GEOG 101

GEOG 101

GEOG 101Review for the Final Exam: Friday, December 14th at 1 p.m. in this building in Room 107Useful URLs from Jeff LewisUBC Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS) http://cirs.ubc.ca/building/building-overview/building-descriptionBeacon Food Forest http://beaconfoodforest.weebly.com/

Smart Growth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0kN51fy4KQ

Severn Suzuki Unifies World Vision for Sustainable Future at Rio+Social http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7z5pWP7Yio

Kalundborg: Industrial Symbiosis - Waste makes resource http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities-2/all-cases/waste/kalundborg-industrial-symbiosis---waste-makes-resource/?bbredirect=true

Simon Sinek: How great leaders inspire action http://www.ted.com/talks/simon_sinek_how_great_leaders_inspire_action.html

Format of the ExamThe exam will focus, for the most part, on everything we have covered since the mid-term. The format will be similar to last time, but with a stronger weighting on short answers and essay questions.The exam will focus on Chapters 9, 12-17, 20, and 22-23. We had to skip 10-11, 18-19, and 21 because of time constraints. However, I asked you to read them and there may be the odd question on their contents.In addition to what we review today, look at the chapter conclusions, the reviewing objectives, the glossary, and the PowerPoints after the mid-term.Review for the Exam: Overall that lots of positive things are being done to address the ecological crisis (there are alter-natives, and that these need to address the ecological, social, and economic dimensions of the crisis);that to solve the ecological crisis, we need to understand how to make change, at both a social and individual/ household level, and we also need to understand what our own particular strengths are so that we can match our talents to the tasks at hand.There may be some questions pertaining to these overall points on the exam.

QUESTION: ReviewWhich level is NOT included in the concept of biodiversity?

SpeciesGeneticsEcosystemsAll of the above are included in this concept

What happens when a species experiences inbreeding depression?

The species becomes too large for the resource baseGenetically similar parents mate and produce inferior offspringGenetically similar parents mate and produce superior offspringThe number and variety of species increases

According to the concept of latitudinal gradient, which of the following happens?

Species richness increases towards the equatorSpecies richness decreases towards the equatorSpecies richness decreases over timeCountries like Canada have many more species than expected

9-5Chapter 95Answer: dQUESTION: ReviewWhich of the following is the major cause of extinction?

Invasive speciesPollutionHabitat lossOverharvesting

Biodiversity does all of the following, except

Provide ecosystem servicesDecrease food securityMaintain ecosystem functionProvide aesthetic benefits

Biodiversity does all of the following, except

Provide ecosystem servicesDecrease food securityMaintain ecosystem functionProvide aesthetic benefits

9-66Answer: cQUESTION: ReviewAccording to the theory of island biogeography, which island would have the highest species richness?

A large island, close to the mainlandA large island, far from the mainlandA small island, close to the mainlandA small island, far from the mainland

A biodiversity hotspot is?

An area located near the equatorAn area that supports few, but large, speciesAn area that contains naturally high numbers of peopleAn area that contains a large number of endemic species

9-77Answer: aQUESTION: ReviewArid countries tend to use their water mostly for?

Developing industriesAgricultureHouseholdsExport to rich countriesWhich of the following statements is not a benefit of dams?

Habitat alterationPower generationCrop irrigationShippingWhich of the following is a non-point source of water pollution?

A factorySewer pipesAgricultural fieldsAll are non-point sources

Chapter 12a) It is more water efficient to produce vegetablesb) It is more water efficient to produce meatc) Vegetable and meat production are relatively alike in water consumptiond) There is little correlation between water consumption and our diet

WHAT CONCLUSION CAN YOU DRAW FROM THIS GRAPH?Pollution is defined as the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes ______?

Undesirable impacts on human healthUndesirable impacts on other organismsUndesirable impacts on human well-beingAll of the above are included in the definition

An area where rivers flow into the ocean is called a(n) ?

EstuaryMangrove swampSalt marshCoral reefMarine reserves have all the following benefits except:

Fishing increases in the reserveThe size of fish increasesLarvae can seed areas outside the reserveDecreased mortality and habitat destruction

China will be a major player in applying fishing pressureChina will be playing a smaller role in applying fishing pressureThe world will decrease its fishing pressureCanada is not included in this graph WHAT IS SHOWN BY THIS GRAPH?CHAPTER 13Chapter 13The oceans contain a variety of minerals and life-forms in addition to waterOcean water flows vertically and horizontally (various currents and gyres)Ocean vs. coastal ecosystems (e.g. near-shore and inter-tidal zones)Importance of coral reefs as habitats and the threats toImportance of shoreline ecosystems against stormsEstuaries = freshwater meeting saltwaterMarine pollution from oil spills, dumping, and plastic (garbage continent)Contaminants and plastics affect ocean speciesIndustrialization of fishing = tragedy of open access systems and decline of all major speciesMarine reserves can be a win-win proposition

Chapter 14What are major forms of air pollution, and what are their sources?What are some of their consequences?Are there any success stories?What was and is damaging the ozone shield?What was done about it?What are some of causes and consequences associated with indoor air pollution in both the developed and developing countries?Climate is defined as.Conditions at localized sitesConditions over hours or daysAn areas long-term atmospheric conditionsVariations in Earths temperatureWhich of the following are major contributors of global warming?

Burning fossil fuels and recyclingBurning fossil fuels and deforestationDeforestation and nuclear energyFossil fuels and nuclear energyWhat happens as ice melts in polar regions?

More heat is reflected into spaceGlaciers re-freeze at nightExposed soils absorb heat and make melting worsePolar bears learn to like the SunCHAPTER 15Chapter 15What is the IPCC and what do they do?Which two countries are the largest emitters of CO2?What are other powerful greenhouse gases?How does the greenhouse effect work?What are the principal causes of climate change?What positive feedback cycles are set in motion by climate change?What will the likely impacts be of climate change and who will experience them most strongly?What would need to be done to address climate change issues forcefully and immediately?What are the barriers at the national and international levels?

Chapter 16What are the main forms of fossil fuels?What are the best and worst forms?How are they extracted?Where are the main reserves located in the world?What else are fossil fuels used for?What are the consequences of their use? What is peak oil and what are its potential consequences?

CHAPTER 17Which of the following is not a benefit of hydropower?

It produces carbon dioxideIt is a clean source of energyIt is renewableAll of these are benefits of hydropowerIf ethanol in Canada is produced from corn, a drawback suggested from this graph could be:a)More corn is availableb)More competition between food and fuelc)Less land planted in cornd)None of these

CHAPTER 17Which of these is not a passive solar technique?The use of thermal massUsing flat-plate solar collectorsInstalling low, south-facing windows that will maximize sunlight capture in the winterUsing strategically planted vegetationTurbines can be erected singly, but they are most often erected in groups called:Wind turbinesWind farmsWind millsSolar cells What are some other forms of renewable energy that we have not fully tapped?CHAPTER 18All of the following are three main components of waste management except:

Minimizing the amount of waste we generate Recovering waste materials and finding ways to recycle them Disposing of waste safely and effectively All of these are components of waste management What are some ways we can reduce the amount of items entering the waste stream? Donate used items to charity Buy groceries in bulk Buy rechargeable batteries All of the above are ways to reduce the waste streamIndustrial ecology is defined by all of the following EXCEPT:Redesigning industrial systems to reduce resource inputs Examining the entire life cycle of a given product Minimizing physical inefficiency Maximizing economic efficiency Look at Chapter 19 for a discussionof different toxins and systems ofhazardous waste management.CHAPTER 20_______ occurred as a result of deteriorating conditions in the inner cities

a) Movement to suburbsb) Movement to rural areasc) Development of inner citiesd) Decentralization of city managementSprawl is defined as?

a)Increased resource extraction from rural areasb)Creating more livable citiesc)The spread of low-density development outward from an urban centerd)The spread of high-density development outward from an urban centerWhich of the following is NOT a cause of urban sprawl?

a)People like their privacyb)Technology allows people to work from homec)Technology frees businesses from having to be located in the cityd)All of the above are causes of sprawl

CHAPTER 20Urban growth boundaries.

a)Encourage development in the suburbsb)Can be implemented only in wealthier citiesc)Keeps growth within existing urbanized areasd)Are no longer a viable option for North American citiesIn new urbanism, cities are designed around?

a)Mass transitb)Cars and highwaysc)Walkingd)All of the aboveWhich statement is false, regarding cities?

a)They must import resources from far awayb)They rely on large expanses of land for ecosystem servicesc)People living in cities feel more connected to nature, particularly since TVd)Cities tend to concentrate people, allowing for more efficient consumption of resourcesWhere will most of the urban growth of the next century take place?CHAPTER 21What are the prevailing environmental ethics in our society and how did they evolve?What kinds of issues do environmental ethics address?What kinds of ethical issues did you encounter in your LCAs or media analyses?Who gets to make the decisions about whats right or wrong and how society or individuals should behave?What are some precedents for different ways of thinking about the environment ethically and has this been acted on, and how?Which is NOT an assumption of neoclassical economics that can lead to environmental degradation?a)Resources are limitedb)Long-term effects are downplayedc)All costs and benefits are experienced by the buyer and seller aloned)Growth is goodCHAPTER 21

What does this chart tell us?CHAPTER 22_______ is defined as laws and regulations made by government.

a) Tort lawb) Public policyc) Market failured) Tragedy of the commonsExternal costs are:a)Defined when a person cheats on cleaning up pollutionb)Borne by people involved in a transactionc)Voluntary efforts to decrease environmental impactsd)Borne by people not involved in a transactionWhich of the following is NOT a goal of environmental policy?a)Increased resource extractionb)Elimination of free ridersc)Addressing external costsd)Promoting equityCHAPTER 22What does sustainable development mean?Finding ways to promote social justiceEconomic well-beingEnvironmental quality at the same timeAll of the aboveWhat major conclusion can be drawn from this graph on people reporting themselves as being very happy?a) Income correlates directly with perceived happinessb) Perceived happiness does not correlate with incomec) Very happy people make higher average incomesd) The pursuit of income makes people very happy

CHAPTER 22Which of the following entities tries to shape policy through research, lobbying, or protest?a)ENGOsb)The EUc)The World Bankd)The WTO

a) Pesticides are no longer a major concernb) More municipalities are banning pesticidesc) Fewer municipalities are banning pesticides d) Pesticides are under provincial jurisdiction; municipalities have no control What major conclusion can be drawn from this graph on municipal pesticide bylaws?CHAPTER 23What are sustainability audits?What are some of the key issues that sustainable campus initiatives have to address?What are the some of the best practices in this regard?What strategies for social and individual change are needed to get people and institutions to do things in a substantially different way?Any questions about anything you would like to ask?