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Chapter 10: East Asia
Political Units of East Asia
China: Environmental Diversity Third largest country in the
world Similarities to US Similar eastwest longitudinal pattern as
forty-eight US states Spatial distribution of landforms and
climates Low plains and mountains in East Higher mountains in West
Not as much maritime air masses to bring rain to West as in US
China: Environmental Regions East more densely populated Loess
plateauMost specialized region Elevated tableland 4,0005,000 feet
above sea level Between Ordos Desert and North China Plain North
China PlainExtensive riverine surface built up from silt deposits
Sichuan Basin One of the largest interior basins in China Densely
inhabited by an agricultural population Cool, humid winters Warm,
humid summers Three GorgesChang Jiang (long river) Dam construction
Harness hydroelectric power
Environmental Regions and Zones Yunnan Plateau Elevations
5,0009,000 feet Dissected upland Northeast Plain Extensive rolling
hill surface Grain farming region Two environmental zones Tibetan
Plateau25% of Chinas territory Largest, most elevated plateau in
the world Rooftop of the world Averages 13,200 feet Tarim
BasinInternal drainage
Physiography of China & Its Pacific Rim Neighbors
Spatial Evolution of Chinese Culture Often referred to as
worlds oldest surviving culture Thought of themselves as
inhabitants of Middle Kingdom (Zhongguo)
Chinese Dynasties Shang (17661122 BC)First Chinese dynasty Zhou
(1027256 BC) Replaced Shang Infused tradition of Confucianism as
opposed to legalism Warring States Period (403221 BC) Qin (221207
BC) China became single state and culture Imposed uniformity Han
(206 BC220 AD) Organizers of first true-scale East Asian empire
Dominated territory equivalent to present-day China Concentration
on the North Construction of Grand Canal
Chinese Dynasties (Continued) Song, or Sung (AD 9601279)
Distinctive period for economic development Expanded use of early
ripening rice varieties Irrigation improvements Better marketing
and distribution systems Lessons Chinese are not static; internal
forces typically force change. Evidence is that Europe has not
always been technologically superior.
East Meets West 18 th century brings meeting of East and West.
Arrival of Western traders signaled start of demise of worlds
oldest culture. Opium trade by British sparks a confrontation.
First Opium WarHumiliating Chinese defeat Five coastal ports forced
to be open to Western interests These enclaves essentially became
foreign-owned territories. Westernizing influences China as a
market for manufactured goods Railroads Western medicine and
banking Victorian morality
Treaty Ports of Central and Riverine China
Nationalism and a New China Boxer Rebellion (1900) First
expression of nationalism Opposition to foreigners and Chinese
doing business with foreigners Nationalist movements in wake of
collapse of Qing government in 1911 Establishment of the
Nationalist Party Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-shek replaces Sun in 1925.
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established in 1921. Mao Ze-dong
emerged as leader in 1935. Support from USSR Urban-based party
Civil war between Nationalists and CCP 1949Nationalists flee to
Taiwan; Communists take over.
Transformation Under Communism CCP needed to rebuild an economy
and a society. Socialism as its primary development philosophy
Monopolization of political power State control of social
development Ruthless suppression of dissent Cultural Revolution
(19661969) Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in 1980s bring aspects of
capitalism. Promoted by Deng Xiaoping Focused on the South and the
East
Transformation of Agri-Production Even in 1990s, still
predominantly an agricultural country. Yet 7% of worlds most arable
land and only half considered of good quality Three primary
agricultural Regions Widespread use of agricultural intensification
Supplementary crops Cultivated for commercial purposes Vegetables
Soybeans Fruit orchards
Agricultural Regions of China
Agriculture During Prereform Years Radical reconstruction of
agriculture 1950sLand ownership abolished. Collectives and Peoples
Communes created. State mandates for crops to be grown and
distribution to state agencies Take grain as the key link Great
Leap Forward (19581961) Government inability to effectively control
production and distribution Spirit of communalization greatest
Severe environmental degradation
Post-Mao Agricultural Reform Household responsibility system
(1978) Production contract Responsibility land granted to peasant.
Household is obliged to produce a specific amount of grain or
cotton sold to state at regulated price. Once contract fulfilled,
free to produce cash crops. Peasants empowered By 1991, production
increased dramatically. Greater use of fertilizers Green Revolution
hybrid varieties Still some serious drawbacks Underproduction of
grains and cotton Government prices favored vegetables and fruits.
Free markets increased. Food consumption of more affluent created
additional demands.
Output of Selected Chinese Agricultural Products 1981, 1991,
and 2006
Industry & Regional Economic Growth Policy to promote
regional self-sufficiency through spatially equitable distribution
of manufacturing Reasonably successful Global economy made China a
richer nation. Brought inequities Some regions benefited greater
than others. Mineral resource endowment and distribution Full
compliment of mineral resources for industrial goals Worlds largest
coal producer Second largest consumer of oil Must import vast
quantities Third in global production of iron ore First in tin
Third in lead and zinc
Major Mineral Resources of China
The Modernization of Industry Early development in heavy
industry Iron and steel Chemicals Electricity generation Textiles
All state-owned enterprises (SOEs) Due to military relations, new
industrial development needed interior location in order to avoid
external attack
Industrial Reform & Rapid Growth Late 1970sDramatic change
in industrial policy Increases levels of financial aid
decision-making decentralization Transition from rigid central
planning to free-market principles Rapid growth of town and village
enterprises (TVEs)
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) & SEZs Open door policy
Recognized benefits of FDI Winwin 1979SEZs Originally centered in
Eastern seaboard cities Zhuhai Shenzhen Shantou Xiamen Hainan
Island (1988) In many ways, like modern-day treaty ports
Growing Spatial Inequalities Factors FDI Private domestic
investment TVE economic impact Winners Coastal towns Foreign
manufacturing facilities are located Far outstripped other areas
Domestically owned modern industries favored by government
investment Specialty crop farmers cater to affluent urban markets.
Core-periphery relationship between interior and coastal provinces
is emerging.
Provincial per Capita Gross Domestic Product
Regional Influence of Economic Changes Northeast has fared the
worst. Bohai Sea Rim Includes Beijing and Tianjin Accounts for 14%
of national population 19% of national GDP SoutheastMost changed
region Chang Jiang River areaDominant economic region in East
Shanghai since the early 1990s Government decision as a
counterweight to Guangdong Foreign investment Other cities have
prospered in its shadow Suzhou Wuxi Ningbo
Gender Impacts of Economic Reforms Traditionally, a
male-dominated society Great Leap Forward Women elevated to equal
status as men. Needed for heavy manual labor Cultural Revolution
Dress like men Unisex/androgynous Feminization of agriculture Rural
to urban migration is predominantly male. Typical female
occupations in manufacturing
Urbanization and Migration Communist restriction on movement to
urban centers Reduced unplanned growth Enabled avoidance of
squatter settlement development Urban places viewed with contempt
and distrust. Breeding grounds for more educated and commercially
oriented capitalist urban classes Antiurban bias exhibited in
Cultural Revolution.
Urbanization and Migration (Continued) Loosening of population
movement restrictions brought migration to cities (floating
population). Urban housing Private ownership very small Some
movement away from state-run; toward market principles
Beijing and Shanghai Two largest cities Both megacities with
over 10 million population Beijing Dates back to 13 th century
Traditionally typified conservative orderly and inward nature of
Chinese culture Forbidden City Tiananmen Square Political center of
Middle Kingdom Some light and heavy industry
Shanghai Represents outward/commercial nature of Chinese
Characteristic of a southern Chinese village Roots as a fishing
village Leading industrial center Chemical Textile Metal
Food-processing PudongFinancial district
Population Contours Population distribution highly uneven
Reflects climatic patterns Spatial variation in distribution of
cultural minority groups
Population Distribution of East Asia
Chinese Population Growth & Fertility Trends
Environmental Sustainability Environmental quality has
suffered. Large population density Rapid economic growth Clean
freshwater is perhaps the biggest challenge facing China. Air
pollution is the other major environmental problem.
The Two Koreas North Korea and South Korea Now politically
divided North Korea Insulated/insular society and economy Communist
system South Korea Economic development through foreign relations
Democratic system
Taiwan Chinese Nationalists fled to island in 1949 after
communists took over mainland. Peoples Republic of China (PRC)
still considers Taiwan a province. Not recognized around the world
as a separate country Noises of independence declaration
Japan
Japan: Tradition and Modernity Land of contrasts
(contradictions between history and modernity) Nature versus
cluttered environment Traditional dress contrasting with urbanity
Economic contrasts
A Challenging Physical Environment Location and insularity NE
corner of Asian region Little smaller than California Island
country off of a large continental mainland (often compared to
Great Britain in this vein) Archipelagic countryMain body is
comprised of four large islands. Climate Varied due to long size,
mountains, and surrounded by water Monsoon climate a little
different from the rest of East Asia due to more northern location
and maritime environment
Landforms Occupies a small, but geologically active, portion of
the Pacific Ring of Fire Mountains are rugged with steep slopes,
but not by world standards. Most peaks are below 6,000 feet. Ten
are higher than 9,000 feet. Fifty-four volcanoes Rest of area are
flat surfaces found either as terraces at the downside slope of
mountains or along relatively narrow coastal plains. Tokyo occupies
the Kanto Plain.
Mineral Resources Severely lacking Must import everything
needed for energy production and industrial development (except
hydropower) Only 17.5% self-sufficient in 2005
The Cultural & Historical Past Jomon cultureEarliest known
culture Yayoi culture Replaced Jomon some 2,300 years ago
Introduced religion that eventually developed into Shintoism Yamato
period 1,700 years ago Introduced great transformation of Japanese
culture and politics Nara and Heian periods 700 to 1100s Chinese
influences began to mature. Bakafubehind the scenes rulers between
1100s and 1800s
Tokugawa Period Shogunate (military dictatorship) Highly
centralized administrative structure Elevated levels of economic
development Urbanization and interaction with settlements
increased
Tokugawa Japan
Increased Foreign Contact 1543Portuguese were first Europeans
to arrive. Spanish, Dutch, and English followed over the next year.
Impressed with Japanese technological and cultural achievements
Japanese attracted to guns, tobacco, and Chinese luxuries. 1600s
Increasing suspicions of Westerners and Western religion
1640Spanish and Portuguese expelled. Dutch, English, and Chinese
confined to areas around the port of Nagasaki. 1853Isolation ends
with arrival of American Commodore Perry in Tokyo.
Modernization and the Japan Model Meiji Restoration (1868)
Powerful daimyo who, as an oligarchy, restored the emperor Borrowed
heavily from the West, adopting what the government perceived each
country did best Constitutional government Division of country into
prefectures with a governor chosen from the daimyo Samarai class
disbandedMany funneled into government due to high levels of
education Feudal obligations ended. Market economy was
introduced.
Historical Steamship Service to Meiji
Japan Model: Unique Adaptation of Western Methods to Indigenous
Japanese Culture and Values Aspects Government guidance, not
control Competent bureaucracy Proper sequencing of the development
process Focus on comparative advantage and regional specialization
Wise investment of surplus capital Development of infrastructure
Emphasis on education Upgrading of labor force Population planning
Powerful force in 20 th century as other Asian states attempted to
do the same thing 20 th century adaptations to unique state
conditions; it might better be termed the East Asian Model.
Japans First Transformation: Rise to Power Zaibatsu Large
industrial and financial cliques that provided an effective means
of marshalling private capital for investment Fueled Meiji
Restoration economic transformation Military victories at end of 19
th century Victory over China (1895) Victory over Russia (1905)
Experiences with colonization through mid-1940s Taiwan (1895) and
Korea (1911) SE Asia and parts of Pacific Short-lived and
brutal
Japans Second Transformation: The Quest to Be Number One
Economic development in the wake of defeat in World War II Amounted
to a sped-up repeat of the Rostow model Allies imposition of
political structure American investment Aspects of Japan Model
reemerged Keiretsu Breakup of zaibatsu reconstituted Played a major
role in post WWII growth Bureaucratic capitalism Influence of
governmental ministries Especially Ministry of Economy, Trade, and
Industry (METI) Tiered economic structure By 1980s, became largest
single source of FDI. Population stabilization
Japans Changing Population Structure
Urban-Industrial Regions Levels of urbanization increased
post-WWII Tokaido Megalopolis Largest concentration of
urban-industrial activity Island of Honshu TokyoYokohama (Keihin)
Nagoya (Chukyo) OsakaKobeKyoto (Hanshin) Industrialization provided
major stimulus for urbanization.
Tokyo Imperial capital Seat of Japanese government Center of
media and advertising Countrys dominant financial and corporate
center Home to greatest number of universities Home of Tsukuba
Science City, the first and largest of Japans many planned research
nodes or tecnhopoles Asian Pacific Rim economic hub One of three
command centers of global finance (along with New York and London)
A growing megacity (8.6 million)
Japans Tokaido Megalopolis
Yokohama More traditional industrial region Primary historic
and present shipping port for the larger region
Hanshin, or Kansai, Region 18.6 million Centered on Osaka (8.8
million in the prefecture) Second largest urban-industrial region
More traditional industry and commerce Heavy industry
dominates
Chukyo Region Centered on Nagoya Third largest urban-industrial
region Notable as the home to Toyota Motor Corporation
The Tokyo Urban Region The Shinjuku District in Tokyo
Consequences of the Japan Model Urban challenges Increasing
urban populations Infrastructure challenges Housing Pollution of
the environment Intensified environmental pollution In 1970s,
created their own Environment Agency (similar to Environmental
Protection Agency) in reaction to protests about increasing
environmental challenges. Regional imbalances Economic development
has favored the Pacific side. Tokyo served as a primate city.
Consequences of the Japan Model Rural challenges Farming slow
to change Most protected sector of the economy Connected to Liberal
Democratic Party (LDP) control of the political system Shrinking
population and immigration Dramatically changed social and
demographic patterns Has entered stage four of the demographic
transformation model 127.5 million population (2007) 1.3 total
fertility rate 21% older than 65The second highest proportion in
the world Adoption of a more liberalized, open immigration system
to support its labor needs
Japans Third Transformation: Charting a New Course
Deindustrialization Decreasing importance of domestic industry
Sunset industriesThose losing their international competitiveness
Structural deficienciesAre government and economy still stuck in
preglobalization model?