Geography Home Learning Booklet Year 7 Glaciation and ... · Introduction – please read me! Welcome to your Home Learning booklet for Geography. This booklet is focused on Glaciation.This

Geography Home Learning Booklet

Year 7

Glaciation and Geological Timescales

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Staff Comment

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Given out: Monday 18 April Hand in: Monday 25 April

Introduction – please read me!

Welcome to your Home Learning booklet for Geography. This booklet is

focused on Glaciation. This is not something we have studied or are going to

study in class until Year 8 so it’s a really good opportunity for you to show how

good you are at independent learning.

There are 7 main tasks for you to try your best to complete. We do expect you

to finish the booklet but also to finish it well and to try your hardest. You can

use the after school help sessions on Tues, Wed & Thurs 3-4pm, ask teachers,

or even work together as a family if you find it difficult to do everything well

on your own. You might also need to use an Atlas from home/Internet to do one

of the tasks.

Remember the booklet should take you 5 hours to complete.

Work hard and enjoy your learning.

Yours

Mrs Perryman

Task 1 – What is a Glacier?

Fill in the gaps in the following paragraph using the words in the word box to

make sense of what a glacier is.

A glacier is a large body of ____ and ice. We find them in high-up places

(the Swiss Alps) and in places that are far _____ or south, like the Arctic

and __________. Each glacier has built up over many _____ in places

where snow has fallen but not ______. Snow turns to ice as it collects in

_______. The weight of the ice means that it starts to slip ____ mountain

sides over time. As moving ice creeps into the ______ climate of lowland

regions, melting takes place.

snow years down Antarctic layers

warmer melted north

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Task 2 – Types of Glacier

There are different sizes of glacier. These include:

Ice sheets Look at a world map and you will see Antarctica and

Greenland covered white. These are enormous ice sheets.

If both melted completely, sea-levels around the world

would rise by tens of metres!

Ice caps These are areas of mountains which are permanently

covered in snow and ice. The Himalayas are a good example

of this.

Valley

glaciers

On a smaller scale still, the Alps are home to ice-capped

mountains and valley glaciers. Local glaciers can develop

anywhere on Earth where the land is high and cold enough,

including central Africa!

Snow patches The smallest glaciers are little more than snow patches

on mountain sides. They tend to be found on north-facing

slopes where there is less sunlight received to melt the

ice. The Highlands of Scotland has snow patches that last

for much of the year, but no real glaciers.

Match the description to the picture and write in the name of the glacier in the

space underneath.

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Task 3 – Definitions of a glacier

A glacier is like a gigantic river of ice that occurs in very cold places such as

Antarctica, the Arctic and also in mountain regions. Look very carefully at each

of the pictures and then use what you can see in the pictures to match it up

with its definition on the next page.

Ablation Glacier Terminus

Accumulation Moraine

Carving Retreat of a glacier

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Crevasse Snout

Term Definition

ablation Accumulations of rock debris being

transported or deposited by a glacier. This

term also refers to the landforms made of

the debris after it has been deposited by

the glacier.

accumulation Where glaciers reach the sea or a lake, it

is the process by which pieces of the

glacier break off and float away.

calving The gain of snow and ice in a glacier. This

is usually from precipitation in the form of

snow, but also includes snow blown onto the

glacier from surrounding slopes.

crevasses Occurs over a time period when ablation

averaged across the whole glacier exceeds

accumulation averaged across the whole

glacier. The glacier becomes smaller and

the end of the glacier goes back.

glacier

terminus

The lower part of a valley glacier’s ablation

zone.

moraine The loss of ice or snow from a glacier. This

can occur by melting, by evaporation, and

by icebergs breaking off of a glacier if the

glacier borders a sea or lake.

retreat (of

a glacier)

Fractures (or breaks) that can be seen at

the surface of the glacier caused by

stretching (extending) of the ice.

snout The downward end of the glacier.

Task 4 – Use your definitions

Now that you have figured out what ablation and accumulation are try to match

these definitions to their meanings;

Term Definition

ablation zone Occurs over a time period when

accumulation averaged across the

whole glacier exceeds ablation

averaged across the whole glacier.

The glacier becomes larger and

extends further.

accumulation

zone

The boundary between a glacier’s

accumulation zone and its ablation

zone. Along this boundary,

averaged over the year,

accumulation is equal to the

amount of ablation.

advance (of a

glacier)

The lower area of a glacier where

the rate of ablation is higher than

the rate of accumulation.

equilibrium

line

The relation between accumulation

and ablation for a glacier (also

Extension

called ‘glacier budget’). It is

positive if over a year there is

more accumulation than ablation.

It is negative if there is more

ablation than accumulation.

mass balance The upper area of a glacier where

the rate of accumulation is higher

than the rate of ablation.

Task 5 – Annotation

Study the photograph below of a small glacier in Washington State, USA, taken

in July.

Now

label in the

same features

shown above in this

Equilibrium

line

Accumulation zone

Ablation zone

Glacier terminus

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generalised drawing of an alpine valley glacier in summer.

Also label the area of the glacier that is called the ‘snout’

and the surrounding ‘moraine’.

Task 6 – Aerial Photo Field Sketch

Study this aerial photo

showing part of a glacier in

Antarctica. With a pencil,

draw a simple sketch of the

photograph in the box below

it. On your sketch, label the

glacier terminus, icebergs and

crevasses.

It might surprise you to know

that glaciers also flow

incredibly sloooooooowly

downhill until they reach the

sea. They are a bit like

gigantic rivers of ice. Draw an

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arrow to indicate the apparent flow direction of the ice.

Task 7 – How glaciers shape the landscape

Look at the pictures and try to make guesses to answer the questions based on

your knowledge of Geography.

Apart from the fact that one picture has ice in it and the other does not what

differences can you see between the two photographs?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

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Can you suggest reasons for

why the crevasses are

located where they are on

this glacier?____________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

Looking back at the photo of

the Cirque glacier, can you

suggest why the ablation

zone of a glacier looks

darker than the accumulation

zone?_________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

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Why are the rocks sharp and jagged in the mountain photo and smooth and

round at the beach? ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

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Notice the rocky debris along the sides of this glacier. Where has this rocky

debris come from, and how do you think it got to the glacier?

___________________________________________________________

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This is a photo from under a glacier. How

do you think pieces of rock debris can get

picked up by the glacier as it moves over

the ground? Hint: there is melting and

refreezing of water beneath glaciers.

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

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Can you describe the process that caused

the scratches on this rock outcrop? Hint: glaciers move rocky debris inside and under

them as well as along the surface._______

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

______________________________________________

_____________

One of these valleys was eroded out by a glacier. Describe the shapes of the

two valleys and suggest reasons for the difference. ____________________

___________________________________________________________

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Task 8 - What landforms do glaciers create?

On this page you will find a table giving definitions for all the different types

of landforms that you might find in a glacial landscape. Use this table to help

you identify these landforms in the photos on the next few pages.

Term Definition

Arête

A sharp, steep, and narrow ridge that results from

glaciers in valleys next to each other.

Cirque (also called

‘corrie’ and ‘cwm’)

Armchair or bowl-shaped hollows on the sides of

mountains that either contain (or used to contain)

glaciers.

Fjord

A steep and narrow sea inlet which originated as a

glaciated valley near the coast that became flooded by

the sea as the sea level rose.

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Glacial trough (also

called ‘U-shaped

valley’)

Steep sided, relatively flat and broad bottomed valleys

that either contain (or used to contain) valley glaciers.

Hanging valley

Formed from a smaller valley glacier joining a larger valley

glacier. Once the glaciers have disappeared, the valley

that was being worn down by the smaller glacier is not as

deep, and where it meets the main valley there is a sudden

drop – often containing a waterfall.

Pyramidal Peak

A steep, isolated peak formed from glaciers wearing away

a mountain summit from three or more sides.

Ribbon lake Formed when a glacier melts and leaves behind long and

very deep lakes made of melt water.

Truncated Spur

Truncated spurs are rounded areas of land which jut out

from the side of the valley and are then suddenly cut off

because of a glacier. They are often rounded at the top

but steep at the bottom.

How many pyramidal peaks, arêtes and corries can you see in this aerial

photograph of the Alps? Pyramidal Peaks ___ Arêtes ___ Corries ___

What glacial landforms can you see in this picture of Glencoe in Scotland?

There are at least 3. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

This is an aerial view of the Lake District in Northern Britain. What evidence is

there that this area used to have many glaciers? Use the names of the

landforms to help you explain. _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

This is Milford Sound in New Zealand

which is a Fjord. This picture below

shows the hanging valley that can be

found there. Use the sentence

starter to help you explain how you

know that this is a hanging valley.

The photograph shows a hanging

valley because _________________

_______________________________ and also because _______________

___________________________________________________________

Extension – Map interpretation

The OS map extract here focuses on Helvellyn and its surrounding area in the English Lake District.

Helvellyn is one of the highest peaks in England reaching an altitude of 950 metres above sea level.

Extension

1) What evidence can be seen on the map and the image that this area was glaciated?

2) What type of feature of glacial erosion now contains the lake called Red Tarn?

3) From looking at the map extract, label the summit (highest point) of Helvellyn onto the second

image. Also add labels for ‘Striding Edge’ and ‘Helvellyn Screes’ onto the second image.

4) Name two other landscape features of glacial erosion that can be seen in the map and the

image, and describe their locations in relation to the summit of Helvellyn.

5) If you were to take a fieldtrip to Grisdale Valley what other glacial features do you think you

would see?

Self Evaluation of my Homework

I am a R____________________ learner. I know this because:

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I believe that my effort and attitude to learning for this booklet is a:

1 2 3 4

I know this because:

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