminary studies we knewbroadly what rocks and sediments wewere likely to encounter.
In the Southern Land Area, weexpected a veneer of glacial till (Fig 2pale blue), post-glacial (“30ft”) or late-glacial (“100ft”) raised beach deposits(orange) and terraced fluvial depositsunderlain by the Calders Member(‘CDE’, Fig 3) of the West Lothian OilShale Formation intruded by an alkalidolerite sill (‘DTe’). The Calders Memberwas expected to consist of mudstone andsiltstone above sandstone, informallynamed the Port Neuk Sandstone by theBritish Geological Survey (BGS), itselfcontaining subordinate mudstone,siltstone and limestone.
In the Southern Marine Area weexpected a variable thickness of glacialtill, glaciofluvial and fluvial clay, silt,sand and gravel underlain by the
Fig 4: A groundmodel withapproximatelocations ofmain crossingstructures(bridge deckremoved forclarity)
Hopetoun Member (‘HON’) and theCalders Member. The HopetounMember was anticipated to be composedof the Dunnet Sandstone withsubordinate units of mudstone and thePort Edgar Ash, underlain by aninterbedded sequence of mudstones,siltstones and sandstones containing oilshales with a basal limestone unit—theBurdiehouse Limestone (‘BULS’).
In the Central Marine Area weexpected to find that the small islandconsisted of the exposed portion of aquartz-dolerite sill (‘qD’) overlyingsedimentary strata of the West LothianOil Shale Formation.
The Northern Marine Area weasexpected to display variable thicknessesof glacial till, glaciofluvial and fluvialclay, silt, sand and gravel underlain bythe Sandy Craig Formation (‘SCB’),probably comprising sandstones,siltstones and mudstones with volcanictuffs, non-marine limestones and thincoal seams. As with the HopetounMember described above, the base of thisformation is marked by the BurdiehouseLimestone, although we did not expectto encounter the base of this unit in themain crossing area. Finally, weanticipated that the Northern Land Areawould be formed entirely of a singlequartz-dolerite sill.
RECENT STUDIESThree phases of ground investigation(GI) works were undertaken in 2008,2009 and 2010 to better define the groundconditions beneath the proposed maincrossing and the north and southnetwork connections. Because of theirsize and logistical challenges, the groundinvestigations for South Land, Marineand North Land were awarded as threeseparate contracts. In the vicinity of themain crossing, 253 exploratory holeswere opened.
All three contracts were supervised bythe Jacobs Arup Joint Venture (JAJV),appointed by Transport Scotland asmultidisciplinary managementconsultants for the project. Groundinvestigations undertaken in 2008 and2009 were specified by the JAJV tosupport the development of theirspecimen design, while 2010 groundinvestigations were undertaken to thecombined specification of the tenderingconsortia to support the development oftheir conceptual designs. Particular carewas taken over collaboration among theJAJV and the three separate contractors,to ensure that the geology was correctlyidentified and consistently reported ▼
Fig 5: A groundmodel of theSouthern LandArea, showingthe sandstone(in grey)extending belowthe maincrossing’s southabutment andfirst viaduct pier
Fig 6: A groundmodel of theSouthernMarine Area,showing upperand lowerfluvio-glacialdeposits,faulting andintrusions
Fig 7: A groundmodel of theCentral MarineArea, showingthe Sandy CraigFormation (light brown)below the quartz-dolerite sill
16 DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
across all three contracts (awarded toBam Ritchies (South Land Area), GloverSite Investigations (Marine) and NorwestHolst Soil Engineering (now ‘SoilEngineering’) in the North Land Area.
Glover Site Investigations recentlycompleted their third phase of GI works,having undertaken the works fromvarious jack-up barges, a sea-bed CPTframe and a bespoke manual jackingplatform specially commissioned for the three most inaccessible locationsover the tidal island of Beamer Rock -destined to be the site of the new bridge’sCentral Tower.
According to Daren O’Mahony, GloverSite Investigation’s Site Agent, BeamerRock provided “By far the most difficultterrain encountered throughout thecourse of the investigation”. “During ourmost recent phase of groundinvestigation four of the boreholes werelocated at elevations above the mean lowwater level with the entire island beingsubmerged at high tide. The undertakingof these four boreholes needed some trulypioneering methods!”.
One of the four boreholes on BeamerRock was drilled from a modular jack-upbarge, floated onto location at spring hightide. The other three were at slightlyhigher elevations and were undertakenfrom a purpose-built platform that could be craned into position from awork vessel with mounted crane knownas a ‘Multicat’.
Over three years, extensive laboratorytesting was carried out on soil and rocksamples. Considerable in situ testing also took place; including, along with standard tests, self-boringpressuremeter testing (within soil), high-pressure dilatometer testing (withinbedrock) and a comprehensive suite ofdown-hole geophysics.
GROUND TRUTHFig 4 illustrates a ground modelinterpreted from preliminary studies andthe GI findings from 2008 and 2009. Thegeology encountered was broadly asexpected from the preliminary studies.However, the following key pieces ofgeological information did emerge fromthe five main areas of the site:
In the Southern Land Area, the CaldersMember was found to consist of PortNeuk Sandstone, which is now known toextend beneath the main crossing’s southabutment and first viaduct pier, 500mfurther north than shown on the 1:50,000geological map (Fig 3). Unlike otherareas of the Forth Valley7, fluvioglacialdeposits in Southern and Northern
Marine Areas occur at two distinct levelsof variable extent: an upper depositresting on glacial till, and a lowerdeposit, below the till, resting onbedrock. The upper deposits are thoughtto represent sands and gravels ofmeltwater outwash terraces depositedduring the retreat of the Highland IceSheet. The lower are thought to be theremnant of a previous glacial event.
The alkali dolerite sill, cropping outon the southern shore, extends beneaththe Southern Marine Area as a series ofsills rather than the single continuousdolerite mass encountered on land.These sills thin northwards such thatvery little dolerite was encounteredbeneath the South Tower location. Thesemultiple thin dolerite intrusions possiblyrepresent the advancing (finger-like) sill-front.
In places, the alkali dolerite has beensignificantly altered into an aggregate ofcalcium, magnesium and iron carbonateswith kaolin and muscovite - referred toin the published literature as ‘white trap’.The alteration probably occurs throughinteraction of the magma withhydrocarbon-rich volatiles distilled fromoil shales, carbonaceous mudstones orcoals during intrusion. This type ofalteration is most pronounced wheredolerite sills are thin.
As part of a collaboration instigatedby the JAJV, several cores were sent toBGS in Edinburgh to aid in the correctidentification of strata. The core from theCentral Marine Area penetrated throughthe quartz-dolerite intrusion intounderlying sedimentary rock, which wasexpected to be the West Lothian Oil ShaleFormation. However BGS identified it asthe Sandy Craig Formation, which isnow known to extend below the centraltower at least 500m further south thanshown on the 1:50,000 geological map(Fig 3). The sedimentary units of theSandy Craig Formation encountered inthe Central and Northern Marine areasdo not appear to be from the samehorizon; though whether higher or lowerin the stratigraphy is not clear.
The Sandy Craig Formation at theNorth Tower is intruded by a dolerite sillat approximately 70mOD. BGSinterpreted this as belonging to the sameNamurian suite of intrusionsencountered in the Southern Land andSouthern Marine Areas. These sills havebeen assigned to a suite that is generallytermed 'alkaline', however this is a verybroad grouping and the suite is known tocontain some sills that are slightly silica-oversaturated. Petrographic analysis by
Fig 8: A groundmodel ofNorthern Marineand NorthernLand Areas,showing upperand lowerfluvio-glacialdeposits and avolcanic vent
GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE▼
DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 17
BGS has identified this as one such sill.BGS were also able to tell, from theircomplex contact relationships with thecountry rock, that these sills wereintruded before the sediments were fullylithified. This fact, combined with thedegree of alteration, suggested to BGSthat the quartz-dolerite sill was asignificantly younger intrusion that, atthe time of emplacement, encountered afully lithified sedimentary rock withsignificantly lower volatile content.
There were other surprises. Inaddition to the volcaniclastics expectedwithin the Sandy Craig Formation, avolcanic neck and associated neckagglomerate were also tentativelyidentified in one borehole between theNorth Tower and the first north pier.And although, on the basis of the1:50,000 geological map (Fig 2) and the2008 and 2009 investigations, weexpected to encounter bedrock at or nearthe surface across the entire area, the lateglacial (“100ft”) raised beach deposit wasencountered at approximately +22mODduring ground investigations in 2010.
GI information has generallysupported the published suggestion thatthe Calders and Hopetoun Members dipat approximately 10 degrees NNE in theSouthern Marine Area. However, thesedimentary strata beneath the quartz-dolerite exposure of Beamer Rock havetentatively been identified as displayingevidence for a shallow SE dip. TheSandy Craig Formation in the NorthernMarine Area suggests a NE, which agreeswith the Solid 1:50,000 geological map.In general, the unnamed major faultsbeneath the alignment (1:50,000geological map) were not encounteredduring ground investigations. However,several minor faults were encounteredthat are almost certainly related. If theseindicatively identified major faults exist, they probably lie beneath thenavigation channels.
CONCLUSIONThese ground investigations revealedimportant information about the
1 Transport Scotland Forth Replacement
Crossing [Online] Available from:
www.transportscotland.gov.uk/road/projects
/forth-replacement-crossing/ [Accessed 7th
Feb 2011]
2 Forth Bridges Visitor Centre Trust Before
the Bridges, The Rail bridge and The Road
Bridge [Online] Available from: www.forth
bridges.org.uk [Accessed 7 Feb 2011]
3 Forth Road Bridge History Timeline[Online] Available from: www.forthroad
bridge.org/history/ [Accessed 7 Feb 2011]
4 BGS (1985) The Midland Valley of Scotland,
3rd Edition, I B Cameron and D Stephenson
5 BGS (2006) Sheet 32W Livingston,
Bedrock, 1:50,000 scale 4.
6 BGS (1967) Sheet 32W, Livingston,
Bedrock and Drift, 1:50,000 scale
7 BGS (1986) Engineering Geology of the
upper Forth Estuary, Report Vol 16, No 8, T
P Gostelow and M A E Browne
8 Pers comm, Stephenson, 2011
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors thank Paul Mellon (TransportScotland) for permission to write this article;Paul Mellon (Transport Scotland), Tom Casey,Alistair Chisholm, Adrian Collings, AnnaMorley, and Paul Morrison (Arup), Paul Dunlop& Darren O’Mahony (Glovers Site Investigation),and in particular Mike Browne and DavidStephenson (BGS, Edinburgh) for theircontributions. The authors accept any residualerrors or omissions in this article are theirs.
geological history of the area, includingthe process of sill emplacement, theincrease in the geographical extent of theSandy Craig Formation to beneathBeamer Rock, and the possible presenceof a volcanic vent. From the geologicaland geotechnical information gainedfrom these investigations, the JacobsArup Joint Venture developed thespecimen design for the main crossing,the third generation of iconic bridgeengineering to cross the Firth of Forth. n
Altered alkalidolerite
* John Brown and Tom Berry Arup
Complexigneous contactbetween theSandy CraigFormationmudstone (left)and the altereddolerite (right)
Image c
ourte
sy o
f Tra
nsp
ort S
cotla
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Convenors:David Smith • Robin Bailey • Peter Burgess • Alastair Fraser
Burlington House, London, UK
An international conference to explore the relationship between the preservedstrata of the rock record and the passage of geological time. Stratigraphicpractice can only be as sound as the underlying assumptions relating stratawith time. Our focus will be on identifying, evaluating and updating themodels that lie behind stratigraphic methods. The scope of the conference willextend from the controls on preservation of strata in the record, through thequalitative and statistical properties of strata, to the implications for analysis,interpretation, modelling and prediction.
Call for papers:Contributions (oral or poster) are invited, around the following themes:
• Accumulation of the record: rates and gaps
• The biostratigraphic record: accumulation and quantification
• Subsurface stratigraphy: contributions from well and seismic data
• The architecture of the record: statistical and modelling approaches
Abstracts of up to 250 words should be sent to [email protected] by 30 April 2012.
The 2012 William Smith Lecture will be given by Professor Peter Sadler(University of California, Riverside).
Further information
For further information about the conference, please contact:
Ellie Duncanson-Hunter, Conference Office, The Geological Society, Burlington House,Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG
Strata and Time:Probing the Gaps in our Understanding
Lino
cut
imag
e co
urte
sy o
f Jea
n Sl
ee-S
mit
h: w
ww
.jean
slee
smit
h.co
.uk
ell I suppose Iwould say this,but by and largegeologists are anawfully nicebunch. It must
be all that fresh air and exercise inthe field, and the excessiveproduction of opiate endorphins.Of course, one may come acrossone or two bad eggs (you knowwho I mean…!) from time to time,but generally, we excel in altruism.
So when geologists ‘go bad’, theyseem to do so in quite aspectacular way.
Take the case of poor oldWilliam Smith’s treatment at thehands on our celebrated foundingPresident, George BellasGreenough. Or that little incidentin the Himalayas with Indiangeologist Viswa Jit Gupta (ahem)!Well - recently, I stumbled acrossanother example of dastardlygeological doings, involving
UPROARNicol’s illustrious career kicked offin 1807 when he succeeded hisblind uncle, Henry Moyes, asLecturer in Natural Philosophy atEdinburgh University. His bosswas Robert Jameson (1774–1854),passionate proponent of Werner’s
NICOL DOUBLE-CROSSED
William Nicol pioneered petrographic microscopy; but a dastardlypalaeobotanist tried to steal his glory. Howard Falcon-Lang* digs the dirt
Above: William Nicol(c. 1771-1851, left)and Henry WithamW
▼
DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 19
Neptunism and influential RegiusProfessor. Despite earlierexperiments in the microscopy ofgeological materials, Nicol onlystarted to make his most excitingbreakthroughs in the late 1820s.In those days, Edinburgh was abubbling cauldron of science,politics and filth. Charles Darwinwas a queasy young medicalstudent, Burke and Hare made akilling by supplying cadavers foranatomy classes, and the city wasin general riot and politicaluproar. Against this tumultuousbackdrop, in 1826, workers inCraigleith Quarry on the outskirtsof Edinburgh made a discoverythat would change the course ofNicol’s career: they unearthed agigantic Carboniferous fossil tree.
This ‘Great Tree of Craigleith’somehow found its way intoJameson’s University Museumand, in 1828, Nicol experimentedwith samples to make the firsttranslucent thin sections. Hisnew technique, developed incollaboration with Edinburghlapidary George Sanderson,involved fixing ground slices offossil wood to glass plates usingCanada balsam. That same year,Nicol also pioneered his nowfamous ‘prism’ using IcelandSpar (a variety of transparentcalcite) as a polariser. Together,these two breakthroughs laid thefoundation for the entire field ofpetrography. Yet, at the verymoment that Nicol was reachingthe height of his powers, awealthy friend - Henry Witham(1779–1844) of Lartington Hall,County Durham - was seeking tocapitalise on his discoveries…
In December 1829, Withamread a paper to Jameson’sWernerian Society, describing theCraigleith Tree based on Nicol’sthin sections; and in November1830 he published a landmarkbook (wonderfully entitled FossilVegetables). This book illustratedthe cellular structure ofCarboniferous plants from acrossnorthern Britain (including theCraigleith Tree), and describedNicol’s new thin sectiontechnique in sufficient detail thatanyone with basic know-howwould be able to replicate it. Thetext itself was fairly bland, butwhat caused a massive stir were
Henry Witham(1779–1844)
Henry CliftonSorby (1826-1908), WollastonMedallist andPresident of the Society
▼
Courte
sy, U
niv
ers
ity o
f Sheffie
ld
Witham, and stressing that allcontact with Nicol had ceasedafter the first edition of FossilVegetables. At the time of Nicol’sdeath in 1851, it remained thecommon belief that it was Witham who was the true pioneerof petrography.
However, those who knew thetruth of the matter set aboutputting the record straight. At ameeting of the Botanical Society ofEdinburgh, only weeks after Nicoldied, John Hutton Balfour (1808–1884), Regius Keeper of the RoyalBotanic Garden, Edinburgh, “tookthe opportunity to draw attentionto the labours of Mr Wm Nicolwho had been the first to prepare[thin sections], and whose greatexertions had been too muchneglected”. Later, Henry CliftonSorby (1826–1908), who hadvisited Nicol on his deathbed,reported that Nicol had told him“that it was he who originated themethod of preparing thin sectionsof fossil wood for the use of the
Microscope, and that Mr Withamdid not write [Fossil Vegetables]”.Sorby added, “I am inclined tobelieve that Mr. Witham boughthis sections of fossil wood fromMr. Nicol, and had the bookwritten for him, and he thus gotthe credit of being the first tointroduce the method”.
Thankfully, these commentsfrom the father of the petrographicmicroscope turned the tide ofopinion, and William Nicol istoday ranked amongst the premiergeologists of the early 19thCentury, despite dying without hisproper recognition.
So, next time you’re lookingdown your microscope with“analyser in”, remember thatdastardly palaeobotanist, HenryWitham, and spare a thought forpoor old crossed Nicols. n
DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 21
FEATURE GEOSCIENTIST
the amazing illustrations, allbased on Nicol’s beautiful thin-sections. Witham dedicated hisbook to his “indefatigable friend”Nicol, and earlier historians ofpalaeobotany had imaginedtheirs to have been a happyacademic ‘marriage’. Not so!Reading between the lines, Nicolwas furious.
CURTA few months later in March1831, Nicol read his own paperon the cellular structure of fossilwood to the Wernerian Society.This contained a curtacknowledgement that the workwas based on a technique that hehad pioneered (with Sanderson)and that Witham had publicised.But worse was to come. Whentwo further fossil trees werediscovered at Craigleith Quarry,Witham now chose to workdirectly with Sanderson to obtainfurther thin sections, cuttingNicol out of the deal altogether.Then, in March 1832, JohnLindley and William Hutton, intheir classic Fossil Flora of GreatBritain, identified Witham aspioneer of the thin sectiontechnique. Finally, in June 1833,Witham published an expandedsecond edition of his book - from which all mention of Nicolwas expunged.
Witham sent a complimentarycopy of his second edition toleading US scientist, RobertSilliman at Yale. Adding insult toinjury, Silliman wrote in theAmerican Journal of Science: “Mr.Nicol… appears to have pursuedthe same path, which was firstcleared, with much labor andexpense, by Mr. Witham”! Thiswas the final straw for Nicol.Venting his rage at the BritishAssociation meeting inEdinburgh in 1834, and the pagesof Jameson’s New PhilosophicalJournal, he accused Witham ofinaccuracies in his monographand of not properlyacknowledging his contribution.He also blasted Lindley, Huttonand Silliman for their ignorance.Tensions then rose to fever pitchwhen William MacGillivray (whohad illustrated both of Witham’sbooks) penned a rebuttal,rebuking Nicol, defending
* Department of Earth Sciences, RoyalHolloway, University of London, Egham,Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Right: One ofWilliam Nicol’sbeautiful thinsections cut from apiece of fossil woodthat he collectedfrom Whitby in 1814(accessioned in the BritishGeological Survey)
22 DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
READERS’LETTERS
Sir, In answer to Culshaw and Lee’s
criticism of BGS policy (Geoscientist 21.10
p11), we invite readers to review our four-
year strategy (links on website) which is
unchanged since publication in spring
2009. It highlights the change from
‘systematic’ to ‘responsive’ survey. BGS
will complete this by the end of the strategy
period, while at the same time ensuring that
the 2D UK survey is refreshed and, where
necessary, newly surveyed. The strategy
also introduces a strong focus on re-
mapping the UK shelf.
The change to BGS science described in
the strategy involves introducing “more
understanding of the observations”. This
means developing and quantifying
geological models in order to help provide
solutions to problems and make predictions
that are of value to BGS stakeholders,
including the UK public and government.
The strategy has led to staff changes,
over the past four years cutting the
workforce from ~780 to ~630 FTE (full-time
equivalents) mostly in administration and
technical support. In the last two years
BGS has lost 52 scientists - and hired
about 45, shifting our balance of skills from
geology and palaeontology to geophysics,
marine geology, Earth observation and
process modelling.
The BGS Board has been replaced by an
Advisory Committee, including senior
figures from industry, government and
academe. Also, in 2009 our parent
Department (Business, Innovation and
Skills) created the BGS Government
Advisory Panel, allowing closer interaction
with government departments than BGS
has enjoyed for decades. Despite our
smaller workforce, output metrics (web hits,
digital downloads of reports, maps and
scientific publications) are up significantly.
BGS, as a NERC ‘research centre’, is at
the heart of discussions about delivering
better-integrated science, delivering on the
‘impact agenda’ for Earth and
environmental sciences, while also
providing infrastructure support for
universities and government. We aim to
achieve savings by sharing support and
science services, and to produce new
science through joint programming.
BGS is at the leading edge of a number
of initiatives that are already paying
substantial dividends.
John Ludden and Denis Peach
‘CORE’ VALUES SAFE AT BGS
Geoscientist welcomes readers’ letters. These are published aspromptly as possible in Geoscientist Online and a selectionprinted each month. Please submit your letter (300 words orfewer, by email only please) to [email protected] will be edited. For references cited in these letters,please see the full versions at www.geolsoc.org.uk/letters
DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 23
LETTERS GEOSCIENTIST
Sir, I share Nigel Davis’s concern (Letter,Geoscientist 21.09 p22) that the
Geological Society should have an award
for ‘the ordinary member who perhaps
does not publish, does not move the
knowledge base forward, but does take
what we have all learnt and uses it as
their every day tool to excel
in their particular field’.
This was why in 1998
Council introduced the
Distinguished Service
Award, whose terms of
reference state:
"This award is madeannually to an individualwho has made a significantcontribution to geoscienceand the geosciencecommunity by virtue of theirprofessional,administrative,organisational orpromotional activities."Dick Selley
Sir, I read with interest - and a degree of
concern - the article (Geoscientist 21.09,p07) regarding a recent Europe-wide
survey of retail petrol filling stations. The
article states that the survey, of nearly
86,000 retail filling station sites in Europe,
has found that 14% of the stations are
classified as category 1 to 2, the highest
sensitivity categories for at least one type
of environmental receptor. The report
then quotes Dr Jonathan Smith as
saying, "there are a small number [of retail
stations] where investing in preventative
measures would be advisable" and that
the results of the survey will help focus on
"those few stations which are in highly
sensitive areas"
Fourteen percent of 86,000 sites
means that around 12,000 are in highly
sensitive locations. In my view this is not
a ‘small number’ or ‘a few’. The article
goes on to say that the areas with
highest concentration of sensitivity
include Southern England, where 70% of
public water supply is provided by
groundwater abstraction. Anyone who
has been involved with the clean-up of
groundwater polluted from the many
petrol retail sites located on sensitive UK
aquifers will no doubt confirm what a
major impact even relatively small leaks
can have.
Ian Moxon
‘SENSITIVE FILLING’ LACKED TEETHSEPIOLITE NEARER HOMESir, I found the article on the use of
sepiolite from Madrid in Spain as cat
litter (Geoscientist, 21.08 p7) most
interesting, reporting an unusual
application of the clay mineral. However,
UK readers might like to know sepiolite
occurs nearer home, in the English Keuper
Marl (now called the Mercia Mudstone).
In the 1960s my late colleague at the
Road Research Laboratory, Michael
Dumbleton and I identified sepiolite in
three samples of Keuper Marl from sites
on the M5 in Worcestershire, during an
examination of soils exposed during
motorway construction.
Sepiolite was found in quantities ranging
from 10 to 40%. At the time, we were
more excited by the identification of
palygorskite (5 to 10%) in samples from
two other sites, this being the first time (we
believed) that palygorskite
had been reported from
the main body of the English
Keuper Marl. The presence of
sepiolite and palygorskite, both
hydrated magnesium silicates,
is consistent with a highly
magnesian environment
of formation.Reference: Dumbleton, M J &
West, G 1966 Studies of the Keuper
Marl: mineralogy Road ResearchLaboratory Report No 40 Crowthorne.
Graham West
VOLCANOES AND CO2 (CONT.)Sir, It seems to be assumed that volcanoes
only give off carbon dioxide in the eruptive
phase. Many years ago I produced
innumerable analyses of fumaroles, hot springs
and groundwater in the Rift Valleys of
Kenya where nothing more than fumarolic
activity is active. Carbon dioxide is
streaming up in fumaroles and hot springs
and the groundwater carries it everywhere.
The same must be true of the remainder of
the rift valleys of Africa and other dormant
volcanic terrains.
Joe McCallColin Summerhayes replies: I do appreciate that
there is likely to be some seepage of CO2 into the
atmosphere outside actual volcanoes, in volcanic
zones like the Rift Valley - and indeed I am also
aware that mid-ocean ridge mantle may locally
contain more CO2 than previously thought.
However, even if we took the new mid-ocean ridge
data and estimated in addition that the seepage to
which you refer doubled land sources of volcanic
CO2, the overall volcanogenic contribution would
still not amount to more than 2% of total annual
human emissions. Naturally, if we get a supergiant
Deceased Fellows for whom no obituary is forthcoming
have their names and dates recorded in a Roll of Honour at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries
In the interests of recording its Fellows' work for posterity, the Society
publishes obituaries online, and in Geoscientist. The most recent additions
to the list are in shown in bold. Fellows for whom no obituarist has yet been
commissioned are marked with an asterisk (*).
DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 25
PEOPLE GEOSCIENTIST
Geologist and science writer Nina Morgan discovers a Christmassy map app…
DISTANT THUNDER Risen from the ashes
These days any scrap of material,
including letters, books, or even
just a signature associated with
William Smith (1769-1839), the
Father of English Geology – let
alone any original edition of one of
his geological maps – is a highly
prized collector’s item. As recently
as April 2011, a badly damaged
copy of Smith’s 1815 Map (ADelineation of the Strata of Englandand Wales, with part of Scotland)
thought to have been pulled out of
skip, sold for more than £9000 at
an auction in London. This makes
the reason behind some deliberate
damage suffered by a badly
charred Smith map in the
collections of the National Museum
of Wales (NMW) Cardiff something
of a mystery. In addition to the
burn marks, a large section of the
map covering parts of the north of
England has been cut out.
This apparent vandalism is all the
more surprising because the NMW
holds one of the most important
collections of geological maps in
the world. Along with geological
maps by Knipe, Walker, Cruchley,
Geikie, Ramsay and many others,
the NMW holds nine copies of
Smith’s 1815 map, including four of
the five issues, or variants,
produced. Many of these maps
came into the collections thanks to
the diligence and
foresight of
Frederick John
North (1889-
1968). North
joined the
NMW as
Assistant
Keeper of
Geology in
1914, and went on to serve as
Keeper of Geology from 1915 to
1958, adding several thousand
maps to the NMW collections.
CHRISTMAS CARDThe mystery of the damaged map
was recently solved, with the
discovery of a handmade
Christmas card addressed to
James Frederick Jackson, one of
the NMW collectors, in files left
behind by North’s successor,
Douglas Bassett (1927-2009,
Keeper of Geology 1959-1977).
Dated Christmas 1944 and with a
message in North’s hand reading
‘With Christmas Greetings from FJ
North’, the card includes a
rectangular section covering the
Lake District cut from Smith’s map.
A typewritten text pasted inside the
card notes that this is: “One of a
few fragments of William Smith’s
Geological Map (1815), recovered
from the debris of a bonfire. The
owner supposed that such an old
map could not be of any use, but
thought that F J N would like to
have a new one that he had saved.
It was a 1910 map from a railway
time-table!”
Judging by the large area cut
out of the map, this must be just
one of a number of map-based
Christmas cards North
constructed. Unfortunately,
North’s Christmas card list has
not been found. So if you
were one of the lucky ones
who received a handmade
Christmas card from F.J.
North in 1944, Tom
Sharpe in the
Department of Geology
at the NMW would like to
hear from you. And he’d
love to add you to HIS
Christmas card list!
Seasons’ Greetings to all!
If the past is the key to yourpresent interests, why not jointhe History of Geology Group(HOGG)? For more informationand to read the latest HOGGnewsletter, visit:www.geolsoc.org.uk/hogg,where the programme andabstracts from the Conference onGeological Collectors andCollecting are available as a pdffile free to download.
download as a pdf file from theHOGG websitewww.geolsoc.org.uk/hogg
HELP YOUR OBITUARISTThe Society operates a scheme for Fellows to depositbiographical material. The object is to assist obituaristsby providing contacts, dates and other information, andthus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriateand accurate commemoration. Please send your CVand a photograph to Ted Nield at the Society.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe story of North’s handmadeChristmas card formed part of atalk by Tom Sharpe, titled: North
on the map: the geological map
collection of the National
Museum of Wales, given at theHOGG Conference on GeologicalCollectors and Collection, 4-5April 2011. Sharpe, whodiscovered the card in Bassett’sfiles, also provided theadditional information about thecard’s description and originsincluded here, along with theillustrations used. Abstracts forall the talks given at theConference are available for * Nina Morgan is based in Oxford.
Right: FrederickJohn North (1889-1968)
North’s autograph signature
Above: Twomap fragments
26 DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
GEOSCIENTIST BOOKS & ARTS
Rudolph Glossop and theRise of Geotechnology
Anyone interested in the environment, theconsequences of human interaction withplanet Earth, world affairs, the economy,human and ecological health, and inparticular who has had their eyes and earsopen since the Fukushima disaster, cannotfail to recognise the significance of thistimely publication. It must be noted,however, that this book is predominantly ascientific reference text, and will no doubtbecome one of the most cited in furtherpublications on geological disposal.
Readers are left in no doubt as to whatto expect, as every contributing author setsthe scene for their chapters with clear andconcisely written plain English. This hasbeen summarised to great effect by FerencToth, who brings together an enormous
wealth of international expertise to producea structured text comprising chaptersranging from ‘Thematic Assessments’ (e.g.environmental issues, engineeringchallenges and public acceptance) to‘Regional Assessments’ (e.g. NorthAmerica, Central Europe and Japan).
For readers new to the field, generalconcepts are introduced so as to be easilyunderstandable, while ensuring that theirsignificance and the importance of theunderlying science, policies andimplications are not ‘dumbed down’. Eachchapter follows a similar format of ‘contrastand compare’, contextualising the materialby providing relevant information on thestate of research and technologicalapplication across selected geographicregions.
I do not know if it is my particularbackground and training, or what appearsto be the collective authors’ greaterexperience, or indeed the more maturestatus of radioactive waste disposal, butreading of this part of the text was (dare Isay it!) enjoyable - indeed fascinating, andby no means dry. That is not to say thatother sections (on CO2 disposal) are any lessinformative or relevant; they were merelyless familiar to this reviewer. My maincriticism is a shortage of figures to assist inthe explanations of the scientific text.
This is an extremely useful and robustreference book that will be of interest andvalue to many institutions across the globe.
Reviewed by Joanna Wragg, British Geological Survey, Keyworth
GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF CARBON DIOXIDE ANDRADIOACTIVE WASTE: A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT:ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, V. 44 FERENC L TOTH (Ed) Published by: Springer. Publicationdate: 2011. ISBN 978-90-481-8711-9. 621pp.List price: £153.00, www.springer.com
Rudolph 'Silas' Glossop (1902-1993) is alegend among engineering geologists andgeotechnical engineers, and is rememberedby the Society's Engineering Group eachyear in the prestigious Glossop Lecture. Iconfess to initial disappointment at findingwithin the first words of ProfessorBurland's Foreword that “this book is not abiography”, which thus remains to bewritten; though there have been someexcellent short accounts - notably ProfessorSkempton's 1993 obituary of Glossop inGéotechnique. However, one is soonenchanted by the book’s real purpose,which is to celebrate Glossop's “uniquecontribution” to the development of‘geotechnology' in the UK, by providing atreasure chest of his ‘selected journals,diaries and letters'.
We learn that Glossop trained andstarted his professional life as a miningengineer, but fortunately for us a crisis inmining caused him to move to civilengineering and he joined John Mowlemin 1937 - staying until retirement in 1967.Thereafter, the editor lets the story be toldthrough Glossop's own words, presentingjournals (118 pp), diaries (37 pp), letters (24pp) and writings (94 pp) - including twoearly papers, one with Hugh Golder (1944)and the other with Alec Skempton (1945).These selections are illustrated withinteresting contemporary B&Wphotographs and drawings. The book iscompleted by a 'Directory of peoplementioned in the diary', a bibliography ofGlossop's publications, references and an index of names (but curiously, nogeneral index).
This is a book for dipping into, andincreasingly for reading the sections thatgrab your fancy. Not dry reading at all, hewrites in his journal: "As far as I know,only one of my people died of witchcraft..."(Ghana, 1933); "Golder and I began ourinvestigation into the cause of runwayfailures from scratch..." (1939); "I left forNormandy as a member of a small teamunder Brigadier Sir Bruce White, whichwas sent out to prepare a private report for
RUDOLPH GLOSSOP AND THE RISE OFGEOTECHNOLOGYRONALD E WILLIAMS (Ed), Published by: WhittlesPublishing, Caithness. Publication date: 2011. ISBN: 978-1-84995-021-3 284 pp.List price: £50.00, www.whittlespublishing.com
Churchill..." (Mulberry harbours,Normandy, 1944); "I took another day off,and spent it in the Rift Valley with DrLeakey..." (Kenya, 1952). Similarly from the(regrettably limited) diaries: "This was thefirst time that I met Terzaghi and theevening was a tremendous success..."(1960). Letters are also engaging, includingfascinating exchanges with such famousfriends as Laurits Bjerrum, Karl Terzaghiand Alec Skempton. Further writings areselected to demonstrate both Glossop’spivotal role and the "profound effect" ofKarl Terzaghi in developing geotechnologyin the UK.
I have no hesitation in recommendingthis anthology as a fascinating insight intothe life and works of Glossop and acatalogue of famous geotechnologists.Enjoy this book.
Reviewed by Ian Sims, RSK STATS Limited, Hemel Hempstead
n Memories of the WarwickshireCoalfields, Bell, D (2011), Countryside Books
n Devon’s Non-Metal Mines: DiscoveringDevon’s Slate, Culm, Whetstone, BeerStone, Ball Clay and Lignite mines,Edwards, R (2011), Halsgrove
n Introducing Volcanology: A guide to hotrocks, Jerram, D (2011), Dunedin
n Lake District Mountain Landforms,Wilson, P (2011), Scotforth Books
REVIEWS: COPIES AVAILABLEInterested parties should contact theReviews Editor, Dr. Martin Degg 01244513173; [email protected], only.Reviewers are invited to keep texts.Review titles are not available to orderfrom the Geological Society PublishingHouse unless otherwise stated.
Minewaters 2012 Seminar, SouthernWales Regional Hydrogeology Group
6 December
14 December
27 January
This course covers the basic principles of ground investigation techniques, Contact: Sue Chatfield E: [email protected] W: www.symmonsmadge.co.uk
Understanding geological and hydrogeological conditions is vital to identifying potential contamination issues ata site and effectively managing any significant risks. Downloadable form on website. Contact: Land QualityManagement Ltd T: 0115 951 8030 F: 0115 967 8798 E: [email protected] W: www.lqm.co.uk
This seminar discusses the latest understanding of the environmental impacts of minewaters. Downloadableform on website. Contact: Dave Jones T: 02920466096 E: [email protected]
DIARY OF MEETINGS DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
Meeting Date Venue and details
Sediment Provenance Studies in HydrocarbonExploration & Production, Petroleum Group
Coal Tar and Creosote, Behaviour in Alluvium& Group AGM, Southern Wales Regional
Younger Geoscientists Presentation EveningSouth West Regional
Geological Society Careers Day 2011 Geological Society
Long-Term Storage of Nuclear WasteGeological Society, ICE
UK Radioactive Wastes - A Conceptual Design for aGeological Disposal Facility, North West Regional
Field Trip to Ma Shi Chau, Hong Kong Regional
Annual General Meeting, Thames Valley Regional
Poster Competition, Central Scotland RegionalScottish Geotechnical Group (SGG)
Seismic Applications in Geotechnical EngineeringEngineering Group, Near Surface Geophysics Group
Mineral Deposits and Their Global Strategic Supply –Shell London Lecture, Geological Society, Shell
Geological and Geotechnical Mapping using LiDAR Engineering Group, Southern Wales Regional
Geospatial Technologies in Higher Education:Saviour or Sideshow? Geological Society, HigherEducation Network, Department of Environment,Earth and Ecosystems, eSTEeM, ESRI
Groundwater Dependant Terrestrial Ecosystems,North West Regional
Venue: BGS, Edinburgh. Further details online. Time: 1745 for 1815 Contact: Richard Calder E: [email protected]
Speaker: Adrian Wilkinson (Quarry Design Ltd) Venue: Room 1.25, School of Earth & OceanSciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Time: 1730 for 1800 Contact: Maria Clarkson E: [email protected]
Venue: Williamson Lecture Theatre, University of Manchester. Time: 1830.Speaker: Sarah Scott, Senior Technical Specialist - Hydrogeology, Environment Agency.
Can’t find your meeting? VISIT
www.geolsoc.org.uk/listings
full, accurate, up-to-date[ ]
28 DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY
Oil industry micropalaeontologist who contributed greatly to the geology of his native Trinidad & Tobago
BARRY CARR-BROWN 1936-2011
OBITUARY‘
true ‘gentleman’ a“chivalrous,courteous or well-educated man”(OED) as his
many friends and colleagueswill attest, Barry Carr-Brown was born in anoilfield hospital in Pointe-a-Pierre, southern Trinidadand raised on the RoyalDutch Shell camp in PointFortin. He received hissecondary education at theLodge School (Barbados)and then gained an HonoursGeology degree (1959) atQueen’s University(Canada). His graduatethesis was on UpperCretaceous foraminifera.
Moving back to Trinidadhe joined Shell as anexploitation engineerand stayed for threeyears beforetransferring to TexacoTrinidad as a fieldgeologist. Threeyears later, in 1965,he re-established hisprimary interest inbiostratigraphy byjoining the TexacoGeological Laboratory.It was then thatBarry
came under the influence of leadingmicropalaeontologists suchas Hans Bolli and JohnSaunders who encouragedhim in his chosen profession.
ACREAGEA new opportunity arose in1968 when Pan American Oil(later Amoco) was awardedacreage off the east coast ofTrinidad and Barry joinedthem, becomingPalaeontological GroupLeader. Here he becameintimately involved in theearly drilling in what is nowknown as the ColumbusBasin. Managingmultidisciplinary
Research Services.Taking early retirement
from TRINTOC (1990), hewent on to establishBiostratigraphicAssociates (Trinidad) Ltd,beginning a new phase ofcontributions to thebiostratigraphy andgeology of Trinidad. Heremained active in theexploration of the regionuntil his untimely illnessforced him from his office.
GENUINEBarry, the offspring ofEnglish, French andPortuguese colonials inGuyana and Trinidad &Tobago, married JackieGibbons in 1969. They hadtwo daughters, Joannaand Jillian. Barry had alarge, close, extendedfamily and many friends,all of whom will miss hiswarm and genuinecompanionship. Onedescribed him well as an“awesome friend and agreat palaeontologist” andanother concluded:“Trinidad will not be thesame without him” - athought shared by many.
A true Trinidadian, heloved his cricket,particularly at the QueensPark Oval with the WestIndies playing. As well asFGS he was an Honoraryand Founding Member ofthe Geological Society ofTrinidad and Tobago.
biostratigraphic studies hedeveloped the company’sforaminiferal zonation andpresented a paper on theHolocene/Pleistocenecontact in the area at the1971 Caribbean GeologicalConference. He also workedclosely with Amoco’s GulfCoast PaleontologicalGroup assessing andcomparing the relativestratigraphic andpaleobathymetric ranges ofthe taxa of both regions.
Although finding oil washis first priority, Barry wasalso highly successful infinding water, carrying outgroundwater studies andsupervising water-welldrilling to establish apotable water supply forAmoco’s Galeota base andthe surroundingresidential/industrial area.
In 1980 he moved toINTEVEP in Venezuela andthen in 1983 to California asthe Manager of theBioStratigraphics Unit ofMcClelland Engineers. Thecall of home led him back toTrinidad in 1985 as
Geological ServicesSuperintendent with theTrinidad and Tobago Oil Company. He waslater appointed Head of Exploration and Production
By Haydon Bailey, withcontributions from JohnFrampton, Reg Potter andDavid Pocknall
A
AN AWESOME FRIEND AND A GREATPALAEONTOLOGIST
~
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DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012 29
CROSSWORD GEOSCIENTIST
All correct solutions will be placed in the
draw, and the winner’s name printed in
the March 2012 issue. The Editor’s
decision is final and no correspondence
will be entered into. Closing date -Monday 23 January 2012.
The winner of the October Crosswordpuzzle prize draw was Ian Fitzsimons
of Perth, Australia.
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30 DECEMBER 2011 / JANUARY 2012
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Burlington House
Ballast-heavers and battle-axes:
The ‘Golden Age’ of archaeological
finds from the Thames
Speaker: Jon Cotton FSA
formerly curator of prehistory at
the Museum of London
Date: Tuesday, 17 January 2012
Tea: 17:30
Lecture: 18:00
Reception: 19:00
Venue: The Geological Society,
Lecture Theatre, Burlington House
Admission is free but by ticket only available from the Conference Office, Geological Society on 020 7434 9944or email: [email protected]