Geography - Population

World GeographyChapter 3

Population and Culture

Los AngelesNew York

Mexico City

Rio de JaneiroSao Paulo

Buenos Aires

Nairobi

Lagos

MoscowLondon

Paris

Tehran

Cairo

Delhi

Mumbai

Dahka

Culcutta

Beijing

Tokyo

Shanghai

Manila

Jakarta

Sidney

Section 1 : The Study of Human Geography

Main IdeaThe study of human geography focuses on a number of population topics, as well as many cultural topics.

ObjectivesExplain why population density is distributed unevenly around the worldIdentify some possible effects of population growthList some of the elements of cultureDescribe how cultures change

Key TermsCulture

Population Density

Birthrate

Immigrant


Emigrant

Rural

Culture Hearth

Cultural Convergence

Diffusion

Cultural Divergence

The Beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s

way of life

People who leave a country to live in

other placesThe number of live

births each year per 1,000 people

The restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences

Countryside (not urban)

People who move into the countryThe average number

of people in a square mile or a square

kilometer

A place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures

Occurs when the skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with

those of another culture

The process by which a cultural element is

transmitted across some distance from one group or individual to another

Human Geography

CultureBeliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life


Includes a wide range of topicsLanguages, religions, customs, economic and political systems, etc.

Demography Study of populationsBirth, marriage, migration, death, etc.

Where People Live

Most people live on a small share of Earth’s surface


Population densityThe average number of people in a square mile or a square kilometer

Why do people choose to live where they do?

Half of Earth’s surface is unlivableDeserts, mountains, etc.

Where soil is fertile, water is plenty, climate is mild, etc.

People and EnvironmentsPeople adapt to where they live

People wear shorts in heat, more clothes in winter, etc.

Population DensityArable land is land that can be farmed


Human activity has altered Earth’s surfaceCutting down trees, grazing animals on wild grasses, etc.

Divide the population of a region by the amount of arable land

Calculate Population Density


The population of Olive Branch is approximately 31,830. The amount of arable land in Olive Branch is approximately 36.2 square miles. Calculate the population density of Olive Branch.

31, 830 36.2879.28 per square mile

Population Growth

Effects of rapid population growth

Several factors Technology helps food production increaseImproved medical care allows people to live longer

The Effects of Growth


Negative consequencesFamine, disease, and natural resource depletion

Positive consequencesIncrease in levels of technology and creativity

Comparing Growth Rates

Birthrate & Death rateNumber of births each year per 1,000 people (birthrate)Number of deaths each year per 1,000 people (death rate)


“Zero population growth”Birthrate and immigration equals death rate and emigration

Immigrants & EmigrantsPeople who move into a country (immigrants)People who leave the country (Emigrants)

Comparing Growth Rates

Areas with high population densitiesMany of these people live in metropolitan areas

An area with a central city surrounded by suburbs


Rural means countrysideGrowing slower than urbanized areas

UrbanizationThe growth of city populations

The Nature of CultureCulture reflected in both objects and ideas


Nonmaterial (ideas) waysReligion, government, patterns of behavior, etc.

Material (objects) waysThings that people make (food, clothing, architecture, etc.)

LanguageCornerstone of culture

Culture could not pass to the next generation without it

ReligionImportant aspect of culture

Helps people answer questions about who they areSupports values that people consider important


Monotheism and PolytheismThe worship of one God (monotheism)The worship of more than one god (polytheism)

Cultural LandscapesAs people use natural resources to alter the face of the Earth, they produce unique cultural landscapes

Social OrganizationEvery culture creates social organization

By organizing its members into smaller unitsMeant to help people work together to meet basic needs


Different ways of dividingFamily is most important in all culturesSome have social classes that rank in order of status

Cultural ChangeChanges can be internal

New discoveries and ideasInventionsDevelopment of language


Changes can be externalTechnologyWar

Cultural ConvergenceCultural convergence

Occurs when the skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture


DiffusionThe process by which a cultural element is transmitted across some distance from one group or individual to anotherOccurs because of the migration of people

Cultural Divergence

Governments limit cultural contact and the spread of ideas


Cultural divergenceThe restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences

Control transportation and communicationRestrict free movement in and out of countryLimit access to newspapers, internet, radio, and television

DiscussionOn the next slide is a drawing of an island. Imagine that you have been stranded on this island with 100 other people, and you cannot build a raft nor signal for help. You must build a community on this island. Where would you start building your community’s homes? Discuss how natural resources influence population density.



FreshwaterSpring

FreshwaterSpring

Forest

Grassy Plain

Ocean

RockyCoast


Main IdeaThe world’s countries have a variety of government and economic systems based on differing philosophies.

Objectives

List four characteristics shared by all countriesDescribe how various types of government differ from one anotherExplain how various types of economic systems differ from one another

Section 2 : Political and Economic Systems

Key Terms

Sovereignty

Unitary System

Federation


Confederation

Authoritarian

Dictatorship

Totalitarianism

Monarchy

Democracy

Traditional Economy

Market Economy

An economy which is a free

enterprise system

Command Economy

A political system in which the people

choose their leaders and have the power to set government

policy

One central government runs

the nation

Government that is run by one

leader, who has all the power

A political system in which government

tries to control every part of

society

An economy in which nearly all goods and services produced by people are consumed in their own family or

village

An economy controlled by a single, central government

A political system in which power is

concentrated in a small group or even

a single person

A nation’s freedom from

outside control

A political system in which monarchs

inherit their positions by being

born into the ruling family

A political system in which some powers are given to the national government

and other powers are reserved for more local

governments

A political system in which smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government only very limited powers

The World’s CountriesNearly 200 independent countries in the world

Vary greatly in size, military power, natural resources, economic importance, etc.


Four characteristics that define a countryClearly defined territoryPopulationSovereigntyGovernment

TerritoryIncludes the land, water, and natural resources within a country’s boundaries


How a nation defines its boundariesNatural divisions, such as a river or mountainsCan shrink or expand

Unequal distribution of natural resources on the planetCountry’s resources may be more important than sizeHas led to conflict between nations

SovereigntyFreedom from outside control

Entitles country to act independently, deal equally with other countries, and protect its territory and citizens


Geographic factors can strengthen or weaken a country’s sovereignty

Mountains surrounding a country can make defense easyPlains surrounding a country can make defense hard

Types of GovernmentA society makes and enforces public policies, protects the society from outside threats, and provides for its common needs through the institution of government.


There are only a few types of political systems.Classified according to structure and basis of authority

Classify governments based on the relationship between local and central governments (structure)Classify governments based on the source of their authority (basis of authority)

Government StructureUnitary system

One central government


ConfederationThe central government has limited powers while local governments keep their sovereignty

FederationPower divided between national and local governments

Government AuthorityAuthoritarian

Run by a leader, who has all, or nearly all, powerIts most extreme form is totalitarianismToday, its most common form is dictatorshipMost common in history is monarchy


DemocracyPeople choose their leaders and have the power to set government policiesRepresentative democracies exist when only a nation’s eligible adult citizens may vote

Discussion


Each of the next 3 slides will show a diagram of one of the eight government types mentioned in this section. Discuss with the class what government type that the diagrams represent, and why the diagram represents that government type.


Limited Central Government

Powerful Local

Government

Powerful Local

Government

Powerful Local

GovernmentConfederation


Very Powerful Government or

Individual

Completely Controlled

Politics

Completely Controlled Economy

Controlled Citizen’s Personal

Lives

Totalitarianism


Elected Governments (Central and Local)

Citizens Who Have the

Power to Set Government

Policy

Citizens Who Choose Their

Leaders

Democracy

Types of Economic SystemsWhat three basic questions must an economic system answer?


What (and how many) goods and services will be produced?How will these products be produced?How will the products and the wealth gained from their sale be distributed?

Traditional Economy

Also called “subsistence economies”Found in rural parts of less developed nationsNearly all goods and services produced are consumed by the family or villageNo surplus is produced

Nothing or little left for trade


Market EconomyCapitalism

Free enterprise system that gives great freedom to individuals and groups

Decide what will be produced, how much will be produced, and the prices that will be chargedDecisions strongly influenced by the laws of “supply and demand”


United States is not “pure” capitalismGovernment provides some goods and servicesLimited role in regulating private business

Command EconomyControlled by a single, central government

Government decides what and how much to produce, where economic activities will be located, and what prices will be charged for goods and servicesDecisions are made to achieve social and political goals


CommunismState owns and operates all major farms, factories, utilities, and storesAlso called planned economies

Mixed EconomyMix of traditional, market, and command economies


SocialismState should own and run some basic industries, such as transportation, communications, and banking, while private enterprise operates in most other parts of the economyWealth should be distributed more equallyCalled “Welfare States”

Provide many social services such as housing and health care•High taxes to pay for these things

Discussion


Each of the next 3 slides will show a diagram of one of the three economy types mentioned in this section. Discuss with the class what economy type that the diagrams represents, and why the diagram represents that economy type.


Consumers

Law of Supply & Demand

Private Enterprise

Price and Production

Government

Market Economy


Owns Businesses

Government

Determines Production

Operates Businesses

Command Economy


Produce for Personal Consumption

Families

Little Exchange of Goods

Little Surplus

Traditional Economy

Geography - Population

Technology

urban people

environments people

number of population

population density arable

population of olive

average number of people

human activity

elements of culture