-
4
revaz gaCeCilaZe
marTalia, saqarTvelo am regions uSualod ar ekuTvnis, magram misi
istoria mWidrodaa da-kavSirebuli sxvadasxva epoqaSi axlo
aRmosavleTSi arsebul saxelmwifoebTan.
XX saukuneSi sparseTis yuris irgvliv mdebare qveynebSi aRmoCnda
navTobis didi budobebi, ris gamoc regionis mniSvneloba msoflio
ekonomikisa da politikisaTvis ganuzomlad gaizar-da. moulodnelad
Tavsdatexilma simdidrem imave saukunis meore naxevarSi msoflio
asparez-ze gamoiyvana iqamde uimedo autsaiderebi, udabnoSi mdebare
qveynebi – saudis arabeTi, quvei-Ti, gaerTianebuli arabuli
saamiroebi (gasi), katari, omani, bahreini. navTobisa da bunebrivi
ai-ris didi maragi aqvT iransa da erays. bolo periodSi bunebrivi
airis didi budobebi aRmoCnda egviptis, israelis, libanis
kontinentur Selfze, xmelTaSua zRvis fskerqveS. es resursebi ze-
axlo aRmosavleTi msoflio civilizaciis warmoSobisa da
ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSv-nelovanesi centria. 14-15 aTasi wlis
win aq daiwyo „neoliTuri revolucia“ – monadireobidan da
Semgroveblobidan binadar cxovrebasa da soflis meurneobaze gadasvla.
aq moiSinaures ga-reuli cxovelebi da daiwyes mcenareTa kulturuli
jiSebis gamoyvana. aq gaCnda pirveli qala-qebi, Camoyalibda pirveli
saxelmwifoebi, Seiqmna damwerlobis ramdenime tipi. es regioni aris
sami monoTeisturi religiis samSoblo.
axlo aRmosavleTis cvalebadi geopolitika
geopolitika
I nawiliaxlo aRmosavleTis Tanamedrove politikuri geografiis
Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis
-
5
axlo aRmosavleTi
irani2farTobi – 1.648 mln km
dedaqalaqi – Teirani mosaxleoba – 81,8 mln
iordania2farTobi – 89,342 km
dedaqalaqi – amani mosaxleoba – 10 mln
iemeni2farTobi – 527,968 km
dedaqalaqi – sanaa mosaxleoba – 28,5 mln
TurqeTi2farTobi – 783,562 km
dedaqalaqi – ankara mosaxleoba – 82 mln
erayi2farTobi – 437,072 km
dedaqalaqi – baRdadi mosaxleoba – 38,4 mln
egvipte2
farTobi – 1,01 mln km dedaqalaqi – kairo mosaxleoba – 98,4
mln
gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi2farTobi – 83,600 km
dedaqalaqi – abu-dabi mosaxleoba – 9,6 mln
bahreini2farTobi – 741 km
dedaqalaqi – manama mosaxleoba – 1,6 mln
katari2
farTobi – 11,571 km dedaqalaqi – dohamosaxleoba – 2,8
quveiTi2
farTobi – 17,818 km dedaqalaqi – el-quveiTi mosaxleoba – 4,1
mln
siria2
farTobi – 185,180 km dedaqalaqi – damasko mosaxleoba – 17
mln
saudis arabeTi2
farTobi – 2.15 mln km dedaqalaqi – ar-riadi mosaxleoba – 33,7
mln
omani2
farTobi – 309,501 km dedaqalaqi – maskati mosaxleoba – 4,8
mln
libani2
farTobi – 10,452 km dedaqalaqi – beiruTimosaxleoba – 6,8 mln
kviprosi2
farTobi – 9,251 km dedaqalaqi – niqoziamosaxleoba – 1,2 mln
israeli2
farTobi – 22,145 km mosaxleoba – 9 mln
moqmedebas axdens regionis qveynebisa da regionsgare
saxelmwifoebis geopolitika-ze. axlo aRmosavleTs didi ekonomikuri
mniSvneloba aqvs msofliosaTvis, rogorc energetikuli resursebis
mimwodebels da sxvagan warmoebuli samrewvelo (ZiriTadad samxedro)
da sasoflo-sameurneo produq-ciis momxmarebels da, agreTve, rogorc
po-tenciur investors, maT Soris, maRalganvi-Tarebul qveynebSi.
axlo aRmosavleTi konfliqtogenuro-bis TvalsazrisiTac msoflios
erT-erTi gamorCeuli regioni gaxda. iq TiTqmis ga-nuwyvetliv
mimdinareobs omebi.
siriaSi dResac samoqalaqo omia, romel-Sic CarTuli arian mezobeli
da Sors mdeba-re saxelmwifoebi.
iemenSi meeqvse welia mZvinvarebs samoqa-laqo omi, romelSic
regionis sxva qveynebic monawileoben.
dausrulebeli teritoriuli konfliq-tia israelsa da palestinel
arabebs Soris.
cota xnis win, 2013-2018 wlebSi, erayisa da siriis teritoriaze
avTvisebiani simsiv-nesaviT gavrcelda giganturi teroristu-li
warmonaqmni, e. w. „islamuri saxelmwifo“, romelsac SeebrZola
saerTaSoriso koali-cia islamuri qveynebis umravlesobis
mona-wileobiT. magram terorizmis bolomde amo-Zirkva, rogorc Cans,
jerac ver moxerxda.
axlo aRmosavleTis strategiuli mde-bareoba amZafrebs globalur
konkurenci-as, romelSic aqtiurad arian Cabmuli adgi-lobrivi
tradiciuli didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi – TurqeTi, irani da,
agreTve, egvipte. maT SeuerTdnen bolo naxevar sau-kuneSi
gamdidrebuli da samxedro Tvalsaz-risiT gaZlierebuli saSualo an
patara zo-mis qveynebi – israeli, saudis arabeTi, gasi, katari.
globaluri geopolitikuri meto-
arabeTis zRva
wiTel
i zR
va
Savi zRva kaspiis zRva
gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi
katari
xmelTaSua zRva
-
siriis samoqalaqo omis dros dangreuli qalaqi ain al-arabi
protesti Razas seqtorSi
qeebis – aSS-isa da ruseTis (1992 wlamde – sabWoTa kavSiris)
interesebi axlo aRmosavleTSic ejaxeba erTmaneTs. CineTi amJamad
ufro „ekonomikur intervencias“ axdens am regionSi, ise, ro-gorc
msoflios sxva regionebSi – yidis Tavis produqcias, abandebs did
kapitals infrastruq-turaSi. magram ekonomika politikasTan mWidrodaa
gadajaWvuli da CineTis politikuri roli am regionSi gaizrdeba.
evropis yofili zesaxelmwifoebis, „Zveli imperialistebis“ – didi
bri-taneTis, safrangeTis, germaniis – politikuri roli ki regionSi
TandaTan fermkrTaldeba.
adre da dResac msoflios yvela zesaxelmwifo axlo aRmosavleTSi
atarebda mxolod saTa-viso politikas, romelic xSirad ugulebelyofda
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs. amave normebs, adamianis uflebebs
an „maRal zneobas“ arc adgilobrivi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi
dagideven.
ra aris „axlo aRmosavleTi“?
antikuri xanisa da Sua saukuneebis evropelebisaTvis mTeli azia
„aRmosavleTi“ iyo. xmel-TaSua zRvis aRmosavleT napirs dRemde
„levantis“ saxeliT icnoben, rac italiuri Levante-dan modis: es
sityva „mzis amosvlis mxares“ niSnavs.
XIX saukunis SuaxanSi dasavleT evropaSi daiwyes terminis – „axlo
aRmosavleTi“ – gamoyene-ba imisaTvis, rom ganesxvavebinaT osmaleTis
imperiis mflobelobaSi myofi dasavleTi azia da egvipte „Soreuli
aRmosavleTisagan“, romelSic igulisxmeboda CineTi, korea, iaponia,
indo-CineTi.
„islamuri saxelwifos“ mebrZolebi
6
geopolitika
-
erayeli jariskacebi zeimoben q. abu-saifas ganTavisuflebas
teroristebisagan
sakuTriv „Sua aRmosavleTis“ regionSi ki Seeguen axal saxels:
arabulad is JRers, rogorc aS-Sark al-ausaT, sparsulad – xa-var-e
miane, Turqulad – orTa doRu, ebra-ulad – a-mizrax a-tixon.
„axlo“ da „Soreul“ aRmosavleTs Soris, savsebiT bunebrivia,
SeiZleboda yofiliyo „Sua aRmosavleTi“. aseT termins xandaxan
iyenebdnen kidec, magram subieqturma Sec-domam mas geografiuli
logika daukarga. saqme isaa, rom II msoflio omis dawyebis-Tanave,
1939 wlis seqtemberSi, didi brita-neTis armiis sardlobam „axlo
aRmosavle-Tis“ nacvlad imave regionis saxelad, yo-velgvari
dasabuTebis gareSe, daiwyo „Sua aRmosavleTis“ (The Middle East)
gamoyeneba. II msoflio omis eqvsive wlis ganmavlobaSi im-droindeli
presa da radio imdenad xSirad iyenebda am termins, rom is
dasavleTSi far-Tod gavrcelda, Tumca amerikaSi mis sinoni-mad
xandaxan isev iyeneben „axlo aRmosav-leTs“.
axlo aRmosavleTi moicavs teritorias TurqeTidan iemenamde,
egviptidan iranamde. es aris 16 damoukidebeli saxelmwifo (am
2ricxvSi ar Sedis palestina), 7,3 milioni km saerTo farTobiT da
TiTqmis 450 milioni mcxovrebiT, romelTa ricxovnoba swrafad
matulobs.
marTalia, qarTul geografiul termi-nologiaSi damkvidrebuli „axlo
aRmosav-leTi“, saqarTvelos mdebareobis gaTvalis-winebiT, mTlad
zusti araa (CvenTvis es re-gioni samxreTiT mdebareobs da ara
aRmosav-leTiT), mainc gaumarTlebelad mimaCnia mi-si Secvla kidev
ufro arazusti terminiT „Sua aRmosavleTi“.
rac Seexeba termin „geopolitikas“, ar-sebobs misi mravali
ganmarteba. rogorc sa-mecniero disciplina, is swavlobs geogra-fiul
faqtorTa kompleqsis (fizikuri da politikur-geografiuli mdebareoba,
bu-nebrivi da adamianuri resursebi, mosaxleo-bis simravle,
ekonomikis sidide da a.S.) ze-moqmedebas qveynebis sagareo
politikasa da msoflio politikaze. „geopolitikuri aq-tori/moTamaSe“
aRniSnavs saxelmwifos, ro-melic Tavis sagareo politikas warmarTavs
zemoxsenebuli geografiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sakmaod xSirad geopolitikas miiCneven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
geografiis sinonimad. magaliTad, aseTi saxeli misca Tavis wigns
cnobilma amerikelma mecnierma sol bernard koenma.
saxelmwifos, Cveulebriv, aqvs sakuTari dauwereli „geopolitikuri
kodi“, rome-lic asaxavs xelisuflebisa da mosaxleobis met-naklebad
saerTo azrs sagareo-poli-tikuri interesebisa da am
interesebisaT-vis Seqmnili safrTxeebisa da am safrTxeebi-saTvis
gasacemi pasuxebis Sesaxeb. „geopo-litikuri kodi“, bunebrivia,
maradiuli araa: is SeiZleba Seicvalos da maSin xdeba xolme
„geopolitikuri Zvra“, anu sagareo-politikuri orientaciis
Secvla.
7
axlo aRmosavleTi
-
8
imperiebis „geopolitikur kodSi“ Sedi-oda savaWro gzebisa da
stabiluri Semosav-lis momtani nayofieri miwebis daufleba.
„WeSmariti sarwmunoebis“ gavrceleba xSi-rad iyo kargi gamarTleba
axali miwebis da-sapyrobad, maSin, roca mowinaaRmdege yo-velTvis
iyo „urwmuno“, „urjulo“, „gzas acdenili“.
XI-XIII saukuneebSi dasavleTidan mosul-ma jvarosanma raindebma
ar datoves didi kvali axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi. Tu kulturul
urTierTgavlenazea saubari,
brZolis vels metoqe imperiebisaTvis, Cveulebriv, warmoadgenda
sxvadasxva civi-liziciaTa mijnaze mdebare mesopotamia, si-ria,
dRevandeli TurqeTis aRmosavleTi na-wili, xandaxan – samxreTi
kavkasia. am geopo-litikurad mniSvnelovani sivrcis kontro-li
mravaljer iyo samxedro konfliqtis mi-zezi dasavleTiT da
aRmosavleTiT mdebare imperiebisaTvis.
aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi axlo aR-mosavleTis regionis ZiriTadi
geopoliti-kuri aqtorebi – imperiebi – ebrZodnen erT-maneTs
politikuri pirvelobisaTvis iqam-de, sanam TviTon gaqrebodnen
saerTaSoriso asparezidan. ZiriTadi metoqe wyvilebi iyv-nen romi da
parTia, bizantia da sasanianTa irani, arabuli saxalifo da bizantia,
sel-Cukiani Turqebi da bizantia, monRolebi da mTeli regioni,
sefianTa sparseTi da osma-leTi. Zvelad, rasakvirvelia, iyvnen ufro
mcire zomis lokaluri geopolitikuri mo-TamaSeebic, romlebic, maTda
samwuxarod, imperiebis „saSen masalad“ iqcnen.
XIX saukunidan regionSi gamoCndnen axa-li geopolitikuri
moTamaSeebi, evropuli zesaxelmwifoebi, romelTac erTmaneTTan mZafri
metoqeobac hqondaT.
imdroindelma evropelebma bevrad meti is-esxes axlo
aRmosavleTisagan, TviTon ki ver moaxdines raime kulturuli gavlena
regi-onze. politikuri TvalsazrisiT ki dasav-leTevropelebma
gvarianad moaryies qris-tianobis mTavari burji dasavleT aziaSi,
bizantia, rodesac 1204 wels aiRes da gaZar-cves konstantinopoli,
iqamde cxraasi wlis ganmavlobaSi auRebeli cixesimagre.
XIX saukunis damdegs qarTl-kaxeTis an-eqsirebis Semdeg axlo
aRmosavleTis Crdi-loeT periferias miaxloebulma ruseTis imperiam
orjer, 1806-1813 da 1826-1828 wlebSi, warmatebiT ioma sparseTTan
(orive omi sparseTma wamoiwyo) da Sedegad, mas samx-reT kavkasiis
didi nawili waarTva: 1918 wels swored am teritoriebze Seiqmneba
az-erbaijanisa da somxeTis respublikebi. ru-seTis imperiam ukve
XVIII saukuneSi mouRo
evropis samxedro-politikuri upira-tesoba uSualod axlo
aRmosavleTis regi-onSi naTlad gamoCnda mxolod XVIII saukunis
miwurulSi, rodesac napoleon bonapartma ilaSqra im dros osmaleTis
imperiaSi Sema-val egviptesa da palestinaSi. ufro Sore-ul miznad
mas hqonda indoeTamde misvla, rac ver ganxorcielda.
geopolitika
konstantinopolis aReba, 1204,eklesiis kedlis moxatuloba,
rumineTi monRolebis mier baRdadis aReba, 1258,
xelnaweris miniatura
-
XIX saukuneSive naTeli gaxda, rom axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi
iqamde dominanti geopoli-tikuri moTamaSeebi, sparseTisa da
osmaleTis imperiebi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da samxedro
TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad CamorCnen evropas. imdroindelma globalurma
hegemonma – didma bri-taneTma – daiwyo gavlenis gavrceleba am
regionSic: misi mizani iyo aq Seeqmna erTgvari fari in-dostanis
naxevarkunZulze sakuTari interesebisaTvis. indoeTs udidesi
Semosavali mohqonda didi britaneTisaTvis da misi samrewvelo
produqciis gasaRebis ZiriTadi bazaric iyo.
bolo osmaleTis gavlenas yirimsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis nawilSi,
XIX saukuneSi ki dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelodanac gandevna
osmaleTi.
9
britaneTis imperia gafarToebis zenitSi, 1921
axlo aRmosavleTi
yirimis omi – 1853 wels ruseTma omi wamoiwyo osmaleTis
imperiasTan. am ukanasknelis mxares ki gamo-vidnen didi britaneTis
samefo da im dros arsebuli safrangeTis imperia. nominalurad, maTi
mokavSire
iyo sardiniis samefoc, Tumca mas omSi realuri monawileoba ar
miuRia. sabrZolo moqmedeba, ZiriTa-dad, yirimis naxevarkunZulze
mimdinareobda da is „yirimis omis“ saxe-
liT Sevida istoriaSi. 1856 wels mokavSireebma aiZules ru-seTis
imperia damarcxeba eRiarebina.
-
7
XX saukunis dasawyisidanve londons am regionis mimarT
geoekonomikuri interesic gauCn-da – navTobi!
1878 wlidan didi britaneTi akontrolebda kunZul kvipross, romlis
formaluri aneqsire-ba moaxdina 1914 wlis 5 noembers, mas Semdeg,
rac osmaleTTan omis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. uk-ve XX saukuneSi
xaifas navsadgurSi (amJamad israelis SemadgenlobaSia) aseve daarsda
britanu-li samxedro-sazRvao baza.
1869 wels gaxsnili xmelTaSua zRvisa da wiTeli zRvis SemaerTebeli
suecis arxi, romelic umoklesi sazRvao gziT akavSirebda erTmaneTTan
evropasa da samxreT azias, 1875 wlidan bri-taneTis kontrolqveS
moeqca. 1882 wlidan britaneTis faqtobriv proteqtoratad iqca
egvip-te (im dros nominalurad osmaleTis imperiis nawili), romlis
teritoriazec gadis suecis ar-xi.
1908 wels samxreT iranSi, masjed-e soleimanTan, britanelma
geologma jorj bernard rei-noldsma aRmoaCina navTobis didi sabado.
1909 wels daarsda „anglo-sparsuli navTobis kompa-
XIX saukuneSi naTlad gamoikveTa didi britaneTis geopolitikuri
gegma axlo aRmosavleT-Si: londons esaWiroeboda sazRvao gzebis
kontroli da strategiulad ganlagebuli navsadgu-rebi. indoeTis
okeanis, bab-al-mandabisa da hormuzis sruteebis gasakontroleblad
ukve 1839 wlidan adenSi daarsda britanuli samxedro-sazRvao
baza.
saudis arabeTi
omani
gaerTianebuliarabuli saamiroebi
omani
irani
erayi
quveiTi
avRaneTi
pakistani
arabeTis zRva
omanis yure
sparseTis yure
hormuzis srute
hormuzis srute akavSirebs navTobiT mdidar sparseTis yures
(marcxniv) omanis yuresTan da Semdeg – indoeTis okeanesTan.
okeanesTan suecis arxi (sigrZiT 193,5 km.) akavSirebs xmelTaSua
zRvas wiTel zRvasTan da Semdeg – indoeTis
xmelTaSua zRva
egvipte
suecis arxi
egvipte
10
geopolitika
katari
bahreini
-
nia“, romelmac 1913 wels sparseTis qalaq abadanSi aaSena
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana – momdevno naxevari saukunis
ganmav-lobaSi is am tipis qarxnebs Soris msofli-oSi udidesi
iyo!
I msoflio omis win, didi britaneTis sam-xedro-sazRvao ministris
uinston CerCi-lis iniciativiT, britanuli samxedro floti sawvavad
qvanaxSiris gamoyenebidan navTobze gadavida, rac mis manevrulobas
da miRwevadobas mkveTrad zrdida. amitomac am nedleuls strategiuli
mniSvneloba mieni-Wa da 1913 wels britaneTis mTavrobam SeiZi-na
„anglo-sparsuli navTobis kompaniis“ sa-kontrolo paketi, anu,
faqtobrivad, moax-dina misi nacionalizacia. 1954 wels kompa-nias
ewoda „britiS petroliumi“ (BP) – is dRemde arsebobs, amJamad isev
privatizebu-li saxiT.
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi londonis ge-opolitikuri mizani iyo ar
daeSva momZlav-rebuli metoqis, ruseTis imperiis, gasvla „Tbil
zRvebze“ – xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, osmaleTis xarjze, da indoeTis
okeaneSi, sparseTis xarjze. aseT SemTxvevaSi britan-eTis
samxedro-sazRvao da savaWro flo-tebs orive am wyalsatevSi Zlieri
konkuren-ti gauCndeboda. amitomac londoni diplo-matiuri gziT
cdilobda SeezRuda ruseTis imperiis eqspansia samxreTisaken, rodesac
am ukanasknelTan omebSi damarcxebul (1829 da 1878 ww.) osmaleTs
exmareboda teritori-uli danakargis minimizaciaSi. erTxel bri-taneTi
samxedro gziTac ki daexmara osma-leTs, rodesac safrangeTTan erTad
Caeba mis omSi ruseTTan („yirimis omi“).
arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT napi-risa da sparseTis yuris
dasavleT napiris arab Seixebs, amirebsa da sxva memkvidreobiT
mmarTvelebs londoni sTavazobda mfarve-lobas (proteqtorats), razec
isini xali-siT Tanxmdebodnen, radgan mezobeli Seixis an sparseTis
pretenziebi ufro aSinebdaT, Tanac londoni maT yovelwliur
subsidia-sac uxdida – oqroTi! es proteqtoratebi SemdgomSi
suverenuli saxelmwifoebi gax-debian da iq aRmoCenili navTobi da
gazi maT msoflios umdidres qveynebad aqcevs.
XIX saukunis SuaSi Tavisi interesebi le-vantSi, kerZod, libansa
da siriaSi, daafiq-
sira safrangeTma. imave saukunis bolos regionSi Zalian
gaaqtiurda germania, romelic ekonomikur eqspansias axdenda
osmaleTSi da gamalebiT aSenebda „ber-lin-baRdadis rkinigzas“
(osmaleTSi mas „baRdadis rkinigzas“ uwodebdnen). es satransporto
arteria sabolood SeiZleba misuliyo basras navsadgu-ramde, samxreT
eraySi, da iqidan jer sparseTis yureSi da Semdeg indoe-
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana qalaq abadanSi
11
axlo aRmosavleTi
-
I msoflio omis win axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebobda ori aRiarebuli
saxelmwifo – sparseTi da osmaleTi. es ukanaskneli rea-lurad
ganagebda dRevandel sirias, erays, iordanias, palestinas, iemens,
arabeTis na-xevarkunZulis dasavleT nawilSi hijazs, sadac mdebareobs
islamis wminda qalaqebi meqa da medina. danarCeni arabeTis
naxevar-kunZulic da egviptec nominalurad stam-
„berlin-baRdadis rkinigzis“ mSeneblo-bis damTavrebas I msoflio
omis dawyebam Se-uSala xeli.
swored am britanuli aqciis Sedegad Se-iqmna da dRemde arsebobs
quveiTis saxelm-wifo, romelsac isev al-sabahis dinastia marTavs:
mmarTvels axla amiras tituli aqvs.
Tis okeaneSi gasvlis saSualebas miscemda rkinigzis mflobels. am
infrastruqtu-rul proeqts I msoflio omis dawyebis erT-erT faqtoradac
ki miiCneven.
germanuli eqspansiis perspeqtivam SeaS-foTa londoni, romelmac
saswrafod miiRo winmswrebi zomebi da 1899 wels sparseTis yuris
CrdiloeT nawilSi, quveiTis Rrmawy-lovan yuresTan, adgilobrivi
arabuli to-mis Seixs – mubaraq al-sabahs mfarveloba SesTavaza.
britanulma kreiserebma daicves Seixis samflobelo osmaleTis
Semadgenlo-baSi Semavali basris valis (gubernatoris) sadamsjelo
operaciisagan: am teritorias osmaleTi Tavisad miiCnevda.
baRdadi
alepo
adana
konia
basra
masjed-e soleiman
navTobis sabado
`baRdadis rkinigzis~ dagegmili marSruti osmaleTis
teritoriaze
bols eqvemdebareboda, magram, realurad, egvipte da arabuli
saSeixoebi londonis daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen.
axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoTa saz-Rvrebi, ZiriTadad, dadginda
londonisa da parizis samTavrobo kabinetebSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi
gaavles saxazavis meSveobiT. cnobilia erTi ambavi britanel
konsulTan dakavSirebiT: rodesac is gamWvirvale qa-Raldis
gamoyenebiT xazavda sazRvars eray-sa da transiordanias Soris,
viRacas sala-parakod miubrunda da am dros qaRaldi da saxazavi
SemTxveviT Seabruna. amitomac mie-mata transiordanias sagrZnobi
teritor-ia!
XX saukunis dasawyisidanve arabeTis na-xevarkunZulis Sua da
aRmosavleT nawilis faqtobrivi baton-patroni gaxda anaizas tomis
beladi saudianTa dinastiidan – mama-ci da Zalian agresiuli
abdalaziz ibn ab-dal-rahman as-saudi.
maSin, roca iranis (1935 wlamde mas spar-seTis saxeliT
icnobdnen) teritoria XIX sa-ukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde
ucvleli rCeba, osmaleTis imperia I msof-lio omis Semdeg daiSala. am
imperiis yofil teritoriaze warmoiSva TurqeTis respub-lika da sxva
axali saxelmwifoebi. xuTi maTgani – erayi, palestina, transiordania
(1946 wlidan mas vicnobT, rogorc iordani-as), siria da libani –
Tavidan imarTeboda I msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoe-bisaTvis
(didi britaneTi da safrangeTi) erTa ligis mier miniWebuli
mandatiT.
12
geopolitika
berlin-baRdadis rkinigzis mSenebloba
-
meqa medina
10
Seixi mubaraq al-sabahi (1840-1915)
abdalaziz ibn abdal- rahman as-saudi (1875-1953)
ase, magaliTad, 1916-1924 wlebSi hijazi, sadac mdebare-obs
islamis wminda qalaqebi meqa da medina, iyo damoukide-
beli samefo da erTa ligis wevri. 1924 wels arabeTis
na-xevarkunZulze najdisa da hasas mpyrobelma abdalaziz
as-saudma daipyro hijazi da es mas SerCa, radgan lon-donsa da
parizs politikuri rukidan damoukidebe-
li saxelmwifos gaqrobis gamo didi protesti ar gamouTqvamT!
abdalaziz as-saudma asiric daipy-
ro da 1932 wels Tavis absolutur monarqias uwoda arabeTis
saudianTa samefo (is ufro cnobilia, rogorc saudis arabeTi).
sxva magaliTia siriisaTvis mik-uTvnebuli aleqsandretas sanjayis
(1938 wels gayalbebuli arCevnebis Semdeg – „damoukidebeli“ haTais
sa-xelmwifo) TurqeTis respublika-sTan SeerTeba, razec 1939 wels
da-Tanxmda mandatori saxelmwifo – safrangeTis respublika.
siriasa da TurqeTs Soris sazRvari dadginda safrangeTisa da
TurqeTis 1921 wlis ankaris xelSekrulebiT. es sazRvari didwilad (390
km-is manZilze) miyveba „berlin-baRdadis“ rkinig-zis xazs da ar
iTvaliswinebs mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobas. amitomac sazRvris
orive mxares mcxovrebi qurTebi da arabebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi
moxvdnen.
I msoflio omis Semdeg axlo aRmosavleTis axali sazRvrebi
Camoyalibebis procesSi iyo da SeiZleba Secvliliyo erTa ligis
(faqtobrivad, londonisa da parizis) TanxmobiT.
13
axlo aRmosavleTi
-
erTa liga – saerTaSoriso organizacia, rome-lic daarsda 1919 wels
aSS-is prezidentis vud-ro uilsonis iniciativiT. misi gamocxadebuli
mizani iyo msoflioSi mSvidobis SenarCuneba. magram aSS-is senatma
uari Tqva erTa ligaSi ame-rikis Sesvlaze. Tavidan mTavar rols am
organi-zaciaSi TamaSobdnen didi britaneTi da safran-geTi. 1930-ian
wlebSi erTa ligam faqtobrivad dakarga avtoriteti da funqcia.
14
1948 wels palestinis teritoriaze Seiq-mna israelis saxelmwifo,
romlis boboqari istoria da politikur-geografiuli prob-lemebi calke
ganxilvis sagania.
magram TviT arabebs Sorisac ar arsebob-da saerTo azri mSvidobian
gaerTianeba-ze.1958 wels egviptem da siriam Seqmnes ga-erTianebuli
arabuli respublika, romel-Sic Sesvlas TiTqos apirebdnen erayi da
ie-meni (am ganzraxvidan darCa mxolod droSe-bi!). sirieli oficrebis
ajanyebis Semdeg es gaerTianeba 1961 wels daiSala. erovnul
po-litikur elitebs Zalian gansxvavebuli da saTaviso interesebi
aRmoaCndaT.
1936 wels londonma aRiara egviptis da-moukidebloba. arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi damoukidebeli gaxda
iemeni, romelic 1990 wels gaerTianda yofil britanul proteqtoratTan,
ufro samxreTiT mdebare iemenis saxalxo-demok-ratiul respublikasTan,
centriT adenSi.
arabebi abraleben did britaneTs, rom man ar dauSva erTiani
arabuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. es nawilobriv simarTlea. londonma
marTlac ar daaneba abdalaziz as-sauds da-epyro britanuli
proteqtoratebi – spar-seTis yuris arabuli saSeixoebi ise, ro-gorc
daipyro hijazi.
erTa ligis pirveli Sekreba
alepo
`alepos saxelmwifo~
laTakia
beiruTi
damasko
`damaskos saxelmwifo~
didilibani
TurqeTi
`jebel druzissaxelmwifo~
el-suvaida
safrangeTis mandatis qveS myofi siriisa da libanis
administraciuli dayofa `sa-xelmwifoebad~ 1921-1922 wlebSi
geopolitika
`alavitebis saxelmwifo~
aleqsandreta
samandato erayi
samandato palestina
samandato transiordania
-
TurqeTi
saqarTvelo
azerbaijanisomxeTi
irani
erayi
siria
saxazaviT gavlebuli iordaniis geometri-uli sazRvrebi siriasTan,
eraysa da saudis arabeTTan ZiriTadad qurTebiT dasaxlebuli
teritoriebi
arabul saxelmwifoTa ligis gerbi
saboloo jamSi, yvela arabulenovan sa-xelmwifoSi Seiqmna sakuTari
politikuri da kulturuli elita, gaCnda sakuTari eko-nomikuri
interesebi da Camoyalibda erov-nuli identoba. „panarabizmi“ –
arabTa er-Toba – TiTqmis usagno cnebad iqca. arse-bobs „arabul
saxelmwifoTa liga“ da erT-gvari zogadarabuli solidarobac, magram
arabuli nacionalizmi mainc Caketilia Ti-Toeuli qveynis politikur
sazRvrebSi.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi mZafri dapiris-pireba arsebobs saudis
arabeTisa da kata-ris mmarTvel dinastiebs Soris. patara ka-tars
SeuZlia ar Seepuos bevrad ufro did da Zlier saudis arabeTs, radgan
kataris teritoriaze mdebareobs didi amerikuli samxedro baza da
kataris amiras erTdrou-lad SeuZlia hqondes saudis arabeTTan
gan-sxvavebuli mizezebiT dapirispirebuli ir-anisa da TurqeTis
imedi.
asiode wlis win axlo aRmosavleTSi Ca-moyalibebuli politikuri
geografia did-wilad „evropuli memkvidreobaa“, Tumca am-Jamad
arsebul saxelmwifo sazRvrebs yvela qveyanaSi „maradiulad arsebulad
da wmida-Tawmidad“ miiCneven!
15
axlo aRmosavleTi
Raza
golanis maRlobi
dasavleTi napiri