Geological environments favourable for future mining · 2017-10-12 · Geological environments favourable for future mining No. 16 - December 2009 GO_16.qxp: ... major mineral deposits

Geological environments favourable for future mining

No. 16 - December 2009

GO_16.qxp:GO-02 copy.qxp 1/4/10 1:27 PM Page 1

Shield formation and cratonisation inGreenland, created by the formation ofcontinental and oceanic crust, occurredin Archaean time by the amalgamationof oceanic and new arc-formed crustfollowing emplacement of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite plutons.This was succeeded by orogenic de -formation and greenschist to granulitefacies metamorphism. At the sametime during the Archaean period ofhuge crustal formation, major mineraldeposits of gold and banded iron for-mations were developed in granite-greenstone terranes in southern WestGreenland. Ultramafic to mafic intru-sions in greenstone belts occurred inGreenland as major carriers of chrome-nickel-vanadium. From Palaeoprotero-zoic time, orogenic activity and riftingevolution created profound possibili-ties for the existence of viable eco-nomic occurrences. This is exemplifiedby magmatic and sedimentary envi-ronments in large scale, even gigantic,accumulations of commodities relatedto intrusions, fold belts and sedimen-tary basins.

Introduction

Exploration and development of mineralresources in Greenland, as a ‘greenfield’region with rather high exploration andmining expenses, have been depending onmarket fluctuations in metal prices. A realis-tic interpretation of the situation with regardto a high number of immature occurrencesis that continuous and persistent explo-ration, compared to e.g. Canada, has notbeen done in Greenland. Mineral explo-ration in Greenland is based on the knowl-edge of a large number of key occurrencesonly exploited to a limited degree. Largeparts of Greenland never faced detailedexploration campaigns although the poten-tial for some of the more important mine -

ralisation types and commodities is pres-ent. The known deposits in Green land areanalogue to those found in famous,exploitable geological environments around

the world and therefore the opportunity tofind new giant deposits is likely.

Environment scenarios

Archaean environments: Geologicalevolution and mineral potentialThe Meso- to Neoarchaean eras are themost prolific periods of crustal production

in the Earth’s history and consequentlycharacteristic of major global mineral de -posits as also experienced in the geologicalevolution of Greenland. These environ-ments were associated with deformationand metamorphism from greenschist togranulite facies conditions.

The well-studied Nuuk region in south-ern West Greenland reflects the prevailing

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9 Greenland and its geological environments favourable forfuture mining

Banded iron formation in a sequence of amphibolite and pelitic gneiss in the Pitufiik area, MelvilleBugt, North-West Greenland. The width of the banded iron formation varies from 0.7 to 1.6 m.

Rusty iron sulphide mineralisation (gold-bearing) within a hydrothermal altered sequence ofsupracrustals at Qussuk, southern West Greenland.


shield formation and cratonisation of theArchaean era. The oldest recorded platetectonic events recorded in Greenland arerecognised in the 3.8–3.7 Ga Isua green-stone belt, Isukasia terrane. In the centralNuuk region, the Mesoarchaean Qussuk-Bjørneøen supracrustal belt is interpretedas an island-arc complex of the age 3.1Ga. At the same time, the MesoarchaeanIvisaartoq greenstone belt (~3.1 Ga) in theKapisilit terrane is formed in a supra-sub-duction zone oceanic crust. The variousArchaean terranes in the Nuuk regionwere juxtaposed by accretionary plate tec-tonic processes through the Meso- toNeoarchaean eras with associated orogenicdeformation and metamorphism.

The infracrustal rocks within this partof Greenland are dominated by 3.8–2.7 Gagneisses and granites that embed thesupracrustal rocks with minor mafic andultramafic rock sequences, granite bodiesand pegmatites attached. Apart from theNuuk region, supracrustal rock environ-ments are found in the Disko Bay, central

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G E O L O G I C A L E N V I R O N M E N T S

Rhythmic igneous layering within a norite body at Sillisissanguit nunat, the Maniitsoq norite belt,southern West Greenland.

A general view from the Qingaaq Mountain on Storø, southern West Greenland, towards north-eastwith the central part of Godthåbsfjord to the left. The camp is placed on the ridge (Little Qingaaq) ina supracrustal sequence of amphibolite, iron formation, ultramafic rock, garnet- schist and fuchsite-quartzite, intruded by pegmatites and later dolerite dykes. The supracrustal rock sequence of theAappalaartoq mountain(1440 m a.s.l.) located 4–5 km farther north is partly hidden in the clouds.


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500 km

Ice caps / Lakes

Quaternary rock Phanerozoic basins (<400Ma)

Lower Palaeozoic and Neoproterozoic basins

Mesoproterozoic basin

Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal rock

Archaean supracrustal rock

Palaeogene magmatic province

Proterozoic magmatic province

Caledonian magmatic province

Proterozoic basement

Reworked Archaean basement

Archaean basement

Fault, thrust▲

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SeqiQeqertaasaq

Citronen Fjord

Melville Bugt

Karrat

Black Angel Mine

Itilliarsuk

Arfersiorfik

Kangerlussuaq

Sarfartoq

Sillisissianguit nunat

Isua

Qussuk

Stendalen

Tasiilaq

Skaergaard

Milne Land

Malmbjerg

Bredehorn

Wegener Halvø

Mestersvig

Devondal

Kap Edward Holm

Motzfeldt Sø

Sinarsuk

Ivisaartoq

Saqqaq

Sisimiut

Flammefjeld

Kangerlussuaq

Nordre Strømfjord

Maniitsoq

Fiskefjord

Nuuk

Qeqertarsuatsiaat

Sermiligaarsuk

KringlerneAmitsoq

Nalunaq Gold Mine

Map of the main geological environments in Greenland.


West Greenland, in the Melville Bugt,North-West Greenland and in the Sermili g -aarsuk region, South-West Greenland.

The Archaean environments and theirpossible plate tectonic settings recognisedin Greenland suggest that Archaean platetectonics may be similar to the tectonicsoperating in the Phanerozoic era. Some ofthe Archaean high-grade metamorphicgneiss-amphibolite associations are consid-ered to resemble granite-greenstone belts,but in general they are exposed in deepersections of the crust than in similar sec-tions in Canada and Australia.

The 3.07 Ga island arc complex atQussuk hosts metamorphosed high-sul-phide gold occurrences. The gold occur-rences at Sermiligaarsuk, South-WestGreen land and at Saqqaq, central WestGreen land represent stratiform gold-arsenicoccurrences within volcanic-associated sul-phidation facies rocks, which may haveformed in an arc-related setting. Duringthe periods of accretion tectonics andmetamorphism, hydrothermal fluidsmigrate into major structures resulting inthe formation of orogenic gold deposits,which, world-wide, are typical of mostNeoarchaean granite-greenstone belts, as

found in the Disko Bay and Nuuk regionswith a typical gold-arsenic association. Inthe Archaean era the number of goldoccurrences peaked world wide and this isassociated with the most productive periodsof continental crust formation ~2.7 Ga. InGreenland, the gold-bearing greenstonebelt at Storø has an age of ~2.64 Ga,

while all other known gold occurrences inGreenland are older than 2.7 Ga, with apeak of formation at around 3.1 Ga and2.8 Ga. Chemical sedimentation gave riseto Algoma type banded iron-formations(BIF), which, in Greenland, include threemain BIF localities, the most famous beingthe Isua BIF in the Isua supracrustal belt

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Outcropping hornblendite at the Amitsoq Island in the Nanortalik area, South Greenland.

The open pit quarry at the Seqi Olivine Mine, southern West Greenland, in an early stage of the operationin 2006.


(~3.8 Ga), in the north-western Nuukregion. The two other iron accumulationsare also large in size; the Itilliarsuk BIF(~2.85 Ga) and the Melville Bugt BIF (~2.7Ga).

Within the West Greenland granite-greenstone terranes, the main mafic toultramafic magmatic complexes carrymajor deposits such as chromitite (±PGE)in layered anorthosite complexes (Qeqer -tarsuatsiaat) and in gabbroic complexeswith magnetite and ilmenite (Sinarsuk )and olivine in the peridotite-dunite com-plexes (Seqi).

Nickel-copper mineralised komatiiticand tholeiitic lava-flows and sills are notknown in Greenland as in the Canadianand Australian greenstone belts. However,the potential for similar deposits withinthe reworked Archaean rocks of theNagssugtoqidian orogen in West to EastGreenland and within the supracrustalrocks of the North Atlantic craton in theNuuk and Fiskefjord region are favourable.

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Rib pillar inside the ‘Black Angel Mine’ with high grade banded Zn-Pb ore. A reopening of the mine is presently considered (Nov. 2009) with mining ofthe pillars as part of the plan for renewed exploitation.

View of the mining area at Nalunaq Gold Mine, South Greenland. Exposed quartz veins are outcroppingon the mountain slope above the mining camp in the valley.


Palaeoproterozoic environmentsThe Palaeoproterozoic era is world widecharacterised by crustal amalgamation andformation of large orogenic belts fromcollision and subduction around 1900 Ma.The established Archaean to early Palaeo -proterozoic stable lithospheric plates per-mitted the formation of sedimentary basins,deposition of platform sediments and thedevelopment of continental margin troughs.

Several Palaeoproterozoic orogenic beltsoccur in Greenland as the Ketilidian oro-gen, South Greenland and in the InglefieldLand mobile belt in North-West Green land.Supracrustal belts, including greenstonerocks, are sparse within these orogens butoccur as thin sequences dominated byamphibolitic rocks and subordinate meta -sedimentary rocks, mainly schist. It is usuallydifficult to distinguish between reworkedArchaean and Palaeoproterozoic rocksunless age determinations are carried out.

In the Nagssugtoqidian, several 1950 Masupracrustal sequences as at Naternaq andAtaneq contain syngenetic massive sulphide

occurrences; however none of these witha significant base metal content. Intrusivesuites around 1900 Ma at Arfersiorfik andSisimiut and equivalent rocks in the Amma -ssalik area are associated with Nagssug -

toq idian convergence and the subductionof the oceanic lithosphere prior to themain collision. Only copper-nickel occur-rences within the Ammassalik Intrusivecomplex are recorded in this context.

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Sampling in nickel-copper sulphide mineralisation hosted within a metasedimentary sequence, associated with dioritic and ultramafic rocks at Tasiilaq,South-East Greenland. Photo: NunaMinerals A/S

The Malmbjerg molybdenum granite hosted deposit, viewed from south-west, positioned betweentwo glaciers. The top of the mountain (to the left) reaches a height around 1700 m and the glacieris at c. 700 m. The granite cupola (light yellow-brown) is intruded into the overlying bedded sand-stone (dark brown).


The degree of exploration within thesouthern part of the Rinkian orogen is lim-ited but some major discoveries have beendone. The SEDEX-type Black Angel depositat Maarmorilik and the sulphide-gold oc -currences in the Karrat Isfjord are promi-nent. The Karrat Group and the northernRinkian orogen may in addition holdpotentials for orogenic gold and VMSoccurrences.

The juvenile Ketilidian orogen is a goldprovince with several gold prospects in

different settings including the NalunaqGold Mine. The gold is related to the laterstages of the batholith formation(1800–1770 Ma) with precipitations bothin supracrustal rocks and granitoids.

The greenstone belts in the Palaeo pro -terozoic belts outside South Greenland areconsidered to have a low potential for golddeposits. One exception is in InglefieldLand to the North where gold is related toshear zones and hosted by Palaeo protero -zoic deformed gneiss and supracrustal rocks.

Iron-Oxide-Copper-Gold (IOGC) depositshave not hitherto been realized in Green -land. In general IOCGs are hosted by cra-tonic or continental margin environmentswith extensional tectonics in which mantleunderplating may be critical. IOCG set-tings are favourable in North-West andSouth-West Greenland, in environmentsrelated to craton edges.

Magmatic development and mineralpotential (<1600 Ma)Known major intrusive events are the Meso -proterozoic Gardar Province in South Green -land, the Neoproterozoic North Atlanticalkaline province and the Jurassic provinceof carbonatites in West Greenland. Othermajor intrusions described are granites inEast Greenland associated with Caledonianevents, intrusions associated with the rift-ed Palaeogene basaltic provinces of Eastand West Greenland as well as the alka-line granitoid intrusions of East Greenland.Regions dominated by extrusive volcanismare the Palaeogene flood basalt provincesin East and West Greenland.

Mineral occurrences in the Proterozoicand Mesozoic scenarios are mainly associ-ated with a stable craton or incipient rift-ing and initial basin formation. The Meso -proterozoic Gardar Province comprisesthree intrusive phases related to initial rift-ing of which alkaline phases carry largedeposits of niobium, tantalum, zirconium,rare earth elements and cryolite.

The North Atlantic alkaline province isbelieved to be a result of the opening ofthe Iapetus Ocean around 615 Ma. Thecarbonatites in West Greenland have adefinitive potential for niobium, tantalum,rare earth elements and apatite. The Neo -proterozoic kimberlite dykes in the WestGreenland Kangerlussuaq–Maniitsoqregion hold a promising diamond poten-tial. The mineral occurrences in the Palae -ogene magmatic environment comprisedeposits like the porphyry molybdenumdeposits related to alkaline intrusions inEast Greenland and associated vein sys-tems with gold and silver. The Skaergaardgabbro intrusion hides a world-class de -posit with gold, palladium and platinum.The Palaeogene alkaline and mafic igneous

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The Sarfartoq carbonatite complex viewed westwards along the valley. The reddish slope (raising 400 mfrom the valley bottom) in the centre is representing the outcropping carbonatitic core of the com-plex.

Diamondiferous rock outcrop of a kimberlitic dyke in the Kangerlussuaq region, southern WestGreenland. Xenoliths are seen in the dyke as brown nodules within the matrix. Hammer for scale isc. 60 cm.


rocks together with the flood basaltprovinces in East and West Greenland aretypical frontier areas except around theknown deposits.

The Labrador located Voisey’s Bay nickel-copper-cobalt deposit type has not yetbeen found in Greenland. It is well-estab-lished that the geology of north-easternLabrador correlates with southern WestGreenland and the Nain craton in Canadaand the North Atlantic craton in Greenlandonce formed a coherent Archaean crustalblock. Some of the better potential areasin Greenland for deposits similar to Voisey’sBay are in the area around the 1800 MaStendalen gabbro in eastern South Green -land, plutonic members and dykes relatedto the 1400–1200-Ma Gardar province inwestern South Greenland, and the ultra-mafic to gabbroic rocks intruded into thePalaeoproterozoic sulphide-bearing meta -sediments in the Nordre Strømfjord regionin West Greenland.

Looking at the Palaeogene basalts inWest Greenland they have, from a mineralresource point of view, been comparedwith the Noril’sk Region. These rocks are

characterised by depletion of copper-nick-el and platinum group elements in thebasalts. The West Greenland system iscomparable with the Noril’sk system, butthe sulphide saturation took place at highlevel in the crust, whereas at the typelocality the saturation event took place at

depth with subsequent injection of sul-phide-bearing magmas into higher levels.The Ilkunnguaq sediment-contaminatedsulphide-rich mafic dyke has been sug-gested to be a possible candidate for aNoril’sk type deposit.

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The Stendalen layered gabbro complex. In the foreground light coloured psammites, followed by arust zone (to the right) within the layered gabbro complex. The cliff face is 600–700 m, South-EastGreenland.

Magmatic layering (dm-scale) in the Palaeogene Kap Edward Holm gabbro intrusion, southern East Greenland.


Sedimentary environments and mineral deposits (<1600 Ma)Major intercontinental-rift-related sedi-mentary successions are recognised as theMesoproterozic Thule Group, the Inde -pendence Fjord Basin and the Krummedalsuccession in North and East Greenland,the Neoproterozic Eleonore Bay Super -group in East Greenland and the Phanero -zoic sedimentary Franklinian basin in Eastand North Greenland. The East Greenlandsedimentary basins are rift-related withhuge thicknesses of sediments includingclastic sediments and carbonates. TheNorth Greenland environment is the plat-form type with dominating carbonatesand flysch sediments. SEDEX lead-zinctype deposits in the shale sequences arefound in the sedimentary basin in NorthGreenland. Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc(MVT) has been found in platform carbon-ates both in North and East Greenland.

Many of the well-known types of min-eral occurrences of the sedimentary envi-ronment type also occur in Greenland.

Examples are copper in sandstones in theNeoproterozoic and the Mesozoic clasticsediments; lead and zinc in the shale/car-bonate sequences in the sedimentarybasins; placer deposits and evaporite de -posits. Celestite and barium deposits areexamples from East Greenland. Lead-zincveins in sediments occur in the Mestersvigarea including the now abandoned Bly -klippen mine. Many of the sedimentarybasins lie in remote areas and are still fron-tier regions with respect to exploration.

Concluding remarks

An obvious place to look for mineral de -posits is where accretion of crust forma-tion occurs. This is demonstrated in severalplaces in Greenland such as the Archaeanisland-arc formation at Qussuk in theNuuk region and the PalaeoproterozoicKetilidian orogen. Prosperous periods formetal formation are:• Eoarchaean (3.8–3.7 Ga) with BIF• Meso–Neoarchaean (3.1–2.6 Ga) with

arc-related and orogenic gold and BIF• Palaeoproterozoic (2.0–1.8 Ga), espe-

cially with gold and uranium in theKetilidian orogen

• Mesoproterozoic (1.5–1.3 Ga) rift-relat-ed Gardar alkaline province with spe-cialty metals: REE, zirconium, niobium,and tantalum

• Caledonian Neoproterozoic sedimentsin East Greenland with copper andtungsten.

The Phanerozoic sediments are targets forstratiform and stratabound occurrences ofbase metals as SEDEX and MVT deposits.The Neoproterozoic carbonatites and kim-berlites are successful with their potentialfor REE, niobium and diamond. Some of thelarge deposits are found in these groups.Real giant, large-tonnage deposits arelocated within the Palaeocene complexessuch as the Skaergaard intrusion (gold,platinum and palladium) and Malm bjerg(molybdenum).

The promising exploration targets fallwithin these categories with a priority for

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The Wegener Halvø Formation carbonate buildups and the overlying black shales of the Ravnefjeld Formation, central East Greenland. Viewed towards thenorthwest, with the Fleming Fjord (background) and the western part of the peninsula Wegner Halvø in the foreground. The cliff face is approximately400 m high.


gold, platinum group elements, diamonds,coloured gemstones (ruby and sapphire),zinc, molybdenum, nickel, iron and zirco-nium. Speciality metals such as REE, niobi-um, tantalum and unique industrial miner-als are also potential targets.

The most diverse type of this resourceaccumulation is the gold occurrences. Goldis remarkable as it can be deposited at allcrustal levels. The deepest level of goldformation is at depths of 15–25 km (oro-genic gold in greenstone belts). Shallowgold is formed in a copper porphyry envi-ronment such as in South Greenland, how -ever, with the present erosion surface onlythe deep roots of the porphyry system arerecognised. Formation of near surface epi -thermal deposits are found both in Archaeanrocks (Qussuk) and in Palaeogene magmaticsystems as Flammefjeld. Syngenetic, vol-canic, exhalative gold-bearing accumula-tions are stratiform to stratabound occur-rences which are recognised in the Saqqaqand Sermiligaarsuk-areas.

Greenland hosts a wide range of geo-logical environments and related mineral-ising processes. Geological environmentsand deposit types are in many situationscomparable to those found in Canada,Scandinavia and Australia.

Greenland as a frontier region has ratherhigh exploration and mining expenses anddevelopment of mineral targets have to alarge extent, (1): before WW II times beenignored by the international mining indus-try although the mining of cryolite wenton continuously from 1856 to 1987, (2):been especially sensitive to market fluctu-ations in metal prices, and have (3): beenignored because Greenland does not havea home-market for the commodities.Large parts of Greenland have never beensubjected to detailed exploration cam-paigns. There is a fair chance of findinggiant deposits in Greenland as a numberof deposits at present is categorised as‘giants’ such as the deposits: Isua, Motz -feldt Lake, Kringlerne, Skaergaard, Malm -bjerg and Citronen Fjord. The presentreview has demonstrated that the geologi-cal environments and the related mineraldeposits are in many ways similar to thosefound world-wide, meaning that thepotential for new mineral discoverieswhich can sustain mining are excellent.

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Aerial view of ‘Hill 800 m’ at the Jurassic MilneLand fossil Zr-REE placer. The deposit is locatedin the basal part of the 100–200 m thick lami-nated and cross-bedded sandstone of theCharcot Bugt Formation. The lower part con-sists of unconsolidated, purple heavy mineralsands, rich in garnet, ilmentite, rutile, zirconand monazite. Palaeogene flood basalts areseen at the uppermost left corner of the picturewhere individual beds of basalts are outlined bythe snow. Milne Land, central East Greenland.

Supracrustal sequence at the Saqqaq gold occurrence. SE–NW orientated cliff face, c. 800 m high. The gold bearing chert horizon just above the snow slopeis rusty coloured. Disko Bay region, central West Greenland.


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Key literature

Appel, P.W.U., Garde, A.A., Jørgensen, M.S.,

Moberg, E.D., Rasmussen, T.M., Schjødt, F. &

Steenfelt, A. 2003: Preliminary evaluation of

the economic potential of the greenstone belts

in the Nuuk region. Danmarks og Grønlands

Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2003/94, 147

pp.

Bohse, H., Brooks, C.K. et al. 1971: Field obser-

vations on the kakortokites of the Ilímaussaq

intrusion, South Greenland, including mapping

and analyses by portable X-ray fluorescence

equipment for zirconium and niobium. Rapport

Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, 38: 43.

Harpøth, O., Pedersen J.L. et al. 1986: The min-

eral occurrences of central East Greenland. Med -

delelser om Grønland, Geoscience 17: 1–139.

Henriksen, N., Higgins, A.K., Kalsbeek, F. &

Pulvertaft, T.C.R. 2000: Greenland from

Archaean to Quaternary. Descriptive text to the

Geological map of Greenland 1:2 500 000.

Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 185, 93 pp.

Nielsen, T.F.D. 2002: Palaeogene intrusions and

magmatic complexes in East Greenland 66 to

75°N. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Under -

søgelse Rapport 2002/113, 249 pp.

Nielsen, T.F.D. 2004: The shape and volume of the

Skaergaard intrusion; implications for mass bal-

ances and bulk composition. Journal of Petrology

45, 507–530.

Steenfelt, A., Nielsen, T.F.D. & Stendal, H. 2000:

Mineral resource potential of South Greenland:

review of new digital data sets. Danmarks og

Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport

2000/50, 47 pp.

Stendal, H. (ed.) 2007: Characterisation of selected

geological environments. Mineral resource assess-

ment of the Archaean Craton (66° to 63°30'N)

SW Greenland. Contribution no. 1. Danmarks

og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport

2007/20, 88 pp.

Stendal, H., Secher, K., Nielsen, B.M., Schøn -

wandt, H.K. & Thorning, L. 2005: Greenland

geological environments and mineral resources.

Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse

Rapport 2005/8, 211pp.

Tukiainen, T. 1988: Niobium-tantalum minerali-

sation in the Motzfeldt Centre of the Igaliko

Nepheline Syenite Complex, South Greenland. In:

Omenetto, P. (ed.): Mineral deposits within the

European Community,, 230–246. Berlin, Heidel -

berg: Springer-Verlag.

van der Stijl, F.W. & Mosher, G.Z. 1998: The

Citronen Fjord massive sulphide deposit, Peary

Land, North Greenland: discovery, stratigraphy,

mineralization and structural setting. Geology

of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 179, 40 pp.

van Gool, J.A.M., Connelly, J.N., Marker, M. &

Mengel, F. 2002: The Nagssugtoqidian Orogen

of West Greenland: tectonic evolution and

regional correlations from a West Greenland per-

spective. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39,

665–686.

Front cover photographThe Triassic sediments at the south side

of Devondal, central East Greenland. The

top of the cliff-face is at elevation 700 m

a.s.l.

Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum(BMP)

Government of GreenlandP.O. Box 930

DK-3900 NuukGreenland

Tel: (+299) 34 68 00Fax: (+299) 32 43 02E-mail: [email protected]

Internet: www.bmp.gl

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)

Øster Voldgade 10DK-1350 Copenhagen K

Denmark

Tel: (+45) 38 14 20 00Fax: (+45) 38 14 20 50E-mail: [email protected]: www.geus.dk

AuthorsH. Stendal, B. M. Stensgaard &

K. Secher

EditorKarsten Secher, GEUS

Graphic ProductionCarsten E. Thuesen, GEUS

PhotographsGEUS unless otherwise stated

PrintedDecember 2009 © GEUS

PrintersRosendahls • Schultz Grafisk a/s

ISSN1602-818x

Outcrop of the rhythmically bedded, millimetre- to centimtre-thick bands of white and grey barite anddolomite forming the so-called ‘zebra’ baryte from Bredehorn, central East Greenland.


Geological environments favourable for future mining · 2017-10-12 · Geological environments favourable for future mining No. 16 - December 2009 GO_16.qxp: ... major mineral deposits

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