Geography Ans Compile Original Document - School Answers PDF

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GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

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1. INDIA : RESOURCES

1) What is meant by man-made resources?

1. Substances produced by man in order to fulfill his needs are termed as man-

made resources.

2. Man-made includes tools, implements, buildings, means of transport and

communication, science and technology as well as social and economic factors.

3. Man himself is a resource due to his imagination, intelligence, foresight, decision

making power, skills, leadership etc.

4. Importance of human resources depends upon quality and quantity of the

people

2) What are natural resources?

1. Resources that are available in nature in their natural forms are termed as

natural resources.

2. Natural resources include land, climate, soils, water, vegetation, wild animals,

minerals etc.

3)On which factors does the development of resources depend?

1. Man himself is a resource due to his knowledge, imagination, intelligence,

foresight, decision making power, skills, leadership etc.

2. Importance of human resources depend upon quality and quantity of the

people.

4)Development of resources.

1. Along with the growth of resources an increase in their quality is called as

development of resources.

2. Development of resources depend upon human intellectual capability, skills aswell as use of science and technology.

3. In developed nations use of resources is high.

4. Development of resources is more when the cost of production is less.

5. Due to high population there is a higher demand for resources.



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6. International relation between nations exists due to political stability, peace and

mutual understanding among them.

7. Resource development takes place in such nations.

8. A favourable national policy helps in development of such resources.

5) Conservation of resources.

1. Due to improper and excessive use of resources some resources get exhausted,

some resources become useless for utilization.

2. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve resources.

3. Conservation is careful management of resources to avoid its improper use and

destruction.

Following measures are undertaken for conservation of resources:-

1. Control population growth to reduce demand for resources.

2. Preserve resources to suffice the needs for future generation.

3. Create alternative cheap resources.

4. Recycle the resources.

5. Make laws for protection of resources.

6. Increase the total utility of resources by adopting science and technology.

7. Increase renewable resources.

8. Create social awareness regarding conservation of resources because theybelong to the nation.

6) Characterstics of resources

1. Some resources are available in nature in their Natural forms.

2. Some resources are formed due to human activities and their processes

3. Some resources are renewable.

4. Some resources are non-renewable.

5. Each resource has its limitation in its utility.

6. Resources are used for production of goods and services

7. We have to take more efforts in order to get maximum utility from resources.

8. Form of utility of resources changes according to development of science and

technology.



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2. HUMAN RESOURCES

1)Density of population in India.

1. The ratio between total population and total area of a region enable us

to obtain the average number of persons living in per square kilometer.

2. This ratio is called density of population.

3. It helps us to know whether the population is dense or sparse in a

region.

4. In 1901 , average number of persons living on per sq.km. Area in India

was 77.

5. According to the census of 2001, 324 people lived on one sq.km. of area.

6. There are regional variation in the density of population.

7. West Bengal is the most densely populated state of the country. It isfollowed by the state of Bihar, Kerala, Uttar pradesh, punjab and tamil

nadu.

8. The state of arunchal pradesh has the lowest density of population.

9. Most of the union territoties are small in size and have dense population.

10. Higest density of persons per sq.km.is found in the union territory of

Delhi.

11. population of india is dense in some area while other areas are sparsely

populated.

2)Migration

1- the term migration denotes movement of people from one region to

another for economic social and political purposes.

2- it can be for a short or a long period.

3- there are two type of migration. (a) internal (b) international

Internal migration:-

1- in india internal migration takes place mainly because of economic reasons.

2- people migrate from one city to another city, from urban area to rural

areas , from one rural to other rural area and from rural to cities.

3- migration from rural area to urban area is done in search of job

opportunities.



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4- cities like Mumbai, Delhi, kolkata, Chennai get migrants from different

parts of india.

5- This migration occurs within a state and also on interstate level.

International migration: -

1- People migrate to usa. Canada and European countries from India.

2- Such migrants mainly include scientists, doctors, engineers people from

information technology sector etc.

3- Technicians and skilles workers mostly migrate to gulf countries.

3)Sex ratio :-

1. The ratio between the number of males and females in a particular area

is called sex ratio.2. Sex ratio is calculated on the basis of number of females per thousand

male.

3. According to the 2001 census sex ratio in india is 933.

4. A general trend of fall in the number of females is found in the

population of India.

5. It is only in the state of Kerala that the population of females is higher

than that of males.

4)Growth rate of population is high in India.

1. The birth rate and death rate are taken into consideration for measuring the

growth rate of population

2. The birth rate has not declined much during the last ninety years.

3. However, there has been a substantial decrease in the death rate.

4. Main reasons for this are eradication of epidemics, availability of medicines for

treatment of various diseases and improvement in the standard of living.

5. The resources are under great stress due to rapid increase in the population in

India.

5)Most of the migration takes place from rural areas towards

cities.



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1. The term migration denotes movement of people from one region to another

for economic, social and political purposes.

2. It can be for a short or a long period.

3. In India internal migration takes place mainly because of economical reasons.

4. People migrate from one rural to another rural area, from one city to another

city, from urban areas to rural areas and from rural areas to cities.

5. Migration from rural areas to urban areas is done in search of job opportunities.

6. Cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai get migrants from different parts of

India.

6)Over population is an obstacle to the progress of the nation.

1. Generally, the rate of production of foodgrains and other materials is low while

the rate of growth of production is high.

2. Therefore, it creates a false nation thet greatyer population is a hindrance to

progress.

3. Unless man makes use of materials found from the natural environment, they do

not become resources.

4. If the population is not active, despite rich natural environment, a nation cannot

make development.

7) Age structure of population:

1. Classification of people according to age is called as Age structure

2. Efficiency, social status, education, occupation etc. of the people are related to

age group

3. Hence it is significant to study age structure of population.

4. According to 2001 census, population in the age group below 15 years is about

35% and in the age group above 64 years is just 4%

5. In the age group of 15 to 64 years the percentage is about 61%.

6. Responsibility of supporting the population below 15 years above 64 years of

age naturally falls on the working population in the age group of 15 to 64 years.



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7. As the percentage of working population is high ,it can be said that our country

is marching the path of progress.

8) Distribution of population

1. Distribution of population in India is uneven

2. About 66% of population lives in 33% of area

3. It means there is high concentration of population in some parts while many

other parts have low concentration of population in the nation

4. The highest population is in state of Uttar Pradesh

5. This is followed by the states of Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra

Pradesh.

6. These five states together have 50% of the population in India.

7. The state of Sikkim has the lowest population as compared to the rest of the

states in india.

9) Census

1. It is necessary to utilize natural as well as human resources for the total

development of the nation.

2. For this, government should have complete information about the number of

persons living in different areas, their age, education, occupation etc

3. It guides the government to find out how much food material is available for thepopulation in the country and if stocks are not enough what measures should be

taken in the future.

4. In view of this census is carried out in the stipulated year in the country.

5. In India census is carried out every 10 years.

6. First census of independent India was taken in 1951.

7. Since then it is conducted regularly every 10 years

10)National Population Policy:

1. In India there is an explosion of population.

2. This ever increasing population is a very serious problem.

3. In order to put check on growing population the National Population Policy has

been adopted.

It has listed following points



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Control birth rate.

Reduce Infant Mortality.

Implement the marriage age act.

Prevent and Control Incurable diseases.

Increase the level of education.

3. WATER RESOURCES

1)lift irrigation

1. Water from a river or any water body can be lifted by using a pump and

supplied to the agriculture field.This know as LIFT IRRIGATION.

2. Although the area under lift irrigation is only5% of the total irrigated area,

it is proving to be a bone for the farmers where canals are much

developed.

3. The use of lift irrigation has increased especially in the eastern part

adjoining the western ghats a and in the north eastern hilly region.

4. For lift irrigation , it is essential that the river should abundant water

5. Lift irrigation is more expensive than other means and hence it is

implemented at the co-operated and government level.

2)Hirakud project

1. This project is developed on Mahanadi river to the west of Sambalpur in

the state of Orissa.

2. In addition to Hirakud , dams are also built at Tikarpura and Naraj on the

river Mahanadi.

3. Hydro-electricity is generated at Hirakud.

4. Objectives of controlling the flood of Mahanadi and its tributaries and

supplying water for agriculture have also been achieved.

5. Due to availability of hydro-electric power, agricultural and industrial

development is accelerated.



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3)Source of ground water

1. WELLS and TUBE WELLS are important ground water sources.

2. At present in India about 61% of total irrigated area comes under wells

and tube wells irrigation.

3. It is less expensive to dig wells obtain water from them than building

dams and constructing dams.

4. There are large number of wells in India.

5. Use of wells and tube wells has become very popular in areas where

ground water reserves are plenty and canals are limited in numbers.

6. There are a large number wells in the states of Gujarat , Maharashtra,

Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh etc.

7. The union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli completely depends on well

irrigation.

8. Tube wells are found in large numbers in state like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab,

Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

9. The central and state government provide financial assistance to the

farmers for wells and tube wells.

10. As a result recently the number of wells, tube wells and water lifting

pumps has increased substantially.

4)Importance of water conservation

1. Large scale changes are taking place in Indian agriculture due to

availability of irrigation.

2. The growth of crops is now assured yield per hectare has increased.

3. Farmers are cultivating new and varieties of crops instead of traditional

crops .

4. While utilising water indiscriminately its ill effects are also experienced .



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5. Irrigation depends on availability of water , type of soil and its chemical

qualities, slop of the field rate of evaporation etc.

6. Due to excessive irrigation, salts in the soil get dissolved and during evaporation

they come up to surface.

7. A layer of these salts covers the top soil.

8. These soil makes the soil infertile.

5)Monsoon Rainfall is the main source of water resource in India

1. Water is an important and valuable resource in India.

2. Monsoon rainfall is the primary source of water resource in India.

3. Monsoon rainfall influence availability and use of water resources.

4. Rivers, Lakes, Glaciers, Springs and wells are secondary sources of water.

5. Rivers and lakes are important for flow storage and regulation of currents of rain

water.

6)Large projects are multipurpose project.

1. In India, irrigation projects are classified as major, medium and minor projects.

2. Major projects are generally multipurpose projects.

3. Such projects are useful in achieving many other objectives along with irrigation.

4. The primary objective of multi purposing projects is to construct dams across

rivers and supply water for agriculture through canals.

5. The other objectives of multipurpose projects are to control flood, generate

hydro electricity, breeding of fish, transportation facilities, development in

tourist places and resorts.

7)Jaikawadi project

1. A dam has been constructed on the river Godavari near Paithan in Aurangabaddistrict of Maharashtra.

2. The reservoir is named as Nathsagar.

3. Agricultured land in the districts of Ahmednagar, Aurangabad, Beed, Jalana and

Parbhani are bought under irrigation by this project.

4. Adjoining the dam, a garden named sant Dnyaneshwar udyan is developed.



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5. This area is being developed as a centre for fish breeding, bird sanctuary and as

a tourist centre.

8) Canal irrigation is practised on large scale in Punjab and Haryana

1. Perennial and inundated canals are two types of canals.

2. Perennial canals are drawn from reservoirs of dams constructed across the

rivers.

3. Without bunding the river,banks of the rivers are dug and canal are drawn, such

canals are called as inundated canals.

4. During floods, excess water from the river is supplied to the agricultural fields

through these canals.

5. When the floods recede, the level of water in the river goes down and these

inundated canals become defunct for some time.

6. Such canals are mainly found in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

9) Arrest water percolate water is planned.

1. Water management is also necessary in the use of ground water.

2. Use of ground water has increased largely during last few years.

3. As a result ground water level is going down day by day.

4. Due to less rainfall and its rapid runoff, ground water reserves do not increase.

5. To increase the reserves of ground water, arrest water percolate water isplanned.

6. Construction of weirs on streams and small rivers and construction of

percolation tanks must be undertaken at village level.

7. Hence, involvement of public in this work is essential.

4. Forest resources

1) Reserved forests

1. The forests which are permanently reserved for timber and other products are

called reserved forests

2. In this forests the right of grazing and cultivation is seldom allowed



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3. Out of the total forest area in India about 55 percent comes under the reserved

forests.

2) Products of forest

1. Forest products Include wood, lac, gum, medicinal plants, honey, cane, bamboo ,

different types of grasses, fruits, flowers and other products

2. These products are used to fulfill the needs of man

3. Wood is used for making traditional implements for agriculture,timber,paper etc

4. Scented wood is used for making perfumes,soaps,agarbattis etc

5. Lac is used for colours and making bangles

6. Matchboxes and plywood are made from softwood

7. Bark of Babul tree is used for making medicines

8. Wood is also used to manufacture sports goods and packing boxes

9. Forests in India provide wood for buildings, furniture and products required by

industries

10. Some of them include teak, deodar, sal, sheesham, khair, sandalwood sundri ,

haldu etc.

3)Conservation of forests

1. Prevent cutting of trees

2. Application of land use for growth of forest

3. Sanction government grants for tree plantation

4. Encourage fruit farming

5. Control conflagration of forests

6. Inolve students of schools and colleges in afforestation

7. Implement tree adoption system

8. Plant trees in open public places,barren land and hilly areas

4)Depletition of Plants and Animals:

1. India is one of the twelve countries in the world, having abundance of

biodivercity.

2. Out of the total living species 5%are found in India.

3. Due to unique location characteristics of the living species belonging to Africa,

Europe, China and Malaysia are also found among the living species of India.



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4. There is diversity in species of food grains, spices, Vegetables, Pulses, Fiber

crops, beverages etc., in India.

5. The species of plants and animals in India are decreasing rapidly.

6. In the past few decades, vegetation has decreased.

7. Of the known medicinal herbs some species have become extinct.

8. The growing population and various industries are directly or indirectly

responsible for depletion of plant and animal life.

9. Roads, Railways, electrical projects are been developed in the regions of

biodiversity.

10. Hence it results in depletion of plants and animals and also destroy entire

ecosystem.

5)Conservation of plants and Animals

1. In order to prevent extinction of plant and animal species they are being

conserved.

2. Protected areas are therefore being developed in our country.

3. National parks and sanctuaries are protected before by law.

4. The national parks are restricted from cattle grazing and other traditional

occupations.

5. India has 92 national parks and about 500 sanctuaries.

6. They play a vital role in the protection and conservation of natural habitats andtheir biodiversity.

7. Certain projects are undertaken to protect animal species and provide natural

environment for the animals.

8. Tiger projects, elephant project and save barasingha project are examples of

such efforts.

9. Outside their natural habitat animals and plants are conserved in the zoos and

botanical gardens.

6)Distribution of forest areas

1. Distribution of forest in India is uneven.

2. Percentage of forest cover in Andaman and Nicobar islands is about 87% and it is

only 4% in Haryana of their total areas.



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3. According to national forest policy, at least 33% of total geographical area must

be covered by forests.

4. Therefore various programmes are being implemented.

5. At present above 45% forested area is in the state of Himachal Pradesh,

Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Nagaland and union territories

of Andaman and Nicobar islands.

6. Less than 15% forested area is found in Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana,

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Rajasthan and West Bengal.

5.LAND RESOURCES: LAND USE

1)CONSERVATION OF LAND

a. Conservation of land means protection of land against degradation and

improving quality and productivity of it.

b. It is necessary to conserve land resources in order to protect living beings and

provide them with a secure future.

Following measures are useful for conservation of land resources:

1. Make proper and wise use of land.

2. Develop pollution-free industrial processes.

3. Prevent deforestation and promote aforestation in deforested regions.

4. Make limited use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and make

use of organic fertilizers.

5. Construct bunds on sloping land to prevent soil erosion.

6. Restrict use of agricultural land for other land uses.

7. Control polluted elements which mix with atmosphere and land.

8. Make proper disposal of man-made waste materials, plastics ,etc.

9. Spread information of land conservation by means of population education,

literacy and environmental education at all levels.

2) State the main types of land use



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Areas under forests:

1. All types of forests are included in this category.

2. About 23 % of the total area of nation is under forests.

3. Generally, forests are dense in the mountainous and heavy rainfall regions.

4.

Other areas under forest vary according to the amount of rainfall.

Land not available for cultivation:

1. Lands under roads, railways, settlements and water bodies are included in this

category.

2. Similarly, barren, rugged and land not suitable for cultivation also come in this

category.

3. About 13% of the area of the country is included in this type of land use.

4. The use of land for roads and urban settlements is increasing continuously dueto industrial development.

5. The states of West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal

Pradesh have large areas which are not available for cultivation.

Grazing and cultivable waste land

1. There are very few permanent pastures in India.

2. Permanent pastures, are under miscellaneous trees and cultivable waste land

which is not cultivated at present, are included in this category.

3. Out of the total land in India about 10% comes under this ategory.

Fallow land

1. Land which was under cultivation but presently not being cultivated is known as

fallow land.

2. Farmers keep land fallow for year or 2 to maintain fertility of the soil.

3. Area under Fallow land is about 8% in the nation.

4. With some Efforts this land can be brought under cultivation.

Cultivated land:

1. About 46% of total area of nation is under cultivation.

2. Distribution of cultivated area in India is uneven.



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3. The percentage of area under cultivation is highest in Punjab and Haryana.

4. In the state of West Bengal, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and

Gujarat, area under cultivation is higher than the national average.

5. In the mountainous states of Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Himachal Pradesh

and Uttarakhand, area under cultivation is very low.

3)Cultivated land:

1. About 46% of total area of nation is under cultivation.

2. Distribution of cultivated area in India is uneven.

3. The percentage of area under cultivation is highest in Punjab and Haryana.

4. In the state of West Bengal, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and

Gujarat, area under cultivation is higher than the national average.

5. In the mountainous states of Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Himachal Pradesh

and Uttarakhand, area under cultivation is very low.

6. Efforts were made to bring as much land possible under cultivation,

7. This has lead to increase in cultivated area.

8. Similarly, efforts are on to increase area under forests.

9. There is not much scope left to increase area under cultivation as area under

forests cannot be reduced.

4)Land degradation (for 2 marks)

1. Decrease in the carrying capacity of land due to natural or human intervention is

called as land degradation.

2. Nowdays, Mechanical equipments and chemical fertilizers are used at large

scale.

3. Besides, due to running water and winds, soil particles are transported.

4. It results in decrease in the quality and productivity of the soil.

5. The quality of soil decreases.

6. Such condition of land is called land degradation.

5)Land degradation (for 4 marks)

1. Decrease in the carrying capacity of land due to natural or human intervention is

called as land degradation.



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2. Nowdays, Mechanical equipments and chemical fertilizers are used at large

scale.

3. Besides, due to running water and winds, soil particles are transported.

4. It results in decrease in the quality and productivity of the soil.

5. The quality of soil decreases.

6. Such condition of land is called land degradation.

7. Land is limited resource.

8. Due to growing population and increasing demands there has been a shortage of

land.

9. Increase in Industrial areas and urbanization, mining, modernisations in

agricultural techniques have resulted in indiscrimate use of land.

10. Hence problems related to land degradation have become very severe.

11. Out of the degraded land more than half of the land degradation is caused due

to floods.

12. Besides, the rate of wind erosion and salination have increased which has

caused further degradation of land.

6) land is very important physical resource for people of India

1. There are various types of landforms in India.

2. There are different types of mountain, hill ranges, plateaus and plains.

3. Out of total land in India, 30% is covered by mountains, about 27% by plateausand 43% by plains.

4. The mountainous regions have forests and wild life.

5. Mineral resources are found ample in the plateau regions.

6. Most of the plain areas are suitable for settlements, agriculture and other

economic activities.

7. Hence, land is a very important physical resource for the people of India.

6.LAND RESOURCES : AGRICULTURE

1)Wheat production increased significantly after the Green Revolution.

1. Wheat is the second major crop in India.

2. It is cultivated in the rabi season.



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3. There was a significant increase in the production of wheat after the Green

Revolution.

4. Improved seeds , proper application of fertilizers and irrigation , these three

factors are utilized.

2)The size of the farms is small in India.

1. Due to fragmentation of land , size of farms has decreased.

2. Therefore , use of machines becomes difficult.

3)The production is low in shifting cultivation.

1. Good quality seeds crops protection methods and modern implements are not

used.

2. Hence crop production is low.

4)Sustainable Agriculture

1. Sustainable agriculture’ is a modern concept.

2. An agricultural activity which is practised with protection and conservation

of resources is called sustainable agriculture.

3. Main objectives of sustainable agriculture are as follows :

Maintain environment balance.

Achieve socio-economic eqality.

Get economic benefits.

4. It is essential that the resources which we use to satisfy our needs must be

preserved in good quality for the use of future generations.5. Therefore, conservation of resources is very important.

6. Farmers, labourers, consumers, planners and others related aspects are an

integral part of this agriculture.

7. This type of agriculture does not cause harm to human health and environment.



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8. Sustainable agriculture is practiced in some parts of the states of Kerala, Tamil

Nadu, Maharashtra etc.

5)Biotechnology

1. Certain organisms are used to obtain better quality of prodution to control pests

and diseases of crops and to increase prodution.

2. This technology is called BIOTECHNOLOGY.

3. In recent times, progressive farmers are using bio-technology for farming.

6)Shifting cultivation

1. Shifting cultivation is a very primitive type of farming.

2. It is practiced by some communities from the remote mountainous and forest

regions.

3. The states of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Madhya Pradesh,

Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala have

shifting cultivation in some areas.

Features:-

1. When fertility of land decreases, people move in search of new piece of land.This is the main feature of shifting cultivation.

2. After the piece of land is selected, the land is cleared and vegetation thereupon

is burnt. Due to this potash content in the soil increases but organic materials

are lost.

3. Major crops like rice, corn, jowar, bajra, ragi, chillies, oilseeds etc. are cultivated.

4.

Good quality seeds, crop protection methods and modern implements are notused. Hence, crop production is low.

5. Shifting cultivation in different areas have different local names. E.g. Jhum in

north east India, Kumri in Kerala, Bewar in Madhya Pradesh, Podu and Dungar in

Orrisa, and in Maharashtra Shifting agriculture.



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6. Cutting of trees, soil erosion, flood, low production and unstable life are the

main problems of this type of agriculture.

7. Shifting cultivation causes degradation of environment. Hence, there are some

restrictions on practicing this type of farming.

7)Characteristics of Agriculture

I. Employment generating sector:

1) Indian agriculture is based on human labour.

2) Hence, it provides employment in agricultural occpations on a large scale.

3) Out of the total population, about 65 percent of the people are engaged in this

occupation.

II. Rainfall-based agriculture:

1) Indian agriculture is dependent mainly on monsoon rains .

2) Area under irrigation is very limited.

3) Agricultural production is affected due to uncertain nature of the rainfall.

III. Crop diversity:

1) Several varieties of crops are grown in India in different seasons and at different

places throughout the year.

2) Foodgrains , pulses ,fibre crops ,oil seeds , fruits and vegetables as well as

beverage crops are cultivated.

IV. Traditional and modern agriculture:

1)

Traditional as well as modern methods of agriculture are found in India.

2) In the undeveloped and remote areas traditional methods of agriculture are still

in practice.

3) In developing areas modern methods of agriculture are practised.



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4) During the pre-independence period traditional agriculture was being done on a

large scale.

5) However after independence implementation of new schemes has increased the

use of modern agricultural methods.

V. Size of farms:

1) Due to fragmentation of land size of farms has decreased.

2) Therefore, use of machines becomes difficult.

VI. Relations with industrial sector:

1) Due to changing policies in Indian agriculture, co-ordination between agriculture

and industries is increasing .

2) Similarly, due to modern means of transport and marketing facilities, relations

between agriculture and industries have strengthened.

VII. Significance of agricultural products in exports:

1) Agricultural products have importance in export trade of India.

2) Agricultural products valuing upto 14 percent contribute to exports of the

nation.

8)Intensive Farming

1) Intensive farming is practised in the areas of dense population and where

cultivable land is limited.

2) Efforts are made to get high production of seeds with the help of intensive

labour, high yielding varieties of crops, fertilizers, insecticides and irrigation.

3) Intensive farming is practised in the western and eastern coastal areas , flood

plains and the areas adjacent to them.

9)Intensive farming is done in the densely populated regions.

1. Farming operations are based on animals and human efforts.



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2. Because of dense population; manpower is available.

3. Due to small size of farms use of machines is very difficult.

4. Being labour based agriculture; people get employment.

5.

Hence; large number of people depend on this type of agriculture.

10)Write about production of oil seeds in india.

1. Groundnut, sesame, sunflower, safflower, mustard, soyabean, linseed are main

oil seed crops.

2. These crops are occupy about 12% of total food cropped area of the country.

3. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh produce

60% of total oil seeds in India

4. Groundnut is the principle of oil seed crop

5. Highest production of groundnut s taken in Gujarat followed by Andhra Pradesh

and Tamil Nadu.

6. Soyabean is produced on large scale in the states of Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

7. Production of sunflower is mainly from Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,

Maharashtra.

11)Agriculture holds an important place in Indian economy

1. India is agricultural country.

2. Hence agricultural land is most valuable resource.

3. India ranks second in the world regarding area under cultivation.

4. Adoption of modern technology in agriculture has lead to increase in area under

cultivation.

5. Hence agriculture holds an important place in Indian economy.

7.ANIMAL RESOURCES

1)Goat is called as poor man’s Cow

1. Goat rearing requires less expenditure



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

22

2. Goats are small in size and require little space .

3. Goat is a sturdy animal which thrives on bushy grasses and thorny vegetation

and provides meat, milk and manure.

4. Goats are reared mainly for meat production in India

5. So ,we call goats as a poor man’s cow

2)Poultry farming

1. Poultry occupation is mainly done to get meat and eggs.

2. India ranks fifth in production of eggs in the world.

3. This occupation is considered as complementary to Agriculture.

4. This occupation is well developed in the states of Andhra Pradesh, west Bengal,

Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab and Kerala

3)project operation flood

1. The government of India has attempted to boost production of milk by

implementing ‘project operation milk flood’ programme.

2. The objectives of this programme are to provide the farmers a fair price for their

products and to link rural centres with the cities.

3. Other objectives are to increase intake of milk in common man’s diet in India

and to provide employment in rural areas.

4)National fish seedlings programme

1. Due to encouragement offered by the government, modern and well-equipped

boats are being utilized.

2. In order to improve fishing occupation, National fish seedling programme has

been set up.

3. Fishermen are provided with well-equipped boats, modern nylon nets, cold

storage facilities, loans and government subsidies.

4. Fish breading has been developed by planting fish seedlings in tanks, lakes,

reservoirs and other water bodies.

5. This has helped in increasing fish production and India has become Expoter of

fish.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

23

6. Food requirement of the growing population is met with fish products to some

extent.

5)Pigs are reared by poor people

1. Pigs are reared for meat production.

2. Pigs can survive on waste materials.

3. Rearing of these animals does not require any special care.

4. Hence they can be reared by poor people also.

8 .MINERAL RESOURCES

1)Demand for Mica has decreased

1) Mica is a mineral which has insulating properties, hence it is used in electrical

and electronics industries.

2) It is also used in medicines, paint etc.

3) Most of the production of Mica comes from Bihar, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh

and Rajasthan.

4) Demand for mica has decreased due to the use of the artificial materials as a

substitute for mica.

2)Aluminium is used on large scale in industrial sectors.

1] Aluminium is obtained from bauxite.

2] It is used in industries which manufacture utensils , spare parts of automobiles ,

aeroplanes , ship building , electric wires etc.

3)Conservation of minerals is necessary.

1. Minerals are formed by natural process of long duration.

2. Mineral resources are limited and exhaustible.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

24

3. Production of minerals has increased at large scale due to increase demand from

industrial and agricultural sectors.

4. Therefore, minerals in certain areas are on the verge of extinction.

5. For conservation of mineral resources existing minerals should be used carefully

and with proper planning.

6. Certain minerals and metals can be reused.

7. Modern technology plays an important part in the conservation of minerals.

8. By using new technology our nation is making efforts for conservation of

minerals.

4)India exports iron ore on a large scale.

1. India supplies iron ore to its own iron and steel plants and also exports a large

quantity of it.

2. Iron ore is exported through the ports of Vishakhapatnam, Paradeep, Marmagao

and Mangalore.

3. There has been a significant increase in iron ore production during the post

independence period.

5)What are Minerals?

1. A minerals is a naturally occurring substance having definite chemical

composition and structure which is formed by inorganic processes.

2. Minerals are classified as metallic and non metallic minerals according to their

properties.

3. Iron, manganese, copper, gold, lead etc are metallic minerals.

4. Metallic minerals mainly occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

5. Mica, gypsum, diamonds, kyanite etc are non-metallic minerals.

6)Uses of copper

1. Copper is a non-rusting metal and a good conductor of electricity.

2. Copper is used for making alloys, electric wires, electric equipments and utensils.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

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3. Copper is also used in manufacture of medicines

4. Copper deposits are found in Jharkhand, uttar pradesh, Rajasthan.

7)What are the uses of Lead and which are the areas produce it

1. Lead is a soft and heavy metal.

2. It is a bad conductor of heat.

3. It is used in manufacture of ammunition, paints, glass and rubber.

4. Main lead reserves are in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

5. Besides it is found in small quantities in the states of Gujarat, West Bengal,

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa etc.

9) Energy Resources

1)Oil refinery industries are located near coastal areas

1. There are 18 oil refineries in India.

2. Out of them several refineries located along the sea coast.

3. The reasons are to minimise the cost of transportation and to avoid risk of

transporting it in the interior of the country, due to inflammable nature.

2)Conservation of energy resources is important

The following factors are necessary for conservation of energy:

1. Make use of public transport system instead of individual vehicles.

2. Use electricity only as much as is essential.

3. Conduct regular checking and maintenance of generators and

instruments.

4. Create social awareness for conservation of energy resources.

3)Conventional energy sources

1. In rural areas of India, in day to day life, energy is obtained from fuel wood,

charcoal and waste materials from farms etc.

2. These energy sources are used according to their availability in different parts of

India.

3. It is not possible to quantify these resources of energy accurately

4. Energy resources like coal, Mineral oil and natural gas are used in India.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

26

5. These energy resources can decrease, therefore termed as exhaustible energy

resources.

4)Geothermal energy.

1. Temperature increases in the interior part of the Earth.

2. Therefore at some places hot gases and hot ground water is ejected from

interior.

3. Such sites are used for generation of geothermal energy.

4. This energy is utilised for production of heat and electricity.

5. Due to rising cost of petroleum it is important to develop the sources of

geothermal energy.

6. The centre of electricity production, based on geothermal energy functions at

Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.

7. Huge cost is main problem in generation of non conventional energy resources.

8. Non conventional energy resources will be more useful to the man, when low

cost technology will be successfully developed.

9. To reduce the pressure on exhaustible energy resources, use of inexhaustible

energy resources is necessary.

5)Non conventional energy sources

1. Sunlight, wind, wind, tides, geo thermal energy, waste material, etc. Are used asnon conventional energy resources.

2. Non conventional energy resources are pollution free and they maintain

ecological balance.

3. Besides, these resources are renewable, so they are termed as inexhaustible

energy resources.

4. Therefore ,these resources should be essentially utilized much more in future.

Solar energy:

1. India receives sunlight in most places almost throughout the year.

2. From sunlight, energy and electricity are generated.

3. Solar energy is chiefly used for domestic purposes and at hospitals, hostels etc.

On smaller scale.

4. Besides, solar electricity is used in electric lamps and in cold houses.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

27

5. Generators are essential for conservation of solar energy into electricity.

6. Therefore, production of generators is being done in our country.

7. The largest solar energy plant in India located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat.

Wind energy:

1. Recently, winds are used for generation of electricity.

2. The amount of production of the wind energy depends on its velocity , direction

of wind and physiography of the region.

3. A large the wind energy grid is located near Coimbatore in Tamilnadu.

4. Wind energy is generated in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat,

Orissa, Maharashtra etc.

5. India ranks fifth in the world in the potentiality of generating wind energy.

Biogas:

1. Farm wastes, plants, man and animal excreta, organic matters from household,

urban and industrial wastes are used in the production of biogas.

2. Decomposition of organic matters yields biogas.

3. Biogas is used as fuel as well as in the generation of electricity.

4. The pressure on liquefied petroleum gas will be reduced if we use biogas on a

large scale.

5.

Therefore, biogas plant are being setup at individual levels, on co-operative basisand by municipal and nongovernment organisations.

6)Give information about coal producing areas in India.

1. Coal deposits are found in the river basins of Damodar, Son Mahanadi,

Brahmani, Wardha, Godavari, and Indravati and in the regions of Satpura and

Rajmahal hills.

2. Peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite are varieties of coal which are classified

on the basis of their carbon contain.

3. Peat contains less than 50% of carbon.

4. In india peat occurs at Palani and Nilgiri hills of Tamil nadu and some parts of

Jammu and Kashmir.

5. Lignite contains 65% to 70% of carbon.

6. Its deposits are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

28

7. In Tamil Nadu, Neyveli is the important lignite coal producing field.

8. Bituminous coal contains 85 to90 per cent of carbon.

9. Its deposits are found in the state of Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal,

Chhattisgrah and Madhya Pradesh.

10. Bituminous coal is used on a very large scale .

11. Anthracite coal contains 90 to 95 per cent of carbon.

12. In Jammu and Kashmir it is found in small deposits.

7)Explain distribution of mineral oil fields in India.

1. Production of mineral oil was first started in Assam.

2. Crude oil is produced on a large scale at Mumbai High.

3. It is followed by Gujarat and Assam oil fields.

4. Mineral oil is Produced on a small scale in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and

Arunachal Pradesh.

5. Mineral oil deposits are found in Gulf of Khambat, at ‘Mumbai High’ in Arabian

sea near Mumbai and in the river basins of Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and

Mahanadi.

6. Oil fields are also located at Ankleshwar, Lunej and Kalol in Gujarat and at

Naharkatiya and Moran etc. in Assam.

10. Industries.

1) Give information about sugar industries in india.

1. Sugar is produced from sugarcane, sugar beet and dates.

2. But sugar manufactured from sugar cane is economical.

3. Major production of sugar is obtained from sugarcane in India.

4. Cost of transport of sugarcane is higher than transport of sugar.

5. Hence sugar factories are located near sugarcane producing areas.

6. In India first sugar Factory was started in Bihar 1903.7. Large numbers of sugar factories are in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar,

Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat.

8. India ranks first in the world in production of sugar.

9. There are about 500 sugar factories in India.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

29

2)Sugar factories are located near sugar producing areas

1. Sugar is produced from sugarcane, sugar beet and dates.

2. But sugar manufactured from sugar cane is economical.

3. Major production of sugar is obtained from sugarcane in India.

4. Cost of transport of sugarcane is higher than transport of sugar.5. Hence sugar factories are located near sugarcane producing areas.

3)Electronic industries is most modern industry in India.

1. Electronic industry is the most modern industry in India.

2. These industries develop due to the research work in science and technology.

3. These industries produce radio sets, telecommunication equipments, automated

machineries necessary for railways and airways, electrical equipments, television

sets etc.

4. Equipments required for medical science, agricultural and industrial sectors are

produced In the electronic industries.

4)Give information about cotton textile industry

1. Cotton is the principal raw material in cotton textile industries.

2. Many processes are involved in it from cleaning of cotton to production of cloth.

3. Cotton is a light raw material which does not lose weight.

4. As a result it can sustained long distance transport.

5. Cotton textile industries are located near the large cities.

6. These require large capital and labour.

7. Since the past few years, primary processing of cotton is done near the cotton

growing regions.

8. Other processes like ginning, weaving and dyeing are done inside the textile mills

situated close to the cities.9. States such as Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are leading states in cotton

textile production.

10. Besides, West Bengal, Utter Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra

Pradesh, Kerala etc. also have cotton mills.

11. Textile industry is based on handlooms and powerlooms.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

30

12. This industry is concentrated in the cities of Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Solapur

Nagpur Indore,Ujjain etc.

13. These regions have developed textile industries due to favourable factors like

proximity to cotton producing regions, skilled manpower, capital market and

transport facilities.

14. The manufacturing of artificial fibres has affected production of cotton

industries.

15. Handlooms industry, after agriculture is the second largest employer in India.

16. States of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Utter Pradesh,

Maharashtra, etc. are well known for their handloom industries.

17. Handloom cloth is dyed naturally and also is a symbol of eco friendliness.

5)Iron and steel industry in India

1. The first modern iron and steel factory was started in Kulti in West Bengal.

2. But a factory of large scale production of steel was started at Jamshedpur.

3. A similar factory in the private sector was started at Burnpur in West Bengal.

4. After India became independent, iron and steel factories in public sector were

established at different places.

5. Some of them are at Bhilai in Chhattisgrah, Durgapur in West Bengal, Rourkela in

Orissa, Bokaro in Jharkhand, Salem in Tamil Nadu and Vishakhapatnam in AndhraPradesh.

6. With the exception of factories at Bhadravati and Hospet in Karnataka and Salem

in Tamil Nadu, most of the iron steel plants are located near major coal

producing areas.

7. During last fifty years, there has been a remarkable increase in the production of

iron and steel in the country.

8. Today, India is considered as an important nation in the field of iron and steel

production.

6)Transport means industry

1. Different means of transports are an integral part of transport sector.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

31

2. Bicycles, automobiles, railway engines, passenger coaches, goods wagons, ships,

aeroplanes are the major means of transportation.

3. Bicycle is the common man’s mode of transport.

4. India is a leading producing of bicycles.

5. Major cycle manufacturing factories are in Mumbai, Asansol, Sonpat, Delhi,

Chennai, Jallandhar and Ludhiana.

6. India is an exporter of bicycles.

7. India has established automobile industries for manufacturing motorcycles,

Scooters, mopeds and motorcars.

8. India ranks seventh in the world in automobile industries.

9. Automobile vehicle industries are located in the industrial areas of the cities of

Mumbai, Chennai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Pune, Aurangabad and Gurgaon.

10. Railway locomotives are produced at chittaranjan and Varanasi.

11. Railway coach and goods wagon industries are at perambur in Tamil Nadu and

kapurthala in Punjab.

12. All types of automobile vehicles are used on a large scale in India and this has

led to an increase in traffic congestion, pollution and accidents.

7)Industrial Pollution

1. While raw material gets converted into finished products, it goes through

several processes.

2. During these processes, harmful and waste materials are produced.

3. These material create pollution in industrial areas which is called industrial

pollution.

4. Pollutants cause pollution of land, water and air, soil pollution is caused due to

waste material released from the industries.

5. Gases emitted through chimneys of industries, general elements of air are

changed which causes air pollution.6. Smog is the result of mixing of smoke and fog.

7. Toxic substances like ash and molasses cause pollution of river, streams and

lakes.

8. Due to pollutants released from the factories from cities like Kanpur, Allahabad,

Agra and Ahmadabad, rivers such as Ganga, Yamuna and Sabarmati are polluted.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

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9. Industrial processes carried out in factories create loud sounds causing noise

pollution.

10. These problems are experienced in the vicinity of iron and steel, heavy

engineering and sugar industries.

11. The government has established pollution control boards.

12. Besides, in 1986, the ‘Environment Protection Act’ has been enacted.

13. According to it, the principle of ‘Sustainable Development’ is accepted in the

Tenth Five Year Plan.

14. Uncontrolled use of resources is restricted.

15. Accordingly, control has been brought over industrial pollution.

8)Ship building industry

1. This industry began at Vishakapatanam in Andhra Pradesh.

2. Naval ships, commercial and passenger ships which are required for

international transport are manufactured here.

3. Besides ship building industry is in Kochi in Kerala.

4. Boats and ships required for navy, fishing and ferry service are manufactured at

Mumbai and Kolkata.

11(A) Transport Routes.

1)Inland waterways

1. Rivers, canals, lakes are used for transporting passengers and goods.

2. These are known as inland water transport.

3. They are used for transporting food-grains, minerals, coal etc

4. The length of inland water ways in India is about 14500 km.

5. Allahabad – Haldia in Ganga waterways, Sadia – Dhubri in Brahmaputra

waterways, Kollam – kottapuram of west coastal canal, Champakara and

Udyogmandal canal(Kerala) are examples of india waterways.6. Besides, Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, Mandavi and Zuari rivers and the

backwaters of Kerala are included in inland water ways transportation.

2)Sea ways

1. India has along coastline of 7517 km, along with its special economic zone.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

33

2. There are twelve major ports and 186 minor ports in the coastal region.

3. These major ports handle 95% of India’s foreign trade.

4. There are many natural ports along the west coast of India.

5. Ports are protected from strong winds and open sea waves due to coastal creeks

and bays.

6. The sea along such coasts are deep and therefore large ships and boats can can

come upto the coast.

7. Main ports along the west coast are Kandla, Mumbai, Nhava-Sheva, Marmagao,

New Mangalore, Kochi etc.

8. Along the east coast the major ports are Kolkata-Haldiya, Paradwip,

Vishakapatanam, Chennai, Ennore, Tuticorin etc.

3)Features of road transport

1. In India, many villages and cities are located at long distance from each other.

2. It is possible to connect them by roads.

3. Construction of roads is less expensive than construction of rail ways.

4. In this way rural and urban areas can be connected by roads.

5. Out of total length of transport routes in the country 85% CONSISTS OF ROADS.

6. India has more than 33 lacks Km. Length of roads.

7. These roads have connected many distant villages and cities to each other in the

country.8. Density of roads is high in the states of Kerala, Goa, Tripura, Tamil Nadu while it

is low in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim,

Uttarakhand and Jammu Kashmir.

9. Generally mountainous and desert areas have low density of roads.

4)Transport routes like roads and railways are important for internal

transport in our country.

1. Transport and communication are the most useful to increase the utility of

resources.

2. The role of transport network, which connects various regions is important for

sustainable economic development of the nation.

3. Roads, Railways, waterways and airways are included in the system of

transportation.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

34

4. Transport routes bring together people within the country and also from foreign

countries.

5. It helps to promote exchange of customs and ideas.

6. In vast country like India, distribution of various goods has become possible

mainly through transport routes.

7. During natural calamities like famine, earthquakes, floods and for defence

purpose transport routes are important.

8. Transport routes like roads and railways are important for internal transport in

our country.

5)Konkan Railway

1. This railway project has been established with the co-operation of states of

Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala and the railway ministry.

2. The length of this railway line from Roha to Mangalore is 760 Km.

3. Main stations on this routes are Ratnagiri, Margao and Karwar.

6)Kandla Port

1. Kandla is located in the Gulf of Kuchch in Gujarat state.

2. About 17% of India’s trade is handled from this port.

3. Trade of products like mineral oil, Salt, Chemical fertilizers, cement, cotton and

sugar is carried out there.

7)Mumbai Port

1. Mumbai, in Maharashtra state is a good natural port.

2. About 8% of goods are traded from Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru port at Nhava-

Sheva helps to reduce burden on Mumbai Port.

8) Chennai Port

1. Chennai is an old and commercially important port along the coast of the state

of Tamil Nadu.

2. Agricultural Products, mineral and industrial goods are transported from this

port.

3. Special facilities for oil tankers are made here.

4. Therefore, transport of mineral oil and petrol is done from this port.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

35

11(B) Communication and Trade

1)Due to satellites revolution has taken place in communication.

1. Exchange of information and messages is called as communication.

2. Due to modern means of communication, it is possible for the people from any

part of the world to communicate with each other within a short time.

3. Events occurring in the part of the world reach the people by television.

4. Modern means of communication help to exchange thoughts in written, spoken,

and also in visual form.

5. With the help of space satellites field of communication has undergone a

revolution.

2)Inter-state trade

1. Trading between different states of the same countries is called inter-state

trade.

2. Trading occurs due to geographical variations between these states.

3)There is a remarkable increase in exports and imports of India.

1. In the tenth five-years plan, a special policy was developed to increase exports.

2. Efforts are being made in different states to establish basic infrastructure,

improve existing facilities and improve the quality of production of goods.

3. India exports goods mainly to European nation, USA, Japan and African nation.

4)International trade

1. Trading which takes place between one nation and another nation is called

international trade.

2. When goods are sent to foreign nations for trade, it is called as export trade, and

when goods are brought from foreign nation for trade, it is called import trade.3. India’s economic development has benefitted due to international trade.

4. India’s international trade was about 1300 crore rupees in 1950-51 and by 2005-

2006 it increased to more than 10 lakh crore rupees.

Characteristics of international trade are as follows:-



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

36

In the past few years there has been a remarkable increase in the imports

and exports.

Imports exceed exports.

There is an imbalance in the international trade of India.

5)International trade is important in economic development of India.

1. India’s economic development has benefitted due to international trade.

2. India’s international trade was about 1300 crore rupees in 1950-51 and by 2005-

2006 it increased to more than 10 lakh crore rupees.

Characteristics of international trade are as follows:-

In the past few years there has been a remarkable increase in the imports

and exports.

Imports exceed exports.

There is an imbalance in the international trade of India.

6)Telephone and mobile services

Telephone services:

1. Telephone services are important for efficient and speedy communication on

the national and global level.

2.

‘Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.’ Provides telephone service. 3. Metro cities are served by ‘Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd’

4. Overseas communication service is provided by ‘Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.

5. A comprehensive network of telephone services has been developed all over the

country.

6. Modern facilities like STD, ISD and Internet are provides through these services.

7. In telephone services, private telephone services are permitted, hence some

private telephone services are available throughout the country.

Mobile services

1. The use of mobile phone service is growing rapidly and it has spread far and

wide.

2. Along with the public sector, ’Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited’ provides mobile

phone services to the private sector.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

37

3. India ranks tenth in the world in the number of personal mobile holders and

there are more than 20 crore mobile phone holders in our nation.

7)Note on communication

Communication:

1. Exchange of information and messages is called as communication.

2. Due to modern means of communication, it is possible for the people from any

part of the world to communicate with each other within a short time.

3. Events occurring in the part of the world reach the people by television.

4. Modern means of communication help to exchange thoughts in written, spoken,

and also in visual form.

5. With the help of space satellites field of communication has undergone a

revolution.

Post and Telegraph Services:

1. India has the largest postal network in the world.

2. There are facilities of transport for letters, envelopes, parcels and money to be

delivered at a low rate.

3. Speed post facility is setup for letters to be delivered at a rapid rate in all major

city post offices.

4. Email services are available due to the use of computers.

5. To make the postal service more efficient, towns, cities and states have been

assigned pin code numbers.

6. Telegraph department provides rapid communication service during emergency

and on special occasions.

Telephone services:

8. Telephone services are important for efficient and speedy communication on

the national and global level.

9. ‘Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.’ Provides telephone service.

10. Metro cities are served by ‘Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd’

11. Overseas communication service is provided by ‘Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.

12. A comprehensive network of telephone services has been developed all over the

country.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

38

13. Modern facilities like STD, ISD and Internet are provides through these services.

14. In telephone services, private telephone services are permitted, hence some

private telephone services are available throughout the country.

Mobile services

4. The use of mobile phone service is growing rapidly and it has spread far and

wide.

5. Along with the public sector, ’Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited’ provides mobile

phone services to the private sector.

6. India ranks tenth in the world in the number of personal mobile holders and

there are more than 20 crore mobile phone holders in our nation.

Mass communication

1. Mass communication plays a vital role in creating awareness among the people

about various national programmes and policies.

2. These programmes provide healthy entertainment as well.

3. Important means of mass communication are radio, television, newspapers,

books and firms.

4. With the help of these means several people can be communicated at one time.

5. Therefore, they are called means of mass communication.

Radio

1. In India, radio stations were first set up in 1927 in Mumbai and Kolkata.

2. All India Radio, a public sector undertaking, was set up in 1936.

3. In 1957 radio service was named Aakashwani.

4. Aakashwani works towards broadcasting information, notification and various

programmes for the masses.

5. News is broadcast by Aakashwani in National and State languages.

Television

1. Television is a popular means of mass communication in India.

2. Television plays a vital role in social and cultural transformation of India.

3. 87% of people in India view Television programmes.



GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS X

4. To enable good programmes to reach the masses, through the co-operation of

Doordarshan and Aakashwani and to enable this services to reach national,

regional and local levels, an anotonomous body named as Prasar Bharati has

been established.

5. Television and Radio services are provided by Private sector also.

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